 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬٢٤٠
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

? ?? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KECircuit Maker, EWB, PSPICE, ORCADF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

W K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

‫א‬EOperational AmplifierF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELinear Integrated CircuitF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOperational AmplifierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEIntegrated CircuitF‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W١J ١ 


‫א‬WK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EJ F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬EPolarityF
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
  K٢١‫א‬
EOP AMP ٧٤١F٧٤١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧٤١‫א‬
 K٣J ١‫א‬٢J ١‫א‬‫א‬







 W٢J ١

-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



 W٣J ١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEOffset NullF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤J ١‫א‬
KE ١٨V,H١٨VF،E ١٥V,H١٥VF‫א‬
‫א‬KE٠V,٣٠VF،E ١٢V,H١٨VF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

(١-١)  +Vsat = +VSupply – ٢ V
 
(٢-١)  -Vsat = -VSupply + ٢ V

-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



 ‫א‬ W٤J ١


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 -Vsat < Vout < +Vsat
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WVd‫א‬‫א‬
(٣-١) Vd = V - V+ -


‫א‬K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬KEOpen Loop GainF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K٢٠٠ ٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEAolF‫א‬‫א‬

(٤-١)  Vout = AolVd

J Vsat+Vsat‫א‬Vsat‫א‬‫א‬KVout > Vsat
 KVd



-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WE١J ١F
٢٠٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥ V ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
+Vsat = +VSupply – ٢V=١٥V – ٢V= ١٣V
-Vsat = -VSupply + ٢V=١٥V – ٢V= ١٣V
 .١٣V ‫א‬ 
Vd = Vout/Aol = ١٣V/٢٠٠٠٠٠ = ٦٥µV
 Vd = Vout/Aol = ١٣V/٥٠٠٠٠٠ = ٢٦ µVWAol = ٥٠٠٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١ MΩF

 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K  Aol‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFeedbackF



-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١ ‫א‬
 K٦٥ µVVd ‫א‬
٦٥ µV < W
 A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VA < H٦٥ µV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KVA = ٠ V‫א‬‫א‬KEVirtual EarthF

Rf = ١٠ kΩ

→If

١٥V
vin = ١V Rin = ١kΩ
vout
→Iin A

١٥V

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W٥J ١


 Zin >> Rf‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Rf‫א‬‫א‬Rin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥-١) Iin = (Vin - VA) / Rin
(٦-١)  If = (VA – Vout) / Rf
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


Vin / Rin = - Vout / RfW،VA = ٠‫א‬
 .Vout = ١٠V Rf = ١٠kΩ، Rin = ١kΩ ،Vin = ١ V

 ٦J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ١

٢٠ kΩ

١٠ kΩ ١٥V
A
vout
١V-
١٥V
٢V



٦J ١
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬KVA = ٢VW‫א‬‫א‬
Iin = (VA – Vin) / ١٠ kΩ
If = (Vout – VA) / ٢٠ kΩ
  Iin=Iout
Vout = ٨ V Vin = ١ V، VA = ٢ V

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
٧٤١  F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١J ٤
 KE‫א‬FE

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEVdF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢J ٤
E٧J ١F  Vd = (V+ - V-)
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEPDF ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

←If

VA
vout
→I٠

↓IL RL

 ٧-١

I o = If + I L



‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ K٥J ٤
 .(٧٤١  ٢ MΩF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ K٦J ٤

 KH١٥V ١٥VH١٣V ١٣V‫א‬٧٤١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧J ٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K ٢٠٠{٠٠٠ ٢٠٠V/١mV‫א‬‫א‬٧٤١


-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ K٨J ٤

F
  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FH١٤ V ١٤ V‫א‬‫א‬٧٤١E١٠kΩ
 KH١٣ V ١٣ V‫א‬‫א‬E٢kΩ
Acm = ‫א‬‫א‬WECMMRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩J ٤
Acm = F ‫א‬AcmKv+=v--vout/v+
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ٠{٠١
 CMMR = Aol/AcmW‫א‬‫א‬ECMMRF‫א‬
 CMMRdb = ٢٠log(Aol/AcmF = ٢٠log(CMMRFWEdbF
 ‫א‬CMMRdb‫א‬١٠٠٠٠١٠٠CMMR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .٨٠db٤٠
‫א‬WESlew RateF‫א‬ K١٠J ٤
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ V‫א‬
 ‫א‬K٠{٥ V/µs‫א‬‫א‬٧٤١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨٠ Hz
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E٨J ١F  SR=∆vout/∆t
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 ١J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LF١٥٧A LM٧٨٤١C   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
٢٠٠{٠٠٠ ١٠٠{٠٠٠  ∞ Aol ‫א‬
١٠١٢Ω ٢MΩ  ∞ Rin  ‫א‬
١٠٠ Ω ٧٥ Ω ٠ Rout  ‫א‬
 W١J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬٨-١‫א‬W٣-١

vin
v٢


 ٣J ١‫א‬W٨-١ 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬v٢‫א‬vin‫א‬W
 K‫א‬vin = v٢ = R١/(R١+R٢)vout
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Acl = vout/vin = R٢/R١ + ١
 W
 vout = Aol(vin-v٢)=Aol(v١-Bvout)B = v٢/vout،v٢ = R١/(R١+R٢)vout
 Acl = vout/vin = AolL(١HAolB)

 W‫א‬ K٦
 WEInverting AmplifierF K١J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٠J ١F‫א‬‫א‬K
 Ki٢ = ٠ERin = ∞F‫א‬K
 .v٢ = ٠Aol = ∞ K
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

R١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٠J ١‫א‬R٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

→iin

R٢
R٢
→iin
→i٢ Vout
Vout
R١ V٢
R ١ V٢

vin
vin

‫ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻷرض اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ‬:١٠-١‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

  W٩-١
.(v٢=٠)‫( وﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ‬i٢ = ٠)‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎر‬ 
 W‫א‬
 Kvout = -iinR٢vin = iinR١‫א‬Ev٢ = ٠F
 K١٠J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Acl‫א‬vinvout
J ١F Acl = vout/vin = -iinR٢/ iinR١ = -R٢/R١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEBandwidthF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .f٢(ol) = ١٠Hz  W ٧٤١C 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ١F  f٢(cl) = funity / (Acl H١)





- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W٤-١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kvout ‫א‬١١-١‫א‬
 K١ MHK١ kHz ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Acl = ٧٥kΩ/١{٥kΩ = ٥٠ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١F‫א‬
 f٢(cl) = ١MHz/٥٠ = ٢٠kHz W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠-١F‫א‬
vout = ٥٠(١٠mVpp)= ٥٠٠mVppW١ kHz‫א‬
 vout = ١٠ mVppW١ MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ MHz
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬(Bode)١٢-١‫א‬
 KE٤٠dB٦ dB،١٠٠ ٥٠WF ٣٤dB٥٠(decibel)
 

٧٥kΩ
ACL
١٫٥kΩ vout

٣٤dB

f
١٠mVpp
٢٠ kHz ١ MHz

 ٤J ١W١١J ١ ٤J ١‫א‬‫א‬W١٢J ١









- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WENoninverting AmplifierF K٢J ٦

 K١٣-١‫א‬‫א‬
vout

R٢ R٢
↓i١
vin
vin vin

R١ ↓i١ R١


 W١٣J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬W١٤J ١ 

.R٢‫ و‬R١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬KEJ F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Ei٢F ‫א‬R١‫א‬‫א‬Ei١F‫א‬KR٢R١‫א‬‫א‬vin‫א‬
 KR٢‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١١-١)  vin = R١ / (R١ + R٢)vout
 KE١٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬EACLF‫א‬
(١٢-١)  ACL = vout / vin = (R٢+R١) / R١ = (R٢ / R١) + ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Bandwidth)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .f٢(ol) = ١٠ Hz  W ٧٤١C 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١٣-١)  f٢(cl) = funity / (Acl H١)

 W٥J ١
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KEf٢(CL)F‫א‬EACLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥-١‫א‬
 K٢٥٠ kHz‫א‬

vout

٣٫٩ kΩ ACL

٥٠ mVpp ٣٢dB

١٠٠ kΩ
f
٢٥ kHz ١ MHz

 ٥J ١W١٥J ١‫א‬ ‫ א‬W١٦J ١‫א‬


ACL = (٣٫٩ kΩ / ١٠٠Ω) + ١ = ٤٠ W‫א‬
f٢(cl) = ١MHz/٤٠ = ٢٥kHz
vout = (٥٠ mVpp) = ٢٠٠ mVpp

 WEComparatorAmplifierF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K١٨J ١‫א‬١٧J ١‫א‬W






- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬




+Vsat
-Vee

٠ vin

-Vsat

+Vcc
 
W١٧J ١‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬W١٨J ١‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K vrefK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩J ١‫א‬‫א‬


 W١٩J ١‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

vout 

vin +Vsat

vref ٠ 

-Vsat

W٢٠J ١‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢١J ١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
١V
+Vsat

٠ ٠

-Vsat
-١ V
 
‫א‬‫א‬W٢١J ١‫א‬ 

 WESumming AmplifierF‫א‬‫ א‬K٤J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٢-١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

W٢٢J ١‫א‬

 Kv١‫א‬ACL١
 Kv٢‫א‬ACL٢
 Kv٣‫א‬ACL٣
 WETheorem SuperpositionF‫א‬‫א‬
(١٤-١)  vout = ACL١v١ + ACL٢v٢ + ACL٣v٣
 .ACL٣ = -Rf/R٣ ACL٢ = -Rf/R٢EFACL١ = -Rf/R١
 W‫א‬
(١٥-١)  vout = (-Rf/R١)v١ + (-Rf/R٢)v٢ + (-Rf/R٣)v٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ١F‫א‬ Rf = R١ = R٢ = R٣ = R‫א‬‫א‬
(١٦-١)  vout=-(v١ + v٢ + v٣)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٥-١
 W٢٣J ١‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
vout = -(v١ + v٢ + v٣) =

J ١FW٢٣J ١‫א‬ -(٠{١ V + ٠{٢ V + ٠{٤ V) = ٠{٧ V 

- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 W٦-١
 K٢٤J ١‫א‬‫א‬

 J ١FW٢٤J ١‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
vout = (-Rf/R١)v١ + (-Rf/R٢)v٢ + (-Rf/R٣)v٣ = ( ١L١)٥ V + ( ١L٠{٥)٢ V + ( ١L٠{٢)٠{٥ V =
 ٥ V - ٤ V - ٢{٥ V = ١١{٥ V

 WEDifferentiator AmplifierF‫א‬‫ א‬K٥J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٢٥J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


W٢٥J ١‫א‬ 


- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٧J ١F  ic = C(dv/dt)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬(dv/dtF
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E١٨J ١F  vR = -RC(dv/dt)

dv/dt ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٦J ١


vin vout 




t t



vin vout

- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



vin
vout

t t




vin vout


t  t

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٦J ١‫אא‬ 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W٨-١
K ٠{٤ s١٠ V٠ V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٦-١‫א‬
vin (V)

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

١٠

t(s)
٠{٢ ٠{٤


‫א‬W٢٦J ١‫א‬  W‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
dv/dt = ١٠V/٠{٤s = ٢٥V/s
 WE١٨J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
Vout = -(١٠kΩ) (٢{٢µF) (٢٥V/s) = ٠{٥٥V

 WEIntegrator AmplifierF‫א‬‫ א‬K٦J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٧-١‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬W٢٧J ١‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ١) VC = (١/C)∫i(t)dt

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Kvin KE٢٨J ١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A ‫א‬
(٢٠-١)  i = vi n /R
‫א‬‫א‬ .A ‫א‬ C ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
(٢١-١)  vC = -(١/RC)∫vindt
 vC = -(١/RC)vint
J ٢٢)
 KVC = ٥ VtVin = ٥ mV R = ١ kΩ C = ١ µF
K٢٨-١‫א‬
vin vout

t(s)
t(s)



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٨J ١‫א‬

 W٩J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠J ١‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


W٢٩J ١‫א‬

 ٩J ١  W‫א‬
 WE٢٢-١F‫א‬‫א‬
vC = -(١/RC)vint = -(١L١٠kΩ x ٠{٢µF)(١٠mV)t = ٥t V
 Wt‫א‬‫א‬vC = ١٣V‫א‬
 t = ١٣/ ٥ = ٢{٦ s

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠J ١‫א‬ ‫א‬.‫א‬

vout 
vin



t
t 



- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


vin vout 


t

t


vin vout



t  t



‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٩J ١‫א‬ 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WEFiltersF‫ א‬K٧
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 K١ MHz‫א‬

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١ MHz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEIdeal ResponsesF‫א‬‫א‬W
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EHigh Pass FilterF‫א‬ELow Pass FilterF‫א‬
EBand Stop FilterFEBand Pass FilterF
 KEAll Pass FilterF
 WELow-Pass FilterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

A 



‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻲ‬ 
f

fc

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W٣٢-١ 
 K‫א‬fcW

EHigh-Pass FilterFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K



A 




‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻲ‬
f 
fc 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W٣٣J ١ 

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 EBand Pass FilterFW‫א‬ K


A 



(BW)‫ﻣﺠﺎل ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻲ‬ 
f
f١ f٢ 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬W٣٤-١ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬f٢ f١W





 EBand Stop FilterFW K

A 




f 
f١ f٢


‫א‬‫ א‬W٣٥J ١ 



- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEAll Pass FilterF K


A




f 
‫ א‬W٣٦-١ 

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
W‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ELow Pass FilterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١J 

Av = ١
fc= ١ / (٢πR١C١)


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٧J ١


- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Av = (R٢/R١) + ١
fc= ١ / (٢πR٣C١)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٧J ١

 ‫א‬

Av = -R٢/R١
fc= ١ / (٢πR٢C١)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٧J ١



 EHigh Pass FilterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢J 

Av = ١
fc= ١ / (٢πR١C١)


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٧J ١
 K- ٢٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Av = (R٢/R١) + ١
fc= ١ / (٢πR٣C١)

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٧J ١


Av = -C١/C٢
fc= ١ / (٢πR١C٢)

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٧-١

 W١٠-١
 .‫א‬‫אﻹ‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬.٣٨J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  K١٠J ١‫א‬ W٣٨J ١


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٨J ١‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 Av = (٣٩ kΩ / ١ kΩ) H١ = ٤٠
 fc = ١ / (٢π)(١٢kΩ)(٦٨٠pF) = ١٩{٥ kHz

40

30

20

10
Gain, dB

-10

-20

-30

-40
1E3 1E4 1E5 1E6 1E7
Frequency, Hz



 ‫א‬‫ א‬W٣٩J ١


- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬٣٢ dB‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٣٩J ١‫א‬

 KEdecadeF٢٠ dB‫א‬١٩{٥ kHz
 ELow Pass FilterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠J ١‫א‬KQ‫א‬

Av = ١
Q = ٠٫٥(C٢/C١)١/٢
fp= ١ / (٢πR(C١C٢)١/٢)
Butterworth:
Q=٠٧٠٧, Kc=١
Bessel:
Q=٠٫٥٧٧, Kc=٠٫٧٨٦

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٤٠-١
 W١١-١
 ‫؟‬EfcF‫א‬K٤١J ١‫א‬‫א‬EQFEfpF‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٤١-١ 
 Wfp‫א‬‫א‬QW‫א‬
Q = ٠{٥(C٢/C١)١L٢ = ٠{٥(١{٦٤nF/٨٢٠pF)١L٢ = ٠{٧٠٧
fp= ١ / (٢πR(C١C٢)١L٢) = ١L٢π(٣٠ kΩ)((٨٢٠ pF)(١{٦٤ nF))١L٢ = ٤{٥٨ kHz
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEButterworthF‫א‬‫א‬Q
Fc = fp = ٤{٥٨ kHz

 K٤٠ dB‫א‬٤{٥٨ kHz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W١V‫א‬K٥٠٠٠٠٠K١
 ٢µVK
 ٥mVK
 ١٠mVK
 ١VK
 W٧٤١CK٢
١٠٠٠٠٠K
 ٢MΩK
 ٧٥ΩK
 K
 WEACLF‫א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 WK٤
 EACLF‫א‬K
 EAOLF‫א‬K
 ERinF‫א‬K
 ERoutF‫א‬K
 WK٥
 ‫א‬EACLF‫א‬K
 EAOLF‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K


- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WK٦
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ERinF‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K


 W‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 K
 K


 W‫א‬K٩
 K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 W‫א‬K١٠
 K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K


- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WK١١
 K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 WK١٢
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 EFEF‫א‬‫א‬K













- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
W١J ١
 E٤٢J ١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF EF

EF EF

٤٢J ١‫א‬ 






- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W٤٣J ١‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ١

E F E F

EF ٤٣J ١‫א‬ EF


 ٤٤J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ١
 KEACLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،voutEF،ifEF،iinEF

→if

→iin

 ٤٤J ١‫א‬


- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬٤٥-١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤-١

EF
EF
٤٥J ١‫א‬
 K٤٦J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ١
 KRf‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

→if

٤٦J ١‫א‬




- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

J ١K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦J ١
٤٧

٥V

vin ٠

٤٧J ١‫א‬
 K٤٨J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧J ١

٥V

vin ٠
١٠µs

٤٨
 J ١‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ELow-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass, Band-StopFW٨-١

٤٩-١‫א‬
Gain Gain Gain Gain



f f f f

EF EF EF EF

٤٩J ١‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩J ١
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFK١٢،EFK١١،EFK١٠،EFK٩،EFK٨،EFK٧،EFK٦،EFK٥،EFK٤،EFK٣،EFK٢،EF K١

 ‫א‬
 K٢٣EF،٤٧{٨EF،١٠١EF،١١EFW١J ١
KJ ١٠EF،٢٢EF،J ١EF،١EFW٢J ١
 K ١٠EF،-١٠VEF، ٤٥٥µAEF،٤٥٥µAEFW٣J ١
.E٩٧{٥kHzFEF‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ١
 vout = ٣{٥٧ V, if = ٣٥٧ µAW٥J ١
 ٤{٤٦ mV/µsW٦J ١
 ١ mAW٧J ١
 KBSEF،LPEF،HPEF،BPEFW٨J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩J ١

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

W K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

 W‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EICF‫א‬ETimerF‫א‬
 K‫א‬EPulse GeneratorF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬
NE٥٥٥ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬١-٢٥٥٥‫א‬ KLM٥٥٥CA٥٥٥MC١٤٥٥‫א‬



٥٥٥  W١-٢‫א‬




- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ground  ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Trigger ‫א‬ ٢
‫א‬
‫א‬ Output  ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Reset ‫א‬ ٤


 ‫א‬‫א‬ Control
‫ א‬ ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ Voltage

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
Threshold ‫א‬ ٦
 ٣L٢٣L٢‫א‬
K‫א‬
Discharge  ٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Supply
‫א‬ ٨
١٥٥ Voltage


٥٥٥‫א‬ W١J ٢‫א‬ 
 W٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬
‫א‬EMonostableF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEAstableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEMonostableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
W١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ MΩ٠{٦٨µF‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬٥٥٥‫א‬
٠{٦٨ µF Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٠{٠٠٠٠٠٠٦٨ FZ٠{٦٨L١٠٠٠٠٠٠Z‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠ ΩZ‫א‬
 ‫א‬x‫א‬x١{١Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٠٠٠٠٠٠٦٨x١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠x١{١Z
 ٧{٤٨Z
١٠٠٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬
١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠
 ٠{٧٤٨‫א‬


- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬W٢-٢‫א‬




F٤‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WEAstableF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٢‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬


- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٢‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٣٢‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EfrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬
 ١{٤٤L (٢٢H١F x ‫א‬=‫א‬
  ١ / ‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Et١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEt٢F‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٦٩٣ x ‫א‬ x (٢H١F =t١‫א‬
 ‫א‬ x ٢ x ٠{٦٩٣ =٢‫א‬
 ٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (Duty Cycle) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٢٢H١FLE٢H١F = L١=‫א‬
 ٧٥٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٥٪ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 : ٢-٢
١٢‫א‬١٠ MΩ١‫א‬٠{٦٨ µF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬K MΩ
 . ‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬،١‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬٥٥٥

 ٠{٠٠٠٠٠٠٦٨ F ٠{٦٨ µF=‫א‬
 ‫א‬ x E٢٢H١FL١{٤٤=‫א‬
 ١{٤٤ / (١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠ + ٢ x ١٠٠٠٠٠٠) x ٠{٠٠٠٠٠٠٦٨
  ٠{١٧٦ =
  ٥{٦٦ = ١ / ١{١٧٦= ‫א‬L١=‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ x (٢H١Fx٠{٦٩٣=١‫א‬
 = ٠{٦٩٣ x (١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠ + ١٠٠٠٠٠٠) x ٠{٠٠٠٠٠٠٦٨
  ٥{١٨=
 ‫א‬x٢x٠{٦٩٣=٢‫א‬
 = ٠{٦٩٣ x ١٠٠٠٠٠٠ x ٠{٠٠٠٠٠٠٦٨
  ٠{٤٧=
 L١=‫א‬
 = ٥{١٨ / ٥{٦٦
 ٩٥ %  ٠{٩١٥ =

 W٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٥٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢‫א‬
 W٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ K١J ٤
 ERS FLIP-FLOPF‫א‬ K٢J ٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

TIMER ٥٥٥


٥٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W٤J ٢‫א‬ 


Timing F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣J ٤
 ECapacitor

 WERS FLIP-FLOPFE٥J ٢‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KELowF
 EHighF
 Q` QRS‫א‬
 KQ`QKQ`QK‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬
Q`Q‫א‬KECut offF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KESaturationF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬RS‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEBistable MultivibratorF


 ‫א‬‫א‬RS  W٥J ٢‫א‬ 









- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WEMonostableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
+Vcc
 K٦J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

←W→ Time(s)

UTP = ٢VCC/٣
LTP = VCC/٣
W = ١٫١RC

+Vcc



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٦J ٢‫א‬

‫א‬KETRIF٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١{١RCF‫א‬‫א‬KH‫א‬EoutF٣‫א‬
 KL‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAmplitudeF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١J ٢F UTP = ٢VCC/٣
E٢J ٢F LTP = VCC/٣
E٣J ٢F W = ١{١RC

‫א‬LTP ،E٤-٢ F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UTP،‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE٤-٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W٣-٢
‫א‬‫א‬KC = ٠{٤٧ µF،R = ٣٣ kΩ،VCC = ١٢VW٦-٢‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬.‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 WE٣J ٢FE٢J ٢FE١J ٢F‫א‬
LTP = VCC/٣ = ١٢ V/٣ = ٤ V
UTP = ٢VCC/٣ = ٢(١٢ V)/٣ = ٨ V
W=١{١RC = ١{١(٣٣ kΩ)(٠{٤٧ µF) = ١٧{١ ms

 W٤-٢
KC = ٤٧٠ µFR = ١٠ MΩ٦-٢‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 W = ١{١RC = ١{١(١٠ MΩ)(٤٧٠ µF) = ٥١٧٠ s = ٨٦{٢ mn = ١{٤٤ hr
 K‫א‬














- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 WEAstableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K٧J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

TIMER ٥٥٥

+Vcc

٠ ←W→ Time(s)
⎪←-----T----→⎪

W = ٠٫٦٩٣(R١+R٢)C
T = ٠٫٦٩٣(R١+٢R٢)C
f = ١٫٤٤/(R١+٢R٢)C
D = (R١+R٢)/(R١+٢R٢)


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧J ٢‫ א‬
- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

+Vcc

٠ ←W→ Time(s)
⎪←-----T----→⎪


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٨J ٢‫א‬ 

EAstable Pulse generatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧J ٢‫א‬٢{٨‫א‬‫א‬
EW, T, f, DF‫א‬‫א‬KCR٢R١ ‫א‬‫א‬EPeriodF
 K‫א‬ D‫א‬f ‫א‬‫א‬T ‫א‬W ٧J ٢‫א‬
 W٥J ٢
C = ،R٢ = ٣٠ kΩ،R١ = ٧٥ kΩ‫א‬‫א‬٨-٢‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٤٧ nF
 W‫א‬
 W٧J ٢‫א‬‫א‬
f = ١{٤٤/(R١H٢R٢)C = ١{٤٤/(٧٥ kΩH٦٠ kΩ)(٤٧ nF) = ٢٢٧ Hz
 



- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 WEVoltage Controlled OscillatorF‫א‬ K٨
 K٨J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVCOF‫א‬

Vcon


W = -(R١+R٢)Cln(Vcc-Vcon/Vcc-٠٫٥Vcon) 
T = W+٠٫٦٩٣R٢C
f = ١/( W+٠٫٦٩٣R٢C)


EVCOF‫א‬ W٨J ٢‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬f‫א‬‫א‬ T ‫א‬W 
 W٦J ٢
 C = ٤٧ nF،R٢ = ٣٠ kΩ،R١ = ٧٥ kΩW‫א‬٨J ٢‫א‬
EDF‫א‬EfF‫א‬‫א‬KVcon = ١١VEDF‫א‬EfF‫א‬
 KVcon = ١V 


- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 W٨J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WVcon = ١١ V‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W = - (R١+R٢)Cln(Vcc-Vcon/Vcc ٠{٥Vcon)
 = - (٧٥ kΩ + ٣٠ kΩ)(٤٧nF)ln(١٢V - ١١V)/(١٢V - ٥{٥V) = ٩{٢٤ ms
W‫א‬‫א‬
 T = WH٠{٦٩٣R٢C = ٩{٢٤ ms + ٠{٦٩٣(٣٠ kΩ)(٤٧ nF) = ١٠{٢ ms
W‫א‬
 D = W/T = ٩{٢٤ ms/١٠{٢ ms = ٠{٩٠٦
W‫א‬
f = ١/T = ١/( WH٠{٦٩٣R٢C) = ١L١٠{٢ ms = ٩٨ Hz
WVcon = ١ V‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W = - (R١+R٢)Cln(Vcc-Vcon/Vcc ٠{٥Vcon)
= - (٧٥ kΩ + ٣٠ kΩ)(٤٧nF)ln(١٢V ١V)/(١٢V- ٠{٥V) = ٠{٢١٩ ms
W‫א‬‫א‬
T = WH٠{٦٩٣R٢C = ٠{٢١٩ ms + ٠{٦٩٣(٣٠ kΩ)(٤٧ nF) = ١{٢ ms
W‫א‬
D = W/T = ٠{٢١٩ ms/١{٢ ms = ٠{١٨٣
W‫א‬
f = ١/T = ١/( WH٠{٦٩٣R٢C) = ١L١{٢ ms = ٨٣٣ Hz






- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬K١J ٢
K٣EF،٢EF،١EF،٠EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬K٢J ٢
K٣EF،٢EF،١EF،٠EF
 W٥٥٥K٢J ٣
 KEF،EF،EF،EF
 ‫؟‬٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬K٢J ٤
 ،‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬EF،‫א‬EF،‫א‬EF،‫א‬EF،‫א‬EF

 
 K٥٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١J ٢
 KVCC = ١٠ V٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬K٢J ٢
K‫א‬ KR١ = ١٠ kΩ, R٢ = ٢ kΩ, C = ٠{٠٠٤٧ µF ٥٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ KR١ = ١٠ kΩ, C = ٠{٠٢٢ µF ‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥K٤J ٢











- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFK٤J ٢،EF٣J ٢،EFK٢J ٢،EFK١J ٢
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،ERS FLIP-FLOPF‫א‬K١J ٢
 K
 KR٥ = ٤٧ kΩ ،R٤ = ٦٥{٨ kΩK٢J ٢
 ٢١{٩ kHzK٣J ٢
٢٤٢ µsK٤J ٢

- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٠ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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