CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter shows the different related literature and studies relevant to this study. This
chapter also presents the summary of related studies and its purpose.

Wet Wipes

Wet wipes are produced as air-laid paper where the fibers are conveyed and formed to the
structure of paper via air. They are soaked with water or other fluids like isopropyl alcohol
relying upon the applications. The paper may be treated with conditioners, salves or added scent
to change the properties or "feeling". Additives, for example, methylisothiazolinone are utilized
to avert bacterial or contagious development in the bundle. The completed wet wipes are folded
and put in stash estimate bundle or a box dispenser.

Wet wipes have become commonplace in our homes, whether we use them to wipe off
our make-up or wipe down the sink, but many wet wipes end up down the loo and this creates a
problem.
When wet wipes go down the sewer, they combine with fats, oils, and greases and they form
hard fatbergs that cause blockages. This can also lead to materials like plastics being released
into the environment, which could have consequences for the human food chain.

In Britain, 80% of blockages come from wet wipes and other un-flushable items. And this of
course comes at a cost – 88 million pounds a year is shared between the British water companies
and the taxpayers to remove the blockages.
Some wet wipes are labeled as flushable, but they really are not. English water companies and
charities are calling for all wet wipes to be labeled “do not flush”.

Hydroponic

Hydroponics, which mainly refers to as soil-less culture, is a method of growing plants

using mineral nutrients without the use of soil.

The term Hydroponics’ was derived from the Greek words hydro’, meaning water and
ponos’ meaning labour. It was first used in 1929 by Dr. Gericke, a California professor who
began to develop what previously had been a laboratory technique into a commercial means of
growing plants. The U.S. Army used hydroponic culture to grow fresh food for troops stationed
on infertile Pacific islands during World War II. By the 1950s, there were viable commercial
farms in America, Europe, Africa and Asia.
Deep Water Culture

A plant gets its nourishment source by turning Co2 , light and water (or hydrogen) into
starches through a procedure called photosynthesis. With hydroponics developing, plants are
developed without soil so they should get their supplements from the supplement arrangements
added to water. The nonappearance of soil in developing implies that hydroponics frameworks
must have some method for supporting the plants while as yet permitting the uncovered root
framework greatest presentation to the supplement arrangement. It needs a constant stream of
supplements to keep the underlying foundations of the plants from going away.

Profound Water Culture frameworks are about the most straightforward of every one of
the six sorts of hydroponic frameworks. While in fact basic, they are still exceptionally powerful
to grow plants hydroponically. Not exclusively do a ton of home hydroponic producers truly like
utilizing water culture frameworks, however numerous business cultivators utilize this sort of
framework on a vast scale also. Basically in light of the fact that the water culture frameworks is
a basic and simple idea. It's additionally an extremely cheap kind of framework to fabricate, and
another motivation behind why it's prevalent with home producers too. Despite the fact that the
idea is basic, there are a lot of creative approaches to utilize and fabricate water culture
frameworks out of various materials.

The recycling profound water culture framework works like a surge and deplete
framework, yet it never depletes. You can have the same number of developing holders (stores)
as you need associated with one focal supply. Each developing compartment has its own
particular fill line, and additionally a deplete/flood tube that channels back to the focal supply. A
few cultivators utilize pails rather than wide, shallow holders. Each pail has its own particular
plant in it and is loaded with supplement arrangement. A great deal of frameworks include a
column of these cans and utilize a wellspring/lake pump to draw the supplement arrangement up
to each of the basins. As the water fills the pails, the abundance water overflow into the flood
tube and streams back to the repository, where it's recycled back through the framework once
more. Most cultivators who recycle the supplement arrangement like this in their water culture
frameworks just utilize a vacuum apparatus in the focal store, instead of in every individual
basin, to spare cash. They additionally let the water pump run all day, every day. In any case, in
the event that you have air bubbles running in each container, you can shift the ON schedule for
the water pump, and the plants will profit by having direct contact with the rising air bubbles
reaching the roots.Recirculating the water enables you to utilize falling water as a wellspring of
air circulation in the framework. You likewise won't have to continue checking the water level in
every holder to supplant the water the plants drank up—you simply check and supplant it in the
focal store. This is a pleasant advantage when you are developing expansive plants, or many
plants in a similar framework. Actually, pretty much the greater part of the vast, financially
worked water culture frameworks recycle water through the framework.

Hydroponics gives effective supplement direction, higher thickness planting, and

prompting increment yield per section of land alongside better nature of the create. It is
additionally viable for the areas of the world having shortage of arable or rich land for
horticulture.( ., M. D. S. (2013). A REVIEW ON PLANT WITHOUT SOIL - HYDROPONICS.
Worldwide Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 02(03), 299–304.
https://doi.org/10.15623/IJRET.2013.0203013)

The Future of Hydroponics

Hydroponics is the quickest developing part of horticulture, and it could overwhelm

sustenance generation in the future(Butler, J.D. what's more, Oebker, N.F. ,―Hydroponics as a
Hobby Growing Plants Without Soil‖. Roundabout 844. Data Office, College of Agriculture,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.( 2006.)) Due to our developing populace and more
prominent interest for sustenance, the hydroponic framework will in all probability be utilized as
the principle method for creating crops later on. Be that as it may, there is no compelling reason
to sit tight for the future to demonstrate this. An illustration is the circumstance in Tokyo. As a
result of the exceptional development of populace in Tokyo, arrive there is to a great degree
significant. To sustain the residents while protecting profitable land mass, the nation has swung
to hydroponic rice generation. (De Kreij C; Voogt W; Baas R (1999). Supplement solutionsand
water quality for soilless societies. Research Station forFloriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables
(PBG), Naaldwijk,The Netherlands, Brochure 196)The rice is reaped in underground vaults
without the utilization of soil. Since nature is flawlessly controlled, four cycles of reap can be
performed every year, rather than the customary single gather.( De Kreij C; Voogt W; Baas R
(1999). Supplement solutionsand water quality for soilless societies. Research Station
forFloriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables (PBG), Naaldwijk,The Netherlands, Brochure 196))

The hydroponic framework is restricted to here on earth as well as in space. "Developing

sustenance to supplement and limit the nourishment that must be conveyed to space will be
progressively imperative on long-span missions," said Shane Topham, a designer with Space
Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University in Logan. "We likewise are finding out about the
mental advantages of developing plants in space - something that will turn out to be more
imperative as groups travel more distant from Earth." The investigation has four noteworthy
goals: to see whether the deliver developed in space can be devoured securely; what sorts of
microorganisms may develop on the plants and what should be possible to lessen the danger of
microorganisms in the equipment before dispatch; what should be possible to clean or purify the
create after it has been reaped; and how to streamline generation contrasted with the assets
required to develop it.

Since 2002, the Lada nursery has been utilized to perform practically ceaseless plant
development probes the station. Fifteen modules containing root media, or root modules, have
been propelled to the station and 20 isolate plant development tests have been performed. ."I
don't see future space teams leaving the Earth for long terms without being able to develop their
own sustenance," said Topham.

"The learning that we are picking up is empowering us to broaden our investigation and future
colonization of space."
Advantages of Hydroponics

Hydroponics is proved to have several advantages over soil gardening. The growth rate
on a hydroponic plant is 30-50 percent faster than a soil plant, grown under the same conditions.
The yield of the plant is also greater. Scientists believe that there are several reasons for the
drastic differences between hydroponic and soil plants. The extra oxygen in the hydroponic
growing mediums helps to stimulate root growth. Plants with ample oxygen in the root system
also absorb nutrients faster. The nutrients in a hydroponic system are mixed with the water and
sent directly to the root system. The plant does not have to search in the soil for the nutrients that
it requires. Those nutrients are being delivered to the plant several times per day. The hydroponic
plant requires very little energy to find and break down food. The plant then uses this saved
energy to grow faster and to produce more fruit. Hydroponic plants also have fewer problems
with bug infestations, funguses and disease. In general, plants grown hydroponically are
healthier and happier plants.
Hydroponic gardening also offers several benefits to our environment. Hydroponic gardening
uses considerably less water than soil gardening, because of the constant reuse the nutrient
solutions. Due to lack of necessity, fewer pesticides are used on hydroponic crops. Since
hydroponic gardening systems use no topsoil, topsoil erosion isn't even an issue.

Lettuce

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a standout amongst the most regularly developed hydroponic
vegetables. Hydroponics is a technique for developing plants without soil. Plants might be
developed in a supplement arrangement just (fluid culture) or they might be bolstered by an
inactive medium (total culture). In the two frameworks the greater part of the plants' healthful
needs are provided through the water system water.

Growing

Lettuce grows for many weeks in the mild weather of spring and fall. Leaf lettuce is easy
to tuck in between and under taller vegetables, and is perfect for containers.

Although lettuce grows fastest in full sun, it is one of the few vegetables that tolerates
some shade. In fact, a spring crop often lasts longer if shaded from the afternoon sun as the
season warms. You can grow lots of lettuce in a small space, even a container. Mix it with other
taller plants, such as tomatoes in the spring, or grow a mix of different varieties for a living salad
bowl.

Give lettuce fertile, well-drained, moist soil with plenty of rich organic matter and a pH between
6.0 and 7.0. To check pH, test the soil with a purchased kit, or get a soil test through your
regional Cooperative Extension office. Fertilize and lime according to test recommendations.
If you don’t do a soil test, then assume that the soil isn’t ideal. Add nitrogen-rich amendments
such as blood meal, cottonseed meal, or composted manure. Leaf lettuce needs nitrogen to grow
tender, new leaves quickly, so fertilize throughout the growing season with Bonnie Herb,
Vegetable & Flower Plant Food.

In the spring, begin setting out lettuce plants about a month before the last frost. Lettuce grows
best within a temperature range from 45 to about 80 degrees. Hot weather makes it bitter;
extreme cold freezes it. When well rooted, some Bibb types such as Buttercrunch will tolerate a
surprising amount of frost.

Plant fall of lettuce will be beginning about 4 to 8 weeks before the first frost. If you use a cold
frame or row cover, gardeners in many areas of the country can grow lettuce through the winter.

Lettuce spacing is not an exact science, but Bonnie varieties tend to do best with spacing
between 6 and 18 inches (depending on type, so check the tag). Generally, you should space
plants far enough apart so that they can grow to full size. However, many gardeners plant lettuce
much closer together, preferring to harvest leaves continuously before they reach full size. The
plants adapt to their spacing.

For the most tender, succulent leaves, water regularly during dry weather. Also, mulch to keep
the soil cool and moist, and prevent weeds.

Harvest

You can harvest leaf lettuce from the outside of the plant, leaving the central bud to grow
more leaves, or you can cut the entire plant at the base. Leaf lettuce is ready to eat at just about
any size, and you can pick the baby leaves for tender salads. Romaine lettuce forms its
characteristic mid-rib before harvest; at full size it makes an upright leafy clump. Bibb types
such as Buttercrunch form a loose head; you can harvest anytime, but for the classic Bibb rosette,
wait until the lettuce is nearly full size (6 to 8 inches in diameter) and cut it at the soil line.

The same is true for heading iceberg types; however, in warm climates where head lettuce
doesn’t make a firm head, you can harvest it like a leaf lettuce, removing leaves as they get large
enough to eat.
Lettuce tastes sweetest in cool weather, which is why it is such a great fall crop. As the weather
warms, plants will go to seed. By the time they begin to stretch and send out a seed stalk (called
bolting), the leaves are bitter. When this starts to happen, harvest all your lettuce immediately
and try storing it in the refrigerator, where some of the bitterness may disappear.

Related Studies

N-fertilizer use efficiencies are affected by their chemical composition and suffer from potential
N-losses by volatilization. In a field lysimeter experiment, (Crawford NM Glass ADM 1998
Molecular and physiological aspects of nitrate uptake in plants Trends in Plant Science 3 389–
395) N-labelled fertilizers were used to follow N uptake by Brassica napus L. and assess N-
losses by volatilization. Use of urea with NBPT (urease inhibitor) showed the best efficiency
with the lowest N losses (8% of N applied compared with 25% with urea alone). Plants receiving
ammonium sulphate, had similar yield achieved through a better N mobilization from vegetative
tissues to the seeds, despite a lower N uptake resulting from a higher volatilization (43% of
applied N). Amounts of 15N in the plant were also higher when plants were fertilized with
ammonium nitrate but N-losses reached 23% of applied N. In parallel, hydroponic experiments
showed a deleterious effect of ammonium and urea on the growth of oilseed rape. This was
alleviated by the nitrate supply, which was preferentially taken up. B. napus was also
characterized by a very low potential for urea uptake. BnDUR3 and BnAMT1, encoding urea
and ammonium transporters, were up-regulated by urea, suggesting that urea-grown plants
suffered from nitrogen deficiency. The results also suggested a role for nitrate as a signal for the
expression of BnDUR3, in addition to its role as a major nutrient. Overall, the results of the
hydroponic study showed that urea itself does not contribute significantly to the N nutrition of
oilseed rape. Moreover, it may contribute indirectly since a better use efficiency for urea
fertilizer, which was further increased by the application of a urease inhibitor, was observed in
the lysimeter study. (Arkoun et. al.; Hydroponics versus field lysimeter studies of urea,
ammonium and nitrate uptake by oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.), Journal of Experimental
Botany, Volume 63, Issue 14, 1, Pages 5245–5258)

Rice (Oryza sativa) varieties that are arsenate-tolerant (Bala) and -sensitive (Azucena)
were used to conduct a transcriptome analysis of the response of rice seedlings to sodium
arsenate (AsV) in hydroponic solution. RNA extracted from the roots of three replicate
experiments of plants grown for 1 week in phosphate-free nutrient with or without 13.3 μM AsV
was used to challenge the Affymetrix (52K) GeneChip Rice Genome array. A total of 576 probe
sets were significantly up-regulated at least 2-fold in both varieties, whereas 622 were down-
regulated. Ontological classification is presented. As expected, a large number of transcription
factors, stress proteins, and transporters demonstrated differential expression. Striking is the lack
of response of classic oxidative stress-responsive genes or phytochelatin synthases/synthatases.
However, the large number of responses from genes involved in glutathione synthesis,
metabolism, and transport suggests that glutathione conjugation and arsenate methylation may be
important biochemical responses to arsenate challenge. In this report, no attempt is made to
dissect differences in the response of the tolerant and sensitive variety, but analysis in a
companion article will link gene expression to the known tolerance loci available in the
Bala×Azucena mapping population. (Gareth J. Norton, Daniel E. Lou-Hing, Andrew A. Meharg,
Adam H. Price; Rice–arsenate interactions in hydroponics: whole genome transcriptional
analysis, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 59, Issue 8, 1 May 2008, Pages 2267–2276)
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

M. D. S. (2013). A REVIEW ON PLANT WITHOUT SOIL - HYDROPONICS. Worldwide

Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 02(03), 299–304.
https://doi.org/10.15623/IJRET.2013.0203013

Butler, J.D. what's more, Oebker, N.F. ,―Hydroponics as a Hobby Growing Plants Without
Soil‖. Roundabout 844. Data Office, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois, Urbana,
IL 61801.( 2006.)

De Kreij C; Voogt W; Baas R (1999). Supplement solutionsand water quality for soilless
societies. Research Station forFloriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables (PBG),
Naaldwijk,The Netherlands, Brochure 196

De Kreij C; Voogt W; Baas R (1999). Supplement solutionsand water quality for soilless
societies. Research Station forFloriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables (PBG),
Naaldwijk,The Netherlands, Brochure 196

Crawford NM Glass ADM 1998 Molecular and physiological aspects of nitrate uptake in plants
Trends in Plant Science 3 389– 395

Mustapha Arkoun, Xavier Sarda, Laëtitia Jannin, Philippe Laîné, Philippe Etienne, José-Maria
Garcia-Mina, Jean-Claude Yvin, Alain Ourry; Hydroponics versus field lysimeter studies
of urea, ammonium and nitrate uptake by oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.), Journal of
Experimental Botany, Volume 63, Issue 14, 1 September 2012, Pages 5245–
5258,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers183

Gareth J. Norton, Daniel E. Lou-Hing, Andrew A. Meharg, Adam H. Price; Rice–arsenate

interactions in hydroponics: whole genome transcriptional analysis, Journal of
Experimental Botany, Volume 59, Issue 8, 1 May 2008, Pages 2267–
2276, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern097