I 1 I I 1 i | 1 | 1 | | ] 1 a 2 3 » ~ > 2 > 2 ~ et cad ad ea! (Ea ea Re Ee Ba ea | hy eye &: 0 * th waveguide stracture which snot partial (Le. uation (57 no longer val) + vectorial elaltone + rections = sD waveguides ‘+ mumercl accracy and efficiency + high contrast waveguides + improved boundary conions 54 Optical components 54. Lossin straight waveguides Inthe previous section the straight waveguide was ated extensively analyzed. In ths section we wil therefore restrict ourself to an aspect that has ot et been del with: propagation kases Inwaveguids, There sre diferent cause forth los, The interaction of ight ad matter result ‘in absorption and nan perfect gilding els in sstering snd adition losses. ‘When the origin of the los is uriformly spread over te waveguide length, the guided optical ower will decease exponentially with the propagation distance Pen eo ‘is called the power attention coefficient Duet he pel dimension ofan integrate optical ‘Sreuit cm scale) »fypialy has tobe beiow 01 to 1.0 cm, which corresponds to fxs betwen, ‘05dB em to SdB/om- We il now dlscus the diffeentos mechanisms Which case these ls ‘Loss through absorption Im semiconductor materials witha dizet bandgap, the easiest abcorption mechanism isthe ‘Secton-hole par cesion by 4 pon witha photon energy larger than the bandgap Ey ‘SEmtines te is wanted (photodetectors) andi this sno the case t can eal be pre serted by checsng a material composition with a bandgap suffcenly larg compared 10 the photon energy [Aloe fre cariers play «role inthe absorption proces due to inter and intaband tans lone or noncintentonally doped semiconductors witha carier concentration of about {0"emn? this abvoxption typically remains below O14B/em. Ako in non semiconductor material ess occu duet electronic and molecu transitions + Loss through seatering are cause by spatial actuators ofthe refactiveindex (volume satering) Seatering loses erty tehoughnes at the sidewalls ofthe waveguie surface roughness scattering, These ery Meth eed waveguide boundaties tht determine the waveguide or the interface of {ab ers which are grown ontop ofeach ober In practe mostly surface oughness sat (Sing leo tte e problem, Based on some simple asumptons, flowing approximated {syoton forthe scattering los at boundaries an be caine sats be pein be ope fe and fe. "The costal ogy can oly be empiicallyae a a a Ceoceccceg Oe eeueses -— = we. eeevresuuuuy sncrease neatly exponentially x desig tegration of multiple components on a semiconductor afer fe) requires waveguides that can oo many losses (GaP: maximum 2 Rie propagation diction ona short distance and without we start off again from a two dimensional waveguide, possibly ob- alalate the waveguide modes we change 0.2 For the theoretical trestment fective index method. To athe bent waveguide wil coincide with the coordi- be reperrt nd an Tee eso ecm bate nen en ent ice (Geter dg vate) ee pe vin nf) eeavendex ple We propa salon wire) = Wi) Le) (6.98) se dents tt ate ple we) Staion be peo Sebsating oe tnbl span rol (dais _ TH * Ory Br” Wer) 533© fntroacng the taafortmed inden ‘Whe he tide of equation 95) only depends on rand the ight eon depends on 6 canequnte bth ins conta 3, Trtore we cane “1 Fay war ae ‘The genorl alton to this equation is +=0 He) = onion 100) ‘The solutions analogous to the solution for propagation ina straight waveguide. The phase fronts coinede with = ‘So they ten around te bend, called the angular propagation ‘constant (dimension ed [xe + dete ~ a] ve) =0 eam tem the Helmholtz equation has exactly the same shape ‘when we replace the refractive index profile n(x) by and propagation contain bent waveguides can therefore be calculated by a mode solver developed for saving straight waveguide modes, By fle n(x). This is schematically depicted in figure 325, ve index profile and the coresponding bend move profile the transformed index prof sure, Based onthe transformed refractive index prot 2 i easy to understand what happens in a ben ‘From the point where Re{) = med radiation will occur and the phase front wil bend backwands, That way propagation losses The mode is mos strongly guided in the area withthe highest refractive index, Therefor, the mode profile wi the bent waveguide. At the transition © from stnighttobent waveguide mode adaptation lass wil occur 4 by decensing thet De agaieo ding et the ode vege ena ongSr ses setyd opou pong 9s mnt sogranojen nnywOD seen ew