Name : Made Satya Raditya

NIM : 1712021199
Class : 3F

In Linguistics there are four main basic of concept, those are;

1. Descriptive and Prescriptive Approach
a. Descriptive approach is an approach in which its speakers analyze a certain language
as it is spoken. In descriptive approach, the grammar is highly considered; there will
be no terms of right or wrong about the use of the language as long as the native
speakers speak it. Therefore, what in this descriptive approach is how its native
speakers use the language.
b. Prescriptive approach where is the linguists apply strict rules that have to be run by
language speakers. The speakers are guided in to right if they follow the rules and
wrong if they obey the rules. It is more prioritize in grammar.

2. Competence and Performance

a. Competence is the native speaker's ability to understand the language rules and to
produce sentences though the sentences have never been heard before.
b. Performance is the axiomatic of competence by using the sentence in real and it
observable. All the grammar used by humans is the same and the differentiation.
Therefore, the Performance more emphasized in practice than the results of these
competencies.

3. Synchrony and Diachrony

a. The synchrony approach is used when experts observe language changes in a certain
period without comparing them to other times. The approach is more focused on the
language used today.
b. The diachrony approach is used when linguists try to find out language changes in
several times and compare the results to find differences.

4. Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic

a. Syntagmatic is a relationship of words, phrases, clauses and sentences horizontally
from left to right. For example is “I am going to teach you”, each words can be
replaced by another word as it same with the category.
b. Paradigmatic is how words, phrases, clauses or sentences go vertically. For example
“she is a teacher” The word “she” we can replaced with “they” and to be “is” can
replaced by are.