CHAPIEK 1 Ll Us: = = sing ee ag -) with (-6) vx [Re(Ees**) | =a Re[Bes**] or Re[es “yx? ] = Re[- Bjwes”* ] From which _ . wrE = -jwB O-7) If the /ast step is not obvious one can use the following. TF pelces*] = Relczel”®] GG complex anes. Re[carjbr)Ccos wt + j sinwt)]= Re[ (az +jb,)(cos we +; sin we)] acoswt-b,sinwt = a,coswt - bz siawt which must be érve Sor any éime % since Q, by shy, bz are rea/ 2 Thus a,24, and b=b,. Hence =C, 7 Applying this to the above, let ¢-> vxE and G> -§08, from which (-7) follows. So LH4-Z Using (1-13) in U- 9) gives er =y-D= v- EB) From (/-I/) - wat ae Cra Fae So vey os = 0 Oe T ayy r(E+S)av- GSE) 73 v-@E+ SG E)= v-(@!E) =- yur 0 T Bot v Fs sve (/-20) Hence 9. (¢ E)=e which is C/-18) Note -jwerev- T= v- GB) de v@E)-jwe D> Or = i44-3) From (-/6) and (/-/7) jon Br e-d& S)e+T)*. =-jueE* ec E+ 7% vxE vx From (€-\4) 7 (Exh*)= A’. "(ox E)— E- vx At Sie + (-jut A) E-(-jwe E* +E *+T*) = ~jwe/A/+jwe/e)* o/e/*- E-T* So -v-(Exit*)=E-F"+ cE]? +50 (a/H/* €/£/7) Taking 3{§§ du of both sides, “IS c2x Pde o by divergence theorem (C-£3) BT Adur ab ff o1EM0er v2 fff apal= pe /el Ider or =R = Py RY 4) 26mg Wea) which is (/-28) and identification of terms ia last two eguations yields (/-29) to (/-34). Ltn . VeL(R+jwk jee ) be re : - : =vi¥ iy 2. \ ao nrenw ine jteltr Ree} Swede jae .- wat, Fr je) where 9h (W, 4 - Wear) which is (28) with Azo since MIF ge iz] Weay = 2 = II) z we jut . owt Note: In circuits T=i5 we nd ict) = Re (Imax 5 ”*) and in fields B= BeLS-l Egan. (ri8)is _, = 7 7 v= ¥e Substiteting R75 rhe) into this gives f= vejw A-vé)a-jw vA-vS Sebs2é/tuting vA a-jweup (-45) gives jw (-jwguh)- 9? B = % OW wP-atue Pa-% which is 7-48). LS-2 Z The baglacian, in orn eal es coordinates from (C-36) is ‘a yive 4 “a x rz 3¢) Then, with e i pec ery wehave ~ wre nb(nee (2h) AE lors = Sheet r-jeedts +36 geve] =-¢ Cc ent e er °° abe gt po-ec 8, @ (ce )-0 eee 6b) rntegrating (/-s2) over a smal! volume wu MS SS v2 P du - @ "fs § pdur=-[{f Joodeyr dea) dor =-f And ; “vee =¢ set 2 51 8 dodgdr =cfife WE OF sin® dadddr 7 oO ae using the diver ence theorem of (ees) Sve? der = iS vedr= # veeds =Bo(c a"). trtsin6 dodp = -% ec Geet eer es"). # tsn0 dOdp 3LS-Zb Ccon't) VP du > — CH sing dedp =-C4r Mi r>0 oot substy eee into "the Ffirsd eg. L6-| From (/-67) ia (+ #1, ei 8 &,= dua t jut Tt jeje ne “0 = o Zz “ser r= Serie ye = + weyoa A) se Buz iz a cane a jaa = Guise" “Ge So ; _ Daz i eth B= 52 ue + Fg * sen) re nb = zs F ) ev ee a) owe (see qe) sin @ $rom cheh (7) Follows directly. L6-Z @) From G60) Ez = jue axl From Ta) a we o¢g We 522 je +, 56 De Firsz, paar fs 38, x= rae 36 1 ay er maine EEE i6 (+ or) Se 78) wae Taz jg Sls ee J sin! jeC%, ser) SL 25108 cos@ 7 eelae | aoe tse stljer + IF5 se) CiD] EV sin ~6 2. (Hy sind) b= & (r He) A =r a Tr 4he-ea ae 2 eee nas 8 vxh=t 4 ? ey "ler Geo g 1 a £2 yeQioli +5e eee sia @ ee Then - 2 =f tae jwtue wh 6 aera = “Pr jue Lae let ae zg Taz = 206) 6 a whae or ive joel ae G ry 6 Jaz he 2 jae) tyge+ ae] S oi a _ +P Sey ie ere] ex "cos -718) i 47) aa ant a vied) And (/-62) with (©-3) Is 7 angeee™ (fi cos - 6ssn@) ° jer Ae Now (€ oe leads Zo Be g aH (OA “+ aime 38 (hy 9) 578 rane ok wale cot) ohne blo *4] aan ee Jer ae Jer )- ee 25/08 cost] age ?cos@ & Cs jen And from (¢-33) 1s Z v(v- rA)S Ge +855 +$ =sn8 sme 5 | o HB [rose 2m ae) rare 5.16-2 b (con't) viv-A)= eet [Fee Cate Cpr 8) re EZ- -%)) +8 ey OOD C sin) | aula? ot chy Ff casoie- & tre 2436) 1508 (EH 0) See jw A+ eck) = of oaks A = ir wa SALE cos +bsm6] Z. ae V6 Tjoajae [ee cos ere +e, J) +8 sine Is = Tez. ek 2 +3 ar oe 2 pcosel-iele devia] +b sino [I> Fer ger SNe JwUjwe a-whue = : i Thus > a C E= we we (5 ¢e 7 ae 2) “3108 a which _t a O-T +e 2 Gated aS cos F 6-3 (a) The omplex Poynting vector Is SahExA = bE, 6 +E, A)xHeG = 3 (Ba ly O-EHp 8) 23(24) {i jua(ir peo gr) Sino. CjOl-sa)E ee nt ~2 34 Ge dent cos 6-5 OU ie) ©0082 where C/- was used = feo Sl ae pe ib ssinOh =, jai else gee er) cos 8 sin OO16-3a (con't) he" 4 BsHtad (GE) gov bl O-igurs)s1078 F r2(jqers ee) cos8 sin 6] (b) ayo Pp =Rel f(b2xF" d5] = {f Re(geexA*)-d3 sphere sphere Taking the real part of the answer in (a) P = §\ 5 (2) pay sin8 -.dS hi Lae fo (nantes A 2 einbdbd ar gr) (4) J rer ese ? 2 lan Tr =z 52 ewe J ag f sin3Adb Cw 2 ae ar 4/3 {sintede = 2(C3 518-510 30)60 = 3/3 cos 0+ C529 ]” ~—} ° =4[-3(-)+ J -ai-5] = Bfa-$43-] age 4 = Zee 4_ (Za2)* ich ii a 2rt=a which is z 7) econeed Ter CY oe) the reason that Ry, eguals the power radiated 1's that the radiated power ‘is present for a/! values of r(diséance from digole). For sma// values of r /t is accompanied by reactive power componenis as demonstrated in (a), but the real paré (radiated power) exeression is the same. In other words, the total radiated power 's sndependent of & 16-4 From (€-34) 5 : , oe” VE = 5(PE&) +abae 36 Fe 308) +e. ¢ since Eg =O. From (1-78) : 716-4 ccon‘t) ; = jer Eg= Rid (tse Ge) sin 0 oe Ty re 1 eut™ E,= Bo? jw Ge + Gent) ES cos eo Consider TRE) = Bj co 2A Gh glen em] = ae cos 8 alge = Ge aaAGe” = 7 ‘Bonctlee tele 0 bid se 38 5% 2 (5 sinb) = aime #; wali-jer-@ Zp "2 in’e) ir = ae oj 20038 (E-Sgr er ext “) The sum of @) nd (b) is zero, thus vE=0. Qeo. L7-1 92'c0sO “Egn-(l-87) 15 woe Oras e dz! And (/-92) Is a Sow Ay 7: 7 Ea -j A+ aoe trsL vA=7(-A, sind & +Azcosé F) Ag from ote = r§ = (r2A )+ eSB Blas sin) +56 36 (C-34) = Rin cosé £ = = | ee yest? or? 4, ') L 176 ewe jgz'co. tr sind 2, (aimee fre Je vr ee ‘\ro =ucos 8 ( Tez/)est? or? 4 2 ( ave", z i) y er 3 tse Sop. 55 (908 Sarees? Ja)L7-/ ceon't) The second term may be neglected since v£ yarives as Yer and the subseguent gradvent operation wi// lead to even faster $all off with r, ie. Yr3. Then pRaucos 0 Tce) eit? 5245 , gt air For the same reason we can neg lect. the eee) zt Ye “m above. (Note IT = Sgr which is <<| if gr>zl) 0 _ =¢ér L VA = 66080 ef Taner O56 Ja/ 2 -3¢ cos A, Feom (C-33) v(v-A)= eave +6420A =$ rae Sp = F26 16.608 8 Pe ree De jaca le y rb t% Cig cos eS SS Tee 1) ese? 058 J, ‘Jee =. 8 i use ev oer j@ cos Yul ce")es dz 2 ES - 23 A jew? hg sp (cos of ree 25 0 605 15/) 8 vA fir® 36 xt a) *j6 cos8 id SE earner? (C08 ole’ f negecting terms =-@ cso A,r So. ° Baw AR CA, sindd+A, cash #) + = jw Az sin@ 6 - Azljw + hep cos8 F =jw A; sn b- Ag cos8 (jus =J eas a = jw Az sin@@ which is Co 17-2 See Section 4.1 for solution of the uniform line source. =¢ cosOA; np “Jeeae alin L7-4 Je [(PP)--PI) LRP ae eee] caer Js chine BE Pay er erfi-gzol ye wae! (/-96) m For Jinear antennas D=Z in (/-99) Is Is ty in ped? column 2 4100 | ©.0002 47-5 The Far-field region The boundaries ° +h ho? fi x is for r>5D r> 1.6A r> 20° a are the eae C=L6A " nN 1 n >I 1017-6 | m ZA = Boe m So from the graph in Prob. 47 Gy =/16 applies and eH LbA= 160300) = #80m 7-7 The extrema of the fourth term in (/-84) follows from! 52 [@zamte cos @ or a are Ousine[zecs*O-sin* oe] One solution i's @=O,but gives mraimum error, The second factor is O for Omax = 0, ttan "V2 So Omox = tE47° the value of the maximum ghase fourth term in let) to be ™%: SHA? Cos FFI? re L, maxrmum i Solving for tag, Trip = 0.385 OK = 0,0033 5 solutron, but 0 7's For mhimum Choosing of the Me. 2r bys sia® @7~ KV2/7 2 So mp = 0.62) A as rn (/-/00) itat arp Jan = $$" sine ded =f" “dp ["smede = = 2nf-cose],” Sar CN-()] = tr (also see Prob. 73-19) Re ~ iy L2- @) a 0-143) ar a= {iFeoal' d2=S) Pedr =i os” 8] sin 8 dodo ofO =2r J ee .e sin@de > For n=[ Nye arf" ” osesin6 do x arfisin*O], = = rh-o)= 3 For n=Z i) Yay = 2% "0526 sin dO= ar[- cos. ce) = ar For n=3 4o4%, 24 arf 60376 sinOde= 2uf- coo ee *s We So on p=4tlp, (<) 1 2 é Yx n=) 3 8 neZ b (6) F= 605", i n=3 HP= 2cos-(2~'m) = 120° for neat = 90° for naz = 749° for n=3 () For n=0 the power pattern is Pie)=[cos°6l=4., which is an isotropic pattern over half space, h Then a= { or sine ded =2n[-cos6].*= 7 O= ro "Tyg 22. This 's twice the th directivity of an isotopic antenna because there 1s 2e70 field over half the SP4Ce. 1218-3 rote From (1-143) Da=\\\FCe,g)/* dz os 7 = 205 |F@|*sine de ° Oo ° 8 © 30 60 90 {£0 150 180° 30° 0? o - 2rf§ sin 0d6+ 0.5 sinOdO +0, r0F {sin ede f i 60° 450° =2rfl-cos 30°+1) +0.5€cos 60°-cos 120°) +O.I07C/ + cos 150°) = 27 (0.451) = 2,833 Se). 4m. _4r__ 28 435 = 6.4748 D= = POPE) © O.4E) At 6=90°, from (/-/47) D629) = D-/Fle=909/*= 4435:(0.5)"= 1./09= 0.45 AB 1.g-4 pee gee = (824m _ 44253 Sta” HPL HP, FEHR. 9g HPe HEo Hye HP.HP 18-5 From Prob.l.8-4 with HE. =HP. = 27° De 5 = 4205 = B] using 161) Lig =/0/gD 18-6 Ny =fSlF@el de Fc) 2m. LO\~ = LO =S" 9 sine dodp C4 © Fa tree? Erk o Fa © Fa 3 = (2n) [cos alr 7 = 2m [-cos(E ra) +608(E-a)] = 27 (siad- 10 C4) = Asin d s4m7. Mm ~s Wn drsind ~ sind ay Check: Example /-3 with d= ™% gives the correct answer of csc 30°= 2 =D. 13es Zz a Na g- oe DA»= =f" Fee p))"d. = fra fs =o ft cscOdO=h ‘ota = 4, Lin Chand) Intan 8) = = 4,60 ~In(tan 21)) = tyln (cot 8) dir sino de - Ar 2 r itean 5 oe or itcan be shown that A, In(cs¢ @,+cot @,) Ay fp, in(cot 2) 1.8-8 pommeeee2n JG 2 av . Jl,y= 5 [Flee] singdede = 2rr| 2 ain bde 4 ° where c= 8 \nv2/H ep? (factor 2 incladed due squaring) Wes er, pe‘ Sade = arf Z “4 du Ey e, E[-e“["= Eye") das 216 trot the wegen limit to ®; « Eli-e e “j= which i's a good * aeerox imation for HP< 0.8% because el 2 3x17 Or can use oO axe ew xdx = 2a ° tr 32 Invz Dea eck z = Ket HP HP onverting to degrees for HP: HOt 36407 in, degrees o= (a CHE tHe) (418-49 From (/-/£49) Gre, D= (0.9)(20)= 18 = 12.55 4B 18-10 lee 2 “def | Fey" sin ede = arf "¢ sineae +S" “cal *sinedé +0] = 2rr[-cos@ |r "Lg Coos 0 *) | = 21 (a06ra.720) = 4490 a ety, 2 —O.~2 - z U2 27 (0.78) 0,78 ~ 256 G=e-D= 0.95 (2,56)= 2,435 = 66s dB acl A= $= BxE = 600m S22 2. = 3.33x10 <<) “ve. = EERE x HOT) _ 2(3.5X707) 2375 xo tn asradiuss d= & $3540" 2L sy7sxo-3 m (a) Fer a uniferm carrené = Az 32 -3 usin Dl 42% g072(3.33x0')*=8.77x0 NC) ohmic = £,=—4——_. -4) asin mt #755 ‘s (2375x/0"*) = 2,38 WOR we 21(3.175X 104) rrr Se Tr——r—C= Ret Rohmiee 8. 7TMOS +2 38X/0™ eZ (b) For a triangular current Re = 2On?( 82)? = ZO (333X007) "= 2/89K07F DQ Az ee 4 Romie Cuni form) = 3 (0.0238) = 7.933 x10" 22 Romie = ‘ohmic = ro ismg C/-180) Rr 2 -3 = £89 FRE Rehmre 3 20.26 221.6%) ee ZIBIIOS + 7.933x/0F 1Sg EO ail L232 8.88m a= SF yg 2 31K =f 4xo? Arx2 7X v2 2x3,5x/07 ee =k RR SSS L7gsxo? = O22 Dra 3 ~ Fy e.i7exO Re 70 CF sao Oe = 9 Re * Romie 70 $0.62 99.97 % eo) 7 (a) Uniform current Ta@=Z, i2<%2 ,, = _#s Zz Ramee = 555, ha b)Ie)*dz= oe |Z)” } . 42 ae :a z RB = spa B/Tnl” ae Ry = ZBhme _ Az _ ‘ohmic. Tz, = 2a R. (1-175) b) aaa current Ti2)= Ty, 0— Sah yale 42 Pahmve = Zyar £1Lin]? 25 8 23) de a 3%. ay = 4 4 gt =fo 42% 4 23 a=f L/~ ae? gg? ] dee le ras 1, - 4 oa 7 d= & zgse+tg 3 az =[3-1+1 ees 2 Ae 2 Pomc = 55 Tig!” 32 5 Romie. = =i inLan4 f= S50MH2 , A= 600em A=0,2em At= 38cm/g00em A = 0.0633 * Sot ape! Roa JH = [zm soxs0t e7xso7 _ eae {2 so xt # = 0.00237 a 30999. Be = 201? (82)" = 2077(0.0633f= 0.792 C70) =l Az RK ot _ Ronmic = 2 gpg se MSO of (/-180) 38 0.00237 2700.2) ~ 3 ee Ke = 274 = 09852 85% Re+Ronmre 0.79 + 0.012 £ 2 = 0.012 L.lo-1 (@) For a linear wave AR=0 and from (/-87) €= cot GAR) =coz (00) =0 Fr = rom (/-192) S= tan! (4026) _ tan-l(9) <0 aa ©) por circular polarization IARI=| and sign CAR) = +| _ Sor right hand sense. So Then Ag=+] €=cet Gl) =-45° Fs tom-i(famZe ) _ tan -I((tan 2 And 2 Sam ) = tenl(-00) =—90° =3 cos"! (cos Ze cos 2m) 10) =$c08"l(cos’-90% cosZr) = 3 cosa) = 20". 95° From (/-186) Ez Botan ¥ = tandsP=)} co &=E, d=-9°(© Similar to the grevious solv tion, for left evreular As-l so €=-4§° and S=-90° And sti// ¥245° and E2/E, =] oo &=E&, J =+9°? ) For elgtical with E,= Ez SHAH? _TH#O% or 180° e) For elliptical with d= 9° #4 5 110-2 From (1-189), the phasor E field is E= ER+Be% @) Linear : Ll wench: BaEk+ Bed "S 2 Bes j9) erence: B= 62+ E09 = & css9) (4) Elliptical with E,=&: B=E,(24 eiSy (©) Elliptical with J=90°: ae E a L103 Using (1-184) oe a2 as ; [E[’= B-EB*=(6 8+ 69). (68+ Be8%) = E+ Be So |Zl=VE=E And = = 30s re +e oo =E? =VE*sEX —=5 K+ ——t___ ed Ne Be bits Bet 9 erste ee” leqer ow Gy cosv= £ st Gy EL E+E . Ee sint = <2 E ° Bree The ; Ss Fa E+E? (cos¥ € + sin yei?3) which is CH-t90),LlO-+ The incident RHCP wave is decomposed into X and y components : IZ ° y x (¢ £,=E,Lo Le , Ey = E,2£-90° ine |¢ a Upon reflection, both comeonents are Slipped 180° since from C/-27) 1 a tan = Eine +E eg oom ores peor In addition, the direction of propagation is reversed, So y \/ GZ oo y “| y Y 120° 1-90? [7 which is LHCPCHAPTER 2 a2 -_s ester cos 0) ever —— Ea, r— Bos 8 rt cose ; Oe —; 642 4T€, re where rt-(S cos) 2 rt was used smce rr a2 af eT (€22 ee a Fé Ft 2 sin <0s 8) + $7 cos 2 cos (EM, ose) | pon x DE ge? e baenee e¥ [Zar cos O + 2 cos OZ d wing gaa = 2782 ce) since A>?A2, g ea SS ee ert) Az cosP But T=jwg 50 eee Yu Then F= ev” ra 47Tr? jw, Crier) cos @ Now B=-ju A-v¢ CH #40) a Raptgee (62) 8 ew Ae — 28 oy ete ase ~ 28 2 (Mitel Penuaceeloe ee ine?) apape, elt Eger] = oe at, E pence 4-142.) cos@ as in (/-%b). And Ea= 7H Ae-e 3o= = CA, sing)-2 tc, & 2 eruyaal-s08) [inn te Es Gernlle Mone zo2./-1 (con't) jer Ex TA? jw aly +3 Jé eo i 1) 25 swe 4 Joes iG jeeojua ret = pj efi *yEF “aH at 3128 as +a O-18). Ele 2. 2%, sinle(P-/2/)] From (/-O) =a 3 25,3, si0fe(# val) J cos aor C¢i2)= 2 I, cos[e(#-v21)] aes eT 7 cos Je (42-12 ] 21-3 For a paralle/ plate capacitor c= £4 Azarea of plates d= plate separation In this case 2 = €07(40) c az 21-4 (a) Ar=0.0lXr Az =0.0Zr = € mar) g.8sxi0~? 7 (0.01A Ce as (eesAanetn (Oe = 4390 xo? A X-2ete AL A 7 © WC 8 Fre ~ Zr axi08 1.39 XD 817 obs ©) From ee, Ard eon 8)* ap mroot)* = 5H aba] 2.2-| — ) From (2-64) o” 7 _ Axl 1 L= 2] cosh! +h cosh '#\= lek cosh #] ~~ = 7 AOS . x10 = 8x/o"l0.25) cosh "35 a156 Xe = wh = 2a 3x/07. ,s6xsoe= 2949 De Ry = [Wkwe”_ [307 two’ _ ogy oF 7 0,40, o7 3 Rohmic = BURY = 20) __ 1 96x03 = 0,033 7. 27a 8 3700.01) : 24 = Ret Rohmie +5 Xq = O19SH OOF tj L9SH 0,23 4 29S CD Cr = R/O + Rohmve) = 0.(95/0,23 = BSK 2.5-] Frrr——“—_OC—C—C—isCsSCCSCtssSCiscE=Ci For an ideal dipole fee epee) S 2 ° a= Mo.uadt = Void = 840 steradans ee — / = 840-( Ue sees) = 21586 6 dey 25-2 From 2-84) D= 22 hem ee Bem = PD 2, AS C Ue aZis> D= 10% 164 and Aem = GF yrs . a1]25-3 fom BH) BN de ara) a and and P=d/ZIR, So z Aen an De (90/1? fe “2 Tree where Rr =Ry =SOR since lossless 25-4 d= 3x08 = 2564x107 m Ae= 630 ™* UT K(07 From (2- 28) G2 HE fe = pt, 6.30 =1104K0"= 50.8 48) (2,564 x/0*)* 25S genzem \=0.015m @ L0GHe The physical aperture area is Ap = gd? = EUl22)* =L 169m The etbective is Ae = 0.55 Ap = 0.550.169) = 0.643 m* The gain is, from 2-84), G=Hae = (Gag 0643 = 3541.9 = 45.5546] 2825-6 From (2-90) . Ae = €ap Mp = 0.7L (4) Jao. 0495 m> Using (2-84), G= eae = Yar (0.0495) 54 = 0.622534 Gt t= 5 6H2 (A=0.06m) G2 0.622 Da 173.6 =224d8 at f= |06¢H2CA=003m) = ! = = 28.448 G 0.622 FS = bU2 28.248 at $= 206He (azd.0lS~) dd 7 = 275% = 34 G = 0.622 Tosi ad =——_— Note the 64B/octave expected due to ce 25-7 pap, eX rt Carr)® (2-44) 10 04,,, Pr = 10 log Py +10 log Gy + 10 log G, +20 log A~20/o441)-Z0lgR F;8W) = Pe(dBW) + G48) +G, (AE) +20 log x10 mE ~20 10g (42) ~£0 log (Rik) x10 3) = P.8W) + G48) + G8) ~20 log FMHz) 20/04 Rikm) + 20 log 3X/0*-20/og #ir + £0 Jog 107 = bw) +G,c8) +G, 8) -Z0 fog, Reem) a ~20 log $(MH2) - 32.44 F, Bm) = Pe(d8m)+ Gy 4B) +G, (d8)—20 Log Rem) -£0 log F(MHe) - 32.44 = which 1s 4). 29Z2.5-6 Starting with C€2-449), P.Cd@m) = P, (dBm) + G48) +G_ C48) -20 Lag FC o4it) =20 1og [£824 km + Remi) ] — 32.44 = Bid@m) + G68) +6048) — 20 logff(MHe)] -20 Jog[ Remi'les)) ~ 36.57 2.574 aes Gea 10" 22630 G,= 2538 fem Ex. 2-3 A= =. ae 0.02¥/m P= 2 GeGe mw Ctr R)* = 120 2830 2536 (0.0241) _ Cer aaxroe 2.0% x10? WY 25-10 (2-44) 38757 ISO 22X10 BCéew)=13 G48) =/0 &,6)=3 Fe /s0/Me R=s50km From (2-29), P.(d@w) = B.Cd@w) + 6, (88) + 6-48)-20 Jog [Reo] ~20/ogf Femina) ] 32.44 = (3+/0 + 3-20 /0950 20 /og 150-32. 44% =-83.94¢ dBW = 4.0x/o7 W 3aZ.S=II Inputs: Low Earth Orbit Satelite - Problem 2.5-11 in ATD2e Pt'=30 Transmit power in dBm = 1500-108 Link distance in meters f=162 GHz =03 4.018519 Wavelength in meters f G29 Grist Antenna gains in dB Free space loss: L'=20og(d) + 2040g(f) +3244 dB u Received power: Pts Gty-Gr-Lt dBm (60.19213 Pr Pr=-ton.e213 Es 4.66x/07!* W Prmw = 10" Prmw = 9,6557820163+10 " Miliwatts: 25-12 Inputs Link design- Prob. 2.5-12 in ATD2e Pt=43 Transmit powerindBm = d 10.107 Link distance in meters 03 if £=0.850 GHz 0.35294 Wavelength in meters Gu=10 Gr Antenna gains in d8 Free space loss: LE =20Jog(d) + 200g) 43244 = dB iran Received power: Scenic vra-s.s98 ® / , TEsxi0 OW ee eencr aan 3!2.5-14 Ge=4 isotropra, lossless transmit antenna G.= SE ter where Aer is constant with £ Start ing with C2 ae p= P, er GEX xe Fees Cer Ry t Wate = Rer gr Re = constant with Freguency spreading Z5-15- a tact with (2-93) pa B&G Aer_ y 1 Pe Aes Aer using © Tar RE 4m py HERE Ghee 7 z Bet Aer x asin Cage FO! (ear #%) of? = K4* 2405 for RyRy Ves Pe cons Zant “TC constant Thus P4226) = KS K(Z4)"5 4Kh= Fh) 25-60 ~ = tGe R= Tee G- (2-95) Yr Se nes €2-64) p= EIRP f£ LE Mer tr rR? ELRP=RG, (2-100) So = eee Aer, Yar R* O- PB. (dBm) = ELRPUBm) +10 log Aer cm) 10 log (477R*) 3325-13 (a) SO Km of RG-8 coax: Leable = ChE2 x sox 1o?m = £00008 (b) Radio system of Prob. 2.5-/0 Net gain = 7 daw) ~R@8W)=~83. 94 -13 = - 16.9448 Net Joss = 96.94 dB © Yes, repeaters would be necessary Sor the cable system. @) For a 500m gath Leable = 2L28x 500m = S50dB Lradio = [Gy C48) + Gp G48) —20 log r(km)-Z20 log $MM) 32.44] =-[/or3 - 20 log 0.5 -20 log /50-32,4-4] = 56.7446 ©) $=300 MHz , r=stom , A= 0,14 hy Leable = 0.14 28 y 500m = 7038 Ladi = —[/0+3 -20/og 05-70 /og 300-3244] = 62.9 48 &) Fiber optic cable with a= /db/em B = Lser = 192 x 504m = 5046 Ussher =) 28 x 08km = 0548 «) Be coee 300 MHz SOkm | 500m 00m Cable (RG-g) | 5000 dB , s0d8 70 58 Radio 96.9448 | 56.9448 62.976 dB 32Salil 70 Pa /00KW Ge = 25/05 1 585 Feum (2-/60) EIRP = BG, = (0KWMLSES) = ISBT KW 2.6 -| D=ASH176 dB for electrically smal/ antennas (a) From Fig, 2-20 A=O01S4D 3D BA= 0.10 =) Ep = 0.05 Then G=e-D = 00SUS)= 0.075 = -1,25d8 Cb) Frm Fig. 220 A= 0,03/8\=) par0.2> 62025 Then G=e-D= 025U,5)= 03755 2648 ) p= 476d8 (4) Gn electrically small antenna with G- =2.657 has G=e€-0 = 0667645) =1=0d8, Smallantennas with @-< 0,667 have Cdb) cance! cancel P| cancel The waves add (gerfectly) when the path difference is £A/2, which compensates for the /80? current phase difference: Acos gat A cos@,= tt @= 60°, 120° (b) AFe -| ~ je feos i jegeos E 255n(@2cos@) = 25 8/0 (70058) sce d=X () 12 /sinGr cos6q)| > £F = 1 605m oF ti} =cosGy C j 6 ® ig) = JAFC@OL . 125 8rreo28 NT cr cosey| | JAE Cm) 125577 Cr co5 Gra) | poems en = @dcosO +A = Zr cosO+ sine ded & a&=/80° thea (3-20) is $0) = cos CY) = cos(cos0+ J) = —5/nlrcos®) [$C = LsinCe cose) } ee (a) and in C0) oe 35 o 140°31-2 d 4=7 Wote: also could use d=-7) 31-3 d=a @d=82y = Zar A=0 31-4 lop] =1cos(%)I I 6622BIR ee cos $ for a broadside array of two isotropic elements with Ya ed cos 6 ar a @ » ay since n= \S1 Fel" cee =f ds) cos*z GE d¥e-gdsno a ed =a “eel “sivcos9) db = Zz ZT besint] , Fl I faqd e2amed Ja arr 2262) ae ir _ 4 ‘ Ry + ae d o hee yy & {hs o @)S\ 0 a Dicectivity, D ~ oN a ° pod ° A ar 32-1 Spacing, d Using (3-33) E_y4 intel Scr-a) = sin(wa NE) sme f= 5 (Fy Nsin(Z-=) Nong) = sinN#cos(wh)-cos NE sinn# N cos a fent sand /Neos# even sinNE cosw#/N cos $ N odd Similarly Saree) a cosNz sia NE/Ncos 8 — Neven sinnE cosN3/Neos? Wodd ee [Fer-a)|=|4cr+a)] => [$c¥)) symmetrre aboot Perr 373,2-2 Say) = cue (3-35) 2sing = z2sinl#)cosC%) v BS Ane cose which is (3-20) Zsin( Ze) 32-3 YN % Neuiese 2-2 At first null = = __ 4 Yougta = O46 by, 14 = (ECC gg, A) =~ ZE So _ aw“ 2A 1605 Gov ggy = Med ~ WE” Wd eZ ~ p(y EM) = KX a [i Eeeese ) — “ BWEN = 2b, I which is Ca-44), 3.2-4 At the half- power points uv S(t) = yer = 20G Yin) N sin (z tir) For N=/0 4 ie) sin(S Yap)= a sia( te) Solving by teial and error Yue = £ 0.088915 7 =40.279523 = ¢d cos Oyp = Cogn fp 010889757 -I Oye = cos! [x ARETE) d ed=4hr | d=0 | | ¢b) d=A @d = Zr A=0 (a) -A d=z ed= ir A=0 Oger 6,=45° edor d=-edcos 45° = -0.707 7 =~127.298°(@) NES, d= Ma , Oo= 90° (0) N=, d=), 890° ©) N=5,d=2,@=90° GS) Nas) Fe C245? @) Using (3~ ~36), gee d= 6d 0s @ =- SEA cos 45° = 10,707) = =1273° d=-@deosG =EDEaigill wi Beammidth ~ 75 ~ So we make @d as large as possible Sor sma// beamwidth, @) d=-¢d cos®,=0 ed=L6r Lb = = 0.8 d Zep. 0.8 ©) Visible region d-ed sin (8 cos) aD aso NES cos) . gk = SsinlScosd. = sin Ce cos) which is (18), Ecos 6 rr a Uls, +6From (2-8) 9q(8) = cos( Ecos @) sine From (3-6) +he array factor for a two element half wavelength spaced, egually excited array $10) = cos(£c0s@) thas Fite) =gal8) $(e) = 6087(F cose) sine s (Leo. 0(0) = cos$eor®) $0e)= cos(Ecos 8) Fie) (Fig. 2-5) (Fig. 3-3b) 33-2 <—}-> — — —er—- — — From (2-8) _ cos (¥cos@) 9000) = =e From (8-13) the array factor fora two element one-waveleng th spaced, eguarly Bek ed array $e) = Ces (ir cos @) ° Ete) = gale) $68) = cost cosé) +73.3-Z con't) D * StS Qe x = F (Fig. 2-5) (Fig. 3-62) 3.3-3 " From (3-64) the Alz-dipole . pattern for this geometry is | | 4a(@0) = cos (E£sin8 cos) V/-sin®é cost’ From (3-13) the array factor i's ~<——— » > $ce) = cos(rcos 6) cos (5 Thus FAD) = F0(0,$) $0) = coscr ces @) Jal, >=0°) x $16) S Ft@$-0%) x x + . TZ ~~ (Fig. 2-5b) (Fig. 3-6<) +897D CONT) * y TS we J” > 9a (8, =90°) eS $e) = FCO,b=909 3.3-4 Oe “From (3-51) for a Hansen-Weodyard array | | | d< 30-2) =30-4)=4 TITTTTTIOT TTT PE The specification of d=0.3d satisfies this. N=3 420.30 Then from (3-44) dat(edtZ) = +(H0.30tF) =4 (0640337) = ‘hos ee) 2 (b> A CPL N=3 (c) From (3-649) sone} From (3-11) and resu/ts: of ca) YsedeosO+d =O.6r cos@ + 0.937 From (3-33) segye sintMt) N sin Ye above ground pene below ground pane a 5 cos (Fsin90058) sin [0.4m cosO+1,3995 7) ae Sls Vi-sin*6cos*?' 3 sin[0.3acos0+0,466571] above the ground plane. 73.3-4 Ccon't) ax 9084) x = Fede) 2? 3 \ oe / a v y N=3 d=%dh {H=1f dao v y 3.3-5 sa eat ees el ee eee = 14ew) alt33-5 Ccon't) small loop “ _-_ OO lhl ol The element pattecn fram (2-53) 1's gal) = smu @ Ky]3.3-6 Gon't) Accay factor 2r ergs @d= SZ) sir da=o0 xz-plane: ees x A 12, a PP 2 9a) Fig 2166 +6 ¢) Note. that the element pattern null reduces the whole pattern and places anall¢n the z-axis directrm ete y pattern = OQ O O o-sx accom factor z-plane ye-P Tt? pattern = _- oY element patter 52TOP VIEW FRONT VI _-— M=2 Fa27 Mee Ca=ilim) d= 27G@m= Ve actual: aX model; rSIDE VIEW 3.3- 7 ccow't) ax en KM ky) ay Joitt a a ieee 744 Ga (a) The yz-plane will have =8d6 the highest SL sence nee ‘ts pattern j's aot reduced by the ele- ment pattern, as in the y2-plane, So we work with the Or ran factor, ed The peak SL occurs at&t 6=0°: Ye = ed cosO th = Od foc the pattern at F=%: Sn 2% Al f£0%,)=0.398@= "4 Yor 2s , tsa te/, o Selving by trial and error gives f= léster So we ite = (fst 0827; dad827d Also) see Fig 3-Zo, s43.3-8 con't) H-plane pattern E-plane pattern 34-1 From (3-72) D=N for d=n3,dzo G@) N=Z,d=%2. D=N=Z Due) =/0 fogZ = 34s] 3.4-2 d=3/g N=/0 (a) Broadside a=0 From (3-78) No : ey ee D= ye Fm ennga) 10 Cote a 4 The summation = 7" 2m ed=3r S=0 pnt 4. siamar = # [37s Jal a m=) men ° * al: 7 7 10 De Samy = 259] 3 From (3-80) pe2zkazMaz ean = 750 Sr3B, 4-2 Ccon't. (b) Endfire a=ted The, sum in (3-78) is S meer med cosmd = ae (4-1) sinm3r cosm3n 1, tsinm}r 2 © sfennoe(Beyonon cis +(¥. <1) 0% (42 ANC 1) = 2 f[-723492) = 55955 1o* = oS O'S. p 10 +2 E1S5S955) a ey : Log Nd_ yg 074 _ From (3-81) De4 Rat Hates 70. +ed stiard) in Reaue with d20; 4 14 2 So sin(mimd. 2: v= [e+4d E" sini )costm wy 1 A SS Alt sin(4r§) +5 sin (fr $)40667 s1n (20) +025 sin (lor SJ] 8 ef 4 D4F [ N=5 ? d=ted ° Oo ol 0203 04 O5 06 01 08 04 1.0 yy > 5634-5 (con't) pia) = 4% (60, d) Directivity Nes d=01,015.2 ca) (b) : > Nes ws wees | ALJ Bo a woof —p Z| - | | | | Lo ° . ol i ‘ a 3.4-6 “Ordinary endfire ; d=A/4: ed= 27X27 KANE Then sinmgéd cosma = sinml cosmE =o Thus (3-78) reduces to pK =Nn +O ah D= 34-7 N28 , d=0.7d, broadside From Fig,3-20 Dali = 7a41dB (b) Using (3-80) _ Me soe NZ = 10.44 dB 58 for a// m34-8 N= d=0,8) d=0 =o ed= 22agy= Lérr Usiag (3-78), ! ey oa D=|Wtye Me sin mad cosa 1.22 ma 6 14) =[é+2 = sn (mlbn 6 2 Fam” “| = [0.1693] '= 1906 = 27/48 The agerox/mate result: pe Nd F De2zaz haz ten 6.4=807d8 whieh is close, 34-4 For an endfire arrasy @,=0° and d=-ed—-F THe adeeb eke edtcos@-1)-§ =-) @0=0 And jn we “ares 20 2, Nsin¥ Normalizing, sin dt Ag) _ BFW) ran oh FOO= pe Arle d) Ste max N sinC£y 5d3, 4-9 Cconté) $a)= sing sin ue sin ME N sin %, , Of co Pattern must be multielied by Nsin he sin Se The directivity in (3-78) i's altered by the invase square of this factor since De Ra Asiteel “dL For Hansen ~ =Woed yard aaa S=%J and | en Ca wy wt ont us Sint For a S element H-Warray N*sintsh = s* sen? T= 2337 10 3.4-10 Net £5 824,854, 844 MH2(A=36.4, 3464, 3358em) Program to find optimum gains direct.med This program computes directivity by pattern integration. Arrays are emphasized. N=4 Number of elements i505 Element spacing in wavelengths Beam pointing direction Element current amplitudes 603.4-10 (2) N-1 SE ape Pedemt- tty ——_Normelized array factor Collinear half-wave dipole elements , 2 ([@.6)-F0,0, 4) sing) €o ap eee Directivity 09 (09) o.93] (093 (0.94) (095 (0.96 lor] (0.93) (0.99 T 07 1.02 1.03 xa sf Lo The peak occurs for d= 0,98 dma = 34+ 2em where Dns = ZI0# = 8 64 d8 at $ =824 mHe d= 342 52] = OAFA ,D=725= 8.6008 él3.4-/0 (3) at £.=894MHe = » _ d= 342 Se sl Oz D=727= 8.6248 Note small (+.0,02 48) gain variazron over the band, af 62Che] See Fig. Saco: 3.5-2 @) Eg Fen (3590) is wy yes Dp “Fay a > Am Be ei Bee ae JGR) 058 we mzo ‘p=o + Let yscos@, then dv=-sine de 0 cl eltm- 1 . a= ede m~ FeV an=J vt Fm ev, — edt lim—zp) ed CC2m-Fe) 5/01 6 (2m-2p)] 36 C2m— 2p) € (2m Zp) Using this in (3-90) pe #Ze 4r(Z Ea > ~ Ty er zn s Aveo sin [6 Cm~2-)] moo pe 6m) 2 (Z Ax) K=O uy a Dn Dp evident) sinh elam-F)) mete € (2n= Bp) which is (3-41). 05) For d=n3 Zm-@p =(m-p) > sinlelem-2e)] _ sin[Fcm-p)2) — gintem-e)) Co mee @ (am- tp) 2E mpd ~ “m=poir 1 map So (3-91) becomes (Ea) D= _Sfeo * which ts (3-93), > AL fo 633.5-3 since all arrays are of d= /z and involve only isotropic elements, (3-93) applies wei Sem 2 Gene) (2A,t2Ar + As) ato A Sat ZAP +ZAS +A fo because the array excitatims are symmetric: ao Se Ar Ar Ay 44 Ag A, Az Az Aa A, For Fig.3-23¢ A,=1,A,=4,43=6 = (2+8+6)? = (2t87e" 23 U 2+32+36 3.657] a Foc Fig, 3-234 A=), A,2/6 Ax =i94 2 D= (243,22 +194) Ft 22161)" +194)" For Fig.3-23¢@ A,=1, A,=241,A3=3,/4 p= C244824314)* 2+ 2(2,41) ¥3.14)* #2250) for Fig. 3-250 4,23,A,=2,A3=) = (64+441)* D= 2 r = eee, = te Mm m0 eg Example 8-3, Fourier Series array 6+ Example 8-4, W-L array35-5 AFH) = Ite? foc N=2 from (3-05) = fre Geese Te giTEOSO 9 coe Fcosé JS Feos6, oF cose =Zes* (a ae 7] =2 eh ES? cos (Feos 6) Noemal izing, f£(e) = cos (Ecos e) Genecaliamng to an NelemenZ beaomia/ arcay based on (3-87), f(e)= [eos (Feose) | al Cb) Tr 2, =2r { [cos (Foose) 9's rn Odd Let a du=-Esinese Then 2N2 dy % ZM-2 De = 20 [™ “Leos St = +f eos] du Gene ca | ar mm 7 ro ma)! }y2 Scos” x dx =Sinx S Gol (ly Fam 277" (aed)! (mi)? cost (2m) } 2 (mie The fisst teem i's zero, leaving 20n-| lee Naat L200 5 LE-Cp] ee 22 Tue ni? 6535-5 Con't) 2N= i Then ge AE 2? pet)” * [20v-1)) C) Vas 2 2 eee dD gi = BSS agrees with Fig,3-23¢ Other values’ DCN=2)= 2 OW=3)2267 DON=#) = 3.20 35-6 Short Aigoles d= Nz (adem) From (3-83) and Table 3-| (a,=2/3) a =nf2Z42 = iz Da NEE HEF M8 Con arcos med)cos mi)! m=| @) Net broadside (d=0) collinear: 4, =-*/med =- 4% mir =4S2 20372) 4 2 t 77! D WER SLRC Der se Cae este GENO =4+§ 24 o000601 4 mez 13+ 0.02 53 goal = #30 Dz Dz De HS¢Usv=b 6b) Net endfire (d5+@d 27) N J parallel: a= méd ~ mT 2 2 2197! Dat E+ S12 CC AL) LEO], 4 = ipa = ¢ECIII = 4Y 663,5-6 con't) te) N=¢ broadside (d=0) parallel: a,= ot = thse lFHCM EMG) t LCs 27 (27) 373 =4(187) = 7248S Cd) N=3 broads de (=o) 2 collinear: a, =- 3 >= 33 5+3L RCE Zs" = 3¢1/07) = 332 De D-te= 30=4 5 (de) N=4 broads.de (d=0) ~~ parallel: a= yh D= 335+ SEA) + h(a] C22) oe 7, Bee) ee Note { DeQi ts nol very close FO exact value Reference: C.T:Tai, “the optimum drrectivi's of un ROT spaced broads/de arrays of digoles,” LEZE Trans, ALP, pp 4HA¥SY, Tuly (96% 673.5-7 (a) Examele program: N=4 Number of elements d= element spacing in wavelengths 00 =0-deg Beam pointing direction n0,1.N-1 jsqel Ast Element current ampfitudes N-1 Sr apetaneem-smcony F(8,00,0) = Normalized array factor x04) edi — sinc? cont)? ‘Short cipole elements parallel to x-axis pan pa (00,4) | | (a0, 4)-F(9,00,€)])* sin(@) 0 Beam solid angle 0 do an 2) = Directivity Nea ‘ Agrees with de0s Dow) =4.708 Prob. 3.5-4 b Cb) collinear arrays of half-wave dipoles d=N2 Apel deo NEZZyY De=1.64 Directivity N=2 N=3 N=¢ React ese 241 tl +38 Preeroxi — 3.28 4.92 6.56 Ver 68S.6-| Z,=70L0° = 2,, = 100L45° 2, = 6OL-10° is shoré circuited () Since antenna #2 tee Gera 2n)* : Zz, =2Zy pe = 247 oe Sor 2=0 sn (3-104) -10°)* = 7010°— pn = £4,845 326 =63,8230.7° © since andenna "2 is open crrcuvted I,=0 and from (3-49) Vz = 22,1, +2.2T, = 227, And $com (3-47) Ma 20 D)+2eTz = 20D, So “Ay, es = Zt 2y 2ut~ FB, Vee By 2 tayo 604-10" | yo Za sv FoLo* 0. 857 L-]0° 3.6-2 Zu From Fig. rrr Zoe = 2,-2.2 +22 = Zu Shor& circuiting poct #2 rn Fig, 3-27, 2u-22; 7 2242 —22 Br) Zsc = Sy-2iz + Zu -2i. ti. = 2-2). + 2a. (2u Za) (2-2, since Z2=2,, za ut = 2-52 which aire eloe sigan (3-/01) 643.6-2 ccon't) Th _ 2 en Zse Loe = Zoe -25 since Zn = Zoe ° 22 = Ve CZe-Zse) which ts (3-102) 311 1 d=0.4d . . . . -_ —>Z -2Zd -d o d ld dn=-@ En cos G =~ 27nd cos O =- 382'n O4A cos @ =—n 144° cos @ For the center element az zhe origin A.g= 288° C058, , A.\= 144° cos jdo= 0; d,=- 144° cosB, 2-289 0058, Case & |'%_ | da | aa | ao | 4, a, Broadside |90° 3-320} 0 i) ° ° ° 75° |3-32e| 74.5°| 373° | O |-323°|-74.5° [ 30°) 3-324 |249.4°}124,7°| © |-124.7°|-249.4°| Endfire | O° |3-32e|288.0°| 144.0°| O |-144,0°|-288.0°| 3.7-2 (a) 8.= 40° =o —— H P= 26° SLL=-12,0 dB Fig. 3-3243.7-2 (con't) Q,=75° =—G@d cos &=- 0.8 cos 75° =-37.3¢ a,=0 dp=-373° dga-P4% 5° dy SMB? (b) HP=27° Fig, 332¢ SLL5 (2,048 ce) Go=0° A=—edeos & = -O.6r (1) =— It" Azo AL S-I¥4? 455-2889 dy=—¥32° HP=78° Fig. 3-32e SLL=~12,0 dB 7|3.7-3 a, Cr eda Sask da-272-/20° 20 Pattern 1s Bere in the xy—plane. 723.74 The phase term in (3-1) ) is @CF-PA) Using (C-4) a 2 a r= sing cosp +y sin @ sing + 2 cos For a linear array with element pos/tions on the a-axis a x ih's Zn? rat n= Zn 2 Zn-1 Zn Co A a a erin =e 51N 8 Coso+y sin Osing +2 cosO)+Z,e = 6 #06058] which is the phase term ia (3-65) 3.15 _ es? oF gt ult Z) oc 2 PB Consider this to be an array oF two subarrays ee? eilE) h : “hs (call this the'e lement") arrayed as 2 , im or bed ei 89r ° ° Ce ° ° + 045\> <—0455—> The patterns of the svbarrays are + a 7 a element , (aN ede XE FZ =-% array factor : WN d= Ho4sr209T d= O40 733.9-5 Ccon't) The total pattern: glgment x array factor = F \ YA OF RNY WY 3.76 ; Y * + r* . Mo. x L <4 -t = In the x2-plane the eguivalent array oltamed by erojection is 2 x which gives a null ° ° pattern in thes plane, In the y2-plane the projected array I's apy which has fe patters 2 42, of Fg. 3-4b, Ttdare d= 17 (dueto- ace ed= 2 ae = Element pattern x (Hal4- spat) dat pe ed=T > Ar ited ache Vee a 7} ANG 4 4 ¢ 4 Z 4 q / C Z or NIS18 x The image of this array is another array of four half-wave dipoles. Due to image theory the image dipoles are ‘ot oppos/té phase to the primary y array. ap view “4 + = fsotropre point source where O= array of # | isotropic point sources, ed= aed 21 a=0 In the xy-plane the cn is Zn the yeablanes patte 's ero Tatal patteen Element pattern Array factor _ F (Grom above) (see Fig.3-4) = v v v & z z 4-element 2-element 8-clement subar ray subarray array 763.79 By method of images each element can be replaced by z ~ 4 " “3 Gg | 1 ° $6) =c05(Feos@) its M4 a image eeas iene, giving Me =x “| Hg | which has the folowing x2-plame pattern 1 array factor 3 eh 2 TT x Xx — = pe element pattern Q sin LZ cos (Fcos®? (Fig. 3-3) Nr --dLe ee and the yz-plane pattern js ssodropic. Now arraying the right and /ef¢ array halves: g9 ee 9 “4 —%— —>* If'le sin CZcos 8) 4 -L 773.7-9 Can't) Thus the total patzern F is ap3.7-10 The eight efement array can be decomposed into two subarrays : the “element” a # iE 1 witha pattern given ia a 3 3 Prob, 3.7-F and on “gery FF y oek _ with a pattern given in Fig, 3-5 + ° oe The total pattern the follows as “element xX “arcay factor” pattern” = Total patlern F In the xy-plane the In the yz-plane the pattern is thabot the pattern iftnat of 4-element array: the “element”:3.7-1 td <5 al voetat et le 20 30 30 26 | \, 2 le ze a 30 26 1a 03 ——3y Xoeet °. ae Oz 6 oA Vie EQUIVALENT LINEAR ARRAY APPROACH N Number of elements 4-05 d= element spacing in wavelengths Go = 90 Beam pointing direction in degrees Element current amplitudes Ast Agel Ays3 Ays3 Ay=6 Agr Ays8 A, N SE apettreccotan ten) £10,0o,d) = 22 E Normalized array factor Frag(0) =i204og(|i0,00,0)|) + 600,0, 20040, 00,2)|) +60) 0:=0,1..360 Nes ‘Angle 6 is along the array3.2-11 Ccon'é) FULL PLANAR ARRAY APPROACH Define currents using notation of (3-113) Ik,=3 by Mu NB bas aay factor 0--0,04.360 uw 2: in S-deg)-soml deg) a 23 in dog) -vin( log) Yi denne Ye yd . 7 = rr —— SD M N a et mel asl Fmag(@) = if(20 fet ||) + 00,0, 20-090) ) + 6) Angle @ is normal tothe plane ofthe array 19) Bl3.8~ Computes the pattem of a linear array with: deolement spacing, asi Inputs: 4 =20 —— =element spacing in wavelengths 80 :=90-deg = desired main beam pointing direction No=3. =number of elements a(d) =-2:nd-cos(60) =interelement phase shift Compute pattern with isotropic elements: fy) =i] y=0.1, Plot fv) yl =O yieda inyilos yey yl +0005. 92 i °O 1 Polar plot of array factor (0) =2-adeos(@ deg) + ad) fp(8) == |8ypc@))) my 00,0.1..360 1 N=3 J =90 eg a 2 82 terelement phasing, uniform amplitudes Bog ssi3.8-[ cecn't) Polar piot of the element pattern cos cout eg +0.001)} 20) at sin(@-deg + 0.001) amag(0) = [60] 9.1360 Polar plot of the total array pattern F(0) = eC8)1960) Fmag(®) =|F@I—9.=9,0.1..360 & 7 © -99 N=3 = Net d=04dX F423 collmear short dipoles ed= Hovr=0.8n d=-6dcosg (a) -2r 0 N i i i 20 dep G = 60° -0.8T7 cos 60°%=- 0,417 Accay factor 8338-2 ceon't) multiplying this array factor by the elemong pattern grves the total array pattern: ace) fre) ©) g=-a6T dyaznd (<) a —~ [— @& 11 —_ Seg Gl = 2°. 72% Q= = Le = 2K, = 3408 04 = 02M Aes wavelengty in Tel, 3.8-3 The peaks of the array factor occur for P= m Ar m=O, #1,42,... The main beam /s m=o. Sean i's emited by one of the first grating /obes (m= ti), choose m=+], GaFrom (3-38) peed (cos @-cos@) at thegratiag Jobe Ye2r (m=) grating lobe @=0° 2m =Od C005 0% €05 Oymax) = Ed (1 605 Garon) or 9= 12 C05E wax But Goma 290°) $0 » (3-117) Saeco eel 3.8-+ Since the array is to be parallel fed, the egual phase ot exc/tatjon Condition will be met af a// Freguencies due to egua/ line lengths. er rs At 300 MHz d= Se 2KOr De 1 = zea 7!m j50 d= 3 =O5m 2 d=05m 8S3.8-4 ccow't) Ad 360 MHe as — 3x/® _ = A= Foie = 08337, 50d, = Om = Fo 5, (0.833m)= O62 4 dz=0 In the yz-plane the element pattern is isotropic. so the compleée pattern jn that pane Is simply the array factor, Be/ow are phtied te two patterns for each freguency. Note chat for this 20% bandwidth the pattern is very stable. % =99 deg fo 90. deg 300 MHe N=5 d=05 360 MHe 3.8-5 N=S FA3=] Ae 300 MHe ,=Ilm djsim= x d=-6,L where Nz length of transonssion line. between each element, Assume phase constame is that of free space. =- 20 im =~272 elements in phase Hence eattern is same as that shown in Prsb3B-4+ For 300MHz. 863.8-5 con't) At 360 MHe di=O6AL =o -- dys be f= -5 Um) 93 a" z =-2¢ir 9 -0.¢iT =-72° the pattern is shown, 3.8-6 Pn = Ven Lin = Vine C14 On) Like C/- Pf) Pn = Vine Lime Cl-IMnl?) (3-118) a bern ee bhi dtadare (a) Sum pattern ade Since tha gattecn of mterest (s The y2-plane, the elomen£ pattern is anifacm and the toyal pattern equals the array factor Element curent ampitudes ASL ASE ASL ASL ASL Agel asl AsI N J Ajeet cts cel —— Normalized array factor ¥ hl asl 1(8,00,d) = Fmiag(8) = if(20-leg¢|£(0,00,d)| )+ 40<0,0, 20-logt |f(8,00,4)|) + 40) 873.8-7¢ 9.2) Angle 0 is along the array Fat) DIFFERENCE PATTERN Cb) Element current amplitudes Al Aye Agel Apel Ast Agel Ayal Agel N So apdttettcottsay cate) £4(0,00,d) - 87} 7 Normalized array factor D IAI a1 fang) = i 0, o, | <0.00001 0.00001, £40,808) ) Fdmag(0) ‘= if{20-Jog( |fidmag(0)| ) + 40<0,0,20-log¢ |fiimagi9)| ) + 40) 6 =0,1..360 Angle @ is along the array Raaas 9)3.8-2c¢-3) Ce) MININEC Pro was used evaluate th difference array of Cb) with dipoles ree L=0.¢7A and radius A=Q005X, The patieens AEN ne The stracture for Or 90° where The nall rs on tho above gattem is vou similor to $m ple artery Theory Co), Bata Youside lube is gresent at Ox 30°Cank 150°), Also the horigm Lobes Pe ene) 8 we anita vi Cb), But} simple theory does very well! Notes a single dégole ™m free sgace has Zy = TBI ty ll2ZIL using Mot, Tn The array, aconter clement has A=65. 7~j6 22. 849CHAPTER 4 41+ First cos(d+E)= -3ind cos[#@-EJ-sina Te eos-l - So at+z=cos|(-sind) -(d- 2) = cos '(sind) Let x=asind or dasin x Then costCx)= sintx + ZF cost (x) = (sine = Subtracting ( *) cos -x)-cos"¢x) = 2sin!x @eED 41-2 From (4-15) HP =L cos (0.443%) let d= #acos!u-y) where y=o.4agd or cosdazry And COs?d =/-Ly ty? > l-2y sie y< 3 =0, 89625 =o055375 r= 3./7°| uazk= 28232 = [50508 adi, endhice 20.886 & = 20.996 A! =2\/6.055735 = 0,04706= 26: ak x ZEA otk =4 B= 645 73.0648 poled ‘Sante [Sone fa) poe 1p? | Broadside : Le BoE Pate ec =< c0sea= 0 Endfire : boar —Ccostye-4n cas 0° =-4r41-5 Ceon't) (a) Measuring the HPs HPlbreadside) = /6° HPcend tire) = 60° This aperach is very ageroximate. ©) A HP Cbroads:de) = 0.886 2 = 0.8% Fy = 0.225 7 = 12.7 ° HPeendfire) = 2V0.886 R =ZJ020I5' = 0.943 r = £3,9° 41-6 7 For § coadside uniform line sources U= Fcosé. @ 2 i) Gye = (90° HP) —(40- 24,766) oo g/7 dae = 52 2A cos 7g 6/72) = 042897 SI yp 519 Gyp OY = 0.7069 ii) Oye = (90° 7558) = 97,2095? — yp = Zr cos (17, 20859 =/3455 7 ety opie Se iii) HPs 0.886% = 0.886% =0.443 r = 25,3929 W (by 5d 2) Oye = (40% $F) = (90- Gl?) = 94.9449 Uyp = 22D cos (94.944°) = 1.3843 5 sin One 7G, 22) oo 290% O66) = = 8449/7 ger cos (98007) 2139/7 ed 0.70905 ~~ ayer = 0.70709 &) yp 20.986 d =a296 By =0.1972 7 = 10.1839 7 () /0r ¢) Oyp = (90% £0) 87, 645° yo = UO cos (7,4645*) =138979 5/9 Epp lle 0.70708 “ 9 oyy = (90% $2802) = 8746" — typ = 1077 cos(9146) = 139225 LUMP _ 07068 ue Ee ee _ ° HP = 0.886 = 0.0886 r = £076° 9241-7 ®E-om (4 #0) sunt a= (6-6o)L = du Dg=2P I where d= J bn teeeo And D=4r/Ng, so eee Thus ar. a = 2770,_ 20 el el WnZES on B= Fie Fl aw Ee or ge Fraluating 3: bie $ =f” wa. POM dy = Z “cos Zu 4, af ae say, Bape ce =2 Jad = “apes? cose dy ga ener ee b -t Zz - cos -1-8-8)-Siseer=-4 b ae ees integrating by gacts Bia [ees yp = SE] 2 Sxdy exy—Syde -a uF a ta X= Cos => dx=-smurdr —_ yo ~ b + —-aA i ow otele ve CE Seth) Sia) J ares, cosh t _sicq) Selb) 2 Bz C5471 y cosh, Sela) +See) ae, Da a D Oe eg ee Wy QL = Pp coset es by Seca) 4 Seto) (Hansen vol. I)4,)-7 czon't) “) At broadside 6, = 90° , 60sGp 20 and gqzba @4 From (a) ee _ cos gl -| ; D, = 2 el + Z Se(el) (6) As L becomes much larger than a wavelength Ce) becomes eset _s 6 sei) \Paryy o E el GL >eo Gl200 lo Zz 7% 6h > 20) 42(£) =r ey py=Z torl>>r re yl => DFS eae which 73 (4-2/)_ ©) In the broadside case Du Da Te oa +Si(@l) ZA 7 GL * a, = CHansen , vol.) 42-1 Cosine-tapered broadside Ine source: @) Proceeding as /n Section 41 HP 22 sia (WIA) , 50 F yp = 299 sor ayp= HE e194 Insect ing thes in (4-21) Slane) = OED eg gggae hk a 1,969) Gi = fea) osu sind, cosula)(-2lZ)' ey) © da lucy da T= Cees) * yaaa lz Gil” (Ea) osl- (Bun) a 2, Use j solving by eral and error Y,,=1, nase ThE £0, 99957) = eines =-0.070805 —> -2299968 1-~ 7+Aizece Ney 1S] ae Broadside ‘ cosine-Lapered iL ST FA Je source B52 ae a 4.2-3 L=3.m A=0.3m@ IGHe cosine-sguared Zapered, broadside @) From Table 4-2 HP=1.44)21442 = a/44rad = 8.254 (b) From Table 4-2 020.6670, =0.667- 24 =0.667.2 3 = 13.34 =/12548 42-4 10% line sources with following current disdribotions : (a) Uniform ‘ i From (4-14) HPs 0.886 5 = 0.8 6 Lx 30,0886 rad= 089 From (4-21) 0,=2% 22 24. 29 = 7348) () Triangular (remaining re/ationships #rom Table 4-z) HP= 128% = 0.128 rad = 733° p= a Da = 0.78(20) = 1s 76 da (<) Cos/ne HP=LIVh =0.9 rad= 6929] D= 0.8100, = 0.8/0(20) = 16.2 = 12) de) (6) Cosine squared HP=LF4H = 0/44 rad = 9.25° 0= 0.667 W=0.667(Z0) = 13.3 =1.2Z59B, QWs4.2-4 (con't) (€) Cosine on a -/0dB pedesta/ 0.103 = 5909 HP =/103> = D=0.92 Dy = 0.92 (20) =/8.4= 12,65 dB, 42-5 Triangular cucrent-Ztagered /ne source (a) From Table 4-Za Itz)= /-2)2) i2/é 5 ’ cs é cosOt Go & . Suna) =$* Tearyed“F ga! -t ; i =o Zoy, jez £ Fi = SP Z2'e/ de! + [*C- Zaer yg) ba £ Beene ceca aie 2 de! BSI z'e! de’-f ze de! f Lo ° 2 2k jc2 "ca! Bye ; -f) (er seh) de! wy, cl L sinsk orth z : f 22 cos c2z'd2" eee ZL _ 4 fcosc2'+ c2/sinc2/7 ZL ce azc$alpcos0+ es $ca)= [24] ° (b) From the facd that HP2128 2 (beeadside) _ Oye, = 5-H E064 oh R Yury > @ C05 By B= & cos(Z-0.64}) = &s5 Aw gL A)=2rk d = &sm a6tpes ee ae a) eae (.64r/2z)) ggg Flu, =[ i He) 0.641/2 The position of Wz forthe firsé side bbe peak line will be the same as u for a unsform (lz) 5.) = £443 7° Source, So or42-5 ccon't) Then sin (437) Seas) = [SRS | = 0.0472 = 26.548 42-6 The triangular current distribution is the convelution ot two uniferm Ine sources 5/124 triangle i's the convolution of two pulses. convolution Ce > UN Aa | Jer sguare (STOUVL sad 8 (2 42-7 Dipole with L< jp Imagine that this current is generated by two half-wave dipoles, a half wavelength dart and fed 180° out of phase, Then 1g) = 4a(8) £0) = ae sin (E cose) (1) (3-8) (6) Sa x _ = Fe) 104ELS (@) (b) 51-6 From (4-27) Fuay= where u= $4¢cos B- cos &) For a half-wave dipole, the current distribution has this cosine shape and “L=A%, and = 90°; u=Zeosa. ae cos(Feose) /- (BE cos 0)* The complete pattern is Fe) = 9(8) $e) = sine 5% (Fe0se) cos (Ecos@) which rs sme ea ee Fe g as reguired. Sl-J 3 “By trial and error SEEET PD cy, (5-9) for a ZA dipole 1s maximum at @= 426° and /324° where its value (s 1399, So tha normaleazion constant is K=Vi34q = O48. 5-8 — A= 1695 m @ 177 He To determine the shortening ceguired : bength _ L . Ak _ iiSem _ gpg Diaecegiae 2 tek 1e)) eater ere ae which is close to an L/2a of 50 jn Table $2, 50 L20.4ISA = 0,47SUK4S) = 80.5 om 51-4 A 2 ——— «<«—4-—— or or or <—}-—~ cos (£05 @) see (7) > Element patdern = ga(0) = 105S/-9 ccon't) veg Ne4 d=% dz=o Array factor = f(p)= 22 Ne Nsin P= edcsOtd = PAcosOt+O = 1 C058 3/7 (2rcos 6) 45:1 (£ 0s 8) Totah pattern Feer=4a00) 410) = cos (Leos) $n Cercos 6) fe= (b) a2) . 7 ae ae CK. CE): Cp 51-10 7 r | >? b 111 ) the array factor is fiyy= HONE = pagdeosO4d = T00s 0-7 N sin £ sence d=Nz and d2-gdtos@ =- 10102 —-T z $0) = s/n Lancos a-1)] 2 sin[E (cos 8-1) ] The total patdern is cos (Fsindc / = Fiey= 4010.9) $10) = Zs os¢) sin (2nlios6-)) V/-sin*6costp’ —2s/n (Etcos0-1)) <, From (3-69) 1065.1-10 ccon't) (b) In xe-plene x F I F Yy/ ° : - In yz2-plane ga 5 _ e aY (IN BA A LL Ww In xy-plane Feo since F does, SA-il > x x L=2.0 lamda a T TI ose we Le) 4 potty 107Def CCOMEs L=2.5 lamda T 7 T ost Ze), y TPT | mosh S715 625 0, 625 125 Slel2 ( Ors (sn) meron 203 (jles8 Lr cost]? _ bes Sir cos [cos Sr —cos BI"? gy hl TF let varsr welt ea ee fa. 23 iS’ Leos Fo-v) -Cos aoos BF L. ee +f? Leos Fa-w)- cos F] J Lees Pew 005 FV es And after several manipulations [eos $40-v)- cos SF = /-cos Yv +cosel (cos $y) ~heos ¢L (/--¢os @Lv) +singl(¢siagly ~sin Ghy ZOOS€ é eh lzsing Since the integrands are dentica/, we can oe the two Inéegrals giving a=(° SEES by a cosel Hecesieae ay -pecsetf treos gly, yt deine sel He dy-ange [2 say Now let ys x or e@lv=y Then eb : L asf (get da vcose ff GSK dx 1 cos L[* fe 05, } es x ¢ ae S07, e a x +E siagl V dy —singl 5 Bed x dx Using (F-13) and as &= 0.5792 +In(6L)-CiGL) +e056L 0.5772 rIn (pl) —Ce(6L) -3 0.5972 + In(eL) -Cé(2gL) ]e dy 402Si/-12 ¢con't) + sin el [4Sé(2eL)-Si(eL)] 9 = 0.5772 + In(gl)—Ci(gL) +4 sin@l [Se(zeL) -2 Sé(eL)) +gcos@L [0.5772 +2 ln(gl) ~\n(2gL) -2G(eL) + Ce(2@L) ] = In @& Thas : P =z Iya 0.5972 +In@L) -Cé(eL) +gsingL [si(262)-25:(0L)] +2 cos @L[0.5972 + In( §) +Co(2eh)-2 Cel(gL)] 2 as claimed, () The drrectivity i's 4rUm And , * Stent eee cos(#c0s@)-cos (EL) \* From Um = 55 1 Ee lima = Fqu lm | Spe max (8) Using P From (@) 2 r b= on m A azd where 7 ag tm 8 2 a= | cos (Ecos @) ~cos ($)] sin @ | wax B= 0.5792 ~|n(@L)—Ce(gl) +4 sin(gl)[Se(zeL) 2566 ») +2.c05 @L [0.5992 +In(@&) + Ci (2eh)-2 (61) ] 4fF Dee | 005m L=0.5m L ss ~ %> op =50— L=0.475% at resonance When 120.415) ,\=L/0.415 =0.5m/0.47S = |.0526m Fatly = 3x0%.0526 =Z 95X10" = Z 10451-13 Con't) For a=0.000| ke. OS 27500 = L=0.44% at resonance 7 24 0,000Z Then ,_ bk 2 os d= 949 = Gag = LOZO4M . = e od $2 K = 3x04 0204 = 2:94 K/0 94- MHz} These values agree well with the VSWR=] pornds in Fog. 5-7, Silel4 Optimum dicectivity vee Dusy=6 = D=/0% = 3.98 From (524) hee QMS. 3.98-1IS R> Fae = agg = 0-3 Then from (s+23) y= isz(by-396(%) +324 = 1$2(0.963)"-388 (0.963) +324 = 7 5-15 D=241 From (5-24) he 3 L=2h=2(0.43)=0 86 From (5-23) $2152 (8)*-388(2) +324 = 185.62° A straight wire digole would have ¥=130% so zhis reso/¢ 1s close. 52-1 : @) > 1 3k! -45K00R 150, 22 TE = gmile)xi0® $Caite) For thin wire antenna trom Table 52 . L=0.475) =0.95 (2) = 095050) - \425 . 4250 a) oot fa bem > channel FiHiile) Leer Channel Some) Leomp 2 57 250 7 TIT oe 3 63 226.2 a lee oe a eo Goer 10 145 73,) a 74 (180.4 1 201 7a. 6 os 167.6, h Z07 ed a) 109 142-5" 13 213 66.4S2-2 Z= 3002 since d=l2s5a From Figs. 5-5 and 5-6 Sor L=O4A z= 35-3)702 From (5-25) 250 2 tan ge =5 300 tan 2 OR = §9Z3.3.2 From (5-24) ) = 4242 4.65 923.3 BS-j 170, 2p ~ ZePPE, > jak 3tTGE 170) ~ 295 8510349. A Fer 2d, = 5H S tL GE j 170) ~ FASS S10349 2 From Fig. 5-16 2. (L20,4A) = 330-$ 10002 Ry ad R, RL Mets oe oT Rat Ry, er ey ee 2 MEL cae = ORL = 5 = [rates TPAC HY a] O=(RatR.)-ZR, or O=Ra-R_ or 53-2 Re @ ;. & e= —t. Ro Rete & Input = Pm =e? nput power = pia=e?Ro = Gaye Power dissipated in Transm fart = (git) Transm? efficiency =e, = ae Peotak = _ Gere ee | pe bet HE I+ Ftp,b) THE Mp srers Provire /t0° PHtCE SALFT IN THE CURRENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY “consenive” Me 0F THE CURREVT DISTRIBLT ION, Fe cos [(%)aca.0 ] Ain? @ Ain. (Feoré) sain (Lane)~ t i 1 a Zz ww 0.042 Using the ARRPAT program : H- plane E- plane ay 4x ~>eE 7 (ay (b) 54-2 ax amecnt | LOL-88°) yz i par: eee CLD) LAS etn E-plane x a y 72 2 S425 E Eni re 004% t right —> —e ae = IZBL)° Bale 38° ed= Boo = poe: 1135-4-3 Ceon't) Right (220°) Evight= [L-88°+ 12 66.77 = 0.438 1-10.65" This 1s the somof Ey and Ep lat driver) where &,latdriver) is L311? delayed by |4.4° due do gq phase shitt giving 1L66.7° Left (6=1809) Evete= Ep +E y(at parasite) (L811 [L-88 14.4" = [L811 [L-102.4° = 0.0614 180° 10.65° = 0.0612 169.35° The Front-to-back ratio is - oozt= 2g= 7148] u Etat porn] ) E,(at driver) BLI°-14.4%= 667° The pattern in Prob.5:4-2 (which is the same array except the paraste amp/,tude i's 0.994 and here it's 1.0) has a front-to-back ratio of /70d8. liltSt-4 FRom Tasee 5~4, 10.2ABA Gare is THE 2) Boon LENGTH Case WHICH ULES DES/Ew CcoRveES “CO” Lp = 6.¢E2 nr ie 2 ee a go) FRom TABLE 4% aes Lp, = = 0.420) CUNComPEN SA 7ED) COMPENSATED LENGTHS ARE: Le = o.¢er) 4, = 40, = 6,457) Lo, = Ly, = Oreo) NO compensation REQUIRED FoR Boom h= 595m Boom LENGTH = 7, 1&h Sp= Or = 1/146 Sp = Or) = h¥9ICM d = 6.001) = L3cem= 0,5 in tSOt tae > lhLrFr—”r—“C EEes_ s§ |e THE 4.2.) Boon LENGTH cASE WHICH USES PESI6N CURVES “D", COMPEUSATEO| PLUS 0.02)| FIMAL For A/) Fer Boom |LEwGmHe Lr Lp, =Lo, 6.0r> 0.461, Log COrx) fortoer Loy Gord |oted Loe O0x) lots) Ly, O.OL Dd |or Ftd Lv, O.0r ) [0.437 dy, seb, OO) ]Oe 424. d= 64.40 om Boor, LENGTH = 2.9m Sp Ox = /25e cm iS o30&Nh= 272 Cm d = 0.00343) = 2.4 mm = Yr in 116Si4-€ pd= 72° @<—0.2.— 6 alien os Lae" TO THE LEFT TO THE RIGHT aa et | oe “ THE Parasitic BLéninr 1s A REFLECTOR, S474 LET D=DeVvER , P= Pretcirse. Ve 2 = 7 = 20+ FP ay = ¢olee? D _ ° = : 4,5 = Zo t EA = Go Le “ Za, = bo [32° [see PE as] THE ANSWER /S APPROXIMATE BECAUSE THE OPE CiRevITED WiLh Sta 77ER PARASITIC ELEMENT SOME POWER Rach Fo 7HE DfivEw BLEMenz ALT Hour THiS Wwike BE RELATIVELY Sate, THAT (5, OPEN OLRIT/NG THE PARASITE DeEs NOT COMPLETELY REMOVE 17 FRom THE PRoRLEM, (17Ot daelO @<—0.2——3« pd = 72! (sor 0.62032 To THE LEFT TO THE RIGHT yas Le few “en “THE Parmiaci7e BLEmEwpr /o A REFLECTOR S.S—! a) SEE FIC. S~4¥ b) Le Prise REF i NN. 1 #2 i 7 ‘ocd \ \ \ 4 #4 6 — N N <—Ar 7 a 7 7 ¥ 8 \ N \ ak fo ~~ --Au--2g-—-- ~V~ 1185-6-1 From (3-133} £. oon 4 = Aut FE Ne Let *4 be the antenna and #Z be ; its Image in the ground plane, The ground plane presents an image of egaa/ amp/:tude and the same phase;so |. =r +2=4; So 2, = Zat 22 From Fig, 3-27 for d/a=h0 Zyga-t + 0 And for a half-wave (hin) digole =, x 70450 Thus 2, = 7040-4 to = 66+) O ohms 5.62 From Table 3-1 for collinear shoré digoles «2 _ Zz -Z Ao 3 as (aaa @4) Borrowing the results of (2-22) Davove ground plane =Z Dgiee Space array - using = a wy = WT WED, ampdCarsinmed +a, cos med) cos ma O™ mu _ a Using Table 3-1, = ai <1; 2 =27 eS 23 ve lea (gurinel+ wes ed] NeZ,and d=0 a _ cos(e2h) | sin(gzh)q-1 = 2[s Caste + AEP] where d=zh. gq5.6-3 a) te ©) The mage current value 11> ti of +] is obtained from Ma image theory in Sec.23 TI77tT @& —---41- or from (5-50) with UE No That! from (5-56) with &,/=00. ott eplene clement x array factor = Tafa] E-plane gat. (see Fig. 3-3) An | TN \ | / which compares NI eA with Fig, 49, The H-plane (xy-plane) pattern is isotropic. On (b) te The image current -I is = 1> ebzained from image theory in Sec. 23 a ag. From (5-53) with atl rererirber x ma a [eax for Ef=00 in ‘ores or Cae Me from (5-5) with (2-1 te J for E-'=08 in (5-55). E- plane clement, aan array factor = Total E- plone tee (sin ® ) (Fig, 3-4) 1205.6 -3 con't) H- plane array factor element pattern X °y Total H-plane pattern tae) ne i» - y Y (isotropic) 5.6-4 The program ARRPAT js used to give @) ‘The elements are collinear short dipoles parallel to the z-axis No. x y 2 Amplitude Phase 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000000 —0.0000000 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000000 0. 0000000 The plots are Linear E-plane ta +, which comeares H-plane pattern : to Fig. S49. (b) The elements are parallel short dipoles parallel to the x-axis No. x y 2 amplitude Phase 1 0.0000 0.0000 9.0000 1.0000000 _0. 0000000 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 — 1.0000000 E-plane pattern H-plane pattern nF nF 7x 12] 180.000000056-5 he tz @) = fi ae The program ARRPAT _ S was used to obtain pee : the patterns. The ve ae A lower pattern halves eae ( have been incladed oe ee to show unsymmetricak 7 nature, E-plane r y tee 0.183 ~-7 Perfect ground ‘b) Plone The H-plane pattern is very close that for the perfect ground plane case of Prob, 58-34 (shown dashed above)except that radjatim is not zero along the ground plane Cxy-plane) but is (2193/99 =-19.9dB) 19.9d8 « seg! the main beam maximum. Fi - ee , rom (2-19) 24 mono= 5 Za,dipole = 217040) = 35° ohms The cadiatio eff eee @ good ground plane i's present, , i Re = L Er t Rolamie > Remenie= Re 1) = 35m “Delete From Fig,650 at lite for Remaie* lohm Sy =0.Z So =O. — = et 2X = 0.2(300m) = 60m) = radial Jeng ths From (/-/0l) 5 ee eee ete! Aug] _ b de’ And PP! a(sinBcos dh + sinOsingy + ccsb2)«(bcos¢'x+bsing'y) = bs/n8 (eosd cos $'+ sing sing’) = b'sin 8 cos(p-$") 190S7-laon't) 2 net contribution (G-dixection) Since the loop current is Symmetric with ¢ (does not vary with $), the radiated fields will besndependent of $. For simelierty choose $=0. Then #.P'= b sin 8 cos! From the figure we see that there wi// only be a $-compon- ent, since curcent elements eguidistant to the Field point will pairwise yield only a net g-component. So = Ade suger Zr a a1 FP ay A= Beb= HEE I, b f° p PleiC Tag And 3-4! =cosp/ (see ture); so 2 abs ‘ dS "cos ples eerrO OFA iy) aay a ejb . A= we To (b) A From (F-7) with n=l, - “1 Zar a edX ose oy da So 2 5 ’ [esther cost a dela 2ny Tilab sine) ° Thus, jer 4. ever Aad FL b2aj Tiebanb)= 6 3 227 bT,gbsne)5,7-1 Cean't) For a smai/ lop b< MOF where : x's sind) B=) eoscexdel ie “y “Me ex'sine FF Set bs =f cm wie “Ve Consider 9, first, Expand cos@x’ usin (7) , 3, =£5 WB oj CLIF97NG cosP)x' ai Caer 22 2a ~ sin@cosé) eiflovsinscose,, eiFcirintion) skiveroa) _ ex . “Zé 745100 cose “14 5inb cos p af sinlECi+es8)] snl FEi+cos¥)] where “@L fees’ * hase J cost=sinBcosp = eae) Stes Osinf Eciecost) ] + (203%) seal EC-l+ cso] €é (-1 +605" . ; Scos [sin Faecosy)) + si(FC-l+c0s¥)) 7 — [sin(ZGpe0s7)) -sin(FC-1+c0s0))) § wing 3-2 sin(F cost) cosF -2 cos (F cosy) sag ] =! * g sine [6% =V2"_ Teos ¥ sin (Ecos) - cos(Feos¥) | = é sits Now _ Lg jee sBsin bly", AE Bl-lpsinOsinf)y! using segffte iy fe Wk 5 M8 [eit ret) oof trees)” iFM oSL) piFC-1 rcos2) ] eos TL, -/t¢cos 2h where cos =s/n8 sind 1245.7-2 (con't) a-3 sin[¥Urs2)]_—srnf[ EC teos2)] ae, 7+ cos —/# cos 2 = BCiscorD) 3 Circos2) inf E() 4cos 2) -ceeashysmfEeHeosB)e =F a S cos.2]sin(: E(1+c0s2)) sin (ECl+cos2))] . -[sia(Flrcos2)) + 51m(E(-lecos.2))] § = gsnng [cost 2e08(Ecos.t) sin -Zsin(F cosd)cos £] tes) = IE feos cos (Fest) sin (Feos2)] oo Combining the resu/ts! ack, S22 cos(F cos.n) gama [058 5/40 f'c052) cos (Feos)] +S ier (Pees ie Gi [eos 2 cos (feos) ~sn(Leos.0)]e =hew” 271, a cost re 28 sos $ e282) Fos sin(Leost)-cos( Ecoss)] -9 sinl¥cos8) § ECO Deas N cos( Leos) -sin(Eeos.L) ]§ which i's (5-63). 57-3 Egn. (2-64) is 1= ZLP, cosh 4h +8, cosh I] or a sguare loop L,24,2£ where p= perimeter £ = a-H2 -1 P/4. So ts PP Zcosh'Z4 Tht cel etmSu & cosh te A. =yfoshte since cus Pex For p=0.2d and az0.00lA = 2. 102 = z9 h Xa 7120 (0.2) cosh 4.9 0 =| Comparing to Fig.$-53b for the exact resu/+ Xm = 227 ohms 1255.7-+ MININEC with q=0,005> and Square loop: 20 segments per side Crreulac 00g EOwrres, 4 segment per wire gives the following values, Za kL Sguare Love Ciraslac Looe L IX 62by1RAS RL 102.9-j 96.6 BL IX LS 993.9-g671 698.3 -j3683 45 2.0 203.9 -J 117.8 (362-181 20 Ton -~->---- Resonated: —- - — - > - = Ll 144.9 +5003 | 1578-45 U2 L120 DirecZivity ie Sguare Loop Grulac Lop Lb Id 3,0¢ dB 3,43 dB 1A Ne Log #5°7 “se no 203 3.27 2.0 6 eae Resonated: -- - - = = 16> 3.55 | 3.63 LIZ» 12657-4 coon't) _ Sguare Loop Circular Looe SdB/giy we note that tre patterns are very srmbar, The impedance and directive ty values are similar 2SS Using the same coordinate system as a 7g. S751 foc the hoop; y y La * x The peak of the patterns from both antennas is a/ong the zZ-axi's3 this és required for maximum power trans fer, The loop radiation jn the #-direction 1's linearly polarized paralle! to the x-axis. The folded dipole is also LP paralle/ to the x-axis, given a pelaciza tim match, 57-6 Channel 37: 608-614 MHz, 6//MHa mdband = f7= ¥¢/em @ b6U MH2 Loop petimeter=1 /8=56.55em= L/S) Loop radius =b=0.09m wire cadius= 0.00lm \285S. 7-6 Ccon't) z MININEC was used with €0 wires and 1 segment perwrre, Polar plots in dB = dB/increment patterns are symmetric G=gain= 3.9748 2g =193.9 495.5 IL (Note! From Frg 5-53, 4 LIS Sguare . ? /, ware Joop has 24% /50 +j/002.) 1295-8-1 In the E-plane $=0° and (5-73) reduces Zo Fatp=o) = E, 61) £66, 6-09) = E[t1).cos(sin0)] — Bee)= cos (sine) Ey lo=0°) =0 In the tt-plane $=90° and (5-73) reduces to El? =W0}= O Eg $=") =-E, cos 6 a) £09, 0 =90") =-E,cos of inl sin) . a)| sine a sin (et sina) EY sin e In the 6=90° plane the electric Geld lies in the $e 'plane 3 that's Ey is nonzero and Ey=O, This gives Jina golarizatim, —> Fy(@) = cos S.8-2 (see: Deshpande ¢ Bailey TEBE Trans APS sluly 1982) L=W=#02 cm t= O0A1SITEM €-a25oe From (S72) VEEL _ VFSPHO2 13) oy a» = La 0.4 ja > A= Gq 0.44 sO f=£= zy = 224 Gh @ resonance From CS~75), asst, 5, 24= 907 Gs) = 90 T= 396 2. = == Frm (5-77) - 15S 7), ONS B= 3.77 Ea a7 gE = 1.1%578-3 t=03em E6-= 453 Zin = SOR 3 f= 3.72 Che d= FS = G.06Tem From (S+72) i Ac B0bS L= Otd Ot) LB em The input impedance /t edge-fed fo//ows from (5-75) as By laxp=0)= 90 =~ a4 b (4) %: 90 F280 2523 2 This ts reduced when offseéd fed as explamed on p.2/3, leading Lor Za (AXp) oo. cos* (Tee) = SAP = 3 30.0% Lb C Za COXp=0) 523 So dX%p= ee | aone = “EP cn2st) = O,74¢em Tr === [see: Abboud e& a/., TEE Prog, ,PLH, Oct. 1996] 131_CHAPTER 6 6. I=l L=ér From (6-$) o sin $(1-cos0)] sinlér cose)] BEE (6) ee 77 ne enn eee K F¢a) Bh ¢/-2058) ee 67 (/-cos®) At @=70/° for L=éyr K FOm 220.1?) = 0.27299 Bat at ©= 202° 1 69-2029) = 0.27298 Andat 6=20.3° 7 F@=20.39) = 0.27214 Thus gattern §s max,mam at O=20/° 612 Travelng-wave long wire Lj, Om cos "(I= 237A) On $rom (5-54) from Fig, 542 / 51? 47° 3 28.8° ia Si aa ia 6 20.28° 20° 10 IS. 65° lb? 61-3, From (4-9) and (6-5-) snl $El/-cos®, Ee jue gL sin8 sol 1/-cos0)] $U/-cos @) aoaen C/-127) A=3 ‘Jog SMV Eo lr? sin dOdp [eeor 3 oe = wat Zr J 2, Zy lore Te mre eee Let r= £¢-cos@) then dr=¢ismedo and cosO=/- 20 sintOs/-costO=/-/-2t)t= 4y_ Apt Then “ ‘ Be) = et aie ] = d= f lévd art] a =a if" BAT yp \ sian dre = Sie Incest de- 5 “neverardj 288 - fencer (qi- 20 3 using (F-15) = ip] 0.8772 + In (cet) -Cieh)- | ean) using (F-18) Gnd in Zeb Indng = In drelnd =2.5310 tn & ae 4 auelt [(osne- 1425370) +|n & 5 —Ci(2el)r [j= the Zl |= tz! cD =30t2 sindeh = oni [z 108 + In & = Cy (ZeL) + za | Seared. (a) D= Um _ or i JEQi* 2 Blan” BR 20 wn [$E(-cosB,)] 489 &e 4 | tat pe gig jy LOC coead) t0m4 B.22 lent [$F C/-cosOm)]* 61-3 = $f OU ry [se Oe V sint[ $e7-cosOn)] a Fe 20 ent wu € 1=¢os Om Now sintOm _. (Z sin $Prcos $e)" 2S (-cos€m 2 sin? Be cok 1336.1-4 con't) 2.371 From (6-6) |-cosOm= 7] and sin [ &¢1-1058m)] = ‘0 (0.377) = 0.919 Using FE from Prob, 6,/-3 ae Vale cot Lheos 10-434) (0.919) ny we use BO Tet [208+ In & - Ci(2ei) + Be] VE 21200 eee 0.3 164 cott[geos! - BEI] ~ Spraln Zz es, 7 2eh 2108 lax —Ci(2el) + ae => £0 /-c05m) = 70.37) 1 pez as regurred. oy Lin DB Deas) 2 590 77! 5 W749 70.71 10 20.27 13.07 zo 35.40 15.49 b4-5 ©) Using Pe from Prob, 6./~ 5 _ 2h . ja Zl. Res Fy" = 60[z.108 +haS-Ciagh)+ <0" | pe 2 ke 7 168 ohms = 223 10 264.6 Z0 306.2 6.1-6 The program WAVEANT was used +0 produce this pattern. WAVEANT TRAVELING WAVE LINEAR ANTENNA PROGRAM ANTENNA LENGTH= 8.0000 WAVELENGTHS VELCCITY FACTUR= 1.0000 ALL PATTERN VALUES HAVE BEEN LIVIDEU BY EMAX= 04237049 IES ale6.1 -6 Ccon't) 44 3% Roe 2 WAVEANT & 8 4 4H Boe RRR RRR GokAM CONPUTES THE PATTERN OF A TRAVELING WAVE LINEAR INR ALONG THE Z-AXIS HUF ThE ANTENNA/FREE SPACE WAVELENGTH iTY FACTOR NGLE FROM ANTENNA Lbs LATA 306) 3414159265 1/1005, i CONTINUE : REAL(2 980 yENU=100) Lye 20 FuRMATTcFLO.S) WRITE Co99C) 90 FURMAE CHa cOXs WWAVEANI'7/* TRAVELING WAVE LINEAR ANTENNA PROGRAM! © ansecace feos GL rGKMET CTH y /T ANTENNA LENGTHS "sF 5.4)" WAVELENGTHS*// . 2 P'VELGCITY FACTOR= *yFG.4) EMAX=04 BG 10 I=1,300 ThETA=13UTR , ARG=FL#L#(1./P—COS( THETAD) ACL)=SIN (THETA AULISSINCTHETA REE 10 20 9% © 106 6.1 -7 The current Bie) en AtiPe® ys, (4-1) gives Te . 1 Sun= Im § vena +5(fo-@¢058)) 2 fT =r gta s(gcoso—goy) eA HG 88-Go) F Fe es —arslg cos O- 6.) =T, £2 sinh[i-a +(¢ cos - 60) EJ ne Caty(ecs8 GE tele sinh [-%_5 HC §- cos)] =-ZL sinh] Ah; 2/4 caso)] oo eee cos®) wy; (4-058) Then $r0m (4-1), the total pattern 1's nh Lteay 2b cos) Fle)= K sin8 snl gs BG -coro] e+) & (4-cos ©) 1356.1 -7 ccon'd) ©) For azo and pel this reduces ro gee nt fi Fle)= K sine oe Goo Ksin8 aS e C- COS P-COS: which is €-£). ) Using WAVEANT L=6> peso L=6A pears L=6A pzas > z 6.1-8 as a: KG + @ The radiation integra\ tae for side! with zero 2 & current phase at the ~d vertex iS 4) (hn e5h2, 0260S) esti tcosGL | | Ge s Ineo ve 4 =, Soreray =I_ ei FC +c088) oi ECIrc05®)_ 25 ER i+e0s) 2 j@CI+ Cos @,) = LT, co FEI) sinfEei+058,)) €(-1+ cos 6) But @=0-a and @=O+h es : Sop SLT es Hl-1teos(a-4)) sin[ E(-1+cos(e-4)) ] ant al +¢05(@-a)) and similarly for leg #2 , ‘un, id &. 1 +605 (@1a))6.[-8 con't) Then the complete radiation pattern 1's F,c@)=k,[Rce)-6 a] where sin[ £C1+cos@-a))] Fw= => $4714 costo-4)) sinS £14 coscora))] €¢) teoslot4)) The minus sign on & actses because of the oppos/tely directed current on leg #2, (0) See Fig.6-4 and program VEE Jn Prob.6./ -9. 61-4 ei FCircos@-a) . (e-a) - BL, Fo) =i BENCH) ig, 4y ar Fhe phase reference points for each side of the rhombyc are indicated by bold dots, The total pattern of the rhombic consists of the four Inne source patterns of each leq weighted in phase by the phase shift of the end of éach relative to the vertex: Re) =K, LR @)-Re@+e3" 6-0 Rw] where F,(@)=e Re ese © Coe Fig. 6S for the plots The program VEE was used to generate vee + rhombic pattems . I+ follows j@l cos (8-4) el coslara) F,@) ce ec ee ee eee THIS PROGRAM COMPUTES THE PATTERN OF VEE AND RHOMBIC ANTENNAS THE PATTERN IS IN THE PLANE OF THE ANTENNA L=LENGTH OF UNE LEG/WAVELENGTH REAL LsDATAV(360} ,DATAR( 360) COMPLEX F E3464 y1MAG PI=3.14159265 DTR=PI/180. IMAG= (00,12) 1 CONTINU! jE READ (5280 sEND=100) LyALPHA 80 FORMATI2F 10.0) oeence ° 137VEE AND RFOMBIC ANTENNA PROGRAM*) 20X»*VEEN//# F106) @ $ a 3 3 ox Fed eta SxS 532 ga Ee. oa ESS sasz aa Tzsce ees gen ESCSU az SEs oeVeAZrc. POLOe a avn awu uuu SONAOSOO 94) HI," THE PATTERN OF THE VE L 195} EMAX SEEN DIVIDED BY", Filu.b) yt ALL PATTERN VALUES HAVE ToaTavy THE PATTERN OF THE RHOMBIC') g =— = 0.7312 4 51n 20° x 4sind From 6-2 ) h From (6-4 ) 136.2-1 For the nocmak mode helix: R= 640 (R)* (6 20) foe the short monogo/e: R= ¢on*(f)= 295 (4)* fez) Evaluatin 5 Re Mono Qo le NMHA hh 395(My> 6 4oChye o.01 0.0% JL 0,064 32 a.0S 0.949 16 ae 2.53 zl Ce B95 64 Thus, the NMHA provides tne des/red higher Re for the same herght, 6.2-2 N=6 heZem f= esoMHe % d= 353m hh = 0.057 = electrially shore Frm €6-20) fe a NMHA R= 640 (£)*= 640 (0.057)"= 2062 1396.2-3 A=IZ6 om @ 17 EHa h=78.7em , hKa=t47 A=IL7° D=+48¢em, K= 0275 C=1D =152em = 0.864 S=seacma = Ctamdh=IS2 fan 7° 3.15em A= 0.179 Ma "y= Gap = 25 turns From (6-34) D= edirectivity =6. 2(Snv@)eq =6 208) zsto/m) = 20.7/ = 13.2 d@ Fearn (6-33) | 3 Hes So — = 3576? SVN 2-964 2500179) From (6-35) 2Nilet sie Intis = Sa 102 Ref: Communications Desyners Digest Tan, 1470. 62-4 HP= 39° golZs° (@) d=20,632m @ 47S MHe HP= 392 P= 1 at this center freg,, where “ving 66-33) for b/d, 0 2 "he = [tte] =[ mas (+062-4 Cconté) and A= Aran d= C1) tan li2.5°)=0,2225 Saa2rd= 0.1m men 350 v= Sa. 278 oA 20222 = 12.5 turns (b) From (6-34) p=6.2($ Sy vz = 6.201) 125.222) =/2Z = 11.448 Ce) From 6-35) paRl= = 222 /o4 N= Ze > LOT éd) At the /ow frequency end of the bandwith 6-21) 3 CHE N= = £6 = Fd = $00.632) = 0.843m Lego alos MHe bL * ey we = $), 22 Aue $C 220.632) =0,. 474m a af —_ © ssn ce) From (6-36) Ras Ole JL Gt design frog. ,Aals Ras lO at £, = ej Raz Ito g = 1oT att. My = tly Ry= ito ¥ = 186.22 186.726.2-4 ceon't) Cf) Olt — 0,166 ° 0,0 5) I A 0.943 és? 65° = OO 2 = 60,0 EZ V12+5 (0.166) ——— N Yon Olt wo Farge — O2IS 6S° HE, = - = 24° 6.2-S— N=6 h=HBem D=23.2Zem (Taco Model G-i215) (a) C=17D = 7 (23.2)= 72.9 em se Ba LE 2 19.7em 197 yg? 92.9 ~ d= tan! 3 = tan b ©) exp=62 (yu 2 @ B00MHz2 d=Im Go 62 (22NE UW 3.4 =59d6 @520MHz d=0.577m =6.2CZN 7 21497 _ _ C= 62G2H6 AGF = 20,3 = 13.1 48 [42626 Helix wth N=lZ C=O19Im g= 8.53? $= /525MHe A= 19.7em Gra VTL aN 97 = ( 5 = Stand = | tan8.63° = OAS — Calevlated pattern sing (6-31) ~-- Measured pattern 6.2-7 Firsé) S=Ctand sid tan (2° = 0.2/3d From (6-z5), a,=-CeSt2re SD) = -($2 0.213 +E)=~0.626r ignore 14362-7 (conn) @ S=04261 3 A, =-0. 6267 array factor REE rots] acco 0) pe 65° = be Wo « Cc oO SinGy We@esy ~ 2% 6.2-8 S.Lr—~—r.—C—“—“EN se antenna and the loop is a resonant antenna, Thus, the curcent phase ona Id-dia, helix Pea Ci for each qguacter turn, formia guadcature phase, sgabially orthogonal components necessary for CP, The s/des of the sguare Joop emtanmg the feed and the para/le/ s/de are of cmstant phase, creating LP. 14463-l Tafinite biconical antenna impedance From (6-S8) From (6-51) On Z,, =120 In (cot 8) Zin? 120 In CZ) Ol 946.3450 ohms €45,34J0 ohms re 56 8.% S66,96 ee 292.3 292.6 20° Z08,.Zz 209.57 s0° We = 99.5 (above 20°/:m/t on (6-§1)) 6,3-2 . pr Ss 1 (4-42) AS ia ae) \ RAL / ie eee 6—#2) =n oo te (1 ‘ 2f_t\~ 1 f aa —| —_—_ ie es Hel = ath (aa) Aue P ={6. ds =f fies (ro Hg) 7A Aan odedp P =2&(Z7) Junho =H sp AS) 2 / ink, aol ake “TA D= apr s RIM lar ae Vcr ys Ee (ah A) ! —_ D= bn hoe (cot £1) = De) eS64-2 2 he = 2, te ca (2)= FrU4/ 43 FRom Cvaves . FOS, $=5, 56 2, (Z)= prraries | on mom cae. ee eee 2 Yas SVE Hh ER (#2 Fin) +) (42445) = u = V7 N44 (Compaaes WELL To MoM cascuaren! 2mm = 74. 7+ i434) 1466.s-1 From C6-55), BS) 475.7 Pate Bactal = 363-32! 2 6.52 OF, cst we note eee Ho =~ Fela eee veetorin & direction: |Sls|4 Ex FG be x Ho 6]=-f Ey Hd ao aR B)= Za Ea 4B elk sin?ée BS UIST 73-j tT TPB 42S 7 3-j 425 =% 2 Radiated powers ar oT p= S'S St sme sett ) Wat) | Sy foe 2 sinoae ="s inte de = = lhe) rt The dual of C/-168) is Zep _ 8&4 Evie" G, slot = =z = , slo vi eo ee ay 3ir = 3” ay? 8 7 Re sht = © a = Fear 1476,5-2 Ccon't) Cb) The cemple mentary antenna js the ideal dipole, which has Re, digole =7 $1 ()* (172) So _ 2 oer 3% soe) Re, dipole * Re soe = 237 (SH) g™ (F) =U which is €6-55), 6,5-3 A frequency independent antenna radiates from its active region, oLhLr current self scales so the ne effective extent of the radia bing curcent Cachve regrm) is L.In other words, L=diame- ter of achive regio ocr. Thus, HP=Ke ok and ¢s mdependent of Frequency, [486.6-l Eguiangular spiral over 450 te 900 MHa €=4 = a=0.2Z1 Then r=ree*t for one spiral edge Minimum radius esol enn) Sin = r(¢zo)= p= 4H = =4 Foote HE =O Im Maximum radivs nae = Lb), ab Bx ob 5 max 4 =F Srscot rr =ryetom _ 93 60.22 A mors /#0° SO 50.221 bm _ eg => on =ggg) (92 =313r= Ws 140) $m = 180° =7 one-half turn on serral 6.7-l Se/f-complementary log-periodic. toothed planar antenna HP=70° 400 MHz to ZGHe Ts 0%] TO SEE THE RELATUMSHIP BET WEEV HP 47 SEE FIG. 6~23, 12. ee ne oe For self-comglementary d=135° and g=4s? in fig. 6-32 At lowest Frequency largest tooth should be a4 long »se de Za d 400 3 Haz FRE and rs 23m R= .4.79S om At highest petaeny shortest teoth should be about a so =2 Boe Rane and du= oo = OEM Rut B= 0.0234m) = Z 34cm Feom (6-67) and (6-5#) Ran = & Rn =0.81 Ry, aAn=TR,= AIR, So n Rn an n Rn Gn 1 4225em 42.97Sem 6 1.65 14.98 Zz 39.68 34. 8) 7 13.49 1214 8 1092. 9. 83 3 34,33 28.20 9 8.35 7% pe al 10 717 6.45 5 20,55 18,0 “1 58) S22 1496.7-| Ccon't) n Rn an ai Rn an 14 3.09 2.78 IZ 470 4.23 1S 2.50 225° 13 3.8) 3.43 16 2.02 1-82 (See DeHamei + Isbell [33] for measurements ona very semilar unrt) 6.7-Z LPDA 84140 200 MHe G=75dB From Fig, 6-39 Sor optimum desrgn and 2548 gain T= 0.865 T= ONT The longest e/ement is . L= de From (6-#6) Le $= Bes asim = 3.571/z2 = 1.786m At the vpper fregueme Ly~ Au =f eee =f(15) =2.75m Other lengths and the spacings follow From (6-#5} and (6-23) Lay = rly =O.965L, dn=Zoly =20.ISOL, =OIbLy For example Ly = 0.865 L, = 0.865 01.796) = 154m di =0.316L, = 0.316 C1786) = 0. Sb4m Tabulating YO 4 RaN A [5 La 1.786 m Leas 1,336 L156 1,000 0.865" 0.748 __dn 0.564m 0.488 0.422 0. 365 0. 316 0.273 We stop at 7 elements since Ly =0.748m&0.75m= ay, 6.7-3 LPDA of Example 6-3, R=04UT T= O16F L,=0.7Fm Lye =O./72m n bneMyi da=Zelbn n La da ii 2,75 om 0.2535 £ 0.530 ON7F 2 0.688 0.232 4 0.486 0.164 3 0.631 0.213, 7 0.446 0.1851 4 0.578 Olas 8 0.409 0./38 1506.7-3 ccon't) n i an n Ln da q 0.375m I12Tm 14 0.243 0.082 10 0.344 06 is 0,223 O.071F “a 0.315 0./07 16 0.205 0.069 (Z 0.2649 0.098 17 O.187 0.063 13 0.265 0.090 IZ 0.172 6.7-4 LPDA From Fig. 6-37 for optimum design F=0417 72017 The VHF band spans +470 to 890 MHe Leaving one extra long element, the 1 ta ba= Mad 20% 1 00.6383m) = 31.9 em 22 a7x0*® 2 The next to shortest Chaving room for one extra element) should be at /east as short as aut 5, =£0.337m) =lb.Jem Fiest t= 2 34m _ 14 Toa > Fe on Se A bye thay d,=2rln Rot ete ee eaca) extra 2 31.49 10.8 a 3 29.3 VIS 4 26.8 9.12 s 24.6 8.36 6 225 7.67 7 20.7 7.03 g 19.0 CAS 9 17.4 £9) 10. 15.9 cee i extra= 0.917 = 2 42! (154) = 2 ay (228) ane oe 0, 75/2 as Maw 7° = On ying S27 X, +X, © Min 7? XH, t% = Zoom Lan 7 = Cle ea or X= Bo x, nA,= 7m He = 306-17 = 2.75m 152CHAPTER 7 Zz Ziel First consider an ideal dipole. | From (7-62 ier om) WEE yy rh, Using €-3) gp Van Ey i Aas —(fcos 8-6 sin) * The far-zone electric Fiell from (1-105) is 2. 7? as . Em jw A, b-ju Ag gd = je a ce" sine é Now change coordinates so T=1% a Then Ree x ie 4rr 2 - z a te : ] atest ee sine cosp +8 e088 cos Li . . -f sing) — trom (C-1) y Ue te 7S 4 4 er A 4) E=-ju Ab-ju Age = jun BE Ccosdcosh 8 + sing 9) which shows that changing coordmates introduces an &. jer foo ZZ In aang (terre Mas ope) 3 replace 5, (see Table 2-1). by Me and A by F a DET IC jer! PaSs— lhe) eff" ds! which is (7-9). 3 In 3 aa O Bajw F cr4) = ee replace RbyF and Ey by H. Then fa-jwo FP which is (76). 153Fj-3 In Fa-jwuA ajwey Pxé (7-8) substi meee (7-22) and (7-23) gives ay cos 8(Q, sing — G,cosp) + (a, cos$+Q sing) | ~jve7 se18 cosp(R sing- Reos4)+9(R cos $ +B sing) |x? =e 6} wu cos0(Q sing-@y cos p)+ wen (Rcos p+ 8 sinf)| -$ $ fre (Q,cosp +@ysing)- weg cos e(R sing- Fy cos) ]f But wep wees wae" = 8 and a= Ewa = OVE'= 6% Sp E=-jua ge beri Sr Ey= ee © [cos oR cos $f sin )— 2 (By sing +Q,cos4)| which is (7-24). 71-4 Egn. (7-6) is He-\0 bé-\ GS The magnetic potentia/ is that of (7-23), cos¢+Fy sind +9 cos 6(@y cos¢-Q, sing) | oo est “ [Bos CR sing - Py cos d)+8(P, cos p +8 sing)] Seana) this into (7-6) gives H=-jo bE ae )lcos @Ch sing ~ Py cos $) | -30 ite 2) CR, cos p + Py sin?) = joes oe 216 cos (2 sing -B, By cosp) + F(% cos p +f sing) | Now Bax iat 3 so with B=ZE, from (7-92): Exjwe7 SF 2 $ cos O(R sing - 5 cos f)x5(y cos b+ Rysinf And ae “were = wde'= 6, so oe Eo=3@ $ £= ep cos $+ sing) 3 Eg =\¢S5- cos eG cos $- sing) which is (7-26). 154The vector form of the classical expression for the far field of diffraction from a finite aperture is [Silver(!]Q161; Juli and Allan [16] 1]! =58™* acSf (een -nee(fett,) 10 9 °* as 2hr ‘s, This can be rearranged to be more familiar E=-38 oe extex{ [ojos ds - n£x(2x{ fae * as] (7-17) Pelad anr 3B Px BxP-n£x(2x0)] [ ]#8x(2,8+2,9) nx (2x(0,2+0,9)) =P,I-P, BN EX(0,9-0,2) =P,(f sin @ sin > + 6 cos 0 sin } + § cos 6) -P,(£ sin 0 cos > + 6 cos 8 cos $ - $ sin $) -n£x(0,(£sinOsino+6cosdsind+$cosh-0, (#sindcos$+Ocos0cosh-Gsing) ) =P,(£ sin 8 sin } + 6 cos @ sin 6 + § cos 6) -P,(2 sin @ cos @ + 6 cos @ cos - $ sin 9) -n0,( cos @ sin @ - 6 cos >) + n0,($ cos @ cos > + 6 sin >) Now, performing r x [ ]: [P,(h cos 6 sin - 6 cos $)-P,(G cos 8 cos } + 8 sin >) iB EB tar 155-ZI-5 (con't) -n0,(- 6 cos @ sin $ - 6 cos $) + nO,(- 8 cos 6 cos @ + $ sin $)] enter Ber IBF (Py 08 > + P, sind - nO, cos @ sin } + 1 Q, cos @ cos $] B59 228 ; 1 IB-So [-P, cos 0 sin } + B, cos 8 cos $ + nO, cos } ~ 1) 0, sin 4] whieh is (724), Uré Bake, yishe Similac to Example 7-1 Pa EL 2CE sine) r in ye-plane (p=90°) sine From (§-26) with $=90° eut™ sin( $e sin @) Esa 0 Ep =-j@ Sop ce aaeeen ee Then S sine F@)= cos @ sin(& sine) which comgares Lo B sine 4417) with & coordmate change Ey at 6=90° js tangent to the condec zing plane and must be zero, Iz is becausé cos]0tQ ZA-T Refer to Fra 5-54, Using image theory of Fig. 7-46 for the s let Ms in Font of the groand plane and C7-2b): Ms=ZEaxt as L Qnda Ea=E.& at x=t5 7 L Se eee ea x2=-26,,9 at x= FFZI-7 ccon't) The cadiation from the patch 's found from these magnetic currents radiating i'n free sgace as anarrau, The element pattern i's that of a uniform Ime source of lengin W along the y-axis and ;s found tna fashion srmilac to Examele /-| with the phase factor Ch OOO Lamy (-102) ! z , A ALA a ha 7 Ly MCarey y=y sin@ sing 2 and _ ppw x gacoe)= Saba sinbsne] £w sin@sme The arcay factor? Fasfl Pie =tEex as in(3-llz) —+—_+—_+— x A =! L.. C.F p= Ee sine ?2. The measured patierns have HP, 269° He, = (20° 160Tet Only aperture field components t #1] % Eay and Hex exist, 50 Be = ETC Eax) 20, Oy FT lH) 20 Then (7-, 24). eee to E=je £ “Sfp 7. «03 60,)sin gb +L cos B 17 & Jeos ¢ 3 The given agerture field exgressyons in (7-18 )aud cr (a) / (ere to: i , a 2 . , P= E, CiHr) "cos HX (ei P4xy il 4 eiP YQ 1 Sea g ne ir) iB) JeENEth y cos Tx BO, if" “4 eibV dys Hbh <—a— > anc Yo, One E Ty = “Be-r) fn (G0) Evaluating a a C425) and (7-37), cos $y s/n sin eur = 22 he) funlp) = 22 OSA p CG CE 4) Be c $,cu) ~° : ee z, Zab Es=d Care tire F Pliers =jé Eo ete Fn eave beat ee. SINCE FZ = auleg = ONE 161Z2-¢Ccon't) _ Ey=je G2 Zab a ms “Teos Cie) = Fo-r st Loko) =jé guts e =" Teen)eose Bo- ry }eosph hv) (bo) E-plane €4=90°) pattern: Ey=0 Egv Fe ce) fire + Barc s eS cure) hevesing) Normal (ging) oy cn -n)cos® 5° Be sin@) Face) = Ot sites } int G c-0) sine tt-plane Co= of): Ey=0 Ee Fico) w [tires + BG- to @) Ne Uizin ci 40+ EB O-7) I Zr 56" CC) for matched ogeration (7 =0) and free sgace phase velocity Cég=@) , the leadmg factucs Coll guity facter) in the gatterns reduce as follow? E-plane: ar OP) cos _ /+cos@ al +Gc-r) ~ Zz H-plane: Grr) os b+ B G1) _ 146058 HOt BO) a whreh js the ebligur ty factor in (7-58), 16223-4) Fre 230) From 7-61) eg gy 2 Aylléol*+leglt] E,=38 a He [Re cosh +Fysing wos 8(0y cos} & sin$)] Ep=3e $ Gar eos 0(G cos R.sing)-7(Bysing +Q,cos$) ] with Qx=-Bi/y and Gy = Bly (2-28) ive 2 oes ase RcosprBysmp +cosa(Rcosp + Bsn) ] Est = beets cosp-Brsing) (Pe sinf - 8 cosp)] And ¢ 24) So Ue) = crcos)*| | fcosb+Rysing|*+| p,cos# -Rsingl | 7 Ee a = som = (11¢080)" [(Reeosp +B, sinp)(Biicosp + B/'sinp) #(By cos $-P, sing)(B%cosp - Fe #sing)] (r<0s0)[iRl*cos?p + IR sin HAR 8 BY) sinf cos +/8,)?c087$ +] /"sin?P +- BBR RB pi)aingcoss] = sty Crees 6)* [IPR | +/B 07] which is (7-63). 73-2 Let & = 32077 $eE, and qe I'S s5as"< {§ s*as' iS 9° 4S! (Schwarz sneguel'ly) s becomes IS E,ds'|'< SIEVas ds'= Sle Sa [JE és'| c Ace pe er IfEs]" 4,- syieyray pyuee WiEFas [fas Dis maximum $or a enitorm excitation, since es =Ba gives IS Eads’ "= /@E,A,]"= Ap and {SIES[SS'= EZ Ag So Dus SF Bu « 48 A, [D=Ds - Ae 163 Then73-3 Let E=Je cos*Z® Sor 2a x62 eye b The directivity follows from - 45 Sf, Eads‘) a a WIE fds’ First Sie fas’ = Bf ox os * EX dytdy! Sa be =E, a “cost stg) where t= 8S anddé= Fdx'! (7-65) =E7h42 cos 42 cogez 3 A (c-i4) ee" ies Bee Bde cae - 2a sin A W ase Bees We Bz aoe $ PE ‘], * aes in- ; pes And oS , biz -o2 [SSeds]= f E, cos? BE daldy' £03) costbd 2 a So biz +a/z “the aa b We HEH 2 f 20 rcos 2t)dt =F Srey sence 4 b = 2(E)e,= YE T5-4 Lez An cos eos whee neh breve [Syeas'} = 6,5." Most ax! re costL'dy! fa i singe byl _ fs ed Fe lg [ se T Cpr bol RN 22)= phaly’ SSIEFas'= E55 eee 3 eax cost dy! tage ty/z PL, =Ee [x fiz De Le 2 ee 7 z 164T.3-4ccon't) From (7-66) yee p= HE EAST te (Abt) EF _ 256 LL, Suptaty) Fe 2 288 Lely SSleds' A bbe i o- p= aE 4 Luly = (0.657) Lely= 4ECDESIA, But ES-5 0) Di = SFA, = FEL ly = 4 (wry(zor)= 41(200) = 2513 Duld8) = /0 log Dy =/0 og 2513 = 34.048) » €:Dy= $ (2513) = 2057. 13 = 33.14B 73-6 Lilé Le Lgl 2 2 eit Ebel dg)” 6 ee ISLE. ds] =3J 6 be He)ax') a fey ef O- Ex dx] I) xebeda YB ty (Lx 2,2 aLf4[(0-E EY ]'2 1,'4(2) = LL Lfp Bytes chal 2 chylz E\ds'= ZB yy ; ye Ag v2 Sst \ J L/-E1l] dx f wi? =2) raf Ax jul v2] v z e LAKE 4 xP bela (ie; = AL, [x' 2 7Rs ] ably (ZF) = Lely /3 So, from (7-66), aap WE AS) tr LG Mt ayrs “/. “8 yiaas Lb FELL) = FGA) =2D, and = D=60, eo 23-7 Strictly speaking, no. This because the aperture electric Sield must have a component somewhere which is tangent to the aperture opening. This aperture edge isa perfect condyctor which reguires a zero tangential field there, thus violating the uniform excitation condition. In practice, however, for apertures large relative toa wavelength the edge effects are minor. 165[3-8 §a1SOMNH? BARHEm § 6 =23dB DE =/11.526 § D=23.5 16 PDA. ee © 6= She > Ae = PG = Bim s26)= 63.51 me aa > Aem= 2 D= 225.912) = 71.26 m | OG. reap Ay > €ap = ($56)/4, =As [lp = 63: Igo = 2635] © ceed > = G/) = 199,526/223.812 = o.8vz5] 223.872 “eB = Fi, = I 00 = 0.7126 Notes @)-(G = 8975) (0-728) = 0.635/=E,, T.3-4 ~~ rem rE co 4r. = pap (7-44) v He He, Tee Hea 79 HB HE, Hh, HP. HP. Z3-/0 In frequency independent antennas the active region moves around on the antenna. A typical case is the spiral antenna, There is little current present beyond the region where the circumference is one wavelength, ‘The effective aperture is then oy 4etne(2) Then Thus, in frequency independent antennas 4, is not constant with frequency as the claim presumes, but instead varies inverse with frequency squared canceling the 2 in the equation. 16623 $=0.44GH2, A= 3x10 44410 = 68.18 cm, APL BO” HP ALT” G= 15.548, G= 19!" 9 = 35.48 Ap = (185. 5)37.4) = 25,487.7 cm* (@) From (7271) 2 é,=x£= (69:18) S548 Osis ap 4ar Ap ~ 45r 2554817 26,000 _<6,COO_ _ _ (b) From (9-95) G* HP. HP, 027) 32.) 5.1dB (5A mode! 12-0.4 horn) TLSB-\2 $26.3 GH2 ,\=304.3=476 em, HRo= 12°, Hie =/35 G=22.1dB, G=/62.18, Ap= (28. 8521.39) = 617.1 cm? —~—Sr—™rC—sesesSsesee foe Ar Ap Agr GIT-T = 0.474] (b) 26,000 _ 26,000 Pe ee CL eee a cee ol HRP C2 )13) 22.248] (SA mode! 12-5.2 horn) Ze3-13 ga 3.66m, $= 460 MHz, A= 360/460 = 0.6522 m Measured: G= 22.248 HP =HAY =a" From (1-9) Ga 5.43 92 = 5:45 (B85) 17.015 = 22.368 From.7-95) G= 26,000 _ 26000 _ _ Heo Hye (12.5) (Anixter-Mark mode! P- 4/44G6R) 7.B-l4 $=29-56 GHz, A= 30/29.56=105 em (COMSTAR satelite) = a Gio) FL LZz yr 7 @) D=l.Zem 8 6 =5.43R = 5.43(1 = 73,247 = 48.65 dB} FOS. ®) HP.,= 0.605%, HP,,=0.556° ¢ G= 26.000 _ 26,000 ___ 52 HP»= 0.605%, HF,,=0 5 Fetiee eyo m7 M2 (Measured aain = 48.548) 3) 167Z3-IS” Sues ti wees the segarable distri butyon =O Ea,lx') Early) = (7-72) into “om gives . hy a aie ge We Bante dx!” (f Eartrd4y'l = (© 12 ak. »~ fe Egpexy dx! (” Exgtydy! ie Cxtldx'|* Ly, 7 [Eade 2 [IPE oy 2dy'l kx , >_> f Ear @)dxi A SP Exey dy! =T Dy D D= Tx by 7-86) where Prob, here Prob, #Z-// was used, Ocaetiag with (7- a with e-=t and et ae D= €ap Dy = ap De <4 T by =wE Ly cox 5 £1 py Eguatia i to ‘the result in Ca), . Z Lt Ea Cede] Wn oey'l ree in Pree Ol [reer ce) Using (7-66) and €7-89) in C7-80, z blo ee [ff teal ds‘) Du xe Ke » [1 eal*45! where |E,| was used to form an amplitude only distr bation So, Diealas']” e— fe tcawetiee sees eo Ap Sf eal" ds’ {68 D &=73-16 For the uniform acer are distrioatin in the E-plane: : HR =088% — c4-14) In the H-plane: HR = Liga (#-28) Using these and (7-7/) i'n the detiartron of. 08, DB=D-HP,. HPL = #08) 2% 1192 0.896% =10,73 (&)" DB = 35,231 deg? 3-17 Half angle subtended & by earth from GSO; a Ast '2 = +4 6, #00 lm _ ° = tam" WB ocdem = 27 HP= 24 = 208.79) = ID 4° So 26,000 _ 26,000 = = Sees 15 98 € Ge Coe === asl ee ee -¢ IZ) aise 16,¢)sine dod -2n{ e ede sine xe can be used since beam i's narrow bet uta InZ(2))* Ludu=8 |n2 jp Od 16473-18 ccon't) Then (" m2GBy aay = 2 2A = 2 > ee a m2 doe aS Lr ; a Ae { ue du where limit was ¢ind Jo extended to 60 2Z Hee = "2 Since HPSéT a 8 ine us Ar D= = zr r= oe In2 (go) _ Boo Ala ne Hpe TT Hee lena. yan wy, nas S "cos 729 sn@dede 7 ° Let u=cos © du a—singde Then o 2 ; 2g “Naar [out edu) <2] u78du 1 ese use t = 2r ° 2gtl \, Zetl S. = Poles = 2(égtl) (b) 4gt! : Dicectivity (D) Exacl: "32,383 #2 Z Hp 228+!) Ge 2) ee (7-44) | 90° 6 4 S/ Ss 42,2 22 18.2 23.2 10 30 42 36,0 45.8 10) 13.5 202 178.2 227.074-1 First Ry=Ri-d But g a & “2, by similar tangles. Or pe ca Se Ae ORy=R- MB a-Z)R, and R= Vey-(B)* hs Hence = which Ry =li- AWORE' =(-2AVEEF = A- -a (EDF (7-80) TA-2 mae H-glane contribution oF (9-108) is

& Sf ‘oogte We JOR dy ‘ -1f" “rik Fe he" ce “te : O, a if de, I" re u)x! 1 otf Me ik Fer Eee), =M% -+£ aM Completing the aguacgs in the aaa g=s ot Fran!" ci EE Erea) ]* dx! heres Bide EE ve af let Bs" = Flx-Beu+D] or si BS q, LX ‘-BeurP] g Ry q Fe = Balk Beu-F)] or #2 VER Bee D)] ITI74-2 (con't) Then let Cwhich is (7-107)] Selim EA he 5 RP nee t/= ren, F A Ag gus ES] ; in (Fa ly tA peur Zh] And using dx'=/ pa ds) &=zfe oe, S HF Ve ds’ net delet erie etFt “Bacf =3 (Bie eon) Jas sio(£ 5") 8s'] reise eek mse (cos (Ee) -4sin(Fe") ae]§ =2\ 8 ZR, ‘fest eu+a) fen $54) -Ces/ +3 SG] £ id ceu-E) *[ece!) -3S (td) - C4) nyc) ay\d O=2 (EB Tus (7107) and (7-/08) Zt-3 ®) From (7-109) wR, ] ote FRE Bm gu 53 I a apg. -Reu- ZA] - = 2/8 [1 - Z8y- 28) where t= A*/8AR, as sa (9-116) 4 s/= 2vEEl- ge ($910 8 coop) — ee] For pao? SG=09 = 20E[-/-¢f (Asine)-x] = 5, 45 M7 (7-118). iva74-3 ccon't) Y the phase term in (7-108) /s Fy (es cope ad age (ar #56 cos +77)” AR A an ee MA sin cosp +p) = i EL (Asn 6 cosp +) nd this So gp=0° IS Fx(4sna+Z) which is the phase berm ia (IN), L4-4 — The integral [Sf B,d57* can be found from the Fourier transform of F, with @=andg=o in (7102) : ISfE. as" # ERE ee ar “ 1B ioe ss s cost FA gy! i " using z, J(9-105) a AA = E, os Bie cose 2) dx! = BET xte eT [= 24 Now, with usd in (7-109) ; f= pa WA SP-P = eR, -s- TAs ob pe TER, ZLE-% za S t/ > Pa stop Then from (108), 2 L(er0 920 - e888 (A) [cen-§SCp)-Cep+jS EP) +Ccp,)-35¢p) —C Cpe) +5 Sepa) ] [Le6=0,80)|"=|Cep.)— 5 SC Pe)-Coan eg SCA) +CA)-§ StH)-Cparesseah = 4|-Ccpe)+ Copy +j [Scge Sepa” since Cend=-Cte) + Sed=Seo 1737.4-¢ ccon't) ) Introducing (7-66), 7 = ‘ = dar, Babs yp BEAL Steen cer Sea 8 ene * age ae = 3 8A TR rcep ~Ce pay} +L Sco -Sepa] “fab eS En (7-120) +(7-(20¢) Oy = SE eset Ab c7-1z0a) ee tPae Er & +h) = (Aoi TI 2h [it 92] Z27+R Similarly) 4] (97-1204) pr = 2VE A+ Be ZF-S- Phase errors: s=0,1..5 ie fn fa in ai Fresnel integrals: (x)= | cos Fu? Be eo lo 0 Table value Difference S(s) Table value Difference o [oaaa597] 0.778934 0.000000 04382592 0,0000000 0.4882534 0.000000 [3434157] 9 3434157 0.000000 0.6057208 0.000000 BAe 04963130 0.000000 04984260 0,0000000 04205158 0.000000 05636312 0,0000000 0.491914 0.090000 17424-6 (a) When the phase error /s zero AL % 7 3. eux ants §,($) Score eet = =ah (ei Freee ei Fear) a1 { eilE teu)? | eikrewh osc ree ~5CE+ eh es" N\- ik +84) Enea) Leith see pus _ jens -pf ott eet B+ eu -E yeu eAa cos (BS) cos (44 Au -Freu-E-eu ere a scos(k) ATS AT’ Ate Eye ceo* A _ oe ppAu cos (Hu) = cos") a /- Gea) cb) 8:-(@=0% $=0°) T(e=0%$-09 = -1iT 7 & (@=0% 6-0") oe Faye RX T=0%6 20°) = ZAR * [(e=05$=0°) = pas L(e=05 9-02) ©) _£ 1x G-03p-032)) ns t 1.793 0.9874 —0.1/ dB - 2417 0.94915 -0.453 56 cls 4% 2797 0.8904 -/.00% dB \ located \ on kB 2945 0.8178 1.747 SB Fig. 713 Sample calculation; 4 From Prob. L4-#! IL (@=0% p=0%)| =2 [Lccp)—Ceps)T “HL Sep) Sepi)*] * For t=V/e oe QOL gel=WLI=ALHt pazGl-lege j= 0 ae 21VCROH4)4 SU. 419) = 2) C0,53)* L073 E1778 We @lTl=0,997% = —0.//dB 175R4-T (a) RSJkES From geometry Rie a dy = 126° = 2H fa _ Bild = | =r = 5/23 and A_ > 7 Be BBY (LY = fs 2)*-(9)* = 7.735 en L/A)* z=¢(4) TAD = #235) + = The gattern values from Fig. P13 with b=l/e are Pattern A AS. 2. R509 “ahve SB 5908 oe oOo O° oe es 5° 0.19" ~0.3 dB 60° 1.936 10° 0.388 -1.5 6s? 2,026 1S? 0.873 -2.9 70° 2/00 20° 0.7644 - 5.3 75° 21EF 25° 0.9445 -8.0 zoe 220) 30° 1.1175 -12.4 85° 2,226 B5° 1.282 -16.6 90° 2235 40° 1.437 -20.5 5 45° 1.58 -24.0 a=0' 50? /.7/2 -20.9 G Note: O.11d8 has been adced to es) pattern values for normalization to Od® at @=0? (see Prob. 724-6 See solution.) 7 t vo Pais & 20 176 Pattern value -2/.3 dB -2/.8 -23.0 ~Z4.E - 25.3 -Z61S -27./ -272Zt-7e¢.2) The patteen can also be easily found by direct aumecical ontegra tion: Input Ale RI=5.123— inem 1.=1 Dimensions are normalized to a wavelength ra 2 FH) = os] y ABR? 12 ity fax) eo rs A FHGB(8) =20og(|FH(®)|) FHIN(®) ao FHNGB(0) =20-log( |FHIN(®)|) ) FHNA(®) 2D ney FHINAGB(8) =20-log( |FHINA(®)|) 0:=-0,9999999.n, 78.9. a 180 40 dB is added to plot values FHAB(®) = FHNB(9) + 40 g 177T 4-7 Cp.3) (b) Fresé, using (7-120d) and (7-120¢), a= 2a litge = 20% Lit] =) 414 pa =2E Ed, | = 20 I-14] =O Cepi)=0.524 Seps07138 Clo)zo Slo)=0 Ep "ge § [ecea-Ceea ]*+LScen)-Sep.ylS = ap ler 2 1[2.7129-0)°§ =0.9738 Then, from (7-120a) & Dy = a eet, 2 2 (2235)(0.9738) =2217 From Fig. 2-14 for R=sd and Y= 2235 7 Die Oy =2Z Ce) po Fram (7-74) = azaoe 324 _ On = FF Se 20, = wa Bazar = 22% — whch 1's a good score tnitivan 402217 for fhi's small aperture, 74-8 (@) WR9O waveguide has A=0.9% b=0.4"= 10/6 cm A= 3cm @/GH2 D,=/0'7"* 76.41 for G=/2./FdB $y = pos 64) = 48.4 From Fig. 7-l't the optimum occurs Sor R= 12 and Ah =6é This is consistent wrth (7-\2\): Ana VBR) me 6B =V96' 3 t 178 u14-8 Ccon't) Hence A=6A=63 = |8cm dy = tant Ad tant. 2/4" ie R, =IZX = 12-35 Beem —_ (b) ©) As acheck, evaluate (7-/20): prs 2ve[kl+ a.) =2os7e [tl+ xigg7y] = 1693 0.805 CCP)=CC633) = 0.3467 = Sep)=SC1633) = O64 C2) =-C 0.8165) =-0.7313 Scpu) = -S€0.8165) =-0.26 3- ph gee. § (cc) ~ Cepe))* +£Sce)-Se pei] § 0.346 R073) ?+[0.614540,2635)" $20.7927 eee ~ 6¢ (0.375) 3h i 2 32 _ Dy = 2 32 Sesh = £2 82 6 (0,7927) = |b, 4072 (2158 T4-FT Foc oetimum opera tron t=34 and from the solution to Prob. 74-Be! En = 0.79297 Then (7-120a) 9 ives Du 16-4) A= 5a2ty > = feb og) = 6.00 = 18cm X Fen eo HF TIF Using (7-121), R= Sls " iN} bw nN gTe4-10 eebeaeueag (7-128) into (7-186) ' -% Re An cos BE ei Oy (7 dda, ey gy Ce =a Fi 5) * & rom (4-Z. 9-24 cos(u) "* TEES Completing the sguare / ay the second integral 5 3, = if "2 ‘95m, Cy Ravr)* dy! =e enerle ag / where Ere Fey LRw)* or r=VER' Fax) and dy/s “V6 r an = (BCE Rw) = Ve (F-Rer) (rszw) S a Ay Paw)” &, = VE ev? eed Cen) +5 Sen] Now $rom (1-24) with Qy=-Blg as sn (7-28), = =jer E=30 2 [8 (8 ang 7 cose Gomme) "bCcose 8 cosh ry cosp- fh )] ~3er =j¢ = arr app Or cos 0 [8 sing + é cos] By RP Combining above reso/ts for By =4, 8, ae er 6h E> E, 0/9 ta. el ier [6 sind +9 cosd] egos cos Ba) 7a (Bayt LC § Scr) Cony +5 Se0)] 56 ee re Z-4-ll In the E-plane $=90° and vzsin@ sing=sine Then using (7-1296) = =90% = VECE-R, sin) = [Zz (£8 Boing) And using RA ot (ye From (7-131), so B= SPs tO sind) = 2ve Ling £(2 sine) ] (7-138 180TZ#-Il Cow! tl Similarly = 13 ($=90) = Zs [/-zE(Esine)] 67-1326) The E-glane pattern follows From G-i29a) wth g=90° 6038 te lg/ Legos’ Jleca)-Conn]* + 504) ~Seryy]°§ “in magaitade At 620° pa-Zyst and G=ZV5' and then the previous equation reduces Zo , t O) 3 4.0? (aus) + 4 S*25)F * which is the pattern maximum. Using this fo normalize [Rela 1490885 Loca Cony]? +[Serg)-S ena] 2” z WCarmriisay (71320) 41C*eis) + S*2v5)] Bele The phase ercor parameters for optimum E- and H-plane sectoral horns are different because 1E ii the ampltede distributions are different lat - each plane, In che Hplne the ampliode’ ge decreases toward the edges; thus farger oe phase errors may be Brera ted due to y the reduction from amphdtude weight ing. Zt-13 wrqo: a=Zze6em b=L0l6em §=/0 6H2 ,=3em Hee = 1° G=/4.9 dB From (7-138) = 54a? B 54 _ 54 _ e 2) HP = 54H PSS pp. 49 B=49A = 4,9/(3)= 14.73 cm And a_ 2286 a 3 = 0.762 1 Also Di Ge = Jolt? 30.9 Thos 40 = b.2095 40.55 0.762 pel74-13 Ccon't) From Fig, TIT with 3D, =#0.55 and 2etved Repai2 or From (7135) By = 3(2)*= 1.05 Finally Scom C7-125 ) Be =V Ret = Ve EB = 36, 74 cm] since Ry = (ZA=12(3)= 26 em = (B- {EFL =(14.73- ——— a 33.5/ em] Be 491d2 4.9103) = 14.13 cm R4-1% (£-plane sectoral horn of Tull +Allen el) WR284; a=Z84"= 72136 cm, b=/34"= 3.4036cm Asa=72/36 cm B=274,0¢m adga/b.5° At $= 3.75 GHz (A=Bem) Gz = l/#h5d8 From (7-/26) os 8 24 - = ae a = 0.511 cm Ra = 2tande Ztanlb.5° From (7-125 ) 9, = (Res (SB) = 42.25) em oe 0, = 32 08 Cig + Sign (7-134) h ee where —- _— 8= eye = e4Nz@ao sy = 0.94268 C (0.94268) = 0.774845 5 (0.94268) = 0.381233 S 2 ° Ds 2 (92136) (24) (0.774845)? +(0.381233) ge (0.9426 3)* = 23./22 = /3.640 dB 182Z4t-14 Coon 't) (b) = 76/33 cm Ae ee = SE ay ay f7—-C® z za) | Ge) a » TRUK) ot F40— gases) _ cOtTet eee ee 1 (Faye cos(#) \E4aa aay cs SF = 28509 = — 1648 Clete) eThd-%,) = 60866 G.= G+) (7-139) = 16€9.2136)C24) Cove? 8201+4.6/33/8) C0,8504)* 1.6087 = 2816 = 14497 dB EFAS Starting with 7?) G= SE ap Ap = ee Eph eon Ae From Pia) anda ean De On € 4 ae é rp et = pas e,aB ee Fe Ab Cormbraing results, De Dy 6= te wr AB att Ap \(A a 4 ea 8 aE 2 ¢ Ab fi Eg (49, Ce o,) Using Ee =8/7% from (7-71), 18374-16 8: Selving C47), = GX 1496-3435 Osl¢iA” Os ¥r ib él =14,75em R,! From C7-121) R= A_ 186i" BX” 33,43 Rut From (7-152) = fA-a 8,6{- Ra R, = BSL 22EE 99 gg = 29. 520m 8ut From (7-98) By =V Rit (BF = [33,667 + (BE)? = 394 em Re! From (7-135) 2 — Bre 14750, RL= In Pave = 3/,7Zem Ret From (7-153) Bebo 2 IETEAOS 4 9) = Re @ Re = AIS 31,72 = 27,53 om Le! From (7-125) a | REx CEP VBI CEET™ = 32-57 0m = 33,66cmDHT Example 7-7 File: ex7-7,med Using HORNP.MCD - Calculates the gain of pyramidal horn antennas. Input Example 7-7 using 51% design efficiency AsIR6L — Be=1475 RI=3367 —-RIA=31.72.@=2.286 b= 1016 allincm m=0,1.21 004. m0,25 3.10! fay * BP Phase errors: (2) = ina) fo.337] 0.229) fog [0-233] [0.347] |o.236) fossa] 0.24] [0.358] |0.245] [0.369 (o.2897| Jo36s| [025] [o375 254] 0.379] (0.257) [0.386 (0-261) [0-389] [0.264] [0.396] fo.268] [04 |fo271) [o.ao7| (o275] [oar |\o279) foals fo.28a] |o.42i] [0-286] Jo.429) 10.25] 0.289] fo.431] 0.293] joaso] 105 |{0296] |0442][ 03 | [oas =2.,fse . ae 10-75] 0.303] [0.452] 0.307] joer Phase efficiency: i [031] (0463) 0314) oa7i 5 11.25] [0317] [0.473] 0.322) foasa| phe, Pia (Witey T3034) fossa] |o329] [oo 11-75] [033i] |oaoa] 0.336) |o.s0a] 12 |[0.338) [305] [0.343] fasta] 12.25] [0343] [0513|[0.35) |0323| np 23 | 0.353] |0526||0.357] [o.s36| Den, =22.B one Secs 12.73] [0.36] [0536] |0364] 046] ‘e 13 |[0367] [o547|l0372] 0337] i -[2} 13.25] 0374) |0.557|[0379| {0.508} 7 a Vel (85°74-17¢p.2) + fe, Phase efficiency: (C(p,) - €(02,))? + (S(Pl,) ™ Ghte, ph, = @phl me, CTE) DHn=lambda DH/b Phe, 32 Dein, =e, (9-120a) DP=pyramidal horn gain Using Se, te Wexact" 186 pp, = 2.DEn, Dit, 0 75 DEN DH, ar FyGHe DPaB,, = 10log(DP, adcatic phase Exact phase C5e,te) eerste) p i prs, ph, oli, wh, an, Pas, i =] Bass] fowss] foe] foosa) sor Bas] | py B25] rsa fo.s25 losis] fo.sre) [nsas} 1.495 at 85 i. 705| losis jos09] [ooo] fas3s| fi.cae — 7s] ews} Jono os | foes) frsza 78 a > 984] 0793} 075] |o.627) p09 Br.919 i p25] [22108 ora fo775] fost} pase] 72.08 ba 35 224] jor jo769] fo.svs| fpasa| 2.159 ae p75 23 o-7e3 lo7s9) fos79) fpaao fa2.255 at 10 2.428] 0752 lors) [osea) pas faz3a9 fam To2s| [22.58 jo7ai lors) fossa] ppaaa 2 a4 = Tos] [22595] O75 jo77| fossa) pani 2.512 Ca t 2.739] fo.70 bw} [us] favs ba 38 tae i125) 2.79 f.cso jesse) fossa) p03 2.683 bo Ts] fzzavs] fo joes] owes) [ose fa.745 bar in73] 2.893 joa [ps7] foasa) D308 52.785 bas 1 2.931 joer fosea] — fo.as9] [256] 2.819 7 1225] [22.902 06S oss} foaza) a Baste] = gay 125] (22.987 o.53a loess] [oat] fo3aa F286) = pSaa 12.73] (23.006 fo.cz6 foes} o39q) a2 7.88 boa 7 3.019] [oor jooai) —fo.se2] 309) baa aa 15.25] [23.029 02] foot] fo36x) 298} B81] eal EeeZT 4-17 69-3) Cb) Aperox/mate ph formula approach s €ag =3 on Eon where ine 1.00329-ONPMS -2ISZ24 5* (9-144) €"h Y1,00323-0.0 8784 Z-/.270¥8 22 C7-/50) Aperture Efficiency Céap) Direct Evaluation using Fresne] Approximate Eph Integrals Formula Aepmach Fre- Using Using Using Using wen guadratic exact uadrati a ou Ee eee ee Biase erect gnase errors St ere GE Se be 8GHz 0.55 o0.sél 0.556 0.563 10 0.448 O.¢56 O4¢L 0.45/ 13 0.300 0.309 0.263 0.2757 Columns land 2 are De results from (a), the quadratic phase error results are slightly low, giving at most 2, /dB gam errr ; see be/ow, Columns 3and ¥ agpronimate eh tormula results are in error at high freguencies since for (7-1¢4) fo hold Se 0,262 and /t )'S 0.282 @ OGKe and 0.357@ |3 F2, In (0-150) €£0.397 but /+ 1s 0.¥2/@106H2 and 0.547@ (3 GHe /n MIs example, Gain values correspond mg tw columns fandZ} £ "guadcatic Y — wexact" BGHe 23348 27.3848 10 22.35 22.43 1% 22.89 23202 187Gain is propoczyonal to aperture efficiency and electrical area: G= 47 €ap Be as frequency ineceases, Apla* increases as #* and éap decreases (see Fig, 720), Gain varia tens with € can be reduced by des/gning for optimum ain at the Jow end of the band where Ap/p> Is /ow. (a) SI G#B=20 E10. Tis frequency in GH 286 bis1016 waveguide dimensions in om Compute constants: G=100 ae Design equation: ae ROE G. sate Bre gate x 2045-46 A= ro0t( a(x), x) 2G 4nd B= 1887444 Ccon't) Designed values (all in cm): A= 13397 B=10.482 R= 18314 RE = 16539 LE =19.089 RI=19.941 RH # 16.539 LE =21.936 $=0.25 375 (b) Using The numerical aperach of The solutm to Prob. 24/7a + s DPB, ph, ph, heap, 7] fom] = oar OS 7420 (a) Input e051 GiB =247 —_f'=24,00 fis frequency in GHz : boasts waveguide dimensions in cm Compute constants: oan, G10” 1238 Design equation: ax) x20454-46 A 1001 @03).x) 4=128 8AR2 8yRIZ#-206p-2) Designed values (all in em): A=9529 B=7551 Ro=22.807 RE = 21502 RI #24213 RH=21.502 025 10.375 Input As9s29 B=7S51 RL =24213 RD a= 1.0668 =04318 inom f=240 i f 120,189 =n 1 E-plane pattem (p 12 i aealaatyy? L2%an(Q)9 re=| et o} ey {4024-20 (p-3) plane pattern ra |2 fae aeeah iggy settles L2tala)e FH] cosl*)e rs i (e) A FH, HB, =26loe(|PH)} FIN, = * FRINGE, =201og( HN, ) 1+ e0s(@,) FHNA, =" FHN, FHINAB, =20-lop(|FHNA,|) te) From the cade used 1 Cb)! HPs = 6.89° Hy = 10.16? Simele formulas: Hee se ase BE gaye (7-438) Hy + 78%, 2782S a10,23° aa Very geod agreemenz, 141Z#-20¢¢@.4) 4d) Using the code of the solution to Prob. 741742 Quadratic Exact emueccce phase GS 24.736 dB 2477 d6 ap 51,¢ Ye 518% Ce) Using C7-95) 26000 _ 26000 _ ET Hee HPye 8.84 10.16 whieh rs close to 247748 of Cd), Input: 5051 GdB=154S f= 1.00 fis frequency in GHz a= 24,765 b= 123825 waveguide dimensions in cm Compute constants: cas a=” a 2 G=35.075 430 Design equation: tag Sova sata a(x) =x! awe 2 xs Bre 32 x=045a6 A= rool( g(x),x) 2g pak back 2 2 eB ne -P=p2 e 3 Same 2 risA ro sA*Rr 2 x x Sant74-2) (con't) Designed values (allin cm): Anwar Besos weed Rest Lees kisrigse toast aise ©) gplene» rao C2) Fromthe code used jn Cb); HPe = 25832? Fl Simele formulas : We = 548 = 5¥ gag = 26 47° 7-138) = 718A = 9g 20 | s A = 78 5.493 = 2408? (7-124) these are close to code results, @) Using exact phase errors of The code m the solutim to Pab, L¢-/7qs Ga/5.717 dB €ap =S4-3% ce) 26,000 26,000 Ge GCs = 53: d BB HfpoHhye ~ 2§.93° 28/42 =—— * 193Lt-22 From Ex, 7-7 NaBdsem A=186lem B= IA 750m Using C4-/#) a aa /ine source, H Pg = 50.8% ee sos 2 = 8 18? Using (4-28) ee @ cos/ne- tapered /ne source, HP.= x» B42 ° we= 68.2 = 68.2 957 = 126 These compare to the accurate Fe values trom Bx.7-7: Hee = 124° HF tea The actual HPs are larger than those computed were because phase errors ignored (mn the simple formulas widen the main beam, 2.¢-23 The criterion for cealizabsity of a pyramidal hocn antenna is Re =u = Rp (7-151) Subs ti hating (7-700) and (7-127) and sguacing, car [(48)-4 J = ca-a (He ] But from (7- es) and coe) (eyeke (Sy (Aed+(BS So aoe =(A-a)*(F)* Oc b/, Be Seu) ab & Ri te a amp (Or lS = BA RB, 26 a [- 2A a A/~ ae?Zee =3,15cm@ 8GHe — WRIO: HE, =HP.= 12° or 0,2 Oy (a) For optimum operation, from (7-124) and (7-138) 0.68 _ 0.68 2286cm,b=/.0/6 cm, 0.6016, = 0.2007 6 Ag = 6.5054 A sinOy sin 6? = B. 047 _ 0.497 6) A sin be 50 6° aa 2 Optimum pyramidal horn results yield we = sts EsQy-R% 4 6.5054)” = 1/4107 Raop_ 11 om a oe easiGn =i g (44%) = /0.107 And = £03692 AN From Prob. 74-23 Riop f RoE a of DS = FH Ra 14.101 F = 103692 (0. ont ¢ [7.03692 (70.107) ' — f= 20262 (0,107) = 0.8619) 0. 8619} and Ri Rice 42107 CO. 86! eae = 14,107 (0.8619) = 12,154 Re Roop _ 10-407 RS = ape = / 6 syZL¢-24 Ccon't) As a check PAY + (E)s 12.045 ay q I Ru x fe BY sR R BUG HGS = 897 SP RNA 2 = 0146 =at/Ayu Af #a¢(AsiL aan . a()ag p (6. 5054) in1s9 7 043507 16%, snerease ae 1/Bytl_ 4 iy S= 305) ey = es 0.2155 14% di a(3) Ry 8 ¢ ) Wee = 02S ftom Ya (4) A= (6.5084) 3,75 = 24.345 cm B= (4.496)3.75 = 16.96 om Oy = (12.5865) 3,75 = 47.20 cm Re = (1.9399) 2.95 = £4.77 em Ru= Re = (1.0196) 3.75= 4/32 em ) r From Fig. 7-I¢ with B= 6.5 and Sei22 A B Frem Fig.T-l7 with 3x45 and Bex 4,7 Ap x 1967.5-1 Assume a plane wave behavior of the aperture Fields : E,=kE, A= # Then— see (7-14) and (7-15) — Pas PR a=9 8 Py 20, Q,=0 Thos the electric and magnetic current formulation of (1-24) reduces to i bron a E=j8 EF J8[B,cosh-+7.0088 Heosp IB L-R, cosBsing -2fnilp = [6 cosp-§ 5] (+2058) P j¢ eit S52 The uniform circular aperture pa/tern js $e) = Zigasine) qasrn® (7-170) From (F-7) Gym _x2men Thoo= 7, = Gy KT Azo mlimin)! 2277 Retarning only the first term (since xez\ for 8 small) Sor n=] ayx' x xe 5 =x 1 So TOS Naz 2 me lim 25igasin®) 2 gasin® a0 @4 510 8 ~ 4 = 4) eo sen 75-3 From (7-174) a, Sun = 2m f Sero- (EY ]"§ rt F,(ee'sine) dr! Let x=r/ and b=gasin® Then fun = 2rf'$crc-ofi-w Pf ax Jy lox)adx = 2a $c {x ToCbxd dx #0-0)f0-¥9" x Tol dx} 197715-3 (con't) Using, (1-166) Juke) du 2 4Ju) we see that Six aa ZT) & where y=bx =i Y Ly) dy = EDIm] = a Ae And | 2? nl Lx)" Ta Cbx) dx = - a So Sun = Za $c HO. Gc) He S03 =ar}c “Ea + ke 27" on 41)! Saas G85iN8) ¢ an) (ea sina) 7 =1a*[c £@n20) + LE FS £(6,n) | using (7-180) 0 Sun (80) = Fun may = nat [e+ fe] Thus Senc)= fen = Chileno) + gar tian) AN wax c+ le nel 75-4 Usiag (7-66) and (7-81), gr ISS E.ds/[* Pee ietds’ 1 | eps D SEA, F,= C+0-¢) L1- (£)] fies =f, Jolerero-Ca)) "|e dr 4g Fads” 1 13,1 GC \\(lealgdcsees (987.5-4¢p.2) ds =2n§cfirde + cro) i CE)) "de 3 Let u=/-(£)* oe ee S=2nf el ro-0 a J u ” dug = InP] e—0-o)( aet)* P] = mat [e+ ES Next 9.2 ff Serre -lEI)f ede de =2rr J per craue PCB) du = Tat {' pic 4260-C)U"4G-C) = Tat ic ie du+2C(I- “of u"du +0/-C) *futrdug amat[c* 260-6) arp wt 2 42m J") 93 du +C-€) sary = war[c* +26 ES § + re” ] Thus, 7 ed (lL 4 |e [er EE |" Pe 9, ~ ma* ra [Ct+ 26D, oy fo+ Jee u + Sar - &= mT which i's c*+2EC-O), Che) (7-181) Wael ZnFl_ Cb) For n=! C= 0.3162 (-/0d8) fc +F5}* — aro € we ©42EES), EP” Hee 199 eh CI-C)*7 S-4# Cp. 3) = C14Q)™ __t Ca+0,3162)” Fale Saal oye = UIS * CrhCrO* 0316241 G-03/62)* For n=2 C= 03/62 ee CetgG-ac)* ——_ FOi420)* CHEECH) HLIL)® C4 ECO) HEG-C)* a= Clt20)* 4 OBC OL cone 0.8764 15-5 (a) For only amelfude tager: Zz D= €, ST Ap = ee Brats €, (E) (2 = Fe)" From (7-86) and €7-87) Zby 2b 2 Da me Dy = Ce SO Gy att cay (282) since Ly=ly =Za Equating results for D gives COG = Ee For {| €¢ 7 es Cb) a 2 Za \* 2 2 DB; =O HP*= we*(Z2B) (Kd) =o ct Hk = 1e€& gtk using results from Ca) = T*é, k* (ger yn degrees ™ Evaluating for all eutres ia Table 7-lb for ives values of DB, Fram 38,285 T° C<-adB gi : 38,999 with most near 34000 deg” 200 c=7Z6-I From (9-182) (Ci)? = FECE a) = FF EF 2, = FFE OF E, cos & Using (7-183) re Cos, =2F-G So Ce)* = 42 E(ZF- rp) =- FP +4F rg Solving for ¢, 2 Ge rerete? (7-199) Z6-2 Tangential tw aegon ents cam col The doubling ot the normal components at the reflector Surface andcan celling ot the angen tok comgonents leads fo the following eweression forthe total B field; ho EE, 2 2UK-E;) a oe LO|76-3 The A spreading loss factor us/ng C7-194a) i's 2 nacl &= = [tree] “2 Ali+ )] - normalized [4+GEd to f at e’=0 at the se of the reflector where e=a=%, = fiat 24 due only to spreading El= py2y-! Fp Lire (2) , ° oO -oodG a - | o/ 0.138 -/7Zd8 ao ae 0-2 6.340 -3.2 3 0.3 0,590 -44 pe | O4+ 0.79 -2.9 = 0.5 0.8 3 +—+—J 0-6 0.852 3a ~ A +— | O.7 0,887 eee : 08 0.91) ye af ffl St 0.9 0.972% Ss cA _ [ a _ 1.0 0.941 a im OO ar OF Ga OF G6 BF OE OS Te 5 Lb-4 /o = O.11429mM @2/1GHE D=EFE =1-829m Usiag 697-97), G =€ap HE gy = ap & Py 5 43(x)*= = 5.43 (Le Ye = 889.5 = 24.449 dB Cmanufacturer Land rews] quotes 24,5¢8) LOZLb-S A= 002678 m @ lle2 GHe D=lZ2ft =3.és%m Using 67-92), G6 = bao HE 4, = 543 (2yYe 2658 \ ae pe Ae @) 43 Ga = /0L313 = 50.06 de Cmanutacturec[S-4 model U0A-~12-107] guctes 47.848) 76-6 PRAC (See Appendix &) was cun fora feed taper of Wwd& ot 2°. FRAC returned ¢ =2.3735, which also follows From (7-246); = log CF (6g!) __ Jog (0316) = 2353S Jog (cos @) ~ Jog lios 52°) PRAC output is at the end of this solatren, Tabulatiag resalts: Examole 7-8 iedel tparabolic PRA Squared om 22.373 5 Measured aunty Af HP 0.599? 058° 0605" SLL -30,5d8 2748 -26,5¢B SG S01ISAB 50,3448 Eae 8.799 A812 Apecture effrciency was found from gain using 2 €ap = F/p, where Dux WE Ap = (M22) 2133 242 _ 0K _ “ For Ex7-8 €ap = Fgzye = 9797 for PRAC = Bee . ld SEE ae £0376-6 (con't) Single Parabolis Reflector ex7-3 Antenna Geometry: Frequency = 28.560 GHz Wavelength = 0.010504 m (F/Dp) Ratio = 0.5000 F = 0.609 n Dp = 1.219 m Diameter of reflector = 1.219 m Offset of reflector center = 0.000 m Angle subtended to the bisect direction = 0.00 degrees Angle subtended to the center of the reflector = 0.00 de rees Reflector subtended angle = 106.26 degrees Feed Specification: Cos“q feed located at (0.00000;0.00000;0.00000) The feed presents a taper of 10.00 dB at 52.00 degrees off-axis (q = 2.3735) The Cos“q feed is Xf-linearly polarized Feed pointing angle = 0.00 degrees COPOL Gain: dB = 50.34 aBi a995, tapa 0, fdes.3 Zo46-7 f= 1195 GHe (ASZSlem) DHZem F/D=0.37 t _ I 5 CO) FrSt 9 > tan (amp ) 68° (7-195) From (7-233) for EL=-IleB(c=0.28); ELs02@= (42%) 05 8G = 0.687 cos *6, or = 109 (0:28/0,687) _» 390 ” Teg (03 6B) 68%) =a 4264 = O.UGh The feed taper rs cos ONS — 0, 4074 = 76048 Next we compare the apectuce dis ft butron to the parabol;c-on-a-pedes tak canonical form, Computation of the aperture distribution 90.9146 FaD:=0.:7 eat 1 c05{2-atan__?_}) FFD ap) eens Co) 3 / jesee\ ia x2 wun{_2_}) (Pat) picts. FaD=0.37 — Eupyos q=0915 205"76-7 ¢p.2) Aperture distribution for parabolic taper ne2 C:=028 Eap() =C+ (1-0). (1-9 ont Eup(p) Eatp) q 028] fo279] 09} — fo306) [0359] os} fo73} fo.aag] O7| — [o.ae7| [0.539] BK) [o5) —foszs| fowsa| ee Eos] — fo.685) _|o.r28] “= Fos] forse} fost n=2 03} — [o.876) fo.89i] 028 02} = fosaa] fags i On [o.9R6) [o.987] 0 T i Or loose] [0987 We see tnat a parabolic sgua red ona -/1d8 pedestal «gpm mates the attual ap. distribution, then Table 7-1 can be used te find performance! HP=L18S = L1G 25 573°20.7° SLL= -2¢d8 €e= 0.86 Ande 2 /-cos 816, = 0.938 and &: = Ee = 4807 = er = Ne z00 G = E09 SE Ae = €ap (w2) = 0.01(7Z5;) mI eGeG | Cb) PRAC was run wi Antenna Geometry: Frequency = 11.950 Giz Wavelength = 0.025105 m (F/Dp) Ratio = 0.3700 F = 0.888 m Dp = 2.400 m Diameter of reflector 2.400 m Offset of reflector center = 0.000 m Angle subtended to the bisect direction = 0.00 degrees Angle subtended to the center of the reflector = 0.00 degrees Reflector subtended angle = 136.18 degrees th the input t Feed Specifications: Cos"q feed located at (0.00000;0.00000;0.00000) The feed presents a taper of 7.80 dB at 68.00 degrees off-axis (q = 0.9146) The Cos*q feed is xf-linearly polarized Feed pointing angle = 0.00 degrees 206Z 6-7 (p.3) PRAC pattern and gain: COPOL Gein: 0 dB = 48.75 dBi (Solid Line) — PRAC XPOL = -118.75 dB (Dotted Line) © 1995 (4B) 0 -25 50 { =2.00 0.0 2.00 deg.) Tabulating results: Canomic Parabshec squared PRACT Quantity on -I1dG gedesta’ (g=0ut6) HP Ora 0.696" SLL 28 dé -25.3 48 G 48.8546 ¥E.75 db Agreement i's very good. 207Z6-8 PRAC cesults Diameter D = 100 4 Offset of reflector center H = 70 4 cos? 6, feed; q = 13.0897 (10 dB edge taper) Feed tlt angle y, = 34.72°~ yi, * Not Available FID, = 0.466 $=90° (normal to the offset plane) PRAC GRASP7[291|__ Semiifza)_| () | Gain 49.01 dBi 48,98 cBi NAC by 80.67% | 80.11% NA’ HPBW 0.64" 0.62" 0.60" Cb) | SLL Position 104" 1.04” 1.00" SLL Value 24.30 6B 24.41 4B -25.00 4B. (¢) | xpot Position 0.44? 04a? 0.40" G4) | xpor Value -28.40 dB -28,05 6B -30,00 dB ce) Normalized Gain, dB Angle, degrees £08act (ep 00°06 = Md) UeHe MD~eAqL qnet> (Bap 000 = Md) HIE WO-HEGT op) 00-6 rep: 00°6 oo 00°6~ os~ Isz- . _ Lo NY fee ‘s66t (0) (url periog) ap oF'6T — = IOax gest (9) (ur peNeG) AP 2FFOT- = TosK Ovad UF] PHeS) IEP Arve = AP Oo TED TOEOD Ov — @UFL PHES) IEP rv = AP O =D TOAD seeabep 0¢-6y = etbue Guyqutod peea paztaetod Atzeoutt-3x st pees bso ous (octz‘y = b) stxe-330 seezbep yy"0y 2 EP 00'OT Jo zedeq ve squesoad poor ouL (00000°0!00000"0!00000°0) 3 pexvoOT peez b_soD rsuoTqeoyJToeds peed sooahop egos = eT6ue pepuszqns 10q99T JEN so0abep py°6h = 10}09TJOI OUI JO AoqUBD vyF U4 Pepuegans eTbUY seeahep az‘cy = UOTIOE7TP 209STq 9Y3 03 Pepuerqns eTbuY uo ost*pz = 2e3UED 10ADOTJEI JO 3957JO0 WO OOL'Sh = TOIDeTJOI Jo ToxeuLTa od > 000°%6 = da wo 9zz"92 = 4 062-0 = oTaen (da/a 1 wo 6€960r'% = UbueTeAeM 2HD osy*ZT = Aouenbesg \o :Kajewoep euusquy iS euusque 32S550 4ST sad FOGZ6-4 Ceon'&) Tabalating PRAC results, =o" $=70° Quant ty (xz -plane ) cye-plane) G 344768 3447d2 nog 3.5° 35° SL location +t o50° 455° SLL 2ZEO¢ dB Zag Adle X POL -10¢ dB -19.80 The above i's for Iinear polariza tion, bat creculacr pelarizatyon i's used, Results are similar “ough. 26-10 From C7223), a6 a 1 ILT Leeve'dde| 4 13,1" €e= Tat ae = tel , T i fC lence eide'de! Trae 3 Ne we) Ee el) using (7-198) ard d=/ 5 V, Fa el de dp drceeing e 9 ince abs, value will elmrnata /t later Convect +o integration over &+ Ca2F tan# erige) de'agde, (7174) 3,226, [reo am Fede! And a = (G9, dor . 3,2 ff I Ve EPL de dé! using (7-198) 2107.6 -l0Gon't) Converé the e' integral one over G: ee (7-184) de> =qd& (7194) Fe Ce, d= “it eeueil EZ sin dG 4" =Vo “ “* 1FC@z,6'))* sin & de de! cg HE tc Sie © Trae Z Ol? Re, o01" 18.44.40" which is oe Multi elying by 7 225), €;=Q€,= 26 ae doll, we (G,0'Hom FB ! . Tae aa 2 E ['h aa, en's. n@edGdo! ee ! Fe wae HI ae = pe “#(E)= £(foedy ee @ =o Usrng this and a) gives eee pct’ S Gy iert® F,G,¢)4an$ 4 Jgdp| whieh is C7226), ailZ6-Il Using (7-224) yn Goo) a= 2rlfcost4 snddal 9, IT Sh cos sn Bde, 3, ETE 8 oe {* cos 25 sin Op d& 1s =] = cos 8% gy 2gtl 2th = 2U)= (75 J 3, = 3, (&=%) SS = RF So _ 2gr! &= | cos**®"8, (7-230) Using (7-227), tT. 2 a) , Gg = Ro = PSH!) 07231 f iF “Ao'\" costa, sin dG 3, ——_ ) Z6ALZ Fiest, from (7-227) = a a G Se! cost BY (sec* # | *sin Qe d& cost By j= eos * 22 cos & sin& 46, ne [en si edd “he & dd=dd& D4 [F taard ye =2 tan" ARIZZb6-(ZCcon'#) So 2 i eee i Gp= 2B= - = cos? B 2 tant B= cost Sink = ae, 4 cose 2 ~ Sin? @ Now using re 20, ECE Es = Wl feof os tt sin & ee) - Mest cost S¥si ne Ou cos? ae & sine Cn) SE eile ind, a ° Ate om coe tee 52] ta yy toe = cot*# tay “2 eek 100% ettr cient N 6-13 (3 a ‘for an tsotrepre pattern Gce)=| and 4) assumi 09 €and& are anity, (7-226) reduces #o d= OHh, Gop = Gy cot S14 tan de]? Anh =4 cot Bel (Ban d 24) = cod? £)-2 nboss| aye = cot" "[-2 In cos® 12m =P cot? In(cos 2 er G5 2 tan gee (7-185b) Fp a €ap = £2 cot & In os 2) = Wye 90° O.¢8 Oe 53/9 0.199 | 28° 0.06 213 Cb)ZO Using Using (7-224) in (7-226), é: = Gt cot 2. a 9? where 3 2 o= =f cos*& tan #46, =f (2e0s "2 _)) tan de, =f ros tan 2 -Fcas* Eby G F +tan 2] dg = = {" feostd ee edd 2f* sin Ge dG +f ta 2Zdd d= 6 = al- set fe —2 [- cos o]*+z[- /n ccosaj].* = -ZeostHa2 120058 eZines &) 42 Indi) = el-cestSercost$ ° =| ~mCcos £2) | 2 -)*-Inleos #)] =2[- Ccos* Hence Go Eo= Ee cot S [sin *824 In(cos Sy] From (7-231) = Z(2gtl)=2C2241)=/0 So . = ¥0 cot 7Ge [sen 4¥@ 4 In cos gy] which I's (7-232) for gre Z\4Tbs te= 6,400 kem R= #Z,000 km fe \ oe 6 garth JR ds tanh F = tant £400 = 8.72 For -3d8 beam at the Barth “edge”, HP=2d = IZ#? aos = 0.30¢e For typical reflector performance of nz=Zz aud E€L=-\2d8 jn Table HI, HPp=LZ& 4 or D= tee Using this, in 0-237) and Eap= Coen G=06s (rE )aass Bii2a HP - a6 2, / Note 2 treg uence Zaps LHP ra rad: we) Sadependelece od = aS =/00 = £0d8 Zé-16 Egn (7-233) 1s solved for 6; when the edge Hummation ts ELe-dB= 028: 0.56 =C/t 605 @) cos FQ, GING 66.45 53,65 and 462° for g=123. Then F/p 1's tround from (7. 18a): Ho = Fan ®, The -/0d8 beamwidth ''s found by solving 0. =cos & 8Weiads _ A fog (0.316) ete Z ~? BWyogg =608 ioe ) ZI”76-16 Ccow't) Sei ihaver effeciency ts found from (7-230) as = ([-cos 264l a ee efficiency is a, radivect ly Using Eee %, Gal €¢(6,=66.#%9= cot* .24[sin& PeInCcos Sy = 0.824 62 EL Q=53, 6%) = cot? &. tofsint& +(nCcos 8)" =0.820 B73 €: (246,20) col 4 [ 22%, + CEB i cabs Note: Eg ¥0.82 fn all these cases Using the above seguence of cakulations 9'ves the following values, Fip = Ces & '4 tan Oele 26. BWiras Bes) Ei les I 0,382 132.8° [432° 0.436 0829 0896 2 0.495 1072 Lll.6 0.926 0820 0.896 32 0596 q2.¢ VL O.92¢ 0.817 A8BY 7.6-17 Using &=084 [from be/ow(7-236) or Prob. 26-16] in (7-236)! _L Ab7> Able Eyal 0.89 a | 0.001 0.998 0.0! 0.978 0.02 0.956 0.0 7 O./ 0.788 21676-18 From below (7-236) or Prob. 72616 & 50.84 Ond Ay rg) _ gre fe Bip= @cov'eon Using C7-236) Lt Ab% E,n=LI- & #) = [ia 001] = 0.978 77-| Axrsymmete'c ceflector with F/o 204, ET=-\d6=028 From (7-244. g= eg entinges)] - Jog]0.28(\+ aca?) | log [eos(2 tan tre) | log cos(etanlzaay)d The feed pattern Fel@p)= cost&, can be solved for various beamwidth values: BW= 2 cos IF gwievet) ® | HP=ZcosI[co.707) "3 ] = 6£ 8° BWogg =2cos [00.316 ) Fe) = 13Z1° = I432 So 27-2 2 Ayisymmeta'c reflector wita F/20.3, FG) = Cos & Computation of the aperture distribution q=2 FAD =03 1 + cos/2: stoo(—?_| (200 | EaG -__\__\4Fabj/ ‘cos| 2-atan| | ° ; (oma toot 2I777-2 Ceon't) Aperture distribution for parabolic taper a2 C=0019 Bap(p) = C4 - C (1 9)" Bp Eap(o) Ea(o) 7] fos} fon] Fos] — [oosa) foos Fos} — fo.146} jo.t02] o7] oars) lousi 0) 06] — foati| [oe a) 3} fosti| [oan ~~ 0.4] (0.711) (0.576) an2 0.3] [0.831] 733} © =0019 03} for) fost : 1} foe] fo.966 2 T 7 or} © [ose] foaee Axisymmetrrc par. ref. with D=2m,/0=0,5 fle @) Sar (7-221) Daz HE la ()*) = Genie)” = 43, 965 46 42 dB Gea a Oy = Eg Dy = ee ¢S.56dB (ob) PRAC code results From Example 7-%,%=2 So BW ogg = 2eos [t0.316)"*] =uL6°= Single Parabolic Reflector Prag = 55E° Ex. 7-3. 2 m reflector antenna Geonetry: Frequency = 10.000 Giz Wavelength = 0.030000 m (F/up) Ratio = 0.5000 P= 1.000 a Dp = 2-000 m Diameter of reflector = 2.000 a offsct of reflector center = 0.000 = Angle subtended to the bisect direction = 0.00 degrees Angle subtended to the center of the reflector = 0.00 degrees Reflector subtended angle = 106.26 degrees Feed Specitications: cos"q feed located at (0.00000;0.00000;0.00000) ‘The feed presents a taper of 10.00 dB at 55.80 degrees off-axis (q = ‘The Cos"q feed is Xf-1inearly polarized Feed pointing angle = 0.00 degrees 9984) COPOL Gain: 0 dB = 45.56 dBi (Solid Line) — PRAC. which agrees exactly with (a), Al8T7-t the apectuce field produced b -polaci erate electric bee from Crtobtie. arieed ae “O2F. Ea = Vo = [-R Ceos O& costhye + 5/0794) -¥ (l-cos &) sen oe COS bs | Using the dual/ty relations of (2-3s)and (2-36) Ef(e)-Ha —— Ve°C=) I" in (7-206) gi eae ni -j He = 1." ae [rx (cos Op cos*hy + 5/0" bf ) +£ Ci cos Of) sin bg C05 te] The corcesponding electric ue is el ml ee Et =% Ha x 2 ae i J-S(c0s & cost, fo + sintds) +& Ci-CoS Ox) 8M be Cos de) But the magnetre digole must reduce am ¢ X—eslartzed aperture field Cabove equ -$ domman t term), has Rotation of 90° A (4-2 0 b) aud pater changing Kandy, é transfocms a to am E.=Vo el Fg Coos Og son? de +cos* de) % 9 C-cosp) C05 be 5m OF ] Adding agerture Welds from both d/goles s a sea 3 62F E,- E+E, = v, est [-KC1+c05 8) +0] xPol =o which is purely -& polariaed as shown in Erg, 7-¢2, 219ZI-S. D=l8mand h=0, so Dp=3.6m fp, =030F5 Fe 0.305(36)=1098M = F2/¢25 GHe (A=Z/053 em) BWhg = 68° Gy -wda = 3842) = 0.5162 C4) The feed ss modeled with Cos 88, Then (7-246) /'s = 29fF4)] _ log (0.3162) £723 (og [eos Gf] “9 (eos 36.42) We must find the feed poinding angle % that ylelds nearly balanced edge Muminatiens: = f= ower edge angle =O (since h=o) h=o \ 9 # fa = ueper edge angle =& 3 - = te =7& LRA = Z tanya, = 2 tan ‘Wados) 8 the edge Wuminatian frm C7208) i's o EL =-FT-Leph =20/og lA G say) +20 og) Tes) At the loweredge G=0 and bsg =O, 50 BIL =20 log [Fe CH) ] At the upper edge tyu=& and = t-=Q-. Se Fly =20 log R@-t)]+20 hog [ + oes&) Eguating EI, 2214 and using Oo = 78.68? 20 log LECH] = 20 log lF(78,69%- 4) - #76 or : 05 (78.689 tp) | — ; 20-8 log ] S22 CRE ty) Jat ce 0AU Te 10 8 ys ith go 4723 Cone Solving this equation gives Ya#3. (3° RZO=/2.92 dB 43,13) 1-4, 46 =-/2,9248 BS. S5° ’ EI, = 20 hogleos””¥43,/3°] Ely = 20 fogleos*”? (7.6 355° LES (p.2) this result is verified as blows 43,1° (b) PRAC results PRAC © 1994 COPOL Gain: 0 dB = 47.59 aBi (Solid Line) -117.59 4B (Dotted Line) XPOL (eae career ees es z =e #é — Ee eat 2 on 2 | SS s ~ a — : z (i | 28 8a) Pn Eh —— | g *2 col ge ak | a4 Cc Te 3 ga q ny é "ge ga é 88 sooxtop toch ~ stbue Sursurod pseg peztaerod Atzeouyt-3x 1 {o0000"0fe0000"0! 0090: seaabar o9°ee = orfue papueamne 203001308 sooabop is'ph = soasatsaz ova. 30 Zeques ou 23, Pepuoggne oTSuy Seoubop yevec = wovasesy> s2eeya ol 23 pepuesans ovbuy > coo-o8y = zossetsox Oya Jo zoxoweya 9601 = d fort. ovse (ag/a) ee faim ose"¥1 = Aouonbas, wroqBep 15/n & 6°T UTTOpORE aeaoetsey 2 teqerea STSuTs 2.00 idegs uit ‘ut Patten (Pai = 90.00 dey) R21 ThetaWe Wa3) (c) Srnce the edge illaminatrons ace equal, a symmetric canonical aperture distribution Cparabolic oc parabol,'c-sguared ona pedesta/ 6f -12.9% -13d8) can be used for an approx; mate model, Summar’2:04 these models and Comparing to PRAC results: Computed Canonical mode! wy Parabolic Parabolic squared PRAC on-1346 ped, on -I3dB ped. LIbSX/O L215 X10 HP 0.78° =0.78/° =O,81¥? SLL -26,4d6 -232d6 -30.6 dB éy _ 0.883 0.815 fe 600932)" €ae 0.796 0.823 O7596 éap (Hmpe ym DY) G 47.549 48 LT d iB ¥239d “¢7.7¢ dB ¢7.37d8 XPolL -2/.43d6 — Mote: & ésx j-tos*O fay = 0,932 ¥¥ Based on computed gan the garabilic distribution gives slightly betfer agreement to PRAC, but both canonrca | mode/ resu/ts are good. RRE126 Ror HROHe, = HP=/ 14 dF = oe Ase ~ 0.575 or SaL7s4O, 1,4 Medeling with a cos®G feed pattern and using EL=-1|d8=026 for vetimum j/lumination i'n (7-244) = log (ELC4 pep) ] log la. = gcrioy? 4. logla28 (ity 1 Jog Leos (2 toon! 7¢))] Leg leost2 tan Zee au) | = 1483 Then OO (8 =8,4g)= 0707 = CoS bbz ag = 7 log 2707 Gzdg = cos S10 “8 “]=327°206s58r So dg fa Z7-7 For an xp-polar ‘zed feed (7-239a) leads Zo (4) =V Ce CG) cos? he + Cy C&) Sin? be Using this and (7-244) and (7-245), ret Dag =P iF Catel”si0 & 1A de : Z : =|" §"Peost# a, cos*he + cos Be sin°dy ]dp, sind 16 oO “oO =w$ (cos 286g, sin kd +(Mcosa, siabese§ ¢ t L75¢ G4 4g /, TE¢ (0,658) = 1.1E¥ 1 =7 i | And fe ee tr Age riX2gn tl) “ at Gp 2D #/ Rag = ogee ‘perl Zur! tiger] G, — 2&eriGeut) whch — A samlar grt fT ger gurl coer) — halls hea yp eed, (ase)CHAPTER 8 aaa tow si woes 8.I4 Then gter= ph [ Geae’ a Por ctsjel?™ ae or tows [ iesjed "4g (8-6) And 7° 2a . Co . Gow) = gees oe be > eesvaf foe Vw (6-7) 8.1-2 (a) For a real pattern Ficw) must be zero, which in tacn from the given egn reguires trols) = e(S= ° seve tees) ae => Les)ec*(s) In addi Ge Then As) =| rem a 2¢5)]* is symmetrre and (s) 1 L¢ols) cs) stan wes a = tan Toes) => odd phase Cb) Fiest Oe = few) +f. iw) 7 = =4 50S" Ugg (8) Cos 2mm s ds) «Lf, [es968) Sn 2rrws ds] “2 ie Leels) cos 2rws ds ie Tigls) Sm Zrws ds FL eet) cos drwsds]° +[f Ses) sen 2aws ds ]~ d 2s te (s) 0S arusds f%C,(3) smanws ds RR8.\-Z ceon'#) The squared terms ace symmetn'e contn'ou tons. The cross tecms (3°446%") must be zero to Peduce,in generaky asymmetiic pattern. This (s true rf any of tne Fellowi'ng ace satistied : 4) Ceels) Ble (S)=0 b) Ces) =L,9¢s) =O ©) yy 63) = be (5) =O d) ¢:5€5) =Cp9Cs) =O @) hts)= Ker cs) kz constand Each of the first four cond/tions render both cross terms zero, Condition e) implies that ye (S) Skee) ty bs) = Keres) and the two Cross terms cancel. Conditigns a) and d) imply that Aes) is symmetere and $65) I's even, a)! 668) = Veo CS) 45 Cio C5) = Ls) d)! CCS) = Lee (5) 4) tye C5) = Le C5) $° esp aetes) euzls) 1s even ¢ts) = tant js even c . Conditrons b),c) and €) make Als) asymmetric and pls) cmstant : b): cc =jes6s) and ber = % 7% ot csi =epds) and $6)= 47 ef cose le isdayk i , = 1 el) oI pcs) = tan ie = tan tk In general, v-¢s) and els) have both even and odd parts and each are then asymmetere, RES SHES8.2-1 O.= 53,1° Wo = C08 $3,/° = 0.6 £4 Cw-we) = Sew-0.6) ee —j2msw 7 _ Fi _jinsw lg 65) J frwle dw =| Stw-06je” ae = eos 2Ts (28) — This curcent rs ofunity amplitude and has a linear phase funezyon! besy=-l2Zrs and ex teads frm sg 2-02 fotoo! 6.2-2 Uniform curren oe §2 ts/é “2 - 6 *9=7 9g Isi>bler rom (8-6) g, ae Li2n sas woH2n ow = f é(sye? oe Tr ei dw aT. ev ] oo yy, ° ° jetw eM inkw aoe Yen = Il = 1, Zi 8'n(TXW) _ 5b sin(wew) B.2-3 one a ew 1 Wwléc Sector pattern Sy6w) = tg ee (8-8) From (8-8) , o° oon ajnsZe ajnsZe give hone dw= 2 se" — be aj2mrs = Aisinrséc) _ 5, sin (ts &c) 527s 1s 2c B-iz)e 8.2-4 ca) Fourier transform synthesis of a sector paifern = sin(2res) L “y= Ze “Fees ISIS ER 8-12) ReE8.2-4ccon't) a ee j2rsw Za ayZMCS Des Sew) =f cesye? ds =f eee 8 5 0S -o° £ js ZT _ (Ajai j2nlew)S gj 2n-Ctw)s = ar = > | ds “ZA the first term is z _L (Za es tris anlew) 7 ¢€ cos Zr(c+w)s | 5; ZF), < Ss = sh se eae 2h “é 3 1 £ =. 2; fA sin ErGew)s 7 al ee ar 4 Ss ds t= Zrcew)s - +r oe ae dt = Znrce+w)ds t/emtcww) Zrlcrw) Wl 1 pemecww) o rf ede = pSi[kr lew) ] using (E19) i =7 Similar. oy for the “second term haa lata) aan es ds =-p SclEr ecw ] so Sew) = £f Se($ ater) -SeCkr-con)) ] which 1s (8-13) (b) See Ey. 8-| 8.2-5° From (8-6) and C8-I¢) L 2 an JTW 5 Paws * 2 Som = Sigered” ds = J a ¢ ce Lily j 20 w-Wa) d un F ws 5 Zar Cw-W) = Gn es = FAD an J Sin zn(w-wn) 5] x J 2rcw-wn) LIN FP Cw-we, _ sin [wEcw-wa)] = An $$" sg, Salrkcw-wa) | which is (8-19) wEw-way R276.2-6 Woodward-Lawson Line Source Synthesis Program Inputs Problem 82-6 sector pattem, S wavelonth ne source el Lesa 0:05 8 Looe, = wis-1,-0,.99.1 2 M M=s t a(x) 881-107) Sas the sampling function wh @ small amount added tothe x10 argument to avoid a 0/0 condition ‘sample locations: wa(n) = 2 : sample values ie. 4 a0 w=0\1.5 n wn) a, [| 1 (0.2 b) foal Bl fas Pattern calculations ig 3} fo} M M Sipe Pf A 1 fw) = Di asda ow wwe] 6 8 asfs ‘ - n=l fiw) =1t{}w| <1,0) desired patorn synthesized pattern Few)8.2-6 ccon’é) Evaluate currents: jm 2 2am) : ag 2emns um, ° os : a j | ™ 2 aT 0 1 2 Inputs Problem 8.2-7 cosecant beam, 10 wavelength line source Ast L=10, n=-10,-9.10 w=-1,-099.1 ied M=10 Sa is the sampling function with a small amount added to the argument to avoid a 0/0 condition ‘sample locations: wsca) =F sample values: =10 0.25 22482-7 (con't) eee 2] fos fos} fo.assa3, fo 025 02, Patter calculations M 1 fou) = x 4, si +E cw wt) synthesized patten fa(w) = Lt(0» = 2 Dobe Tommy ZG bn Med : a (%4 =j2nmdw 2 BP ene ra™ dw Ca-28) “ad aad (8-1) igs -28) for ml 8 how me eat emem, g [emer va for lw = a d mm-i) eC zm-1) Se 2d. erate ered safriomode) a remy E which is C829) nd . errmsg e ei mise A yram-i) Se which 15 (8-24),Prob 8.3-4 sector beam, 20 element array Inputs £05 Sector size d=06 ae ae LePd Lolz ‘Spacing d and length L are in wavelengths left Gy 3g Am) sales d(m— 1) Element locations in wavelengths Define the desired pattern arg(i(m)) mam iem)| ae 14(w) = Litt] w[<0,1,0) 7 Lica) | : f] sq joo27i| 180 (&) Evaluation of the currents fe} ESay 0.0116, |i80 m1,2.P jaf By] Fas pons) [iano10 "| 4) 39 (0.0151 780 fi 3] 33) (0.0468) 1390 | 2d «| [a7 (0.0572 i 6 | 1.4029:10 ica) fad Gy Ea foozsr] fF L4O22te 8 13] [0.1273] 1. 1068.10 Is} faa ‘o6ss) |_180_ 10 0.3] (0.5151. [-4.5963-10" ni [03 (0.5151 1.5495.10 | 2 fos (0.0655) fh ssinan 3 1273} a 4 ‘ooze Jooasi) [AS52510 hi) 00372 {0,0873| — 16} Fo.oses| jo.oass) 1132-107 (39) Fooist fooisi} — [1.4o29-10 is} [33] (0.0025) fo.oaa5 180 is] [51! Coorg ong 180) fo] [5.7] Foz] oor] [azoii0® 1-180 (b) laee iene Pattern calculation P fy = J tmy.e<0 a ' mst A ' t 1 Lt \ | | | | 10.4625) = 0.9006 [ | - (0.5368) = 0.1003 LI 02 =e \ | 02 04 06 ostProb 8.3-5 sector beam, 10 element array Inputs 15 Sector size 4-05) PsI0 OL ‘Spacing d and length L are in wavelengths Alef = : +4 2m) = 2left-d(mn~ 1) Element locations in wavelengths Define the desired pattern fa(w) = Lidl |w| <0, 1,0) (a) Evaluation of the currents ms12.P pe m xm) itm) “4 i] 225) [ower 4 | f73| [oosasy E] fs} Foowoer| - jane Sea eeue La i] Fors} [ors0a6 : E] fo2s) foaspos le] 025] [oaa995 ir] [075] foaso2s fe] [25] Foose FE} [75] Foneasa io] [225] [owas Cb) Pattern calculation P fw) = Semper mel a ws 1 [| {4 } oo | 02 _ p08 “os “oa oR) aR aa Oe Os 230Prob 8.3-6 sector beam, 21 element array Inputs e205 Sectorsize d=05 Pi=21 L=Pd L= 105 ‘Spacing d and length L are in wavelengths: alent (| : : sam) “= e+ &(m~ 1) Element locations in wavelengths \2} Define the desired pattern fk w) = Lift] w <0, 1,0) Evaluation of the currents argti(on)) ms1,2.P m | icm) | iz 1 [0.0001 180 2 (0035s) Es9s10 8 [00001] S607 ica [0.055] ia 5] 0001} | 5] jon le] 0.0637 73 1 i p8as2710 8) is 43510? | 9 180 | i) cis) | Oma 1 oie {ia} i [0.1061 5) 0.0007 ig 0.0637 17} [3 | 00001 is} [33] 0.0455) Coelements have [19 gero current) 20) By 7 Pattern calculation 1 P { i K nwy= SI iaeteem { m=1 7 | | aw)! i 1 0.99.1 i | Trarwy | °% | T £(0.4556) = 0.9002 oa . = (0.54469) = 0.0999 | | . 02) a The pattern is | very similar to eboney y rat of Bxangle 8-3 Mi “Of -06 04 02 002 04 06 08 1 230dProb 8.3-7 _cosecant beam, 20 element array Inputs 205 P=20 LxPd —L=10 wet =[\ 8 2¢m) =zlet+ (m= 1) 2) Define the desired pattern ee ees Element locations in wavelengths ‘Spacing d and length L are in wavelengths. Evaluation ofthe currents ea(iem)) 7 a m 2m) im) i(m| = r Foo room] fooar) — fiaeve ! Py Eooonr+o020s| fooans| fr. asae 2d [3 0.0049 + 0.0251 [0.0255] 100,979 i(m) = faGw)e FFA dy 4 0.0021 + 0.0366; 10.0367, S: 5 } LL 5 {0.0096 + 0.0423} 0434] 77.189 2a 3 DoIsK-00355} | fooaT) — RzaiT Hr dod oo] pow] fiaar77 fe] [oo2s2o080) oorsi) —_e.1706 | b oo7eroo7ss| [oror] — [ia.7202 id Tins oosen] [eiava} [isso i Oize-oosn} foram] — [1ss0a | G07 00753) foioT] faa 7209 5 Doz 0.0653] foarsi} [67.1709 ru Cord o.Ke] fossa] 733177 5 Q0158—0.0390] foos7| —f6azar7| ig 00036-00833] food] [ 77.189 i Eooozt—oosec] fooxsr| [93.326] 3 0400251] [o0a55) [100.979 9 0900700205} fooans| 919594 po ‘D0013 oar} fouzi7] — F93.3876 Pattern calculation P sow) = itm dx" m= w= 1-0.99.1 230e8.3-8 = mM 12h 2m From (8-35) 4 Zane Xe. woodward-Lawson aaa array @) Using (8-20) for P add 2amew In lm w~ Ze Ww A x Sav) = z bm e? = ; anJ.ei n) m=-N AE-Moms-N Using 2_smd fram (8-19) , the sum on m is > qo 2r im Gw-wn) § _ pian oeans $4 =e N el joel HY me d 2am (w= Wa) 5, Po Zn (wwe) ei? / renee agP= 2+) = conve? , “ify, 7 jCNr£-2) sind fy eive oma oe e sne wn PL M3 = 20k since —n+e pales bs We BLY, _ sing Se A sin[P roan Siw) = an z which is €8-32), Pao P sin}t2m (w-wa) $] (0) From ( =22) for P even Siw) = z fe ein emngw -m Sobstitutiing ¢ -35) “Dap Bs aym(am-i) ew ~ jer any, 80n= $Y fe ov > an€ x Wn o ne-M da eo aam-E "] Interchang ing Sums and asin eee vey Y= 2rtw-wn) sy M N 2m-l Zn-l L es ogoa8- 10° 04518 [0.04518] | Ta 0.04906 [0.04906] | — a0 0.05257 fo.05250| 0 0106353 fo.06353| a 0.07321 lo.07321 is 0.10765 o.10765| ra 0.14831 fo.14837 5 [ot66as foasoas| 0 a6 o.s6e645| 7 0.14831 (014831 w 3828.10 0.10765| 10763] FR 0.07321 [oo7321| |} 0.06353 [o.08353 - (0.05257 fo.0s257] | 3.30691-10 0.04906 (0.04906) o 0.08518 [ooasis ee O.044a3 (o.os423 |__180 (b) [7.98948.10"'® Pattern calculations Al cos{ cost} 200) 2 __t element pattern sing) 1p ] #2 (o09(0)- w(a)) 2d] i = Yay i arrrey factor o> Pa Mood wen 2nd 234 win) a, [034186] 1.0957 ] (0.25641 1.050 0.17094) T0219 [0.08547 | 1.00539) 0 T CORSA7 [100539 0.17096 | 10219 [0.25641 [7.05064 (034188 f 1.09378.3-11 Ccon't) 050.0001, 82-6 180 FO aa complete patterr Fa(0) = if(0>70-deg, 1,0)-iR8<70-deg,0,1)-ifl0> 110-deg,0,1) Deere Ko F400) 8.3-12 P=18,d=2.65A, half-wave dipoles Collinear), W-L, cse pattern o _tan@ ° t cos 80° —“3 = OS OS FO $,0@)< Fle) cos (Fes) gate) sine ° o ro %0°SES90 c05(Feos®) 4 (a) ° elsewhere Inputs Prob 8.3-12 cosecant beam, 18 element array Peis Number of elements a=068 L=Pd Spacing d and array length Lin wavelengths aieft:=-b 9 z(mn) =zlef + d-(m~ 1) 272 sample locations: ‘w(a) '=008547.n sample values: 10084 ay °= 10219 ay -=O.711S ay: 0.55551 a, 0.46916 a, = 0.41965 040677 a4, =0.46614 a,, 0.67057 235° 4, =10 a, =0.39421 4, '=0.388858.3-12 (p.2) Only 18 pattern samples were used, corresponding to the number of elements. Better patterns results are obtained than when using the full 22 samples that fill the visible region. Evaluate currents: ; 2 “fl J 2eammn itm =|) aye | \n=0 j ms12018 180 a mim) figm| BBCODE It] f5525] foosaar corresy [pussig) [io.ozre6 2] 4875] fo.oa7s6— 0.01025) (0.0294 | [2039127] B} [4235] foososs- oor fo.03538 [3021065 Kk] (3573) foorasa ose Oras. [1575035 5} 2995) fora ooo (005135| [S70as72 5] 2.375] © fo.o0s2ay oa 28 joosier IT] i635) |o.0s023-, oopsmr (0.11272 [$8.30207 5] F097) oosizs cron [ox199] Foaa9e ] Fo325) fossa o173334 (0.31367| [33 54555 io} [0325] fozeraa— 0.17333 fost367) F33.51355 ny fos7s| — fooai23—o.108a [0.11199] aa 35e0 13} [1.695] fo0s923 — 0.095 foxr1272| [3s-30207 5} [2.375] fooosza—osraay looniet) F'92-7555a] 1a] [2.925] fo0x793 — 0.08300 [0.05195] 57 01573 15] [3.575] foorz32—o.onsani ©.0738 | F15.73055} to) [5325] foososs—oor7a: (0.03538] '30-21065 17} [4875] fo02756-+ 0.010057 0.9294 | [2039127 , is] [5525] |oo3447—o.oris9y [0.03646] |-79.02796| (b) i Pattern calculations element pattern : 9 sin ¥-(c05(0) - w(n))-2-8d we Fo Oe ae n=0 — Pesinl!.¢cos(0)— w(n))-2-ndl 2 ! 9:=0.0001, 2.9 180 F(0) = [am0) 1109] complete pattern £36 win) 0 (O08507 0054 0.17095 219) [o256q1 lo7115 (0.34 138} fossssn n fo o 2 iB o 5 (042735 loacnrs| 51282] [081965] [0.59829] [oa04zn (0.68376 [o38RR5| lo-76923, (ca0677| ‘08547 [c46614] fos40r7 (c.67037|8.3-1Zccon't) 0s de FQ) if >80-dep, 1. Desired complete pattern Problem 84-1 SLL=-200B a=05 ‘element spacing in wavelengths Pes number of elements Currents: ip = 10 i, i, = 193 1 A @) ‘Compute patter wit isotropic elements: fos YI id eee m= © 40) 10) -20 nt) 2 | Plot fw) w=-1,-099..1 -1 40") -1 7 “as o as 184-1 Ccon't) w= 0.62,0.63..0.68, ce) w Bw) w =02,021..025 = ae =cas’l i] Faoon w wupqry Pade = COS "(205) foo] — 19963 = 7617 [0.64] 19.99 =| eS oa} rool) -20d 8 fa] His] yre2@o-re7) pa) [moa Zods fo2a [0.23] 3.838) = 23.66° 0.67 20.531 bat = Fan joss] 20.809 PA) AO] Agrees with Ex. 8-5 P= 5) d=0.5A, Doleh-Chebyshev, -30d8 SLL (4) Folfowing Example 8-5 R= 107 20 Xo. 3162 Xo= cosh[ sty cosh'R |= cosh[ gz cosh" 3262]= 15872 Normalized current 6 = 3 XS = 3.1736 40000 which agrees b, = ti, 2x2 = 16557 2.4123 with Fig.323e bo FR ey 420,41 = 9.1641 3.1397 (6) From 63-43) D= (2 An y __ (4.9641 + 2(7.6557) +2(3.1736)] ae C1. UAY +2076 SST) 4 2 (3.1736) is 2257 8.4-3 P=6 ,d=062, Dolph-Chebyshev, -2548 SLL @) From (8-43) with N=3 $v) = 2[tjcos $czc0s £4 cose ¥] OM os 3¢ 2 A cost P35 cost cos S$ = 16 cos*$ -20cos*£ + cos ¥ * bye 25 4,008 2 +63 (te053$_3 cos?) +03 (160s P-20c0s'L + Stos 2)F =2$ tz, ~3 24523) cos ¥ +(4L,-20¢3) cos Pau “3 cost? £388.4-3ccon't) From (6-#/) and (8-¥0) Te OD = Rx Gl) —Ty 0) = 2x (8x* Ox) “(4x 3x) = 16 x7 -Z0X3 45x Using X=Xocos £ of (G-#4) gives Tee?) = lo xe cos * #20 x3 cos ®¥ +5xocos ¥ Eguating coefficients Bae (oxse 25h x5 24 bz-20i3)2 -20 x8 D b= Z(-10¥+20¢3) = x S-xd) 2( 4,73 ty 4S ts) = SXq D Ly = FhotBly-Sez = FX, EKO) -25), Now gb 8 5 ayo 2782 From (8-48) Xo= cosh[ stycoshR] = cosh ft cosh 12.782] = 1266 Si s ° ge brs = 20.266) 1.62607] 21> -BXS 5b s = L266) 45 62607) = 3.05761 115 F xo + Bin S53 = 5,266 )+3(3.05 6) Sle) = LOIS) 2 372 - or . ) 40518804 2.58753: 2.5875 3!1.980¥: | Compute patter wit isotropic elements: aoe Says oee ml fo =f(0) fi seal HI 5 5] [iss ‘aa {80() =20 og! Hl) Plot) w =.1,-0.99.1B44 P28 SLL=-20d6 (R=/0) 49, from coho In(@+V@2a )]= cosh ln volt )]=10928 From (8-€9a) a vos tbe Ne 26 | = Q 86 dope = ML ~ SEF =A - ‘]= 28674) The currents are given inf8). Currents: ip=T Gy 1386 iyi NSODL ig S172 igi=.7244 jg = 15091 = 1.1386 ig <1 Polar plots d'=0,8679 =element spacing in wavelergths P - n= Se tent P=8 ——=number of elements n=l : ; oto |'2|) f= fp(90) Spb) =20%04 I} \F po |) fo = 10744 ‘paB(0) = if{fpdBun(9)< 40,0, fpdBunt) + 40) Gaines 400) ‘Complete pattern including the element pattern 0s{ 5 cox t-deg) | Half-wave dipoles collinear to the line of the element Bq(9) = centers sing deg) {/bO@-2.0|) FaBun(6) ‘= 20-log| | —°#*) } tp} FaB(0) :=if FaBun(0) <. 40,0, FaBun(0) +. 40) 2408.4-5- The zeros of the sdeal Taylor Ine scarce are Xn= FV A*+(n-Z)* (8-75) using these to generate the pattern polynonal fin Troe. Xa )X4X9) = Troe) = Ji Le LAM (n-d)? |] which rs (8-76) The maximum occurs for X=0, sothe normalized Ce is Se = fan fibe aeca-ay'] Thong) [1+ OS — (nm; ody $un (x20) andy) eo WE Ain 2] Lol ag fip- wae =n Loe which is half of ¢ -7) a ,) Ll Ap] Now cos my has zero heations Jaz es) ese Ss. ayes ° cos ” =K iy way] = Fi ll normalized Let y& xta* ee ZAr aaa P= mo ~ ie | At xX=0 O65 (IV-A¥ = cos (jn) =cosh 1A = TT Li +73 Ape] Dividing these two egaat ions x24 : cos[mVxt A", it euro .] which 7s coslnvee) l neh ne)" t the other coshirA FL ee eal) 1 half of Ls op D (8-77) 6.4-6 The zeros of the Taylor line source are toVAteln-E* lgnne0 mma Sin Asnsoe (6-80) The zeros of eame are EN=4L42, 580 2 i =K Text m= fr g- normalized R418.4-6 Ceon't) The Taylor line source pattern Is x? ye TT C/= pe. wl! n= ri) az! tr f;- —2_—— i ROE n=} ip-X jito-% Xa OVA Ee it0-8) is xt = ‘siom Hp 5 | which 1s WX “= =$tx,A,a) (8-82) _x BIN erect 84-7 Sal ACL wl gw= 2 4( 25) Sal27Ble Fe 2)] Led oe ge F5 tw 5 Je > Wn =pm org op or Bs ees and & is the highest ‘sgatval "Sreguency en Sew)= Pie m)SafmE(w-2m)] which 1s (8-85), piesa B4-8 on Fomeess) paz omh[m/A- Grin) | So 7 cos es = TYA%(Fmyp)® or A™ (Eye) = dakosh 5] z TA a + feos hb ‘5 ] WY R te . Z [Ceosh@)—-Ceosh" By] Seas Ler-1)! (#-14n)! Fon, A, A= (8-42) where = oA e(m-3)*) lem A= #cosh’R rs 7 Vanirbe8.4-V cow 't) Now sye-zed8 ReIn7¢29 a fcosh"R= L365 at e ED ie =)16054 Fee o7#= PO. es LS AMEUA-4)* (113655)? + (S-g)* Se a2 (As (m-4)*) And nn Trek Samana) a L 1.0 40 1 0.8 O-27664 O.22/477 2 0.4 0.013425 ~0.005 370 3 0.114286 = -0.057938 —0.00662] 4 0.014296 0. 34414S- 0.00449/17 8, 4-10. TLS, hae 8-% L=l0a, mee r=407728 RgedZ Seon We Cash)" 2 Slosh 79828)" (cos a =0.0978 (e-96) aye HPS = 2 sin $ AS Ceosh'R)—Coosh IE *] § =2smn-/S2 HP = DQsjp7I5 0.0908 ale HR 3 = 2sin 7 204 ‘$= 6.606°V 18-102) HR 0 Hy = 107728 (0.0978) = 0.10536 @-/03) HP 22 sin 15 AT Ve cosh!2)* (cosh 1S}? = 2sivI§tuR,F = Doin 1 105563 | 6.0394? “8-1 103) ute)B4¢-I1 Problem 84-11 SLL =-25 dB by sampling Taylor the source of Example 8-7 4-05 =element spacing in wavelengths P =20 Imber of elements Currents: i, =00872i, =0.0598 i, °=006676 i, =0.07891 i, 0.09429 i, :=0.10935 i, =0.12175 ig ~0.13127 fg =0.13833 i,,°=0.14234 i, =0.14234 i,, '=0.13833 ij, =0.13127 1.012175 i, 0.10935 jg = 0.09429 i, = 0.07891 ig =0.06676 i, =0.059R i,, 0.0572 @) -ompute pattern with isotropic elements: P fw) ied 2emew = * fo = 10) faB(w) \ Plot f(w) ° a a4 fi} | _| 144%) 29} j{ | e lanes al 3 + f y _ NEW (b) “a 03 o 0s 1 Ww =0.052,0,053..0.05¢ " ec) Ww =0.16,0.162..0.166 (o0sa] Fa9sq 6 ro loosa) [3.075 inc) Gone poy as fora} Fasti7} SLL rica] fasizy] )= 251268 ons fo.166) [35197 mS seu -25.3d8 —25,) dB HPy 0.10 0.106 45:9 (8-103) 0.106 aetuak The patterns are very similar except tat the far-out SL of thearray do not falloff ragdly, 24484-12 Inputs: Problem 8.4-12 SLL i=.30 = side lobe level in dB L = length of line source in wavelengths nbar'=7 = number of uniform side lobes (ay Compute zeros and pattern samples R=31.6228 cosh.) aE ofA? + (nar 0.5)? As132 20,1. aban 1 wes(n) i= i a xa) a(n) wan) o fas] fo a fi] reso] fooeee) | as ice] oorss| — foas B| fest] © ooorss| [oars fi} |aoara) Foose] [as [5] fsx] oon] fans [6] 5964] Foooms) Fors Cb) Compute pattern: ae safe ster 104) _ el ays aap watea) + 220 B10) yet f4B() :=20-togl Vt Plot fw) 099.1 note that x(0) is not used Gn) = a(n) ws(-n) = ws(n) bar ~ 1 DE ace Sac(ws wsny)-L-9) T 86) 29} 2 3 wht! oT Due “05 © °.8.4-IZccon't) C€) Evaluate the current distribution f nbar—1 byte > is) 84-12 a a Taylor line source , -25d8 SLL a cE 1 -R= = f 0.8054 A= teosh" R= 1/3655 (8-00) 2 7.063 5 5 : 1.0424 C= Read? (8-61) HRACHEas 3 092 = A 7. Initially the HP increases as A increases é o Oe because“ the high SL's of the sin mx/mx pattern are reduced /eading toa wider main beam, for larger Values of A) the HP decreases For increasing n because ‘the side lobes are raised above what they would be for the sin wx/Irx paitern, 84-14 Inputs: Pist0 SLL:=-20 dB Prob. 8.414 R=10 ” R=10 tr vost inl +R? 1) | 1= 1.056 Determination of optimum element spacings Broadside: (2) uy ener dbroed =0896 disdbroac =“ L=Pd —d=0.89604L=8.96 wavelengths The cuccentsfor the TLS ae ace found by sampling the currents using + code in Prob B.4AZ. Thecurcents for thd Dolph -—Chebyshev arcay are found in Hee 2468.4-14 (con't) Tabulating: Pos itr D-C cuccents sieron sampled ThScurcenes 14.0000 tO.4¢8) 40000 OFZ 1+1,34# 0.4224 0.7780 +224 Xr 0. 7808 0. S9#4 43,136 0.6023 0. 64/6 £4,032 % 0.7438 ts (a) Lsotrogic elemen Uae TLS sameled Minoc differences with isotropre elements Minimal dffecences with digole elements 2478.415 d=0.5> t” Half-wave dipoles wd es in end ON ae The pattern ia the y2-plane is not affected by the element pattern since tuo elemen t pattern js omardicectional, Thas, the sim pe arrears theory approach can use (sottopic elements, MININEC was used for tne moment method (Mom) solutron with excrta tion voltages propoczyona | +o the currents in x.8-5. “The elements have a ”~h—rrh—es—eesese segments per wire, Curcentsfor Cuccents found from Element Simple array theory, MoM when ex, voltaes Na Bx. 8-5 are egual te Ex5-5 foes gets center i /, 36 ¢ ) 0.833 0.906 15 0.5/8 0.509 Simple Theory Mom The peak SLL is -20d8 for the sime@learca : ae pattern and -19¢d6 foc tha Mom fa “ Q\S0) the Mom solution yields an ales ays A for a confer elemen tl43) of SE oe whereas an iSolated diyole by Mam (s 73ty uit. Zt8CHAPTER 4 9.1-| From (9-9) S _ [Be-Bal” | Clea ej YallZs-Pa) 4} pho ee = (Zot Re) 4X5 —[2o- CaXE] ae Cota) MF * Gereayange 8 WZ —% Pacident Nin ye 7 Pncsdent From (/-1-) 4. Pye Zap Lew = 3 Pincident u ° Ucar = zi G08) g Pincident In a given divection (®$) utvswe) _ — glvswe) 15 te radiation intensity ral UWsSweR=i) gcvswe=') ative to that when ger- ectly matched Wswe=l), =glvswk) since gCvswe=a1) = | 2 Se) ual | anti | Relative change in dB Then ulvswe yew Bee =6 10 log 2 / / od8 /Ol 0.999975 2 -0.000/1 Le O.99IV 3S —0. 03604 2.0 0. 28988 -0.SUSF 10.0 0. 33056 — 49092 ary9.1-3 Foca 268 axial ratio, /ARI=107% 1259 Since the sense is cignt hand 52) 9 an ao AR= 41259 From C/-187) ex cost! (-Ae)= cot ICL 254) = 38.46" Fram Ci-t9i) and 192) satcos ae 2e cos 27) =} cos feos CeC-s8. 46 costte9] (tone tf toalet-39,69]]_ “se d= 4 (Bi) tan soli 8 ree ieee Now, oh) cau be used to shtain the complex ane vectors Ea Co8¥X+5Sia veity =coslesY 45.0 cesar PS 5 26922, =0,707 (Reet EY) wave oo (a) Horieontal Imear autenna het in C9-1#) grves! p= [Seh" Pele. 707 (er si BG). R \elo707l =o. Cb) Vertical linear R29 pxlaroreejeMy) $f 2.5 C2) Rrght haud cicuular heo. 7002-19) Few (9-18) = loro1aejet5 %)-0707¢x xi $2" “ap.25 ln jer | = 0.25 fees 7642" )* 7005*7h.92°]= 0.987 ‘ Left hand crrcular a lh = 0.7074 +j9) p= |0707(6+8*"3 )o.n07¢8 5 $)) = 025] (1-5 62) co TEA Jeao1297 = 2509.I-3 ccon'é) ce) Reght hand elliptical w/th AR(d8)=2 and te ¥s? fh =0.707(k ted7"?Y) same as wave P =|0707 06 + VIZ Jog, 20724 IM IEY) |* =HO025CIH)* = 4 (4) Left hand elliptical with ARC 6=2and PHIP? In a mannec similar to thatused for ne wave + AR=-L259 Gnd €= +33, 46° - ° ways? S= tan [tent642"] 105,06" 103.084 ) then ms = 0.701 (8 $j pak p=l0701kRreI*?S 3° 5 0,70%K e228 3) = (gor — and antenna = ars || pesle|* a eee qi-4 The cadiation electric Fie Id satensi'ty ee for a single loop in are I's Pages Fe neg cas3) Tf there are 4/ turns of area S wound on a core of celative oteitee gecmeab'lity ett, S is replaced b ie MS giving igus a P= Se (- bE a) Colops MS) 874 8 ¢ comparing to oe A h= ~*~ Gq Mert NS sue @ But Poa pn em eee 6 So fone uert oh 25143-1 Radar, g20.g5* F=106H2 (A= 0,03m) T=/000m , B= /000W, &, (49)=6,08)=70, 626-10 From (9-34) . . EO PIP NGG OC = 02 60.03)* Hook 0.37 (¥n)3 4 Cir] * Crooo) + = 3. q4-| ESK/0 WW ©) gxFe-jynte-Me xE= qua Ay-M, c=) oxi, = jweE, +Te (2) vxiejweA +t, (4) Take Fie of () and Ear of 4) and subtract Hy: vxE,-E,- ox A, =-jya A, Ay-Ay M-jwe EE, -E,- 5, . = v-CE,xH,) trem (C-I9) (5) Take E,- of (@)and Fy» of (3) and subtracé E,- vx, - Ha vx E, wel EB Tajwul A+R, -v-(ELxHa) from (€-14) >) Add (5) and (6) Bone v-CEgxAe~ Epxta) = Epa tHe My- Hy Mam Est, (7) (%) Integrating (7) over a volume enclosing both sources SSS v-(E.xH,-E,xA,)-d3 = GCBsx A-E,xi)-d5 by (C-23) s = HWS +H A -Ay AE. Ty ldv Srome7) (8) Letting the surface s bounding volume v extend to infinity, the Fields at s aré in the far field of the sources, which are near the origin of a spherca/ coordinate system. The spheriéalcplane) wave re/ations aré $rom (/-Iz9) Fon = 7 Hoa Ega=-7 Hea a) Foy =77 Heo Eyo=-% Hob So Bax Ay-E,xHa= (Boa8 +6,9)x(Hpd+Hpe dd — (E_v8+ Ege $)*(Hoad +Hyad) = [Bo Hpu- Ege Hob Eos Mpa + Ebu Hoa] =77 [Mpa ps t Hea Hob Hos Hpa Her Hoa} from (2) =O over surface s até sn fharly 252 (@)W4-1 Ccon'é) Using qo) in (a) WLE.s, x Hy: Paley = {Sf {CHa RL E- Ty) dv But the LHS(RHS) only fire a volume in a volume Val) Wee the sources a(b), 50 STE, 3. ~ Hy Me) av = (JCA Aye T] dv W which is (9-36). ao . 4.t-2 Tp Tdea/ ee a Be, Choose source b to be L- o— Zz, Zz, -—9<- Ty Va Zs Vv, pS are Va=Z,Ia + 23(TatIh) =(2,423)T, + 23 Ty VW= 2,0, + Z3(Latl,) = #1a +(At2s) I, Comparing to (4-41) Zoa= 2,123 Zap = 2m = 23 Zoa=2m=23 Zyy= 22423 8° 2, = Zag 2s = yg 2m 4 = Ay-2Z3 = Ap-Z, Z3= Zn Utes Zea = Zu4 and =Z,=2, qt—b Ta I, (a) Zz) 0c ' . we fa]e3s 1T.= T3 -I, Ty= 13-1, V;=-I,2, = I, Z34.4-6 Cp-2) ° e- B_ ety2, 4. A 2 which gives Ip2.+2,2, =-Ia23 or =-I,—23 I, 3 +Zaa- 2m) -Zyy +Zm—Zaa + Em =n Feb 2, which 1s the answer in 0b) o.4-7 In =< | From (9-416) % eV, Ve =2baTatZyn Ty = ZmTat Zoo Ly Eguating this te Vy=-TyR, from the network above, FS ~ Rexeeb 7, Using Vaz faa Tat Bn Ty of (9-4/a) feeds to fre Va-Zeala _ = — Zea 7, ova 2m BCL ar, Bn Zana Solving this for cor £569,.4-7 ccon't) r= Malem 2n y ’- TS =a [- Zz Zaa(&.+2vu) 2 -Za(RitByy) ¥* Zn In the fac field 2n<4 Zyg and Zp) SO T,<- 2s Zaa (Rit Zoo) The power delivered to the load using (9-¥), is I m= zZIt1 "R= te ee ie ue Be lZul =[Znlae|* x power gattern ae will be limited at |26Hz because of greater Free space Joss and higher sensitivity, The received power at (2 GHe must P= -9S5d0m +4556 =— SOdBm SF hDrFrFr—“—s”—C—tCsC i‘ “tee adjusting G, to satisty fro equation gives vecrfication: PC=10Transnitpowerin dBm — i= Link distance in meters r= GHz a 3B 1.=0.025 Wavelength in meters Gi=9 Gr? Antenne gains in dB Free space loss Lf:=20-log(d) + 200g) +3244 dB Lt=70.92559 Received power Pro=Pts Gt Ge Lf dBm Pr =-49.92559 ~ 2574,.5-| ccon't) Evaluating the ceceived power at the low end ofthe band to ensure margin above the sens: tivity: PE=10 Transmit powerin dBm — d =7 Link distance in meters f=1 GHz a=93 203 Wavelength in meters a9 Gr =2 Antenna gains in dB Free space loss: [f= 20-log(d) + 20-Jogf) +3248 16 949.34196 Received power: BrsPleGty Gr LE dBm ress — 45 dB =-73,3d8m >—HOd 8m 9.6 =| oyna range (a) From (2-94) constan£ i oo mt fe Fab = Gat Guth -20logR -20/og 4-32.42 a b Fac = Ga + G+ B20 logR-20/og4-327F A ¢ Pobc = Gy, tG, +% ZOlgR-20 log t-32¢% b © Known parameters that ace held emstane during fhe measurements: B,R,F Measured guan ty tres: Frabs Pacs be Unknowns: Cy, Gy, & the 3 eguatrons sn Junk~nowns can be solved for 2 unknowns. Co) For the case of C= G,=G the first of the sed ot egns ra (a) reduces to P= Z2G_+R, -20 log R-20 log t -32. 4 Solving for Gr, G= AP (dB m)-BGL8m) +20 /ogl Reem) 420 log {time +32, 44] 484.841 CE“,,.)¢= ase Le (res) Taking ology of both sides, 20 log Evms = 2O fog Va,rms~ € CB) 10 log KR. —10 log p -10 109-26 Log +/0 10g #7) The last two terms are -20 log +10 log (1200. ¢7) B00 Fema) = 20 log [F(mHe-20 /og(300) + /0 log #800) = 20 10g [hime )-12.8 This in te above gives Bigg (dBuV Im) = Vg CaBuV)4 20 log (4M 21] F046) -/0 log RL. -/0 log p 10/09 g “12.8 (9-67) 9.8-2 LP receiving antenna, R= 3002 ,R-= 3002, FHL b$ TL! 2=3002 Receiver input: 200uV (peak) (a) Ra = Ket Rowmre oF 300 = 300+ R Gymic = Rokmic =O Then — Re _ 300 _ And get since the antenna and LL are matched Cb) From (921) p=AS for a CP transmitting an feana, Modif ying (4-68) for peak values and including polacization loss asin (2-98) gives 25494.8-Z ceon't) Epeak (&GuV/m) = 20 log LF(MH®) ]- GCA8) 4 Vin, peak @BaV) —/0 log p -376 ow = 20 Jog (100)—10 log (0#)+20 leg (200) -|0 log (0.5326 Field = 4928 dBuvim = veltae = 294) V/ra 9.83 Substituting (4-68) in£o (9-69), re Efus — 1 Vgdr' _ 1 688 4 Vaems [pee aC » [Pg RG A) using ne c/Lfemue) xj08] and taking 249, K= 20 logltcmte) ]- G48) -10 109 Ry -10/09 p -/0 199 so +20 log 10* 28] K(d6/m) = 20 log C£erts))]-GCda) -/D 109 & -10 109 P Sbleg g -128 whieh i's (¥-70b) Ce) er acompletely matched System Cp=L 9 with a SOR load: epi es gay ere AVE f=30MHa G=3dB RESO pot =I Using these values in (9-705), K= 20 log] fcmHel] -GCa8) -/0/09 K. 10/9 p -10 log % -12-8 = 20 log (30)-3-/0 /ug 80 -O-O-12. 8 = -3,25 dB/m = 0,686 m7 yl £60CA ae 1 10.3-2 Consider the wire in Fig. 10-3a to be a cylindrical dipole antenna excited by a magnetic frill source (Sec. 10.5). This is equivalent to a dipole being excited by an ideal voltage source (see Fig. A below). As a result of this source, excitation currents are induced in the conducting material of which the dipole is made (i.e., we are not dealing with currents in free space as in the earlier chapters of this text). Let this current Jd, be known. our problem is to determine the field radiated by this current. Note that we cannot use the radiation theory used earlier in the text because those currents radiated in free space. In the present case, the currents radiate in the presence of, or rather as part of, the conducting structure. Free space does not exist everywhere. Let us now apply the equivalence principle. We choose a surface S to coincide with the surface of the antenna. ‘he magnetic frill source M is considered to be part of the antenna and within S. We set the field and hence the sources within S to be zero as in Fig. B herein, External to S we specify the radiated field (E, H) that we seek to determine. According to the equivalence principle the currents that generate these fields are Note that the equivalent current is precisely the same as the current induced by the frill source in Fig. A. Furthermore, since the field is zero within s, we can specify there any medium we wish. It is advantageous to specify free space within S, so that free space is everywhere and the radiation theory based on the vector potentials A and F can be applied. ‘This leads to the simple problem of the equivalent current being equal to the dipole current, radiating into infinite free space. [Credit: This problem contributed by Prof. Pasala, U. of Dayton.} DAIJo.3-1 (cont) (ee de a AxH, H 7 ra berg the S -DM=-6VS(p-92) Frelel at the oe surface of the | dibele.10,3-2 eter el PVG2T +a* ¥ (2,2) = ~ 4p Wa-2) 4a a¢lez) hla: ay ra (ipVG@-e)*4a* “wWe- 2) a2 oe ¢ ve _ 2) rar] . ‘ eJRR aan = - Se [eae R’ + jp Rot R-3(2-2) ‘Cipned] Jp = Ses *na’p ae (28-34)(14J9R) | eniek » J = 4 BY la, 29 TERE BR a THe) 5 + pele = selmi 3a°) ray *] “fe wees 4T Jts6s fra) = Olen spare sa‘) ps a}e oe L083 | E;= jue “Jn 2!) * oe 24G2) fa! +f i ze) vlaedd2 fy eune jhe = wit ¥% 2) = “TeR R = \a*+(2-2)* 12 rego! ao fre 24Ge! tla) fg’ = - [2a % 20 20 12” Se “fre 24 +(3,2)) a sme 3, 2-22. 26310.3-3 (cont de of ) YL. pe ‘ ) 2 4l3 2) ys! = 02 ’ 37/2) fitz) ae dz= - 2/093, ee] + [2282 ae “4 ty & Goas To BERO sume I(4)=0= L(-£) fe . y iy nL. 2T(29 7] YbF , Eis [fine T(z) ~ he 25? |e da 4. __ So CONSIDER EQ. IN PROB 103-1 DIVIDED BY 10.4-) D2) WwHosé UMTS ARE THEW L ww?) _ sé&e-me _ SE ieee | me] Faano-mS Arab From HrRavs ¢ CARVER AfrEX RIX A, dimEeniien oF Farne = I*r* PI LY 1 SE Be a ° Fantom Oar e, = Ee = My LE (Vm) 16 IN veer /m WITH LBnn? IN O17, THEN (Zy) 15 N PmpS, b) Np Atl andl are omablfliid Ay 42 (rmbrn), Aker. Ake vine a (Ve), (Z.), one [Znn), wre perfusctiorg Wl, anf, mel ohm,10.¢-2 seetzI° [re 3) — ayay-@q)=2 =e PH 2) 2 45 —y CI tj2, “re 2°V=2 hh Fl [eile aa) HAlf1-U0 Cb) Using Mathend: ze('F) vel?) paziy which vu Wei agrees 1=(?) exactly WW wi ta) oes 3 oe" | : 5, Tei dx = = =|, = Safa i[1-co) on? Cb) Selvi ing oe MathcAD: JX yr i which Wta| dae agrees _ with Int =3) a 26510.5-2 _/ _ = Fate 32) When pas, we have R= [(a-2)49 TO og fp loz) =- € i LID S53 wer [ owt eo e's =O Then Nyl22)=0, EA la Ble 4) Fp Ey (6 2) = - a = where |Hosprbal's rule (i #ced bo decount for the % term La terchargias the order ot To tegratvin and Adfferenbcabscy dnd carrying out “the debaslr, we Find tim bly Med y oe Bal )= FRG) four [p | . Wine Axis10.&-1 Ceonr) WAR ~a)ee e= SG 0 et featin' wee Aas sal = sl Azz) Pre VT dw 2! 7 ) olen at dr ev" -EP = Iw .{rle) < eee ei |e alae a) “ gmt Oe Je ae! @ 4? tf -Et= Jum, 12! _ Ar) en tee Ui Wwe, dz! 1? | rR de ahah (Jo -G4), /0.9-2 — L 24s (1-12) s F Eo = —jwaA, — 23 ae &-FIELD PIVST VAMSY CW THE THE ANTENNA, 5° (a ea TANGENTIAL SURFACE OF Ef = £7 +E =0 _ . 4a +p Ag = Jue E* A Sotureon FoR TH DE tS “Aya C singa + Decospa + Apla) WHERE Ap (2) US A PARTINULAR voLuTaNy Anup C sinp2 AND D cos 2? ARE Two /vbePEMDENT WemMobENEBVL GaLuT/ws, IT CAw BE SHown THAT : “le Ap (2) = va fea sin p(2-DdE Lh So, 264L0.8-2 (Cen) : 7 Yr. Ag = © S’7p2 # D cos ga - ses (Z-15) sto pla-aely “Ye THE Dipece was 4 eee CURRENT SAG C¥mmatane 1 Ags D cospa- ig [ety sth p(@-YAT SUPPLE JWITEAD oF AW jeer S7ELb E* (3) WE WAVE A DELTA Gap voLraoe Vp S(5), THEW : Ye LE | Yong (2-05 = - Le G19 aiple Dds -y nh = IV sip /2/ al 4 Ag= D cospa-Sr sinp/a/ 2% He cos gz + Co s/np/2!) 2 =-4p ex aee VE A260 a THAT = -JAR Az = = (re — da’ 4 R = Vl2-2') *ra* at fi Lia) oa = ae = -2( coige + or o/ap/a}) A a 10.83 OO 4) — aerlh b) Bam - [ipa EWA = Ej (ho) , Wall )= fll) 270LO, 8-3 Coonrr) VIING ital eae IN PReB /03-2 Zon = Feme fessor) 2 a <* "nipata’ “se )eptagle! Lh rrr NOTE! INTEGRATION WS From “Ar we ae Jaap ee ee a Cedi =[S] pega 9 42720924. (to-7) For the first pow of cabmadriier we have fel, [9], Le], ->> (ediy j mp(o-74, fs], =[5], way =f]. Es],, =f] g:2d0 =[s],, {s],, = 15], sind os ay iar Us ]i=leTywupe, =L, [5]os = LT poly Leh, LEG . Es], paul *PTyy 7s pererel [sT,, =fs],, [s in = [Shy irate, =[r], G-) [s];; Li pian = [5], tod (10-70) foblowae 27204-3 2. =$ Rl Sf exa dz] Ss =¢ Rel [LEM gH] pi ie dedd #8 S[[e/*+/4!"] Ko sine dap G = 47m 7 V69 = 4 REA) = BYES +/G/7] By = Tl Ry (6 = 4e LER AE] ‘ ae £/Z/* hy Gg = [leet (Gf dn* yo /Z4/*hy [6.9-4 Y es ae Pope Rais I XD AP 272/0./6-] (2(z)=() Ig (V=]o 0 Yo 6 (£)=Ly](v) YY Yau Yaw eo LOX @@6@ ZXX\ Pett De and) peo 273eee 7 Y, d, Ml of Ye Vig ~ oe SN ae y, = +] — —t os Yo ~ J 2, Cx dd, Ma =-] ys cof Bel, \ ae Ve=0 and fr a Se A 2=jJBtape. For Yin _ a | O74 % Cte. 64% ° Ati V(z)=2)V\ am pa | V(A) = 2iV 400 ed, Li) = EV ge | Tl) =*M 2, Zo) _ / Wal ee eee 1010-3 The extension to 2 or more LPDA's clorely follows ys. Her~ 4657 fence, the following Sgudtions in the tort appey : Lael, = = (o-e8) [xd =[6my of ZI] been) except chad row there ave at Least 2 pon- zero 27412.10-3 (cont) Values sn fas]. Ae. [z]} becomes [Zep] [z] = [anf Cv] ae) (10-90) Lh= > % VY Wa = 2, POXMAP ea) (ve 2 a=) or where gee ene ot iMentceal LPDAS, XP , (above resonance) (see Fig 0-38) b) At resonance’ Z,=Z° >> Ry=h, c) Ra in the mornent meth d, we are dos co with 2 expansion funcbions (or modes or Plus di) poles) tates aba time. That eh, aed the ethers are apen efrewked, In thvs sease, the caleuladion’ oF Lun] Us relates to ethed Bin part@) above, 27710, 12-2 DERIVATION OF ANTENNA MODE SCATTERING FORMULA = absorption aperture of an antenna A Ay scattering cross section of an antenna S, = plane wave power density P, = A,S; = absorbed power P, = AS, = scattered power If Z, = Z, , then Py, = power taken by Z, when Z, = Z, and power scattered when Z, = Z, If the antenna is not terminated in a matched load a portion of the power is reradiated. Call this power P,., the sub re designating reradiated. The absorption aperture of the antenna is a a, = 6(8,6) When P, =0, 27810.1.2-2 (Cow) - a2 P.,= (8,0) Ks, When P,, # 0 rc 4n where T’ is the field or voltage reflection coefficient, and thus a P21? (0,6) # 5, The power density of the reradiated wave in the direction of the radar is = PreG(0,o) _ TEGO A) s 4nR? ( 4mR Since lei See ° 3, 2 = jae 4nR we have 2 we Save = T° G7(8,0) We may refer to this last equation as the antenna mode component of antenna scattering. It neglects the structural scattering contribution. eg741/0. (2-2 (cowr) The antenna mode scattering formula may also be obtained by starting with the second term in EY@) = B*(22) - Hz,) where an yt ever E‘hg iBr Ejyr = ee eee 2R, (8 = r Aharoni shows that the maximun effective aperture for reradiation is 28010.12~2 (cont) ¥B)e [=] | 4n}) 4x r 2 # yur = I? G0.) ae £8a) C= 1) Che \" » T! 2+e Cc. f | sma |" = 0.2465 A DT | Jue? : T = 0246 me (Aim) whe confer ant F3. /0-3?. ) Lx Z| B)lasey — |* Wwf 7) Boor joo #72 ork. pe eee ee eee RB22, Rh Zn > 4 ik Fz, RA. Zu B -Z, = , 7 = oO a ZnB 2RrE qi a a j = 2 be 7 = = 1—(fter . = ee fn (rer) = EF ea My = 2X lee oe Gla = aa A (4x) (x+2)* —/s) 6 x=2 => R= 2 A= ae vA 0B OX Note that 50% cf the power is absorbed when the resistance of the thin sheet is one half that of free space, or 188.5 ohms. It follows that 25% is reflected and 25% is transmitted when R=188.5 28310.12-4 (con) b) We note that the half-wave dipole with a 72 ohms load absorbs half of the incident power at first resonance, and scatters in all directions the other half. Figure 10-35 indicates this. Also a circuit analysis of the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the half- wave dipole shows the same thing. Thus, the dipole problem and the resistive sheet problem both show the maximum power absorbed to be 508. ©) We cannot infer that all antennas are unable to absorb more power than they scatter. However, this problem does suggest the difficulty in finding an antenna that can absorb more than it scatters [34]. For example, Fig. 10-36 shows that a dipole below first resonance can scatter more than it absorbs. However, it also absorbs less than it did at first resonance (i.e., anterna performance is sacrificed by operation below first resonance). 0.13 -7 & . Say 2-Bb, Ae yyen dn der i = Lop) = < i530) Sees Zinn) at 2/9 T; 7 _ 5 25; ZZ + > ism) 24; Bee a7 Jamr/ me ci 24; 2 Zk (jenn) | =~ ? 2 7 10.32 L — > ZH S=0/d , ne. Seg, = 220 a TF S=0,2A, no, rep, = 60 ty general, Ho, seq ax(# +i/4) where L= Length of one sie 28+40.43 - 3 MONO PLE SUM PLé5 7 CONFIGURATION iS To Roel CiReLLAK GRovwd PLAwE list & \ ARS <= 4 AA COUNTER Po/ SE a) For PULSE Funeryene } TRAHE 20 SEF ENTS PER ARE + A HEARST 20 OV THE froWoPue (LEE Pb. 246 AS GviDe) 7e7THL = (20 4)JEcmenrs b) FoR Pwh Funervous: THHE 3 SEGGANTS PER Army Arp 32 ON THE PrewepeLe, . THVS THE AYins bite Ary —> Mronorne VSE Br E7372 = EXPAN StI Fea crew S DeB 7% FRE Tewerraw TREATMENT. Te 7Re = WAZ HIS 413-4 (v +p) Ea = dum Tp) a = E2lxy) THE GREEW'S FUweTiow CATIEIES THE 2-D Ea, neler PD ) 5° 600) = Ap p61) 5 IPP -Vp sp “sep eonlbee) WE CAN ComcTeUeT fe Sele Tie FOR AW PRBITRARY TO - DIMEN Sow BL DISTRIBUTION OF CURREWT BY D/VID/NG THE Source Wo BLEYIENTAL FILAMENTS b1F CURRENT AND SUM MYNE THE FretDS Fito THE Eben rL d. i dAg= & Cal vy) Were ds’ ad AN BREA PERPENDICULAR FO 2, 285(013-4 (conr) SUM wo, WE pave Aa = GS GOA pIP pide! BEHAUSE THIS /§ fF 2-2 PReaLEM, fg=-jws, An, THES Ais tee {ft PIBE (plop ids’ i = é = / ES = EE a (P) AM ale) AL Ey + Eg =0 » Ef (= £8 (ale) (ale Bi) le! 1013-5 ; s He = Wore = TOTAL renbwerie Freep AT THE Sunraee A= Vx Allows UL Fo WRITE Hy (e) =Z. 7x( Bl) He, e)AC/ “an [8 FuNjirE EXTEQUAL TO C, #80 ywrenuae JO 0, Buo THE Discenreerry OF Ha ow C EQ@ALS THE CURRENT beWwsl7TyY. LF THE UN TERIOR OF CG AES ON THE LEFT SDE oF dd (Richer yard free) Jg =-)# Cy, MERUS KVALLATFIOW ZJen 7 + < LS Terr BXTERUAL FOC Wl) =- [HS (+ Brx [GCE ddl] 286fol3 6 Fram (0-130) Tele) +[é- rx [BAM IP: Pd! = Hg | c+ VSING pPeLLE FUNC TYOUS wv a Gl =F 5 PR) wnere PlPR)= “Io! rake ne) ALSELm ERE n=, av Hw. “= Pee) +[8.rx{ 3 1 Pra) ye (alee de] = ud) cm lee c PRULTIPLY/NG Bor sives RY L(P-Pa) Avo INTEGRATING OVER C AMD DIV DIME BY AC; LEAVES THE FlRIT FEI AS Z, [Zn Pla): Slp-a) dt he, = EZ aAnn) PD LEavEsl THE S&coam TEAM AS a w : =o 6 ; 2 ars Zp A) fa? (aie @)) 5-4) & ja c = divx [3 oF aM alae)! =2 rx 2 DG) HEA) Bl) = 8 ZT Hala) Ha (m,n) 18 THE mpswErie Fusee Fron sone I, iv _ a x “4 Ze PRB) eB DT Aylmn) = HE | Go # . Zt [Ple-B) + Aalmsif = WE) US eee ee aaa) 287L0,13>6 (conr) ee &, Ha (m,n) =[2-7xfy, LP VGH an) Hyg, LL! ac, FOR AC, «2d wep [p-@') >> ac, mh) = ACy 2d @ Malm) ae tal A (Ae) IF ¢ ts TwWE pyere BETLEEW 6 Awd Hh, THEN Ae (%,») =d pac, eosp A /ae) Te TRANSLATE THES RESULT Fyper7 THE Loewe CeohDINATE SYSTETE TO ONE WITH Ana/irary PALGIN, WE REPLACE P hy /P,—7) Aad Cos b by AR wee. Rai ce THEN FoR fh xh, wee ere a a Oy a 2inn 4 pac, (AR)HY (61 -eB) 288CHAPTER] Note to the instructor. At the end of the solutions to Ch. 11 problers there is a moderately lengthy FD-TD exercise that is not published in the textbook. The excercise is contributed by Eric Thiele [3]. For those instructors who wish to go beyond the Level of instriction offerred by Ch. 11 and its end of chapter problens the exercise at the end of Ch. 11 Solutions provides a moderately intensive computer oriented experience for the student. WL J=! £84ou ay a. tH, — 1 fe? fe sala te) —> 0 dH, té, ’ (-7b) Bear (Ee) OS Ee 2 Lf shy _ it 8) (vol) 4 aed Ly iss _ £ (HE 7 Ex) = & =o ~eb a ate bers a . / (34 eA) Grub) 12-1 a) A A i ' i space point x, to the space point x, +“! keeping time fixed at Consider a Taylor’s series expansion of u(x, t,) about the t,7nAt. Thus, 249011.2-1 (CONT) imi : A oF Similarly, we have about the space point x, - =, keeping time fixed at ¢,- ndc, or +0 [(Ax) 2] And similarly for the time derivative. R4111.2-1 (CONT) The expression in part (a) is accurate through second order ») The error will be on the order of (Au)? . c) The order of accuracy of the central difference equations does Nor tell us what the accuracy of a,solution is that would be obtained in using them. / (Fe ro) ifs = £(i4 -7E) (1-108) Lot T =o (bebiz care) tt Gl-te Les eae age On Lfeawrion fe ; E, (4,448) Sl) al Atoll At é Ax Cues Adbaring fer Ee (4, rad}. del nb boty RIEJt2-2 (cont) Atlitls tx) “sid E(é,raé)] = «a ran [tz f he Feta Atl ye wT fen) : _ bh, (y'-a0h) Ae Ah LHS f (i-ay [te } Olt Hye + OLlay] At (1-200) eae NT te RAS of (ry) Oral To (neh Hats DArs , OF f Pek) vEyf Filiiaee ~Fylonacn a7 44 t, ; 44[1.2-% (orine (1-32) rom (iine). 2f2 = o{te- 2s ~7&) ip dre Le a) el cst oe pat Coe 4 ale Ex lio, / [fbsee nal, At age Ax 4 L nek net | Ho co Hd” ned _ oe Xe Ta E, hoe _ . W1-2»). Vere patch i elon Ae (. / ) &3| _ Ey los + &log, 2], ae I r nee +£ a |" ” At [ H,/o be &| Se) a 2 idee 4 ir EN ir ;) net ol Ax ney ; LL sive is #." nae |, if 4 . : | AY oi 244ALU t (cowr) prtok aimiler” A (11-04) hes é| ['* Ge Bm ) afte At Gir) [" LS die ~ ZEW ie uy "264, Ld nek + At yl i ~ Hy ne ir Exon he eds Ax ned nek Hel a -H,| ANTE, At, Ay inte by ie Gee) WES Alin A aectlan. 1 bach. UaQ-4A, [ha-b 6 fbHeo ee Pee ec ae Pret. 1h2-F, 245dlc oeaall Te Lu. J M- : rd eB bl ZO, CHS of es abe Ce Jet Ard at AM RE Rrt R Ci jeg, hen At Bx [+ a RM Se, Ark A, dd, Arg ba £ H,| —> A L in 4, th, Ark At Me jek hed —_ Dp eo. _ A Jat, hed lA, fet, Ard 7 dak, hed , ~_ 4] *s ber To ink, der n oo h E,| > 5, li) hos setJL2- JL2-7 (cont 7) lS alte ae 9 ae Hult 44)-A, Hy (ty 44) = i tle x, +As)- Alt; -4)| she — At =; z — ee Ax ree enmeL Cae aa] Alera) feth abel ee hte, FEA fold ge) TEM wi Ef Ai ly RAT1/32 ean ON eas Seance = (e ~ ) = shes = Etna Buy = Nim < Ge Fuj, i~s) Brum > 8 Haar | ae 2 ancreeer rer Hote Sune 8) oper con be omdnyinniga by Bran (8 es 4 Prensa toll, fer nrovrhrghh, R48/h¢e-l ERs Hie = on 4lat- ait) alan Nore: [2& xo Ha] = Rn arheck, Ae. forfoagtes. ai. am =x broke, ES =O Re _ phe WE yO a ~~ 49 ac Wa His) = ornli-e)=9 2o _ pmo _ ee . =O 6. a 7 (Sx Eee) = Ih l= Mae = eve 7% (Sa Ene) = 07% (tt-)* AAR 30 te _ Zus aS =O al 08) Mar Nuc HE Ee) =0 74 fed /i,s-1 Aba (-#2), (u~# Fx), (u-#e8), Rw[L5-2 bere hat Ah. att prder WMur wlio Fall DO eg TE LET el, pregic Lime Hof wad, an 7 ~, Bf a he SEO (enn ee) a A r citow (Ei +Ef) Z ie cAt =Ax Ep) = - ERY +E tes El’ = 5, +(El- ER) But ey = Ee ater CATHAX. — at 6 BPs as 300— Oe Fog. L(~€. [ho ~2 hae (ies). Lho~3_ Ake . 301Lb6-4 anr~ Aaltres sn Horfon tas RSS, Deere EC a 2SOtUD = SO, [he —S Cowaidern (I1~36) [rr 424 a ae [Pr a(El; -&[}) gm the RIS, VAS ot ebnond gn Fire hind srmer ©, |” Aa in a Dorr anol Ey) =o. Pr, te Cannel[h6-€ (irs) Ante (1-5), ah a", “fel Tat | pherghitemat tion, Heol a. eellered ffeil Acming » /Lb-7 Veredy (u-54) lowing’ li-ws). Aubtitede (i-ss) x (1-54) mee i vy ae Ye Aen ar" 7 a ’ |.) are Ax Ven ol ay IA) Fear TERE FIELD REGION, 30311.6-8 For example. a complete antenna pattern can be generated from one FD-TD run if the antenna is transmitting. If the antenna is receiving, many FD-TD runs would be required to obtain a complete antenna pattern. Pulse Propagation showing Effects of Soft/Hard Sources SPATIAL LOCATION (/ 2 49) 4949.5 5050.5 5151.5 5252.5 5353.5 Tine step 1 ° a ° ° ° 1.5 41 “1 0 ° o 2 a ° a o ° 2.5 ° ° m1 ° ° 2 ° ° ° ° 3.5 ° o ° ° 4 ° ° o ° ° 4.5 ° o ° ° 5 ° ° ° =n ° 5.5 ° o -1 o ° 6 ° ° a ° ° 6.5 ° -1 ° ° ° 7 ° -n/0 ° ° o 7.8 -1/0 oy-2 ° ° o a | -n/o ° o/n ° ° 304HET Aes. for spenfla, TIME Haamonie FlEL0s Ug py eb 109 | ot PDVBWLRD perry ony py les let) ox & Rebawe- : 329-33%, 7 C9 Phase ldegre Bb e soe 8 8 1 600 80.0 10001200 ‘160.0 Figure 11-22 Horm aperture field can distribution at 1 = 800. 305_ 10- 27848) Relative pater, dB 23s eal ih i ‘00 TOC 200 300 #09 500 0 05 10 15 20 25 Degrees 3035 40 Joo NGF ay fina etn) — Figure 11-24 Far-field pattern at 10 GHz after 800 Figure 7-16 Universal time steps. radiation patterns for the principal planes of an E-plane seetoral horn antenna as shown in Fig. 7-15. The factor (1 + cos 6)/2 is not included. 306/L¥-3 (200, (200,260) ODO mvowk dviFFRacTIon From Top ERGE OWLY, Borrem EDGE ALSO CoMTRIBYTES SimmiLaary, (0.9) 200) Figure L118 TE model of an E-plane sectoral horn. oas x0} 2 8 377 4,099, 100,9) 2 8 0.95} aio Same eeepc aos " n 300 450 600750900 10501200 1350 1500 Tine (a) Figure 11-26 3071. 8-S~ STRONG DIFFRACTIoW BY THE HoRN EDGES FOR THIS POLAR) 2ATION. N= 47> EVIDENCE ©F DIFFRACTION BY WEOCE WITH IVTERIOR AVGLE (94?—_ aif | & (a)| dar =i ole, bal* ({(ole- o | E (w)]* ax a4 a2 Ahirs Ey é, atiemecl Content ree The cco Va =(Edal => Kbl)= Rl) az cell crest sectioual Area _ TAs Ay Length of cell tu 2 direckssn Az * Bune = cas | Exe) az/* [Vz(.)]* 2R [4-2 Avex bin. AE Onrcb- 1°,9-3.{14-3 Aare (11-68) poor (11-67). dHe x t£z _ YE, 1-674, ye se “Oe ( ? Aa onelans oe (iI- ia el — Mel if Eelive "Slog ve 7 i ce = al Fleiss Alin| Ms i Az Aebrns fe Mylo gold. (J!-4Pa) . Fae (j!~67b) ee Eee, ~ leis _ [als oe Ald ; Az new aid tk “Ca-eo), 310 datos fo &[19-3 (Cowr) From (i- o7 c) Arde hel al ~éI nee het . Arty Leh) d _ [ Cin H, lage 4 P He le; At ~ & Pees _ E parvscen “2 abut rk) 20 Cling, 2 tase Abn fe ef." guld, (1-bte),One-Dimensional FD-TD Project This assignmen: is the first part of the 1-D FD-TD project. ‘The goal here is to create a working 1-D FD-TD code that may be used to look at a variety of EM problems. The five cases in this assingment are meant to check out your code, and to illustrate some useful aspects of the FD-TD method. To do this part of the assingment your code will need to be very general. This will make the extension of this code to the remainder of the assingment easier For all cases, use the following data imax=600 nmax=800 is4.0*atan(1.0) cc=2.99792458e+8 muz=4.0*pi*..0e-7 epsz=1.0/ (cc*cc*muz fhigh=10.0e-9 (10 GHz fcenter=3.0e+9 omegacenter=2.0*pitfcenter -0/ (pis (fhigh-fcenter) ) For this assignment, I have chosen dx such that it will resolve our densest material case to alam/20.0, even though the dx above is based on the free space wavelength The source condition functionality, besed on the given paremeters is (for all cases): tentdt arg=(t-tau3)/tau arg=arg*arg ft=2.644547¢*exp (-arg) *sin(omegacenter*t) For the sources conditions used (hard and soft sources}, keep the location fixed at: isre=500 Final comments * Don’t try cases 2-5 til case 1 is working. Case 1 should demonstrate propagation, without dispersion and/or instability. Further, it should show that the 1-D ABC is working. Don’t move on til you get this case working. * For **ALL* graphs, plot for x: O<= i <= imax=600 and plot for y -2 ez(i) +2 If any graphs violate the y-axis range, something is wrong. * Always fill the grid with free space, and then add geometry for each case. Do not carry over geometries from one case to the next. 312Free Space (everywhere) ez(isrc)=ez(isrc)+ft <---Soft source condition Using the parameters from above, with a soft source based on ft located at isrc, plot the following: Graph la: ez(i) vs. i at nt: Graph 1b: ez(i) vs. i at ni 00,200,300, and 400 00,600,700, and 800 Case 2: Metal with a hard source ez(isre)= -Hard source condition As always, fill grid with free space everywhere. at i=250, set caez(i)=ca(2), and chez(i)=cb(2) Here, ca(z) and cb(2) are based on sigma=3.27e+8 To maintain the integrity of your do loops (since the hard souce, if computed before the EZ update loop can cause problems), try this trick: caez(isre)=1.0 chez (isre) =0.0 Plot your results as before: Graph 2a: ez(i) vs. i at nt=100,200,300, and 400 Graph 2b: ez(i) vs. i at nt=500,600,700, and 800 Case 3: Metal with a soft source Repeat Case 2, but change the sourzse condition to the soft source type. Also, *don’t* forget to remove the code that sets caez(isr¢)=1.0 and sbez(isrc)=0.0!!! Plot your results at slightly different times: Graph 3a: ez{i) vs. i at nt=100,200,300, and 325 Graph 3b: ez (i) vs. i at nt=350,500,650, and 800 case 4: Dielectric Choose epsr=: for the dislectric/air interface 0 (don't forget to compute the epsr average Then, fill the grid from i=150 to 250 with dielectric caez (150) =ca(4) 313cb (4) do 20000 i=151,249 caez (i) =ca (3) chez (i) =cb (3) 20000 continue caez (250) =ca (4) cbez (250) =cb (4) Ask yourself: What are ca(3)/cb(3) and ca(4) /cb(4)222? Use the soft source for this case. Plot the results al Graph ¢a: ez(i) vs. i at nt=100,200,300, and 400 Graph 4b: ez(i) vs. i at nt=500,600,700, and 800 Case 5 Dielectric/Permeable Material Choose epsr=2.0 and mur=2.9. You will still need the averaged dielectric value, but not an averaged mur value. Fill the grid with this material from is150 to 250. caez (150) =ca(3) chez (150) =cb (3) dahy (150) =da(2) dbhy (150) =db(2) do 20000 i=151,249 caez(i)=ca(2) cbez (i) =cb(2) dahy (i) =da (2) dbhy (i) =db (2! 20000 continue caez (250) =ca (3) ebez (250) =cb (3! Ask yourself: Why doesn’t the permeable average need to be computed???? Us2 the soft source for this case too. Plot the results at: Graph Sa: 2z(i) vs. i at nt=100,200,300, and 400 Graph 5b: 22(i) vs. i at nt=500,600,700, and 800 3I4One-Dimensional FD-TD Project This is the gecond part of the 1-D FD-TD project. You will be able to make use of most of the code you wrote for the first part of the assingment. The focus here is on the total field/scattered field plane wave source condition. In conjunction with this, the final part of the assingment will be to implement a Fourier transform on transmitted and reflected field data To simplify things, we will use the same initializing data as well as the same types of BM materials Again, for all cases unless otherwise specified, use the following data imax=600. nmax=800 pi=4.0*atan (1.0) tpis2.0*pi cc=2.99792458e+8 muze4.0*pi*l.0e-7 epsz=1.0/(ce*co*muz. fhigh=10.0e+9 (10 GHz) foenter=5.0e+9 omegacenter-tpi*fcenter tau=1.0/ (pit (fhigh-fcenter) ) tau3=3.0*tau alam=cc/fhigh dx-alam/40.0 dt=dx/ce Again, for this assignment, I have chosen d« such that it will resolve our densest material case to alam/20.0, even though the ax above is based on the free space wavelength. For the broadband pulse excitation, the souzce condition functionality. based on the given pareneters is: tentat arg=(t-tau3}/tau argeargtarg ft=2.6446475*exp (-arg) *sin (omegacenter*t) A sinusoid will also be used. It’s functionality ie: tentdt ft=sin (omegacenter#t) For the TF/SF incident wave formulation define the boundaries to be some variable. For example iincl-some number (dependent on the problems below! iincrsimax-iincl (Which will give equal amounts of free space on either side of the total field region This notation is for incident wave at the left boundary (iincl) and the incident wave at the right boundary (iincr). You, of course are free to use your own notation 31SFinal comments. . case 6: * Don't try cases 7 and 8 til case 6 is working. Case 6 should demonstrate propagation, without dispersion and/or instabilit Further, it should show that the 1-D ABC is working. Lastly, it should show the a plane wave gets injected into the grid at iincl, and is removed from the grid at iincr. Don’t move on til you get this case working * Unless otherwise specified, for all graphs, plot for x: Oc i ce and plot for y: -2 <= ezli) <= * Always £11 the grid with free space, and then add geometry for each case. Do not carry over geometries from one case to the next. Free Space (everywhere) Implement the TF/SF plane wave source condition. Use iincl-100 so that iincr=500. Use the sinusoid for ft at the left boundary of the incident plane-wave grid. (NMAX=800) Plot the following on *ONE* graph Graph 6: 1.0+ez(i) vs. i at nt=50 3.0sezinc(i) vs. i at nt=50 21, 0+e2 (i) vs. i at nt=300 13.0+ezinc(i) vs. i at nt=300 21.0+ez (i) vs. i at nt=650 23.0+ezinc(i) vs. i at nt=650 Case 7 Here, ez(i) is data from the regular FD-7D grid, and ezinc(i) is data from the incident field grid. ‘Also note that the y-axis loses some of its meaning when we add in 1,3,11,13,21,and 23 to the data. While not true, you may think of these add-on values as DC offsets. These numbers are added in simply for graphical reasons. For this graph, set the y-axis to vary between 0 and 30, Metal with an incident plane wave source As always, £111 grid with free space everywhere. Then, at i=250, set caez(i)=ca(2), and cbez(i)=cb(2) . Here, ca(2) and cb(2) are based on sigma=3.27e+8. Use iincl=100, iincr=imax-iincl, and again use the 316Graph 7a Graph 7b: ez(i) vs. i at ni Graph 8a: ez(5) vs. t(n) with 0 <. sinusoida. source described above at the left boundary of the incident grid. (NMAX=800 Plot your results on *two* graphs: ez(i) vs. i at nt=200 and 330 50 and 670 Frequency Response of a Dielectric Slab Choose eper=4.0 (don't forget to compute the epsr average for the dielectric/air interface). Then, fill the grid from is150 to 550 with dielectric caez (150) cbez (150) do 20000 caez(i cbez (i 20000 continue caez (550 cbez (550 Set iincl=25 (so that iincr=575). Return to the pulse excitation with the sinusoidal modulation, and use it to excite the left boundary of the incident plane wave grid Let this run for NMAX=2000. (As a test for yourself investigate the results for nmax-800, 1200, and 1600) Compute the Fourier transform of the electric field at ez(5) aad ez(595). Also compute the Fourier transform for the source ft. Let your frequency points be defined as do 10 nf=1,nfreq freq (n£) =n£*100.0e+6 omega (nf) =tpi*freg (nf, 10 continue and define nfreq-100. This will yield 100 data points at 100 MHz increments in the frequency spectrum. Storé the 100 sine and cosine values calculated at each time step so they do not need to be repeated for the transform calculation at the three observation points (i.e., e2(5) ez(595), and ft). Do not worry about normalizing your data For graph 8a, simply plot the time variance of ez(5) e2(595), and ft. For graph 8b, with FT{} representing the Fourier Transform of the data in tke brackets as a function of frequency, plot the F{} vs. freq t(n) < nmax 22 (595) vs. t(n) with 0 <= t(n) < nmax 317et vs. t(n) with 0 <= t(n) < nmax Graph 8b: FT{ez vs. £ with 0 <= £ <= 10 GHz Prles(ea))} vs. £ with 0 10 GHz FT vs. £ with 0 c= 10 GHz 318CHAPTER [2 aa aa (= eel 2 il A ; a ee + Z, 2 ae ’ 5 PLAN: oe (¢ JE WAVE erence) a) O,= 6, O.=90° PLANE1h.1-2. SEE F1G. 7-3 5 doz = Sd Ie de 1s a tence eKrama XL frum AT; THEN WE CAN LET PF BE THE ALP Rone are DISTANCE Fro Ar Fe Bory esusries, udrzk bda a Ss dy dA _ @ Cb 7 de ~ Edn pe BUT VG Ene _ os ins So HR c= amr ee = 97r* Be rte 121-3 ’ 4-2 2 8 A OR Ee A= e =25) Sf ac x a. 6 Ay PERFELTLY LZ 2 COMDUC TIAG ae aby G ~ fe} g \ =— 9 e"* \eswlea * al) (ard) Woe & PO" Ee R nL) Gre) 32012.2-1 8 — eB / ASS¢mE THE Pireeion Tego of main FlEip Fron beam p=60 THE Foeus \%, IS Locauy Feeus % PLAWE AT TRE \S, TANGENT Parabela DIFFRACTTNE EDEE \ SAVE E(0,¢)= Ag"(e erect) + 4B"(0, dso!) + Mgt (0, d~60°) +45 (0 b~G01) iW RE Cow es E(20) = Ag"(¢ oreo) + Ag+ (0, b~60°) + Ap? (e, d-60%) IN REGtow I E(b¢) = a5" (y dbeeel raat (o -) pol Ely) = Ag" (Gece) necance v5" Whe RE NUMERICALLY SMALL, 38 |(2.2-2 WE LO NG fe uae wfonr te fririr Be af oder =F C( ~sSE's(s) =)F Jo, SO3712-J o. 490/94] e oa cee cae ) ie ST ar =(>] a ia SO (a-#2) poy pe VSED. Vleet) = eeorr 4) LL sinlire) 277 27. 05 (Ix0") - Cos (¥o'on so!) Va (1, et) = -0.05¢ IY Ng (te, $) = —0.02/ el & c) pecpe? Pr’ = ars? | ops. Pr ts wor P= og? é-$' = 30° NEAR ESRB VaR Bt) = eNom HA) ie sin (402. ) “27 Vee? Bac: n cor (22800 2 (oe, é*) = 0.0383 e” id Alege) = 0024 aA [a et/te) = 4 60303 7% o0ay email: 3e¢122-% (cow7) g=/3e° PtP = (BE HH? =CPS" Q= +? O-f =/3P° - 45° = 973" USING 70) BECAUSE WE ARE VEBR A SK, Zea V3 (0, O27) = 2S ee oe) LVF (~ SHOES 40. it) Or ~0.47 - o.rar ) eter (352) en, VeBor — a ene e393 /2 = OIE — : fa fgZ = 6. F8GE loc Zre Tae Fv in fe “Cdr = tVF- — eye z oT _ =4 ole ye: (6. 2397%4)-j S(o.2384) c (Eest &)-iS(6. 168) = hrdte—)o4922 oveere 16,393 7- ON -SII og nega Qh LOT O.1ea 6.26 Malt. $4) = Onn giePb7 EURO = 2g (0 9) tA) 325Pye ee ise = Pe&e Qo) Git») tT 206 aT RP 40 (tortr)® Fooo ae) a end Et = Ins =\)rr7ane® = 0.0349 ed pt py fet! oie Fe, = E*D, as < 7 ee, Sr te SS LS Vace i b= then —i__, + * aVaran a neh, b= 5677 yp P= HR - aa / | * £ mr 27 (B29) anus 2. on (ZF en |e Oa JSG, D= Ou os27e °F (ogy tax yee - th) Fane sin EA =~6, ae wee Nts le é4|- Ixiot 326124-5 (Cow) may E sro let = 2.6600" FP =As = Gp d* or R e TE Sf SU a = Te Sees) (a 4 65x48 "| =0.064E 10% = 0.6¢& x10 E (66) = 2(%(C 910) + a" 6409] + WF (6, 6-4) +454 (0,.d-99) = 9.0, REFLECTED F/ELD + (REFLECTED) /2.2-7 | DIFFRACTED FIELD +G,0. /NCIDENT FLELY wexr ee} _tlnewen 7) DEF RACTED FuE4b (2.3 ~/ 7 -—rr——C—CT ERSE, d < Eile) = (0) Als) € uae sse@ -DE, Ef l) = ~2 Ele) Ale eve From Fl6,9-2 1€/=/E; @ +s» 4+ = sicled lie gr = #0) AL eae THE DIFFRACTED FIELD APPERRS 70 ORNATE Foy 4 te sSounce, co [EI a 7 e v, EA (le) =— BE, (a) i= eure 327/2,2-7 @ OBSERVATION POINT es aL v ¥ s xs \. DIFFRACTING- _—*| EDGE Qa 2 / ° SOURCE, POInT HALF PLAWE Fermat's principle tells us that the path of least time between the source point and the observation point is along RAY 1. An extension of Fermat’s principle includes points on the boundary surface (ive., the diffracting edge in this case) such that the diffraction path of least time from source point to observation point is along RAY 2 followed by RAY 3. 328Uden FOR A MAGwATEL “ FRom 9-s#) : El(p)a—-0, 66 le) Ae ais GS y EPL = y 1" 2 ~ Ye? a _L ope EAD = E19) fo oP LINE SOURLE FS || EDGE. 23-3 SPREADING /N THE PLANE SPREADING IN THE ORTH OGL PLANE Cour BiNG THE EDEE aay a J LL 0 by, 7s -_ pap REsuLre Fe i icy 12.3 -4 SysrEN /S DEANED 4 ” A GENERAL "EDGR FIXED’ co-unDWaTE BY A SET OF VEcreas TAB NABRE F168 A Vat VEcroR PARALLEL 70 THE EDGE, YY 15 A UNIT LVACTOR NORMAL TO THE Beck Ano Bobs Te UAT VECTIR BiWORNL 70 TRE EDGE PUD POINTING INTO THE SHBDOLED HALA-~bPHeL, 4 #2-2 a 4 a * ee. = a MBAR cosh G sf, Bank ci SGoore AEP (f,4) BE THE ANGLE OF WepEAeE avo (39) BE THE eR PIFERANET IW THEN Tit DIFP RAcrlen EB rRIY -(x-Y) ° oO Ony) corp sie (xtY) cose care (K4Y) 006 sx OXtY) 11N 8 Cos HY) EH 0 v0 ANGLE ~(X-¥) corp cose L oy zr L 7 X= HSH] CosZ — cos FG (a-e)] y / ae ae sin El coc Fp C255 (7 p2d~a~0)| AWD n= 2()- oy A =e THE UK eeDED AUG-LE OF WEPCE 32412,4 —/ ede we) Wx?/ Ziw 2x WHEN X>>0, lx) =2j)Vr]e™{ WE ANOWD THAT cor (x44) ¥ corlyry) = Cosey —cosax sil Gp) if 2 swl%) =f 4. DW, cos( py) —cor( dF tf cos( OE) — cowl Ha) weene oF =¢z¢’ Ano (9-69) Forcows, weit (7— 64) AS Dd, = onl) f / hyn sa’ a3' = 90° ier ee Ed =D, & A als) , a= az lan o4) fo mira) » eta LS ow 7 ES ae sin (%) pod A (p @2) Posse IMG AD / Gl = 90°, eee =P POR Plane wave INCIDENCE atlded) = 2 cvs (22-0) Vine Naz, NW? 2 wrecnae vats a*(429) =2 cos\(FE#') = 14 cos(a2$) =a (d24') SmMcE cor(x+y) » cor (x9) = ZEW Cosay—cosux cor (TEP) weor(-$") - sin (Ty) cos (FZ) —cos( 4 ) THEN 330Wk == (eomr) sg e so F) | Flpea(s-4)] _ Flapa (+4! D, (4,4) ) = 2 ate) e } _ Flpea (3+9)] zn Varpp | pcos F-c0s(G#) "cos Fen / , 6s F(pe4) = >i pew oem NS Kren’ D, (48 p,) = 22 LPO ol) + ? iT cos (%) ) — cos (252') Lael sy, fern 20%) __ Ia. g°] jaleee co (Z)~ cos( BF’) el fe cos go elope b) YES, BECAUSE THE ORS PT tS WOT IM THE Cosme REGION, Jeo of! [elerene” . Tar c) WO, GTP oR UTD FAS IN REbM OF CAbLTeL 1.4 -2 27nNn* — (beg) a7 tnt. Tr+lore) T , oe") _ L, Ges) 2A arn aA 2h” lan AND N* JAMES oN VALLE of WEATEIT /WTECER, For ExAnnne, IF nok Che. go® vena) Vt alt ge => Fer Betis N*=0 Fon Ez otf’ < Wrst FOANT aalded) — x ab) =), bse) rr hry imh = In 2h NOTE! THE RELATionsHiPs FoR Nt AnD N~ CILEN IN THIS PROB, PIAY BE EASIER FoR THE STUDENT 70 USE 331124-9 Q) WE Wily TO Show THAT THE DIFFRAACTED FELD A1er7- HAVE A piscormuiry PRoporrewar ro eh (ete) Vee? In the above diagram 0 is an electric or magnetic lise source, illuminating a wedge whose edge Q is parallel to the line source. RB and 88 are shadow boundaries which divide space into regions I illuminated by direct, reflected and diffracted rays, II by direct and diffracted rays and IIZ by diffracted rays. The reflected ray when it exists is reflected at R and its total length is r’ +r. The incident (diffracted) ray has length p'(p) and wakes an angle $'($) to one of the wedge faces: is an electric source we consider the f field is a magnetic source we consider the H field £0 £0 In each case the field is paral its vector nature. el to the edge and we are not concerned with The cotal field ac P is w@) eat @) + eF@) +08 @) «@ where ub ts che direct field, u" is the field reflected from the wedge at R,and is the field diffracted from the edge at Q. We note that ui is continuous as P moves across RB to PT. ut falls abruptly co zero at RB so that dc" = - ut (RBI) @ where u™ (RBI) 4s the value of u" on side I of RB, and must urdergo a discontiauity acd uF (Ret) o 33212.4-4(p.2) The field radiated from 0 is a cylindrical wave which may be described by the formula “jkR oo) at UES YR at a radial distance R from 0. Then the reflected field at P is jk(r +r") uw @) es Yrre enik(e + 0") vPro (5) where P is close to RB. Here and subsequently the upper (lower) sign or other alternative corresponds to the electric (magnetic) line source. The approximation becomes exact when P reaches R5. Thus -5k(p +p") Yor ot (8) The diffracted field must suffer a discontinuity whose value is the negative of tiis. ———— Answer (a) NOTE ! The diffvactei field at P is Use EITHER 2 (D,) on Dy (D,) verenvmns. ON wherHeR THE Le source ‘S$ BLEcTRIC OR pene ri. RESREcrIVELy where Uae* (9! - 991 + cot [25 O=29) 2 na a - 919312.4-4(p.3) } FlkL at (p +")1 + cot (2) rte « seni «@ ‘The angular separation of the diffracted ray from RB, see the above figure, is 6 HO +O), o and it is seen that the fourth cotangent in equation (8) becomes infinite as P crosses 8B. We examine the limiting behaviour of cot () F[ ] as this happens. For small 6 cot {-G)- cot We now investigate the factor F[kLa (> + ¢')J. The term an HO) = a (r= 8) = 2 cost [ MAS GD } and N” is the integer which most nearly satisfies = ot= toy) 2am ee ee ra Thus we use NU = 0 Then a( +9") = 2 cos” and we have Flite” (@ + 61)] = F te $3) Taking the first term of the small argument expression gives 2 aus Fia$y = / Me a) FG when 6 is snall. BBYee OT RTS ‘The fourth term ia the expression for D, , is then co (FEI = B SBE gt = nf 2m ec * sgn é As P crosses RB, sgn 6 changes from +1 to -1 and the above term suffers a discontinuity of _», /Jgq,; It may be confirmed that, for the geometry of the figure, al. the other terms are continuous. The discontinuity in D, see equation (8), is then } = ewer Ul Answer (b) an, | 0" Ws 5 . Heh Lo = 288° we therefore have (2% . | ee a) ere! and the discontinuity in the diffracted field is ; jk(p40") wot = a | 5 | 2——— a, | Yeo e “ik(e + pt) vpeo This discontinuity is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the discontinuity in che reflected field, The total field is thus free of discontinuities. EXC) An examination of the terms in eqn (é) will reveal that as the field crosses $B from region II to region IIT T-@- 61) = 0 and the second cotangent factor is infinite while the F[ J factor is zero. Once again ir will be found that the diffractec field undergoes a discontinuity which cancels that of the direct field as the latter falls to zero on SB. ‘The other factors display similar behaviour in other geometries, 335¢ ee ef 20° G.28 -J OIF OF HI 0.0/9 132° O, 22-3 0.07 ~0,0F -d 0.057 138° OM ~J0.057 9.087 J 0.075 10° 0, 04S 4G 0.0F5— 0.25-3 0.066 222° 0,57 -§ O02 0.28 $0.07 a2e° =O, 50 +GO.22 -0,25—-f 0.42 260? ~0.32 40.27 70.03 +4 O.O/F [24-6 TS SOT TIS 30 3S 60 THERE 16 Be CINGULAR ITY AT THE RR AND SZ BEcgusE ((r~42) 0 SWEAR THERE. 4) SEE FL. /r~/te ce) (2-83) Proupes * Smoom (ve too) AT THE Rag SR, 336124-7 Lot P= be (Y)~o0(%2')ea(Th) ~ onl 24) Let A=(%), B=(%32'), c= ore! p-[ ee. - a aot A~wB Cor 4 — Coe C* [= (%) sin. (%) P| tin Arai B, gui _ fea) acd Ge A-we Bo Gnh-Gr2 tr A-~unl «4 Yh — at (Sit) = veikmoe GLX —@zy ale 4t2\, 2B (Arc) awl | P= at = Je ai « a = Cor teal Lot — ct (2) pet (At) = @ gnBrowA _ aun’ po[ e+ goon GrA-arc) | Ma SeAtanl «a7 (AB) lor A -062B 337p= |eef-cr(tetbeor tee] [224 oa pan caes| P ara[ex “atl path en tee netfee) tt) the oP 3 [nea [P0) 1 ct (toler vet (E let) .{a-le-d)| (2.s5~] Refer An Fag. 7-16, 338(2.5772 1) JN REGION T WE HAVE DIRECT RADIATLew Wut ¢S (44CH STRONGER THAW ANY OF THE RAYS IN FUG, 9-20 ©, 2) IN REGION IL THE DIFFRACTION = FRom Q, Ane @. (PARriCULAnY @,) 7o Mew STReNGER THAN ANY OF THE RAYS IN Fb. F~-2e ©, 2) IN (f9OV/ING Ax ROSS THE fROoLNDARY es le SHADOWED, AMENCE THE VED FoR THE RAY Frou QQ, Te @,, (2.5~3 f= 2 fer 42 = Ag <= : Ce Yaa VF 7 INCIDENT DIFF PATH DIFF PHASE AND FIELD CORFE FROM, °5F DiS TAME FROM AT Q, ATR 70@, 47% G, To FIR Heed 3349[2.5-4 SEE PRB. (hE ie ioe d Magnitude of E} ° ELSE EEE EE ae oar 2 oe os | Theory 40 60 80 0042 ve of 180 ca in degrees 12? YO6 (2-n) r= 194/573 =p n= 6.92202 340(2.6 -1 THE FIELD IN THE FORWARD REGION OF THE REFLECTOR ConsisTs 0F THE RADIATION FROM THE SORFACE OF 7HE REFLECTOR AS WELL AL THE DIFFRACTED FIELD, HENCE THE DIFFERENCE (1.6-2 CREEPING wave / RADIATING i CREEPING wee a WHISPERING PRoPAGATING \ . prone conmee \EW* GeLERy \ Rays 34]a ‘ wJfor-asin *) e = ibe J Pre d Ve aD e El (r= Stl —. Dp e ta a De Yoa? tit Vr DFE “Darmme DIFF pispame ae cose From Coat AND PHASE FIELD AT ey AT Q. 9. T2R, ATA, From @, Te (ano pHase) THE Fag Fie. 16-4 From (7-2¢a) . jar . = Je & (Rp cose +R vind) HERE $=%0° FURTHER THE PROBLEM (8 2 ~ PimeMirowac i C Pree To Ee =|s “Ar p ve com mee e oe 2 4 aio | [4H a0) ]dy! Pi is Gee RY (7-1#b) WHiem Reouces To B= f ely) at $les) Aud we VSE S (nrrsap oF 6 Lr TO Avoin amagelry eee wT 6, “ E, lp) =, “fe pee ie eles hay) THE Discenrinviry AT Yo° Aad THE GREATER STWENGTIA OF THE BACH LoRES /S DUE ro THE FACT THAT FTHE (OAGNETIC LE SOURCE RewerEL A Fieto LL THE RIT oF THE PPRAR OKLA, CParrenn 1s ow WExT paee,) 34250 i A WIT Hour DoUnLé j DIFFRACTION . ——— wir Dowahe DIFFRRE TION at s : Ze 53 3% 2 . "\N\ i Be. eS \ =n Wie “ot Wy =I | ny \ a | \ ] 80 150 120 THETR (DEG) 3734 aa oh 2 $2054 ‘ cron * IEF REL. SIGNAL (dB) -70 ° wD tDmSSCCSSCCn ANOLE (DEGREES) A PRE "INTERESTING faTTERN [6 OBTAWED WHEN THE DipLE /3 5X FRom 7yE APEX (554 Aurewuas BY HAavs, PE. 222.) (12 evita) SEE Aliso HRravy 12 EY. P39 SS v at12.7 -] : a 4 ae" So THE AS O79", Ej —> 0, Ber pe [> o DIFFRACTED FIELD 13 Nor BER. NEAR 90% TO COMPARE VALVES, THE 6 7UPENT BAY MEAD Vatves From A/G, (2-26. 12.7-2 a) FRore @-#6) ; 7 axe, bro) = Cla _> elfress p20 From @-¥7) ag! (n-a) = oP SOA) _ irene pro 7 Spe cos F Ay rrytazel # WHEW Bao. “THE WERENT AND REFLECTED SUELO! MERE Aud THE FACTOR OF 2 APPEARS, Fo OFFSET TS, We WW0ST /NTECT A VALLE OF £ WITH THE WNeiEeNT FIELD AS JA $B. 12,7 6) FRore /i~s9 coe volo D, (6, 0,00) = SO sin FB) ee t naire? [ee F-eB * coe Fieed “oD i Za p Neon <“sin(%) —/ » arp cos F cor d Wie Imecues & Ferm of £ £ i$ REQUIRED 7 COMPENSATE. 345Sea Ay, UNDERNEATH THE 7 Crome ae we s pA dk ty HAVE ¥ Ss Eile) = vg$ +l) + 054 (8-2) gi=o Et lp) = 2430, ¢) Plo =ve0) ne £ sind Ef) = ars cos E ~cos & 4% I x 4§—__+ 3% ae) arene a & nit plea Cb eyed E%Gp) = Eile) - EO Bei b=4r2 4 ) oF sews eilte-A)f , _ qibheces 9) 27 BE cos & cos 2 il \ 4) DIFF RMrs0 K/ELR MUST BE BELO BT B= eo% oR B= Ho” Because THE DI/FFAACTED FEEDS EXACTLY CHANCEL AL SAW ¢n THE FOF SKETCH ay ~ cok2.9 -71 Fitom (2-2) £2 =f “Z! A ge oe) OR WiENW pers cance, £z = 7 T° Hom 2Yazae 2D eure FRom (2-95) : ° Ez = dy (b,b,99 & re lH) =i : , « me ef ~spe RL Nigget © = Duly $4) Ee ee ane abrrge” 4-17 2A’ ip aa D, (8, &F (ara? Jw (a-97) (4) > z= -fbrn Z ee s° yl ae Ce h-94) Hye DLL 69 AS — @-9) , fg UV) ore 7 oo fr" eo elt _ Dlu,ge)ag ote afmpe VP ~) 2G re ve iW) a Ait He D (BBE) Wawa’ “Gee 9) [2.92 pegteles REPLACE De® yw /29~] % 7 xy wiry TeetRlces a ™ Aud REPLACE reat cos, wT 3474 1264-3 posanregrion a P Daraw renee EP) = {les bos (4~ a 5 Jprshe coslp-p ° oF lM ® c ‘Ds x 27 ECA) = Aale,®) { cosld-a) cls ome oO), Ni EVP) Ag (ed) ari TF (per sma) E47 (P) = ler +7) 1 ani Ter she) Torap? cn (210-7 AT CORNER A! Cy =C3 hy rl Rag HY Se HCH t Gheg HY BT CORNER RI Cn = Oy Tag 1 Ce Rag HM Ce = Cs Ka tC, Reet ly AT CoRWER Cc! C3 = Ca Tee FCC MG. HU Cy = SO Tae FZ Age HV Exenessions for R,T Av V¥ MAY BE oR TAINED DiInEcTLey From THE TEXT PEL SE, 583, 348JdM-1 oO 1 @ te te 4% tht. 8 ED EG CE ne epee: wen. ‘nducting Cylinder Echo Width ofa Conducting Cylinder = Go, Modifica 60.IwI2-7 WN A MAMNER C/r2eAR 7 (2-96), o- #7) We CAN WRITE THE FoLlowsn&e Soa OVE DEFRA CT YN Polar Ee) = 8 Ef(e) 214, OVT zal y yj ond 4 wHere E/(@) = 26, ae = 2 Efle) 28, =4E%s,) cord al 2 (THE Y ARISES BECAUSE THERE ARE 4% EDEES) FRova (Ix-98) r= +2 YE D697) Baw Eb = ints i% I" = +2 Ef (4452 ec I" = +26 0.16652) yar ® 412,12 -3 WE LIGNE Fel RAYS THE wouLD WWrees URE FIN OWE DIZARBC TION, KOR Extra Pee! A 35012,12-3 (con) H H 4 a a 4 # Hq q Hq Hq crrregre ugmncad monopole near a conducting step shoving a ray Ente fe singly retieseaa, CLEGEee <-Segnented sorgpole near a conducting sia showing fray that fe coubly reflected, 351DIFFRACTED Rays. 1212-3 (p.2) CQEQIGITTErrI3 oiFFRacteD ~-Segnented monopole rea 2 cond showing 3 ray thee ts olttracted a a H u H seman erterny comin seo B 5 shoving» va) Bat revletae nd then" ot eee HO H WA 4 H n/ H u q 4 H os REFLECTED DIFFRACTEDQ 12d2-3¢p. 3) \y cyrrrrr 7 a Yoo oy x Ye ode errrrrrrrrrrrr3 A DIFFRACTED REFLECTED Segmented ongoole near a conducting shoving a ray that's etfrractee ara then revfected, 7 f 4 H H H 7 H H HV 1 H HAY Lt 4 HAW 4 a i i os yl q REFLECTED DIFFRACTED REFLECTED ~-segrented monopole near. cand shoving a ray that is reflected, diffracted, and then reflected again step 353Ua Dee g re. ee (2) JF PONT ~ JRA TEAING SOLVTION 1S ULED, £2) = aq) R PER C0 es)(Qr) WHERE HERE R= — LF A pws (6eLen wn) SonvTiw 7s eszQ 23, = fare) -£, (2) d2 (SEE LEEE TRAM. Ap 2%, WeV. /9t0, F3/- £39) 0" peo 2” ARE THE Painac CURVATCRE aT LADI/ OA CF THE fEFLECTED Wve RAT THE 4BFeLECrrew Part Qe. /2.13-1 Fre spt Anetolonen 24238.22/ and 2.F'=0 laze Fog I~ 2). w= | [fae] = 48 3541213-2 : of efor" deal me RN x lJ ce ” “IX Ee (b-a)*+g* =a gr = ar—-(L-a)* “a eas -2 (e-a) or 9 Gt 2 —2 (ta) = eee r= Elefe “S2Al (q ~) at] ~ (4-33) r= weltll-sg] aoe 122-3 mn | fort de al” MSp=t raw vag. db rau « 4 Sz 2 = ath ran di A rAwan m= [ae a9) ra at _ rena [ dk event ne [a ele ae1215-3 (Conr) AN ALTERNATWE FER TO THE EXPRESS/04/ IN PROB U2-2 7S gee zu oe eae ~J2pd 59 | (fe ee tt | TANK = £. 1 O=k TANK (ae zi Apa ren n 7 al Ste tts 8 T 27 w. * = SE] fe rrom dp ede z TANK » oo. — m= )iafe RE eda) pibom pip J SO THAT THE i J RVALUBTION ALT / te GOEL Te a (S28 7P PE. = pepe air mee ee | _ do ran Lp 35612.13-4 (cow) ale nS = r= el [Sen —2/, ; ers Ga 47a? ten (feanie) cor @ a» Pe Beko (213-5 2 ‘ Ge ris[rep? 2re ‘rie coulp-09] 2 -p's5 0 coslb-d)) +efi- 6 cos (6-9) ] Zr FeR THE -FaR FIELD rice r~ plane cos(b-0') ee 4's Leoce cvsaf fore S146 clot y| -#se 277 , fee ne cos lb-0) pyr =27 E (2pe' srs) oo . ; 27 T.(2pe! sna) pide! = 2702 Tapa cris) ABA Sh v= = a = we 1 ote] We T (zp she) a2)" £6) = ae Be Sine \ASkeo re reséla Thpacn' 2] = md aT lope to) a ae 357/2.1#-1 udv = uv — [valu Z . ey = fpr) of PEE) y __t ££) Te 4 oe ev = —L. £he irra — ‘(ve y= £0) v se ip rto* ; 4 b ery (yates eC lege) aol tg or Ake order of aa* ond Qu athe i aa! yy = ch FO. ier) , 5 4 fe “= ip ¥l) < + OG Parmenhern Ahab tf heute hae anal, 358[Rp m2 Aun Prob ILS4-1 or aabAtate Gor b 24 (12-170) Lhe yusnhG Ca). 1 1) 5 -1 ta) Mr ie re Je +a) _ /2,/% -3 aia . eee ZT, = tt) elm alee XAay (2-108) oo a Jaz, ig fe 42 12 =(t one fen) (12-104) —* Jal Let a = pe xy [ele RAL, =||4, ele we . Roth ; fla) Pry = [rl De pets), — Ko“ Sf dexlx) 22 a Fla) e Ya (12-167) Jf son (5) ~e if sony") 35412./4¢-4 The phase of the integrand in (12-28) varies in multiples of 2 pi as one moves up the x-axis. The net result is that they cancel each other during the integration process, except for the vicinity of the lower limit. ‘Thus, extending the upper limit to infinity does not affect the final result. _ Aux. Probe (24-7. [L.1s2 Ut Ake RB, dep'=7, Lt n=r, Lit ¢rel= nxt , SAsmnll Gt AK. RB hae ae Airom a Ore 215) pete eee * cdeeny 7 Lee eS) 2 CE aE) em (E28) 360[2.15-2 (cor) —~- Axe! I — é~o' 5 Gx (4 _ lon, on +d! 7 f= ep ore Aung! S oe ala S a+ Cor (+ £) ob cd af aon (££ A 2f 21215-2 our) f= f-8) = —t [fect vot) lee) fe b=(n-e)+ &. At the RB and SB, f’ is continuous and zero (in the case of the half-plane) at the RB and SB. f and f, will show infinities of opposite sign. The example below, from the book RADAR CROSS SECTION by Knot, Shaeffer and Tuley, illustrates this for the half plane case wheze #/=60°. The Ufimtsev curves are those for PTD with the singularities cancelled before the calculation is done. The singular nature of the Keller diffraction coefficient is also shown. k= | “ae sash BE ae | a a a a a ) SCATTERING ANGLE 36212,.15-3 Ccon't) ier SB Corpriden, 0, mahifcoetinr of. I2 LED ype, PEI Aero Ga eb es Ea fap taney, phck ri remler He [iorre far), Lt toe)= pa, A =[onx)*eG-9) aa Tok 4'=0 p A = [exe ge Lot vl) = x'enrg’-d AY = cog! ft [U]acnd’r GF ave (xue4e){2.,15-' Ccon'&) dt\ao = xa" fine arp! * Tes = x4!) Crp! sTATRURRY Port YY] _ ran A “gen [22 Ati en's | 2x6 Far | ax? ala) > sens") ac). reel] = x! cere’ -d (x) Kay = (Xrdlxdery!) cag! —dlxd) = Xard ‘Gang! Ubyng (2 /@7) a ! clbleeats ya aed) -iWs =x oS amdoa) 547% * ie) at a . 36412.15-4(p.3) 27! ell (ten e-g nw’) 1B aig fark sp fei ert um 1 phot TA "if awg! Lx =-) wh, a =(6x2)£ Iplc eng! ~9 29!) zron " iad a ov ~j _— i . pt saree a = Pemecred | FleeD [3i], x x. % Xo