ITT 542 : TCP/IP

MUHAMMAD SYAHID FARHAN BIN MOHD JEMAN

2018674532
M3CS2453A
 History of Internet

The Internet began as a military command and control systems research project. As
the network was deployed and more government and research institutions were connected to
it, the Defence Department took over the project ARPA. The Defence Department
administrated the network for several years, and so the name was changed to DARPAnet
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Network) in the early to mid 70's. The DARPAnet
eventually expanded beyond the Defense Department's willingness to sponsor it. More than
half the connected sites were Universities receiving government research grants; however,
the networks were in use by more than just the researchers. By 1973, 75% of the traffic on the
ARPANET network was private and personal e-mail communication. Many of the Defence
Department connections were thus dismantled, and the network was handed over to the
National Science Foundation (NSF).
Prior to the 1980's, Network Control Protocol (NCP) was used to move packets over
the ARPANET. This protocol was eventually was split into two protocols to isolate functions in
separate pieces of software, thus simplifying future software development efforts. Internet
Protocol (IP), the first of the two new protocols was to handle addressing. The second
protocol, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , was to ride over IP and was designed to
handle transport and make it reliable (TCP). Thus was born TCP overIP (TCP/IP).
The National Science Foundation built Network Access Points (NAPs) in Chicago, IL;
Pennsauken, NJ; Vienna, VA; and San Jose, CA. These NAPs allowed designated regional
access providers to connect to the National Science Foundation Network (NSFnet). According
to the NSF's charter, only government and organizations receiving government research
funding were allowed to connect to the NSFnet. However, the Internet was still an entirely
'private' and non-commercial organization. Many commercial companies saw business
opportunities in what had become an international computer network. he Internet's growth and
expansion was taken over in 1991 by the three major commercial long distance networks MCI,
Sprint and AT&T after the Internet privatization initiatives proposed by the United States
President.
Around 1984 a method for using names that humans could remember, instead of
numeric Internet Protocol addresses was established and a protocol describing the method of
performing name lookups was developed, documented by Paul Mockapetris and standardized
in November 1987 as Domain Name Service
At early 1993, a centralized set of DNS root servers were put together with database
resources from AT&T, registration services from Network Solutions, and information services
from General Atomics/CERF. This set of name-resolving servers or 'nameservers' would
provide top level domain name resolution, IP addresses administration and delegate authority
of domain names to those responsible for the networks for the domain name represents. The
organization responsible for maintaining these services was called the Internet Network
Information Center (InterNIC). By May of 1993, the National Science Foundation had written
and released a solicitation to accommodate and promote the commercialization/privatization
of the Internet
 What is TCP/IP

TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of

communication protocols or set of rules and procedures used to interconnect network devices
on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network
(an intranet or an extranet).
 Role of TCP/IP

TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end
communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted,
routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is
designed to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of
any device on the network.
The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve specific functions. TCP
defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. It also
manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then transmitted
over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination address.