Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pertaksamaan & Nilai Mutlak PDF
Pertaksamaan & Nilai Mutlak PDF
3HUWDNVDPDDQGDQ1LODL0XWODN
3HUWDNVDPDDQ
%HQWXNXPXPSHUWDNVDPDDQDOMDEDUVDWXSHXEDKUHDODGDODK
$ [ & [
$%&' VXNXEDQ\DN
% [ ' [
WDQGD GDSDWGLJDQWLROHK!d DWDXt+LPSXQDQVHPXDELODQJDQUHDO[ \DQJPH
PHQXKLSHUWDNVDPDDQ\DLWXELODGLJDQWLNDQNHSHUWDNVDPDDQPHQJKDVLONDQSHUQ\DWDDQ
\DQJ EHQDU GLQDPDNDQ KLPSXQDQ MDZDE SHUWDNVDPDDQ 3URVHGXU EDNX PHQ\HOHVDLNDQ
SHUWDNVDPDDQLQLDGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
3 [
x 'HQJDQUXPXVDOMDEDUHOHPHQWHUGDQXUXWDQ XEDKODKEHQWXNQ\DPHQMDGL
GHQJDQ3 GDQ4VXNXEDQ\DN 4 [
&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQ t [
[
-DZDE
t [
[
[ d
[
[ [
d
[
[ [
d
[
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
WDNWHUGHILQLVL
p
+LPSXQDQ-DZDE f@ @
&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQd [ [
-DZDE d [ [
d [ [ GDQ[ [
[ [ t GDQ[ [
[ [ t GDQ[ [
[ d DWDX[ t GDQ [
[ [
&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQ t
[ [
-DZDE [ [
t
[ [
[ [
d
[ [
[ [
d
[ [
[ [ [ [
d
[ [
[ [
d
[ [
.DUHQDIDNWRU[ [ GHILQLWSRVLWLIPDNDSHUWDNVDPDDQLQLVHWDUDGHQJDQ
d
[ [
-DGLKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQDGDODKVHODQJ
&RQWRK7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQ [ [ [ } [ !
-DZDE0LVDONDQ$ [ [ [ } [PDND$[ [ [ [ } [
[
$[ [ [ [ } [ [
$ [ [ [ } [
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
$ [ [
,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQSHUWDNVDPDDQQ\DGDSDWGLWXOLVNDQGDODPEHQWXN
[
$ [ [ [ } [ !
[
7DQGD[
6RDO/DWLKDQ
8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQWHQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDEVHWLDSSHUWDNVDPDDQ\DQJGLEHULNDQ
[ [
d [ [ d d [ d [ d [
[ [
[
[ [ d t d [
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ d [ d d
[ [ [ [
D E -LNDD E t EXNWLNDQ D d E D d
-LNDDE! EXNWLNDQ t
E D E
%XNWLNDQD E F t DE EF FD -LNDD E d EXNWLNDQD d E D d E
-LND D E ELODQJDQ UHDO VHEDUDQJ
-LNDDE ! EXNWLNDQ t
D E D E EXNWLNDQ
-LNDDE t EXNWLNDQ D d E D d E
D E d D E -LND D d EEXNWLNDQ
DE
D d d DE d D E dE
D E
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
1LODL0XWODN
6HEHOXPNLWDEHUNHQDODQGHQJDQNRQVHSQLODLPXWODNSHUKDWLNDQGDKXOX*E\DQJ
PHPSHUOLKDWNDQMDUDNGXDWLWLNSDGDJDULVELODQJDQ
MDUDN ED
D E
MDUDNWLWLNDNHWLWLNEDGDODKE
DELODDE
MDUDN DE
E D
MDUDNWLWLNDNHWLWLNEDGDODKD
EELODD!E
*E-DUDN'XD7LWLNSDGD*DULV%LODQJDQ
.HQ\DWDDQLQLPHPEDZDNLWDSDGDNHVLPSXODQEHULNXW
&K ELODD E
'D E ELODD !E
M D E
%KD ELODD
&K ELODD
' D ELODD !
M D
.RQVHS QLODL PXWODN GDUL ELODQJDQ UHDO [ GLUDQFDQJ VHKLQJJD PHPSXQ\DL DUWL
JHRPHWULVHEDJDLMDUDNGDUL[ NHSDGDJDULVELODQJDQSHUKDWLNDQ*E$NLEDWQ\DQLODL
PXWODN GDSDW GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDL XNXUDQ MDUDN GDUL GXD ELODQJDQ WLWLN SDGD JDULV
ELODQJDQUHDO
\ [
MDUDN
MDUDN
MDUDN [
MDUDN \
*E-DUDNGDUL6HEDUDQJ%LODQJDQNH7LWLNSDGD*DULV%LODQJDQ
'DUL*ENLWDPHPSXQ\DLNHVLPSXODQEHULNXW
x -DUDNGDULNHDGDODK MDUDNGDULNHDGDODK
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
%& [ ELOD[ t
[ ELOD[ +DVLOLQLGDSDWGLWXOLVGDODPEHQWXN
-DUDN[ NH
'[ ELOD[
1LODLPXWODNGDULELODQJDQUHDO[ GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
%& [ ELOD[ t
'HILQLVL 1LODLPXWODNGDULELODQJDQUHDO[GLWXOLV_[_GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL
[
'[ ELOD[
3HUKDWLNDQ*EWLWLNPHPEDJLJDULVELODQJDQDWDVGXDGDHUDK [ t GDQ[ 3DGD
GDHUDK[ t EHUODNX_[_ [GDQSDGDGDHUDK[ EHUODNX _[_ ['DODPKDOLQL
NLWDPHQJDWDNDQEDKZD_[_ EHUJDQWLWDQGDGLWLWLN
[ [ [ !
[ [ t
_[_ [ _[_ [
_[_
*E%HVDUDQ_ _ %HUJDQWL7DQGDGL7LWLN
,OXVWUDVL
__ _ _ NDUHQD!
-LND S d [ d S PDND _VLQ [_ VLQ [ 3HUKDWLNDQ EDKZD GL VLQL VLQ [ t
NDUHQDXQWXNS d [ d S EHUODNXVLQ[ d
.LWDLQJLQPHQXOLVNDQ_[ _ GDODPEHQWXNWDQSDQLODLPXWODN%HVDUDQ_[ _
LQLEHUXEDKWDQGDGL[ -LND[ t PDND[ t VHKLQJJD_[ _ [
-LND[ PDND[ VHKLQJJD_[ _ [-DGLKDVLOQ\DDGDODK
[ ELOD[ t
[ ®
¯ [ ELOD[
x 3HUKDWLNDQGLDJUDPEHULNXW\DQJPHPSHUOLKDWNDQFDUDODLQGDULSHQXOLVDQLQL
[
[t
3HUKDWLNDQ NHPEDOL 'HILQLVL WHQWDQJ EHQWXN DNDU -LNDQ ELODQJDQ JHQDS GDQ D
ELODQJDQ SRVLWLI PDND Q D DGDODK ELODQJDQ SRVLWLI [ \DQJ PHPHQXKL [Q D
%HUGDVDUNDQLQLNDLWDQDQWDUDEHQWXNDNDUGHQJDQQLODLPXWODNDGDODK
D D " Q D Q D Q ELODQJDQJHQDSSRVLWLI
6LIDWVLIDW 1LODL 0XWODN %HUEDJDL VLIDW QLODL PXWODN EHULNXW GLEXNWLNDQ GHQJDQ
PHQJJXQDNDQGHILQLVLGDQNDLWDQDQWDUDEHQWXNDNDUGDQQLODLPXWODN
7HRUHPD
8QWXNVHWLDSELODQJDQUHDO[ EHUODNX
D _[_ t E_[_ _[_F_[_ d [ d _[_G_[_ _[_ [
8QWXNVHWLDSELODQJDQUHDO[ GDQ\EHUODNX
x
[
x D_[ \_ _[__\_E [\ \
\ z
&DWDWDQ 7HRUHPD \DQJ NHWLJD PHPEHULNDQ KDVLO SHQWLQJ \DQJ VHULQJNDOL GLJXQDNDQ
SDGDSHPEDKDVDQOLPLW\DLWX
_[ F_ d D F D d [ d F D
6RDO/DWLKDQ
7XOLVNDQ_[ _ GDODPEHQWXNWDQSDQL 7HQWXNDQVHPXD [ \DQJ PHPHQXKL SHUVD
ODLPXWODN PDDQ _ VLQ[ _ VLQ[ __
7XOLVNDQ _[_ _[ _ GDODP EHQWXN 7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD _ [ _ PDNV ^[[`
WDQSDQLODLPXWODN ELODQJDQ \DQJ WHUEHVDU GL DQWDUD [ GDQ
[
7XOLVNDQ __[ _ [_ GDODP EHQWXN
WDQSDQLODLPXWODN 7HQWXNDQVHPXD [ \DQJ PHPHQXKL SHUVD
7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUVDPDDQ PDDQ [ [ [
_[ _[__ 7HQWXNDQVHPXD [ \DQJ PHPHQXKL SHUVD
PDDQ VLQ [ VLQ [ FRV [
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
3HUWDNVDPDDQGHQJDQ1LODL0XWODN
3URVHVSHQ\HOHVDLDQSHUWDNVDPDDQ\DQJPHPXDWQLODLPXWODNDGDODKPHQJXEDKEHQ
WXN SHUWDNVDPDDQ \DQJ GLNHWDKXL VHKLQJJD WLGDN PHPXDW QLODL PXWODN ODJL NHPXGLDQ
VHOHVDLNDQODKSHUWDNVDPDDQ\DQJPXQFXOSDGDVHWLDSNDVXV8QWXNLQLNLWDGDSDWPHQJ
JXQDNDQVLIDWQLODLPXWODNEHULNXW
-LNDD t PDND_[_ d D D d [ d D [ d D
-LNDD t PDND _[_ t D [ t D DWDX[ d D [ t D
[ D ELOD[ t D
[ D ®
¯D [ ELOD[ D
&DWDWDQ %HUGDVDUNDQVLIDWSHUWDPDGDQNHGXDNLWDGDSDWPHQJNXDGUDWNDQEHQWXNSHU
WDNVDPDDQGHQJDQQLODLPXWODNELODV\DUDWQ\DWHODKGLSHQXKL8QWXNSHUWDNVDPDDQ\DQJ
PHPXDWOHELKGDULVDWXEHQWXNQLODLPXWODNVLIDWNHWLJDGLJXQDNDQSDGDJDULVELODQJDQ
&RQWRK7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQ_[ _ !
-DZDE _[ _ !
[ DWDX[ !
[ DWDX[ !
[
DWDX[ !
f @ >f
+LPSXQDQMDZDE
&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQ_[ [_ d
-DZDE _[ [_ d
d [ [ d
[ [ t GDQ[ [ d
[
t GDQ[ [ d
GHILQLWSRVLWLId [ d
3DGD FRQWRK GDQ WHUOLKDW EDKZD SHQ\HOHVDLDQ PDVDODKQ\D OHELK PXGDK
WDQSDPHQJNXDGUDWNDQSHUWDNVDPDDQQ\D&RQWRKEHULNXWPHPSHUOLKDWNDQEDKZDSHPH
FDKDQPDVDODKQ\DOHELKPXGDKGHQJDQPHQJNXDGUDWNDQSHUWDNVDPDDQQ\D
+LPSXQDQMDZDE > @
&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQ_[_ _[ _ d
-DZDE 7XOLVNDQ SHUWDNVDPDDQQ\D WDQSD EHQWXN QLODL PXWODN GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ
VLIDW
[ ELOD[ t [ ELOD[ t
[ ® GDQ [ ®
¯[ ELOD[ ¯ [ ELOD[
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
3URVHVSHQ\HOHVDLDQQ\DSDGDJDULVELODQJDQDGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
3HUKDWLNDQ FDUD PHQFDUL KLPSXQDQ MDZDE GL VHWLDS VHODQJ EDJLDQQ\D KDVLO
SHUKLWXQJDQ SDGD SHQ\HOHVDLDQ SHUWDNVDPDDQ KDUXV VHODOX GLLULVNDQ GHQJDQ WHPSDW
EHUODNXQ\D SHUWDNVDPDDQ WHUVHEXW 'L VLQL KLPSXQDQ MDZDE SHUWDPD KDUXV GLLULVNDQ
GHQJDQ VHODQJ f KLPSXQDQ MDZDE NHGXD GHQJDQ VHODQJ > GDQ KLPSXQDQ
MDZDENHWLJDGHQJDQVHODQJ>f
.DUHQDSURVHVSHQ\HOHVDLDQSHUWDNVDPDDQLQLWHUEDJLDWDVWLJDNDVXV\DQJVHODQJSH
PHFDKDQQ\DVDOLQJWHUDVLQJPDNDKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQQ\DDGDODKJDEXQJDQ
GDULNHWLJDKLPSXQDQMDZDEGLDWDV
+LPSXQDQMDZDE > > ^` > @
&DWDWDQ 3URVHV SHQ\HOHVDLDQ VRDO LQL WHUEDJL DWDV WLJD NDVXV GLDJUDP GL DWDV
EHUPDQIDDWXQWXNPHOLKDWVHWLDSNDVXV\DQJPXQFXOVHFDUDNHVHOXUXKDQ
3DGDFRQWRKEHULNXWNLWDDNDQPHQ\HOHVDLNDQSHUWDNVDPDDQ\DQJEHUEHQWXNSHFDKDQ
OLQHDU \DQJ PHPXDW QLODL PXWODN 3URVHVQ\D OHELK FHSDW GHQJDQ FDUD PHQJNXDGUDWNDQ
NHGXD UXDVQ\D NHPXGLDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ VLIDWVLIDW DOMDEDU HOHPHQWHU &RQWRK ODLQQ\D
DGDODK WHQWDQJ FDUD PHQFDUL EDWDV VHEXDK EHQWXN SHFDKDQ GHQJDQ SHQ\HEXW GHILQLW
SRVLWLIMLNDUHQWDQJQLODLSHXEDK[ GLNHWDKXL
[ [
&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQ d
[ [
-DZDE 3HQ\HOHVDLDQ PDVDODK LQL GLNHUMDNDQ GHQJDQ PHQJNXDGUDWNDQ NHGXD UXDVQ\D
PHPEXDWUXDVNDQDQQ\DQROGDQPHQJJXQDNDQUXPXVD E D ED E
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
[ [
d
[ [
§ [ · § [ ·
¨ d¨
© [ ¹̧ © [ ¹̧
§ [ [ ·§ [ [·
¨ ¨ d
© [ [ ¹̧© [ [ ¹̧
§ [ [ [ [ ·§ [ [ [ [ ·
¨
¨ ¸
¸¨
¨ ¸
¸d
© [ [ ¹© [ [ ¹
[ [ [
d
[ [
.DUHQDIDNWRU[ [ GHILQLWSRVLWLIPDNDEHQWXNLQLVHWDUDGHQJDQ
[
d
[ [
7HQWXNDQKLPSXQDQMDZDESHUWDNVDPDDQLQLGHQJDQEDQWXDQJDULVELODQJDQ
p p
f
+LPSXQDQ-DZDE
[ [
&RQWRK -LND_[_ d EXNWLNDQ d
[ [
-DZDE .DUHQDSHQ\HEXWEHQWXNSHFDKDQQ\DGHILQLWSRVLWLIGHQJDQ
[ [ [ t
PDND
d
[ [
,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQ
[ [
[ [ d [ [
[ [ [ [
d [ d
d [ d
d [ d
d [ d
d d [ [ d
_[ [ _ d
'HQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQKDVLOLQLGLSHUROHK
[ [
d [ [ d
[ [
VHKLQJJDWHUEXNWLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQ
6DODKVDWXSHQJJXQDDQGDULSHUWDNVDPDDQGDQQLODLPXWODNDGDODKXQWXNPHPSHUNH
QDONDQ NRQVHS OLPLW GDQ NHNRQWLQXDQ IXQJVL %HULNXW LQL DGDODK VXDWX FRQWRK
SHUPDVDODKDQ WHUVHEXW \DLWX WHQWDQJ SHQDNVLUDQ JDODW HUURU SHQJXNXUDQ SDQMDQJ
UXVXNVHEXDKNXEXVELODJDODWOXDVSHUPXNDDQQ\DKDUXVPHPHQXKLWROHUDQVLWHUWHQWX
&RQWRK .LWD PHPSXQ\DL VHEXDK NXEXV \DQJ SDQMDQJ UXVXNQ\D GP 'DODP
SHQJXNXUDQ SDQMDQJ UXVXNQ\D WHQWX VDMD WHUMDGL JDODW 7HQWXNDQ EHVDUQ\D WROHUDQVL G
XQWXNJDODWSHQJXNXUDQSDQMDQJUXVXNQ\DELODJDODWOXDVSHUPXNDDQQ\DWLGDNOHELKGDUL
-DZDE 0LVDONDQ KDVLO SHQJXNXUDQ SDQMDQJ UXVXN NXEXV DGDODK [ GP VHSHUWL
GLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*E0DNDOXDVSHUPXNDDQQ\D[ GPVHGDQJNDQQLODLHNVDNQ\D
GP
.LWDDNDQPHQHQWXNDQVXDWXG ! VHKLQJJD
_[ _ G _[ _
[ \DQJGDSDWGLWXOLV
[ _[ _ G _[ __[ _
[
8QWXN PHQ\HOHVDLNDQ PDVDODK LQL NLWD GDSDW PXODL GHQJDQ
*E VXDWXWROHUDQVLG ! WHUWHQWXNDWDNDQODK_[ _ G d
GP
,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQIDNWRU_[ _ GDSDWGLEDWDVLROHKVXDWXNRQVWDQWD\DLWX
_[ _ _[ _ d _[ _
,QLEHUDUWLEDKZDVXDWXG ! KDUXVGLWHQWXNDQVHKLQJJDPHPHQXKL
_[ _ G _[ _
6LVWHP%LODQJDQ5HDOGDQ)XQJVL
6RDO/DWLKDQ
8QWXN VRDO VDPSDL GHQJDQ WHQWXNDQ KLPSXQDQ MDZDE GDUL VHWLDS SHUWDNVDPDDQ QLODL
PXWODN\DQJGLEHULNDQ
[ _[_ d _[ _ d _[ [_ d _[_ d _[ _
_[ _ d _[ _ d [ _[_ d
[ _[ _ d
_[ _ t [ __[_ [_ d [ _[ _ t
[
[ [
-LND_[_ d EXNWLNDQ d
[ [