PERIODIC MOTION IBA. 13.2. 1B3. Bd, 135. 136. ToeNriry and Ser Ur: The target variables are the period and angular frequency «2. We are given the frequency {$0 we can find these using Eqs(13.1) and (13.2) EXECUTE: (a) /'=220 Hz T= Uf =1/220 He=4.54%10" s =2nf =2(220 Hz) =1380 radls 2(220 Ha) = 440 He .27 10" (emaller by a factor of 2) 2m f =2a(440 Hz) =2760 radls (factor of 2 larger) EVALUATE: The angular frequency is directly proportional tothe frequency and the period is inversely proportional tothe frequency. IneNTIFY and SET UP: ‘The amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium, In one period the object {goes from x=+4 to x=—A and rewns EXECUTE: (a) A=0.120m () 0.800 s=7/2 so the period is 160s 1 (© f=4=0.025 He T EVALUATE: Whenever the object is released from rest, its intial displacement equals the amplitude of its SHM. IwENTIFY: The period i the time for one vibration and =. SETUP: The units of angular frequency are rads : 0.508 Execute: The period is 2:50; 4x10" s and the angular frequency is « = 3 = 5.53x10 rad/s. EvaLuars: There are 880 vibrations in 1.05, sof =880 Hz . This is equal to 1/7 IpeNtiry: The period is the time for one cycle and the amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium. Both these values can be read from the graph, SET Ur: The maximum x is 10.0 em. The time for one eycle is 16.08 1 EXECUTE: (a) T=16.0550 f, 0.0625 He (b) A=10.0.om (©) 7 =16.0s (@) w= 2x f =0393 radls EVALUATE: After one cycle the motion repeats InentiFY: This displacement is + of a period. SerUr: T=1/f=0.200s Execuy 10500 s EVALUATE: The time is the same for x=A to x=! xeA Ipenriry: Apply Eq,(13.12) Ser Up: The period will be twice the interval between the times at which the glider is atthe equilibrium position. (2 (0.200 kg) = 0.292 N/m. (rae ) 070K EVALUATE: 1N=1 kg-mis?, so 1N/m=1 kg/s? “A, for x=—A to x=Oand for x=0t0 Execute: BABa 137. 18. Bo. 13.10. 1B. 13.42. Chapter 13 IDENTIFY and Se UP: Use Eq.(13.1) to calculate 7, Eq.(13.2) to caleulate @, and Eq.(13.10) for m. Execure: (a) T =f =1/6.00 Hz =0.167 s (b) «= 20 f = 2216.00 Hz)=37.7 rads (© o= Vin implies m= Kia? = (120 Nim)/(37.7 rads) EVALUATE: We can verify that K/o* has units of mas. aE 2eVn aa sere: /Vn= 2A consant.so ffm Jame EXECUTE: (a) m, =0.750 kg, .33 Hz and m, = 0.750 kg +0.220 kg = 0.970 kg . | (1.33 Ha) [0-780 ke im, (0970 ke (b) m, =0.750 kg —0.220 kg =0.530 kg. f IDENTIFY: The mass and frequency are related by ft 17 He, JOTSOKE 153 He 0 kg EVALUATE: When the mass increases the frequency decreases and when the mass decreases the frequency increases. IpeNTIFY: Apply Eqs.(13.11) and (13.12). SerUr: f= (a) [0.500 kg _, EXBCUTE: (a) T= 2m PONTE =0.375 5 oF 2.66 He. (6) «=2af =16.7 rads EVALUATE: We can verify that I kg/(Nim)=1 5°. Iomeiy and Se7Ur: Use Bs. (13.12) (13.15), and (13.16) EXECUTE: /=440 Ha, A=3.0 mm, CE 9=2f = 2m(440 he) =2.76x10 ral’ x= (3.010 mcos((2.76%10" rads) () », =-eodsintor +6) gu =A = (2.76X10" radls}3.0%10° m)=8.3 ms (maximum magnitude of velocity) “07 Acos(ar +) Ag, = 0A =(2.76%10" radis)"3.0%10" m) =2.3%10" ms (maximum magnitude of acceleration) ©, 0H Acos ox a Jet = +00 Asin cx =[2x(440 Hz) (3.0%10" m)sin((2.76%c10" rads} = (6.3x10" mis?) sin((2.76x10" ras}) Maximum magnitude ofthe jek is @”A=6:3%10" mst IDENTIFY: | Use Eq.(13.19) to calculate A, The initial position and velocity of the block determine $. x()is given by Bg.(13.13). SET UP: c0s@ is zero when @= 41/2 and sin(zt/2) A Execute: (a) From Bq, (13.19), A= requires that sin 9>0, so @ (©) 005 (01+ (212) =-sin a, 50 EVALUATE: The x(¢)result in part (c) does give x=O.at =O and x-<0 for slightly greater than zero, IDENTIFY and SET Ur: We are given k, m, x, and vy. Use Bgs.(13.19), (13.18), and (13.13). EXECUTE: (a) q(13.19: A=fq yaar = Jig + mae A= Y(0.200 im) (2.00 kg—4.00 mvs)°/(300 Nim) = 0.383 m133. 134. 13.45. 13116, 137, Periodic Motion 13-3, (b) Bq.(13.18): ¢=arctan(—»,,/@x,) eo Vid = (300 Nin)/2.00 kg =12.25 radls (4.00 mis) (12.25 radis}(0.200 m) (0.383 m)cos({12.2rad/s}! + 1.02 rad) EVALUATE: At 1=0 the block is displaced 0.200 m from equilibrium but is moving, so A>0.200 m, According to Eg.(13.15), a phase angle g in the range 0<¢<90" gives 1,, <0, Ipentiry: For SHM, a, =-0"x=—(2af)'x. Apply Eqs.(13.13), (13.15) and (13.16), with A and ¢ from Bqs.(13.18) ain - Jean 29) = 885° (or 02) (©) x= Acos(ar+9) gives x= and (13.19). SErUP: x=Llom, y,,=-ISem/s. @=2ef,with f =2.5 He. EXecure: (a) a, =—(2n(2.5 Hz))'(1.1x107 m) =-2.71 mis’, (b) From Eq, (13.19) the amplitude is 1.46 em, and from Eq. (13.18) the phase angle is 0.715 rad. ‘The angular frequency is 2xf =15.7 rad/s, 0 x= (1.46 em) cos (15.7 rad/s)r+0.715 rad) , (22.9 cm/s) sin (15.7 rads +0.715 rad) and a, = (~359 ems") cos ((15.7 rad/s +0.715 rad) EVALUATE: We can verify that our equations for x, v, and a, give the specified values at r= 0. IpeNtiFY and Ser Up: Calculate x using Ea.(13.13). Use Tto calculate « and x, t0 calculate ¢. EXECUTE: x=0 at ¢=0 implies that ¢=:47/2 rad ‘Thus x= Acos(ar+a/2), T=2alo s0 w= 2n/T =2x/1.20 6=5.236 rad/s += (0.600 m)cos({5.236 radis}[0.480 s]++£/2}= 0.353 m. ‘The distance of the object from the equilibrium position is 0.353 m. EVALUATE: The problem doesn't specify whether the object is moving in the +x or —x direction at 1=0, Anim _ 4° (42.5 kg) Po 30s" 4 §)°(993 Nim ‘at EXECUTE: Empty chair; T=: 13. Ni Wit pea inchs T=, avs Mhgnoe =162 k= 42.5 k= 120 ke. EVALUATE: For the same spring, when the mass increases, the period increases. Ibentiry and Set Ur: Use Bq.(13.12) for 7 and Eq,(13.4) to relate a, and k. Execute: T'=2rVmnik, m=0.400 kg }62 kg and (0400 kg)(-2.70 ms") _ 5 66 Nim 5 0.300 m Use a, 70 mis* to calculate k: —kx=ma, gives k T= 2«vmlk =2,09 s EVALUATE: 4, is negative when xis positive. ma,lx has units of Nim and Ji has units of s. Worry: T= 28/0, Ser UP: a, is proportional too a, goes through one cycle when the displacement goes through one cycle, From the graph, one cycle of a, extends from ¢=0.108 to £=0.305, so the period is '=0.208. k=2.50 Niem=250 N/m. ‘From the graph the maximum acceleration is 12.0 mus* (f} =(250 Nim (220 £ My, — (0.253 kg\12.0 mus") by = Mau, = (0.283 ke X12.0 ms) macry 250 Nim (©) Foy, =RA=(250 NimX0.0121 m)=3.03 N 0121 m=1.216em134 13.18. 13.19, 13.20. 13.21. 13.22, Chapter 13, EVALUATE: We can also calculate the maximum force from the maximum acceleration: Fog, = Mig, = (0.253 kg 12.0 ms") =3.04 N, which agrees with our previous results IDENTIFY: The general expression fr v,(t)is v,(2)=~@Asin(ar +9). We can determine @and A by comparing the equation in the problem tothe general form, SETUP: @=4.71 ads. «= 3.60 cms =0.0360 mis 2 derad _ @ 471 radls 0.0360 mis _ 0.0360 mis oe o 4.71 radls (0) yg = OA = (4.71 radls)(7.64x10" mn) =0.169 mus? Execure: (a) T 33s 64x10" m=7.64 mm to o- Ee tone syst nt) EVALUATB: The overall positive sign in the expression for v,(¢) and the factor of ~#/2both are related to the phase factor g in the general expression, Inenripy: Compare the specific (7 given in the problem to the general form of Ea,(13.13). SerUr: A=740cm, @=4.16 radls ,and $=-2.42 rad 2a. 416 rads Execure: (a) T= =15Is fin sata(tiniet anesnsnan eee ere ©) anal seLbtg Se-reneDant hed oF x= 40.216 mis Seen eerie pen en cee rem tn 24 momen Any ateiaace 2e__ de : x=Aat 1=0,s0 9-0. A=6.00em, Ser Ur: ar o 00 fa =209 madls, so -x(2)= (6.00 em)eos({20.9 rad/s}. EXECUTE: 1=Oat x=6.00em. x= -50 cm when 1.50 cm = (6.00 cm)cos([20.9 rad/s}r) . 1 1.s0em soatayjreoor{ S22) 0.08725 kes 0.0872, (sestaas} ( een eee EVABUATE: Itakes 1=7/4=0.075 so go from ¥=6.00 em to x=0 and 0.150 sto go fom x= 46.00 emto {¥= ~6,00 cm. Ou results between these values, ait shouldbe IDENTIFY: ¥,,,=@A=20/A. K,, Seer Urs The fly has the same sped asthe tip ofthe tuning fork. EXECUTE: (A) vga, = 27 fA =2(392 Hz)(0.600%107 m) =1.48 mis (©) K.., =4nw!,, = (0.0270x107 kgX 48 m/s)? = 2.96105 5 [EVALUATE: 4,8 dirty proportional tothe frequency and to the amplitude ofthe motion. WeNriry and Ser Ur: Use By.(13.21) wo relate K and U.U depends on x and K depends on v, ‘Execute: (a) U+K=E8, so U=K says that 2U =. 2(}k*)=4kA? and =A: magnitude is ANE But U =X also implies that 2K = 2C4m) =A? and v, = WVUmAND= AoA; magnitude is onl () none cycle x goes from A 01010 ~A toto +4, Thus x=-+AV3 twice and x=-A/V3 twice ineach eye. ‘Therefore, U= K fourtimes each eye. The time between U = K occurrences isthe time At, for x =+A/V3 t013.23. 13.24. Periodic Motion 13-5 ay=-AV3, time Ay, for 4 =-AIVE to 2,=+AV3, time Ay, for 4 =+ANNE to x,=4AV3, orthe time At, for .=-AN2 to = =-AN, asshown in Figure 13.22, ate an FAME x sat +) a a Figure 13.22 Caleulation of A, Specify xin x= Acosax (choose ¢=0 sox=A at t=0) and solve for r. 1 =+AINE. implies, ANZ = Acos(en,) conan = UW/2 30 a ~arecos 2) q=aldo y=-ANE implies AMV = Acosan,) cosar, =I $0 a, =3/4 rad 14 rad 81, =f,—f,=3n140~2/40= 20 (Note that his is 714, one fourth perio.) Calculation of i, a =-ANE implies 4 2y2-AND, f, isthe next time aftr 4, tat gives ensat, = UWE Thus af, =0% 4 912=5m4 and fy =Sa4o Sn/40)~3n/40 2/20, so isthe same a Ai, ‘Therfore the occurences of K'=U/ are equally spaced in time, witha time interval between them of 2/20 Evauvates This one-fourth 7, a must be if there are equally spaced occurrences each period. (c) EXECUTE: Al and U+K=E K =E-U =4kA — Lk? =4kA? 4k (A/2)? = pha? — fk? = 3k 78 Ub 3a/do and -A all the energy is potiential. But K =U does not occur at x=4A/2, since U is not linear in x. IpENTIFY: Velocity and position are related by E= kA = mw +4 . Acceleration and position are related by EXECUTE: (a) For x=0, 43, = Fp Ee af BOA ost ‘The speed is ¥=1.11 mis k (For 224A, day, 450 Nim (iss (450 Nim)-0.015 m) 0500 kg -4(450 N/m(0.040 m)? =0.360 J EVALUATE: The speed and acceleration at x=~0.015 m are less than their maximum values. Ioextiry and Ser Ur: a, is related to rby Eg.(13.4) and », is related to-xby By.(13.21). tA and v, is amaximum when x=0. ris related to x by Bq.(13.13). 0.080 -26mie 13.5 mis? is a maximum when136 13.28, 13.26. Chapter 13, EXECUTE: (a) ~ke=ma, so a, =-(m)x (E9.13.4). But the maximum fy is 4,50 a... f =0.850 Hz implies @= idm = 2a f = 2n(0,850 Hz) =5.34 radis. gg = FA = (5.34 ras) (0.180 mm) = 5.13 mis tim +h? = pha? ¥,=Mgae When x=0 50 fmv, =$kA? Vaux = Vidi = A = (5.34 rad/s)(0.180 m) = 0.961 m/s ) 4, = hiya = ~<'x = (5.34 radls)(0.090 m) =-2.57 mls? ‘dr? + bla = ea says that aE 4(5.34 rads) (0.180 my ~ (0.090 my = 40.832 mis ‘The speed is 0.832 mis, (©) x= Acos(ar +9) Hm A= FA. at r=0, sin(ox) [Using the trig idemtity cos(a~2/2)= sina ] ‘Then x= Acos(ax—2/2)= Find the time ¢ that gives 0.120 (0.180 m)sin(ox) resin(0.6667)/00=0.7297 radl/(5.34 rad/s) =0.137 EVALUATE: I takes one-fourth of a period for the object to go from 0.180 m. So the time we have calculated should be less than 7/4. T= ff =1/0,850 Hz=1.18 s, 1/4=0.295 s, and the time we calculated is less than this. Note that the a, and v, we calculated in part (b) are smaller in magnitude than the maximum values we calculated in part (). (4) The conservation of energy equation relates v and x and F'= ma relates a and x. So the speed and acceleration ‘can be found by energy methods but the time cannot. Specifying x uniquely determines a, but determines only the magnitude of v,; ata given x the object could be moving either in the +x or —x direction, IDENTIFY: Use the results of Example 13.15 and also that E = 3kA™ SerUr: Inthe example, A, = oe want A; =44,. Therefore, it and now we want A, =44,. Theref the energy, £,= HAY, butsinge A, =14,, B=4E,,and 36, is lost to heat EVALUATE: The putty and the moving block undergo totally inelastic collision andthe mechanical energy of the TbinmvandSerUr Use E3(1320) x=840 when», =0 and Exrcure: (a) E=4nv? +th" E= 40.150 kg}(0.300 mis)" +4(300 N/m)(0.012 m)* =0.0284 J 0) E=$k8 so A= VEER = JMO DAO Nin = 0.014 m (©) E=hv, 50 Yq =VIEIn = {TOUDBEDIOISO Kg = 0.615 mis EVALUATE: The total energy E is constant but is wansferred between kinetic and potential energy during the mation, IDENTIFY: Conservation of energy says mv? +44x* =1AA and Newton's second law says —er= ma, SETUP: Let tx be to the right. Let the mass of the object be m. sane) = (1405) Ase +0nlBi? = [0,600 wr travel 0.840 m—0,600 m = 0.240 m to the right before stopping at its maximum amplitude, EVALUATE: The acceleration is not constant and we cannot use the constant acceleration Kinematic equations. ty, fan When x=0. EXRcure: 2.20 m6 =0840 m. Te objet wil heer13.28, 13.29. 13330, Periodic Motion 13-7 ImeNTIFY: When the Dox has is maximum sped al ofthe energy ofthe sytem isin the Form of kinetic energy. ‘When the ston is removed the oscillating mas is decreased and the speed ofthe remaining mass is unchanged. The jm rio is given by T=20 | vero given by ?-=2 FE, Serr: ‘Themaximum peed is vq, =a (A, With he ston in the box m=8.6H Kg ant A= 00750 m pean eae, SORE. Exrcure: (a) 7=21,| =2r [S288 97405 (0) 2 N35 Nim [375 Nim (b) Jost before the stone is removed he speeds», (0.0750 ») = 0.494 as. The sped ofthe box ®) : sth se Hag = PSN DONS) peed ist atered by removing the tone but the mas on the spring decreases o 5.20 kg The new amplitude is ji (0.0582 m. The new amplitude can also be calculated as a0 Kg (00750 m) =0.0582 m B64 kg “ y fa (©) T=2a,|— . The force constant remains the same. m decreases, so T decreases. Ve EVALUATE: After the stone i removed the energy eft inthe system is 4 tg 2g, = H(5.20 kg)(0.494 m/s}? = 0.6345 J. This then is the energy stored in the spring at its maximum extension ‘or compression and 4 4A? = 0.6345 J.. This gives the new amplitude to be 0.0582 m, in agreement with our previous calculation Torn: Work inan inertia frame moving with the vehicle after the engine hae shit of, The acceleration before engine shut-off determines the aroun the spring i inilysetched. The intial sped ofthe ball lative to the vehicles zero, SerUP: Before the engine shut-off the ball has acceleration «5.00 mis Buin: (F< ghes A= B204YSION 975m mame amps subsequent motion 1 fe_ 1 [Nim » po fend Fein ey 350 ke (©) Energy conservation gives HA? =4mv2,. ad Yq = [A= 225840 9.0778 m)=0.624 mis mae EVALUATE: During the simple harmonic motion of the ball ts maximum acceleration, when have magnitude 5.00 m/s* IDENTIFY: Use the amount the spring is stretched by the weight of the fish to calculate the force constant ko the spring. T=2eVmlk. vag =@A=2nfA Sver Ur: When the fish hangs arest che upward spring force [F| amplitude ofthe SHM is 0.0500 m, mg _ (65.0 kgX9.80 mis") = 0.120 m {Ske £A, continues to Fev equals the weight mg of the fish. f =1/7'. The Execure: (a) mg =kx 90 S3bd0 Nin (Oe 695 6 2(0.0500 ™) _ 9.459 mvs 0.695 5 EVALUATE: Note that T depends only on m and & and is independent of the distance the fish is pulled down, But Vn does depend on this distance. InENTIFY: Initially part of the energy is kinetic energy and partis potential energy in the stretched spring. When =A all the energy is potential energy and when the glider has its maximum speed all the energy is kinetic energy. ‘The total energy of the system remains constant during the motion. SerUr: Initially v,=40.815 m/s and x= 40.0300 m Ci138 Chapter 13. 13.32, 1333, 13.34. 13338. EXECUTE: (a) Initially the energy ofthe system is Sr? + $k? = (0,175 kg)(0.815 mvs)? +4(155 N/m\0.0300 m)? =0.128 5. $A? = E and 200.128.) — 9.0406 m= 4,06 em 155 Nim A= and vy, = (2= = (20128) -121 ms mV O175kg ik _ [155 Nim © o= Fo m \orisig es EVALUATE: The amplitude and the maximum speed depend on the total energy of the system but the angular frequency is independent of the amount of energy in the system and just depends on the force constant of the spring and the mass of the object. Tounriry: K=4nv*,, U,,,=mgy and U, =the? SETUP: At the lowest point ofthe motion, the spring is stretched an amount 2A. EXECUTE: (a) At the top ofthe motion, the spring is unstretched and so has no potential energy, the cat is not ‘moving and so has no kinetic energy, and the gravitational potential energy relative to the bottom is mga = 244.00 kg}(9.80 m/s?}(0,050 m)=3.92 J . This is the total energy, and isthe same total for each part (0) Ua =0,K=0, 50 Uy =392 J (©) At equilibrium the spring is stretched half as much as it was for part (8), aNd SO Uy, = 43.92 1)=0.98 J, (3.92 J) =1.963, and so K =0.98 J EVALUATE: During the motion, work done by the forces transfers energy among the forms kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. IDENTIFY: | The location of the equilibrium position, the position where the downward gravity force is balanced by the upward spring force, changes when the mass ofthe suspended object changes. ‘Ser Ur: At the equilibrium position, the spring is stretched a distance d. The amplitude is the maximum distance of the object from the equilibrium position. EXECUTE: (a) The force of the glue on the lower bal is the upward force that accelerates that ball upward. The ‘upward acceleration of the two balls is greatest when they have the greatest downward displacement, so this is when the force ofthe glue must be greatest. (b) With both balls, the distance d, that the spring is stretched at equilibrium is given by kd, = (1.50 kg-+2.00 kg) and d, =20.8 om , At the lowest point the spring is stretched 20.8 em +15.0 em=35.8 em. After the 1.50 kg ball falls off the distance d, thatthe spring is stretched at equilibrium is given by ka, = (2.00 kg)g and d, =11.9 em Theanine i 358on-119.6m=239 em. Thene avn is fe [Eat SR 1.45 He 2.00 kg ’: The potential energy stored in the spring doesn’t change when the lower ball comes loose. vata’ Nf. 10583 rad so 9=0. tent hy ft off. dr Ser Up: Forthe disk, 1=4MR®. 7, =—FR.At r=! TAN-mad Execute: (a) x= “6 Co “0.0583 rad Ze _ 1 | ARTIN weed) Tie, P= f =0461. eV “Ze G50 rao EME PoE =| © 3.6 rads. (0) = (3.34")eos({13.6 rads}. EVALUATE: The frequency and period are independent ofthe initial angular displacement, so long as this displacement is small, IDENTIFY and SET Ur: The number of ticks per second tells us the period and therefore the frequency, We can use @ formula form Table 9.2 to calculate J. Then Eq.(13.24) allows us to calculate the torsion constant x, EXECUTE: Ticks four times each second implies 0.25 s per tick. Each tick is half a period, so T=0.50s and f=UT =110.50 5= 2.00 Hz (a) Thin rim implies J =.MR® (from Table 9.2). = (0.900x10" kg(0.55x10? my? = 2.710" kg-m? (b) T= 2xViTw so w= 1(2nIT)? =(2.7x10" kg: m*)2H/0.50 8)" = 43x10 N-mirad EvaLuaTe: Both /and x are small numbers.13.36. 13.37. 1338. 13.39. 13.40, Periodic Motion 13.9 IDENTIFY: 69.(13.24) and T=1/ f says reaell SETUP: J =4mk?. EXECUTE: Solving Eq, (13.24) for Xin terms of the period, (25) 1-( 25} 2x20" ig:22010" 0) 190" Nt EVALUATE: The longer the period, the smaller the torsion constant 1 fe a 12514265 s) , the number of oscillations per second. Xe __ 0.450 Nem/ad (af (29(125)/(265 8))° EVALUATE: Fora larger /, fis smaller IneNTIFY: (0) is given by 41) = Ocos(ax-+ 9) . Evaluate the derivatives specified inthe problem. SETUP: d(coser)/dt =—asinax . di(sinax)!dt = acosax . sin’ @+.cos" = In this problem, 9 =0. Exscure: (@) @=42=-w Osin(os) and LE a? Ocos(w (b) When the angular displacement is © , ©=Ocos(«x) . This occurs at ¢ -0 v3 8 OES since sian) =9F Tenney: f SerUr: Execure: 0152 kgm angular displacement is of: 2, 2 =@cosar), or +=cos(ax). @= cosa) =1f2 EVALUATE: cos(er)=+ when ax = 1/3 rad =60". At this t, cos(or)is decreasing and @ is decreasing, as required, There are other, larger values of @x for which @ = @/2, but is increasing. IbeNTIFY and SET Ur: Follow the procedure outlined in the problem. EXECUTE: B9.(13.25): U =Ugl(Rir)* ~2(R/n)"]. Let r= Ry +x wo ats) Gt) a) ea] (a) UF AIR SY; [elRyl << Apply E9.(13.28) with 12 and w=-+x/Ry: (rag) tomer. Fer (a) apply Eq(13.28) with n=~6 and w= 40: (ema) ‘Ts U =U, (1-12: +66x°/R3 ~2-+120/R, ~30021R3)=—U, +36U 377K, This is inthe form U = 44x? —U, with = 7QUJR, which isthe same asthe force constant in Eq (13.29) EVALUATE: F, =-dUldx so U(2) contains an additive constant that can be set to any value we wish. If U, thea U 1-6uR, +1527 = when 1{% Tnenmiry: Example 13.7 tells us that f =| A — ' * I~ 2eY Gms) SerUr: 1 u=1.66%107 kg 1 [E_ 1 [3SR0 Ny "i gxcom: fal. a =1.33%10" He “ eV (mi) Be (L008)(.66x107 kD13.10 1341. 13.42. 13.43. 13.44, 13.48. Chapter 13 EVALUATE: This frequency is much larger than fcaleulated in Example 13.7. Here m is smaller by a factor of 1/40 but kis smaller by a factor of 1/700. Iextiry: 7 = 2/76 is the time for one complete swing. ‘SETUP: The motion from the maximum displacement on either side ofthe vertical to the vertical position is one- fourth of a complete swing, EXECUTE: (a) To the given precision, the small-angle approximation is valid. The highest sped sate botom of hae, which seu ater aqua period, En (=. (b) The same as calculated in (a), 0.25 s. The period is independent of amplitude. EVALUATE: For small amplitudes of swing, the period depends on Land g. IDENTIFY: Since the rope is long compared to the height ofa person, the system can be modeled as a simple fE 5 ‘Ser UP: From his intial position to his lowest point is one-fourth of cycle. He retums to this lowest point in time 2 from when he was previously there. 650m, 9.80 mis pendulum. Since the amplitude is small, the period of the motion is T= Execure: (a) T=2x, 12s, F=T/4= 1.288 (b) £=37/4=3.84 5 EVALUATE: The period is independent of his mass, IDENTIFY: | Since the cord is much longer than the height of the object, the system can be modeled as a simple pendulum. We will assume the amplitude of swing is small, so that T= 2, fe 1 I3R EvaLoata: The period and fequency ae both independent ofthe mas ofthe objet. Ipexrury: | Use B4(13.34) to relate the period tg Set-Up: Letthe period on ean be = 2 Lig. where Let the period on Mars be Ty, =2[Tigy.» where gy =3.71 mvs", the value on Mars. ‘We can eliminate L, which we don't know, by taking a rtio: Tey, [Eee [i export: Taq [EL fan. [a Te VB 2AV EVs ge (9.80 m/s? a= Taft = 0.60 9 280m Ta ON Tm EVALUATE: Gravity is weaker on Mars so the period of the pendulum is longer there. IDENTIFY and SET UP: The bounce frequency is given by Eg.(13.11) and the pendulum frequency by Eq.(13.33). ‘Use the relation between these two frequencies that is specified in the problem to calculate the equilibrium length L of the spring, when the apple hangs at rest on the end of the spring. 2 2am 1 nndolum motion (small amplitude): f, =, per tion (: plitude): f, = 5 Exucure: .80 mis*, the value on earth, ExRcuTE: vertical SHM: f, ‘The problem specifies that f, =4 f, aA fet E 2eV LE 230Vm g/L Km 80 L= Agn/k = Aw/k = (1.00 NY/1.S0 Nim =2.67 m EVALUATE: This‘ the siretched length ofthe spring is length shen the apple is hanging from it (Note: Small angle of swing means vis small as the apple pases through the lowest point, so a, is small and the component of ‘mg perpendicular to the spring is small. Thus the amount the spring is stretched changes very litle as the apple ‘swings back and forth.)13.46, 13.48, Periodic Motion 1311, IDENTIFY: Use Newion’s second law to calculate the distance the spring is stretched form its unstretched length when the apple hangs from it. Ser Ur: The free-body diagram for the apple hanging at rest on the end of the spring is given in Figure 13.45. veo fiat Execure: Y3F,=ma, kAL—mg =0 AL-=mglk = lk =1,00 N/I50 Nim =0.667 m Figure 13.45 ‘Thus the unstretched length of the spring is 2.67 m—0.67 m=2.00 m. EVALUATE: The spring shortens to its unstretched length when the apple is removed. Ipenriry: faz, +42, . Apply conservation of energy to calculate the speed in part (0). SET Ur: Just after the sphere is released, «= Oand a,,, =0.. When the rod is vertical, a,, =0 LaF and a Le, EXECUTE: (a) The forces and acceleration are shown in Figure 13.468. «4 (b) The forces and acceleration are shown in Figure 13.466. (©) The forces and acceleration are shown in Figure 13.46c. U, = K, gives mgL(1—cos®) = 4m v= \2gL(I—cos®) EVALUATE: As the rod moves toward the vertical, v increases, dy. increases and a, decreases and a=a,, = gsind nd PNo z we | of | f © ® © Figure 13.46 Ioextey: Apply T=2eJL7e UP: The period ofthe pendulum is 7'=(136 s)/100=1.36 s, 0.500 m) Execure: 420500 m) 10.7 m/s u (1365) vs EVALUATE: The same pendulum on earth, where gis smaller, would have a larger period Toswriry: Ifa small amplitude is assumed, T= oe 2 PIS | 8 SerUr: The fourth term in £q(13.35) would be 22-5 gint 2, er UP: 413.35) would be SS sint 2 [200m Execute: (a) 7=2n,[ 22.9945 9.80 mis ( 9 ns (b) T =(2.84 s)| 1+—sin'15.0°+—sin‘15.0° + sin’ 15.0° |=2.89 s aie ut a 4 2305 ) 2.84 52.895 (€) Eq.(13.35) is more accurate, Eq,(13.34) isin error by 284 (©) 84.13.35) te, Bg.(13.34) Y es EVALUATE: As Figure 13.22 in Section 13.5 shows, the approximation F, =-mg@ is larger in magnitude than the true value as @ increases. Eq.(13.34) therefore over-estimates the restoring force and this results ina value of T that is smaller than the actual value. =-2%.13.12 13.49. 13550, 1351, 13.52. 13.53. Chapter 13 12a iTmed 40.200 m. 7 =(120 s)/100 Execure: tomsd{T) 80 kg)(9.80 m/s?)(0.200 my 2aeny 0.129 kgm EVALUATH: Ifthe rod wore uniform, its center of gravity would he at ts peometical center an it would have length 1 =0.400 m . For a uniform rod with an axis at one end, J = 4 rod is about 34% lager than this valve. Ioexniry: 7 =28/T7med SETUP: From the parallel axis theorem, the moment of inertia ofthe hoop about the nal is 1 =MRO +MR° =2MR?. d=R EXECUTE: Solving for R, R= gT°/8x° =0.496 m, 0,096 kg-m?. The value of /for the actual EvALUATe: A simple pendulum of length = Rhaspeiod T= 2x/RTg The hoop has a period that is age by a factor of J2 Inextiry: Fora physical pendulum, 2a fTimgd and fora i? and d = L ‘SET Up: For the situation described, pxecure: 7 =2n,|"™~ ae /L7e , so the two expressions are the same. Vingl EVALUATE: Eq,(13.39) applies to any pendulum and reduces to Eg.(13.34) when the conditions for the object to be ‘a simple pendulum are satisfied IpeNTIEY: Apply Eq.(13.39) to calculate and conservation of energy to calculate the maximum angular speed, Serr: 4=0250. Input (Dy » =dil~cos0), wih © EXECUTE: (a) Solving Eq.(13.39) for /, (ry 0.9408)" . 1-(Z) mee 1.80980 m")(0250m (E) maa (2222) .80}(080-m/"}(0250 m) (0) Te sang aproxinaton il give the gu acu for © 400 rad and y, =0 0987 kg-m’, )400 rad. From energy ax: Expressing ©... in terms of the period of small-angle oscillations, this considerations, mgd (1-cos ©) =4 10 becomes (28) Losans) (1-c0s(0.400 rad)) = 2.66 rad/s. EVALUATE: The time for the motion in part (b) is = 7/4, so Q,, = A8/ 81 =(0,400 rad) (0.235 5} © increases during the motion and the final Qis larger than the average Q IpeNTIFY: Pendulum A can be treated as a simple pendulum, Pendulum Bis physical pendulum, 70 rads SETUP: For pendulum B the distance d from the axis to the center of gravity is 3L/4. Hlmi2)e fora bar of ‘mass m2 and the axis atone end, For a small ball of mass m/2 ata distance Lfrom the axis, Iu a fE Ve 1 - 2 = Lomi QE +(mlD0 = os = 5 (I DIL +012) (mi DE Pendulum B: 1 [Eng [Ey EPA oe E Ningd ~"Vmgaulay "Vg V3.3 “V9 OV g 0.943F, . The period is longer for pendulum A. F EVALUATE: Example 13.9 shows that for the bar alone, 7”= |27 V3 's the period compared to that for the rod alone. 0.8167, . Adding the ball of equal mass to the end of the rod inc13.54. 13.55. 13.56. 13.57. 13.58, 1359, Periodic Motion 13-13 Ioesriry: The omamentis a physical pendulum: 7 =21/Tingd (Eq.13.38). Tis the get variable Ser Up: 1 =SMR°/3, the moment of inertia about an axis at the edge of the sphere. d is the distance from the axis tothe center of gravity, which isa the center ofthe sphere, $0 d= R 1 =24V573 {Rig = 24 VST {0.050 mi(9 Ons) = 0.58 [Asimple pendulum of ength R= 0.050 m has period 0.45 s; the pried of the physical pendulum is Pendulum 4 can be treated as a simple pendulum, Pendulum B is a physical pendulum, Use the parallel axis theorem to find the moment of inertia ofthe ballin B for an axis at the top of the string, Ser Ur: For pendulum B the center of gravity is atthe center of the ball, so d = L . Fora solid sphere with an axis through its center, /,,=3MR®. R=L/2 and [,,= ML EXECUTE: Pendulum A: T, =2 | Ve Pendulum B: The parallel-axis theorem says 1 = /_,+ML? = ME fi(,, [C)_ fi, [= tM oe IE |= [Yr 1.057, . Ietakes pendulum B longer to complete a swing. Viomes ~Vio\ 7g |" Vio” Per ee vt es EVALUATE: The center ofthe ball isthe same distance from the top of the string for both pendulum, but the mass is distributed differently and /is larger for pendulum B, even though the masses are the same. IENTIFY: If the system is critically damped or overdamped it doesn't oscillate. With no damping, a= milk ‘With underdamping, the angular frequency has the smaller value of qe a one Serr: m=220 ke, and of = = 2*_ 10.22 as. e ae T 0615s 0 Execute: @) o= f=. 0.66 ads. aF gives Vn "¥ 220K Vn” ane [250.0 Nim Dm, yf? = 242. |=————* ~ (10.22 rad/s)? = 13.3 kg/s Ae : 20ks)) 2.20 kg (10. y Bis (b) Since the motion has a period the system oscillates and is underdamped, EVALUATE: The critical value of the damping constant is b = 2k = 2,/(250.0 Nim)(2.20 kg) = 46.9 kg/s . In this problem b is much less than its critical value IpeNtiry and Ser Up: Use Eq.(13.43) to caleulate af, and then (a) Execute f= h12n=(2A47 radis\/2n (by IoENTIFY and SETUP: The comin for critical damping is b= 2m (E4.13.44) ‘b= 2y(2.50 Nim)(0300 kg) =1.73 kg/s EVALUATE: The value of 6 in part (a) is less than the critical damping value found in part (b). With no damping, the frequency is = 0.459 Hz; the damping reduces the oscillation frequency. Execute: Ibetir - From Bg (1342) 4,=A.exp (21) SETUP: ln(e")=-x 2m A, )_ (0.050 kg). (202) execu: »=2" wf 4.) rm 0220 kg (a}"> e003) "loom ‘eh EVALUATE: As achock, ot tht the osilstion frequency i the sme asthe undamped frequency to 4.810%, s0 Ea, (13.42) is valid Inesriry: _x()is given by Bq.(13.42). v,=ddt and a, = dv fd. SETUP: d(cosefinidr=—afsinaft . d(sinaitids = afcosalt. de Vd EXECUTE: (a) With 6=0, x(0)= 4B44 13.60, 13.61 13.62. 13.63, Chapter 13 de georm| © con eta’ sina 0) 9, = Bane -—2 cos wor sin ot |, anda ¢=0, v,=-Ab/2m; the graph ofx versus near =0 slopes down, © aa Mea aewml( Fo) cos oft +2 sina =0, 4, (0 gaecarsl (et) eae that] mtn (ote that this is (by, —kx,)/m.) This will be negative if 6 < Vom, eroif b= Vem” and positive i b > Vm: The graph inthe three cases will be curved down, not curved, or curved up, respectively. EVALUATE: _a,(0)=0 comesponds tothe situation of critical damping. Ientiey: Apply E4.(1346). SeTUr: —@, = vim corresponds to resonance, and in this case Eq.(13.46) reduces to A= F,,. /b@, . EXECUTE: (a) 4/3 24, EVALUATE: Note that the resonance frequency is independent ofthe value of 6 (See Figure 13.28 inthe textbook). E Toenniry and Ser Ur: Apply Fq(13.46): A= om ee [a man) ag EXECUTE: (a) Consider the special ease where k-maj=0, so A=F,,./bay, and b lA, Units of Fm are a kgs? ane) (b) Units of Vion: ((Nim)kg]!* = (N kg/m)? =[(kg -mv/s?)(kg)/m]!” = (kgs?) = kg/s, the same as the units for b. (© For «@, = iim (at resonance) A=(F,,/6 milk. (i) b=0.2Vim kg/s. For units consistency the units of b must be ky/s. mo _f, F, Az Fg = Fi = 5,9 Fi, Peas tn (ii) b= 0.4 Vion m1 _F, E, AcE, Fox = 2.5 Fin, raat tae EVALUATE: Both these results agree with what is shown in Figure 13.28 in the textbook. As b inereases the ‘maximum amplitude decreases. Calculate the resonant frequency and compare to 35 Hz. in radis is related to fin Hz by @= 2 f EXECUTE: The resonant frequency is Riv = 0" Nimj/l08 kg =139 rad/s ~22.2 Ha, and this package does ot meet he eierion EVALUATE: To make the package mect the requirement, increas the resonant frequency by increasing the force constant k In | and his obact as equeney thts stg es than is Ipewmuy: Conenationof ery says K+U =E. SerUr: U =the and E: $ka? EXECUTE: (a) The graph is given in Figure 13.72. The following answers are found algebraically, to be used as a check on the graphical method. _ BE (2103005; wae FE G00 Nim @ = (© £=00503 200 m. 141m. @) U=4E. x= @ U=tE. sof OK, a, (2K Tm) IK, (€) From Eq, (13.1 % aye, en. A = Mo = 0.429 an (©) From Eq, (13.18), using vy and x) = 477 EN CRs (has aso = arian 0429) = 0.580 rad128g tts Te detect onset =U, ansenora x= 02 OL 0 OL 02, aa Figure 13.72 1898 tonne rain somes ens ems ees Sere: 4=-200x10" ky. Te rate of change ofthe period is Iracre: 0) Wien eu i 408. by eB My 2 pnt dn ar Vea Ven ae Ink dt a. £ (-2.00%10" ky/s) =-2.120" s pers. 2 is negative; the perio is geting shorter. dt }(7.00 kg)(125 N/m) . dt cane : eee ee EcuamsTwetui pcp not te mtn ee up eve sam seen rte viet f=. Vm Serr Feng msteont been Lfk_1 [e_1 [osome tua: Toc stele ot fEad [Eo [9a XECUTE: constant for this wire is P*3 ea elbow fvsoh_te eqn of ton die el pa Sng ht sans Ils te omen snot ecb ee py ge balance. Let +x be downward. (a) Use conservation of energy (Eq.13.21) to relate v, and x. Use Eq (13.12) to relate T'to Km Execute: tno? +thx? =44a? lm juss for horizontal SHM. We can use the perio to calculate ites: =20 Snipes Vm =2a1P. Thus v=2eA/T=2(0.100 m)/4.20 $= 0.150 ms 0) Ioexriry and Ser Uv: Use Ba(13.4) to relate a, and x EXECUTE: ma, =-k« s0 a, =~(kim)x -txedreton is downward, so here x=-0.050 m a, = {2m IT (0.050 m) = +(27/4.20 s)"(0.050 m) 112 nvs* (positive, so direction is downward) Use B4 (13.13) to relate x and. The ime asked for is twice the time it takes to go from13.76. 13.77. Periodic Motion 13-19 EXECUTE: x(1) = Acos(ar +9) Let 9=-a/2, s0.x=0 at1=0. Then x= Acos(ax~ 1/2) = Asinax = Asin(2zi/T). Find the time that gives, x=+0,050 m: 0,050 m =(0.100 m) sin(av/T) 2mulT = aresin(0.50) = 2/6 and ¢=TN2=4.20 sf12=0.350 s ‘The time asked for in the problem is twice this, 0.700 s. (@) InENTIEY: The problem is asking forthe distance d that the spring stretches when the object hangs at rest from it Apply Newton's 2nd law to the object. SET Ur: The free-body diagram for the object is given in Figure 13.75, kd cee Execure: SF,-ma, ° mg —kd mg igure 13.75 But Vim = 20/7 (part (a)) and mik = (TI22)" EVALUATE: When the displacement is upward (part (b), the acceleration is downward. The mass ofthe partridge is ‘never entered into the calculation. We used just the ratio k/m, that is determined from 7. IDENTIFY: x(1)= Acos(ax +9), v,=~Aasin(at+9)and a,=—oFx, @=2n/T . SerUr: x= A.when 1=Ogives 9=0. rec toi St) (a (2) «,=-(;24 J o2s0 meof 2)=-(u2n0 of) 2), (a) Substitution gives x=-0.120 m, or using. (1.00830 w/in 22) x=A.cos 120°==A T gives x= A.cos 120°==8 (b) Substation sives ma, =+(0:020 kg)(2.106 m/s) =4.21%10" N, inthe + action. ©) r= ZL arcoos (34/4). (0) 1 coos (44) (2) Using the time found in part (¢), »= 0.665 mis. EVALUATE: We could also calculate the speed in part (d) from the conservation of energy expression, Eq.(13.22), IDENTIFY: Apply conservation of linear momentum to the collision between the steak and the pan. Then apply ‘conservation of energy to the motion after the collision to find the amplitude of the subsequent SHM. Use Eg.(13.12) to calculate the period. (a) Ser Ur: First find the speed of the steak just before it strikes the pan. Use a coordinate system with +y downward Y4y =0 (released from the rest: yy, S176, 40 m; a, = 49,80 mis"; +24,(9~ y) Pa, (y= 5) =+J2(9.80 m/s"}(0.40 m) = +2.80 mvs Apply conservation of momentum to the collision between the steak and the pan. After the collision the steak and the pan are moving together with common velocity v, . Let be the steak and B be the pan. The system before and after the collision is shown in Figure 13.77,13.20 13.78. 13.79. Chapter 13 EXECUTE: P, conserved: m,yq, tmy¥y,, =(m +my)¥, IVa, = (mg + mg Wy v,={—™ a(t 2.80 mvs)=2.57 mis mam 22 kg+0.20 ke {b) SETUP: Conservation of energy applied tothe SHM gives: 4m +Lke = kA? where v and x, are the initial speed and displacement of the object and where the displacement is measured from the equilibrium position ofthe object. EXECUTE: The weight of the steak will suetch the spring an additional distance d given by kd =mg so 22 KaV080 mS) 6.0539 m, So just after the steak its the pan, before the pan hashed time to move, a a8. k 400 Nim the steak plus pan is 0.0839 m above the equilibrium position of the combined object. Thus x, = 0.0539 m. From part (@) ¥,=2.57 mis, the speed ofthe combined object just after the collision, Then mv +Fk2 = 4A? gives aw mb =k _ [2A kat2.57 m5)" + 400 Nimy(00539 m* _ 9 91 k 400 Nim 2a kg (o) T= 2nVnik =2n,| 24 KE (©) T= 2m Vik = 20) EVALUATE: The amplitude is less than the initial height of the steak above the pan because mechanical energy is lost in the inelastic collision. 1 fk =~ - Use energy considerations to find the new amplitude. an rey 2 149s Ibextiy: Ser Ur: 60 Hes m= 400 ks: f=Ly/E givesk=S585 Nim, This is the effective fore consan ofthe two springs (a) After the gravel sack falls off the remaining mass attached tothe springs is 225 kg. The force constant of the springs is unaffected, sof =0.800 Hz. To find the new amplitude use energy considerations to find the distance downward thatthe beam travels after the gravel falls off. Before the sack falls off, the amount xp thatthe spring is stretched at equilibrium is given by mg — kx, 0.x, = mg/k = (400 kg)(9.80 m/s*)/(5685 Nim) = 0.6895 m, The ‘maximum upward displacement ofthe beam is A=0.400 m above this point, so a this point the spring is stretched 0.2895 m, With the new mass, the mass 225 kg ofthe beam alone, at equilibrium the spring is stretched ‘glk = (225 kgX9.80 ms") (5685 N/m) = 0.6895 m. The new amplitude is therefore 0.3879 m~0.2895 m-=0.098 m, ‘The beam moves 0.098 m above and below the new equilibrium position. Energy calculations show that »=0 when the beam is 0,098 m above and below the equilibrium point, (0) The remaining mass andthe spring constant is the same in part (), So the new frequency is again 0.800 Hz, ‘The sack falls off when the spring is stretched 0.6895 m. And the speed of the beam at this point is v = AV = (0.400 ra) (S685 Nimj/(400 kg) =1.508 mis, Take y=Oat this point. The total energy ofthe beam at this point, ust after the sack falls off is E= K-+Uy +U yy, = (225 ke)(L.508 mus") + $(5695 N/m}(0,6895 m)? +0=1608 J. Let this be point 1. Let point 2 be where the beam has moved upward a distance d and where v=0. E,=+4(0.6985 m=d)' +mgd. E,=E, gives d=0.7275 m. At this end point of motion the spring is compressed (0.7275 m ~ 0.6895 m = 0.0380 m. At the new equilibrium positon the spring is stretched 0.3879 m, so the new amplitude is 0.3789 m + 0.0380 m = 0.426 m, Energy calculations show that vs also zero when the beam is 0.426 m below the equilibrium position. EVALUATE: The new frequency is independent of the point in the motion at which the bag falls off. The new amplitude is smaller than the original amplitude when the sack fall off atthe maximum upward displacement of the bbeam. The new amplitude is lager than the original amplitude when the sack falls off when the beam has maximum Tlnwray and Ser Ur; Use E4(1.12) case and E4124) pedo Newton relate mas of the planet. EXECUTR: The pendulum swings through } cycle in 1.42 5, 80 T= T=2n Ue s0 g=LO2a/T) =9.055 ms? Use gtofind the mass M, of Newtonia: ¢ =GM,/R? 1410" m, 80 8, =8.18%10" m 84 s, L= 1.85 m, Use To find g: 9.0810 kgPeriodic Motion 13-24 13.80. 1381. 1383. EVALUATE: — g is similar to that at the surface of the earth. The radius of Newtonia is a litle less than earth's radius and its mass i alittle more. Wenriey: F,=-ke allows us tocalulate k T'=2eVin/E . x0) = Acos(ar +9). Fag Ser Ur: Let @=/2 so x(t)= Asin(ex) At below the equilibrium position, Fy, i upwar es =0 and the object is moving downward. When the object is, Execuve: (Solving Eg (13.12 for m,and sing k= F, (LJ EL) O08 -coste (ae) ar lae) 0250 (6) 1=(035)7, and sox=-Asinf2n0.35)}=-0.0408 m Since >7/4, temas as heady passed the lowest pit otis ions the vay op. CO/Talng upward oes to be te, Fg, mg =x whee x ite dpacemet om equilbun, “160 Nny-0.030 m) +08 K2.80 mls) = 448 8 EVALUATE: When the objets low he enim poson the net forces upward andthe upward spring fre isager in nspituce than te downward Weight of te ee lon! Us Eg(13.13) orl rand Pe Ser Ur Themoton fhe ats steed in Figure 138 rata = at Let the raft be at x= +A - when 1=0. Then @=0 and x(1)= Acosax. Figure 13.81 EXECUTE: Calculate the time it takes the raft to move from x=+4=-+0.200 m to x= A—0.100 m=0.100 m, Write the equation for s(7) in terms of Trather than @: @=2a/T gives that x(t)= Acos(2aH/T) at 100 sm implies 0.100 m =(0,200 m) cos(2z0!T) 0s (2at/T) =0.500 so 2at!T = arecos(0.500) =1.047 rad = (TI2a\L.O87 rad) = (3.5 s/2a)(1.047 rad) = 0.583 5 ‘This isthe time for the raft to move down from x=0.200m to x=0.100 m. But people can also get off while the raft is moving up from x=0.100 mo x= 0.200 m, so during each period of the motion the time the people have to get and return is 712: ‘The time to go from x=0 10 x: retum is less than this. Deny: T=2z/0. F(0) 75 s. The time to go from x= A/2 toA and er to determine k Example 12.10 derives F.(r) EXECUTR: 4, = F, /mis in the form of Eq.(13.8), with x eplaced by r, 80 the motion is simple harmonic. k_GMe_ 2 ng 4, (38x10 m = = b=. The period is then T=— = 2x |-£ =2n,|--——— = 5070 s, or 84.5 min, mR meee ae a a EVALUATE: The period is independent of the mass ofthe object but does depend on R,, which is also the amplitude of the motion. 5 The gravitational force between two point masses is and is attractive, The forces on M are sketched in Figure 13.83. Figure 13.831384. 13.85. Chapter 13 = the net fore is toward the original position ExecUTE: @) r= Yld/2P +9 = d/2.if xed. n= = 2x of M and has magnitude F, sind. Since O's small, sin =tan®=2E and Fay = Gy any restoring force. ln. [E_4 [Gr b) Comparing the result in part (a) © F. =k gives & 4 [om 7. (b) Comparing tin part (a) 0 Fag ke gives = 10 8 ee (0.250 m O50 mm ores 1100 ke) patient person could measur it The experiment would have to be done such tht the gravitational forces are much larger than any ater forces on M. The gravitational forces age very Weak, soother forces, uch as fiton, forces from sr currents, ct, woud have to be kept extemely small (@) If M is cisplaced toward one ofthe fixed masses there isa net force on M toward that mass and therefore away from the equilibrium postion of M. The net force is nota restoring force and M would nt oscillate, it would continue to move inthe dretion in which it was displaced EVALUATE: "The period is very long because the restoring force is very small. Denriry: U(s)—UC)= [{ Fe- In pr (follow the tps otined in the in ieee naa Fay ‘@ 2\GM 2.4010" $= 40 min . This period is short enough that a SETUP: In part (@), et x, =Oand U(x,) =U(0)=0. The time for the object o go from x=0to x= Ais T/4. Exncure: (a) U=—[Rdv=cf eae= (8) From conservation of energy, Hm = G(4*=4), v, [a tmearaing om O10 A with ~, so that a repestto and from 010 7/4 with expectto t, [{ HO = 5 T To ue the hint > m,q then the reduced mass ism, IneNTIFY: F, =-dUildr The equilibrium separation 1, is given by F(,) =0. The force constant kis defined by Ko ee iePeriodic Motion _ 13-23 13.88, Ane" for n21 ao. 2-43) Serur: d(r*y/ Execure: (a) F, (Seige hve expssin fF lft ing bakes vies tat Rha, Tag = Ry. fi (© V()=—gem TST 3 (@) The above expression for F, can be expressed as Al(ry (ry ]_a * 2 (2 ef ) |-alesom ~ A+ GIR?) A A 1A Ata 9¢R,)) 0-200) = 4-7 wk) = 7]. z R)) ~~ BCR 7 IR) (4) ‘iia! iO © fog pNii = pe B10 He EVALUATE: The force constant depends on the parameters A and R, in the expression for U(r). ‘The minus sign in ‘the expression in part (d) shows that for small displacements from equilibrium, F, is a restoring force, Ioexniry: Apply S)z, =1,.a, and J’ F, =Ma,,.,10 the cylinders. Solve for d, Compatre to Eq (13.8) to find the angular frequency and period, 1 = 2a Ser Ur: y Lt the origin of coordinate beat the center of the cylinders when they are * at their equilibrium position, Figure 13.88 ‘The free-body diagram for the cylinders when they are displaced a distance x to the left is given in Figure 13.886. y Execute: Dhl But Ra=a,,so f= 4M, De=m, f-ke=-Ma,, Ma Ja=4Ma,, ChB) =0,, Eq. (13.8): a, =-«'x (The minus sign says that x and a, have opposite directions, as our diagram shows.) Our result for dy is of his form, with 07 = 28340 and = \ZBM. Thus T= 2m 2 VIMAR. EVALUATE: — If there were no friction and the cylinder didn’t rol, the period would be 2arMik. ‘Tae period when there is rolling without slipping is larger than this.1324 13.89. 13.90. 13.91: Chapter 13, IENTIFY: Apply conservation of energy to the motion before and after the collision. Apply conservation of linear ‘momentum to the collision. After the collision the system moves as a simple pendulum. Ifthe maximum angular ra fs 2AVE ‘Ser Ur: In the motion before and after the collision there is energy conversion between gravitational potential energy mgh , where iis the height above the lowest point in the motion, and kinetic energy. displacement is small, f EXECUTE: Energy conservation during downward swing: meh, Pal =\29.8 wi K0.100 7m) =1.40 ms ‘Momentum conservation during collision: m,v=(m,+-m,)¥ and my? and my __ (2.00 kgXl.40 9) _ 9 560 sry +m, 5.00 kg (0.560 mis)? “20.80 mis") L Energy conservation during upward swing: Mgh, MV?and h, =V'2g 0.0160 m =1.60 em Figure 13.89 shows how the maximum angular displacement is calculated from hy . cos 1 [oso mis? 2a V 0.500 m 705 He. 10cm Figure 13.89 Ienipy: T= 2 Tiga Se "The model forthe eg is sketched in Figure 13.90. 7 =2x,[7]mgd, m=3M . d= y..= Fora rod with the axis at one end, J =4.ML?, For a rod with the axis atts center, J = ML? _ 2M(U.55 m2) +M (1.55 m +155 m2) ~ 3M 1, =$QMy(.55 my? =(.602 m)M 1, L Execute: d 22m. 1+h+l, sn = EM (1.55 m)*, The parallel-axis theorem (Eq. 9.19) gives $M (155 m-+[1.55 m2)? =(5.06 m')M . 1 = 1, +, =(7.208 m*)M Then 7 =2nlimgd ~2x,| 0.208 mM _—__ » 'YGiy980 mis*\.292 m) EVALUATE: This is litle smaller than 7 = 2.9 found in Example 13.10, = Tou 2748, Figure 13.90 IpeNriry: The motion is simple harmonic ifthe equation of motion for the angular oscillations is of the form. a6 k a7 SETUP: For aslender rod pivoted about its center, 1 = ML? 0 and inthis case the period is T= nTPeriodic Motion _ 13.25 13.92. 13.93, 13.94, ao EXRcUTE: The torque om the rod about the pivot is oe aves <> is pr tion is ans «= (a. Ser 8 Proportional to @and the motion is angular SHIM. ate an [Mt Estat: Thexpesn we wd octtome #=- (tLe any en snl eng sin@=@ and cos =1 IDENTIFY and ST Up: Eq. (13.39) gives the period for the bell and Eq. (13.34) gives the period forthe clapper. EXECUTE: The bell swings as a physical pendulum so its period of oscillation is given by T= Am ilgd = 2x Ji8.0 kg-m°/(34.0 kg)(9-80 mn/s*)(0.60 mm) = 1.885 s ‘The clapper is a simple pendulum so its period is given by T = 2 Ji. ‘Thus L= g(1/2a)' = (9.80 mis*)(1.885 9/22)" =0.88 m. EVALUATE: Ifthe om of the bell were atthe geometrical center ofthe bell, the bell would extend 1.20 m from the pivot, so the clapper is well inside the bell IDENTIFY: The object oscillates asa physical pendulum, with f= where Mis the total mass of the object SeTUr: The moment of inertia about the pivot is 21/3) ME! is a distance d = L/(2V2) below the pivot e__ 1 [oe EXECUTE: The frequencyis == oh, ™ ae f T dw\aaL 4e\ VIL 2/3) ME, andthe center of gravity when balanced é Evauare: If =1.03, in Som ig Fale = 08 IpeTIFY and Ser UP: Use Eq, (13.34) forthe simple pendulum, Use a physical pendulum (Eq 13.39) for the pendulum in the case EXECUTE: (@T=2mJg and L~ g(T12m) = (9.80 m/s?¥4.00 8/24) =397 m (©) Use a uniform slender rod of mass M and length L'=0.50 m. Pivot the rod about an axis that i a distance d above the contr ofthe ro. The rod wil oseillate asa physical pendulum with period T= 2x,/ifed. ‘Choose dso that T= 4.00's ML + Md? =M(LE +d?) Toon | Bote MEE ay fa eae 050m and F fe +d @ Cin) gd +E N2=0 d? ~(4.00 s/272)°(9.80 mis?)d +(0.50 m)?/1 a -39718d +0.020833=0 ‘The quadratic formula gives 4 =413.9718+ (G91) —H0.020835)] m 4 =(,985921,9806) m 30 d=3.97 m or d=0.0053 m. ‘The maximum valve d can have is L/2=0.25 m, so the answer we want is d =0,0053 m =0.53 em, ‘Therefore take a slender rod of length 0.50 m and pivot it about an axis that is 0.53 em above its center EVALUATE: Note that Tee as d—>0 (pivot at center of rod) and that ifthe pivot i at the top of rod then (EHE _,, |b PE _,, [230m d=L2 and T= 24 [HEHE oop [EA og [PL _ pg [ 2050) Tal? 26 V 3g ~ *Y50.80 mi) 4.00 s. Thus it is reasonable to expect that there is a value of d between 0 and L/2 for which T=4,00s. -16 s, which is less than the desired13.26 13.95. 13.96. 1397. Chapter 13. IDENTIFY: The angular frequency is given by Eq(13.38). Use the parallel-axis theorem to calculate fin terms of x (a) Ser Ur: 4 0.09 1) We =vmedlt Imeait Figure 13.95 =x; the distance from the eg of the object (which is at its geometrical center) from the pivot EXRCUTE: is the moment of inertia about the axis of rotation through O. By the parallel axis theorem [y=md® + La. La =ypml2 (Table 9.2), s0 1 =m? hml?. eo= | PE [ae fy ta ow =H ¢ , r © met me V+ ETD di da ca (b) The maximum @ as x varies occurs when davdx=0, 2-0 gives Ye 4{—* On a eeneaian ue Sena won pee (GF +212) (x* + L'/12)' a2" HEN EN2=2x so x=LVI2. Get maximum @ when the pivot isa distance L/V/I2 above the center of the rod. (€) To answer this question we need an expression fOr ae as In o= | substitute x= LID, Pe ET oe g(Livi2) = ee = Jeary" = Jal" “VEna+ 612 Gag, =(RIL)N3 and L= gle, (9.80 nis? V3 (Qa rads)? EVALUATE: @-0 as x90 and © J3e@D Ogg, = 27 tals gives L= =0430 m. 225JQIE when x—> 1/2. oy. is greater than the x= L/2 Jails Oy, is greater than this. TwENTIFY: Calculate Fad define yg by Fag = kept. T= 2 nThg SETUP: If the elongations of the springs are x, and x, they must satisfy +x, =0.200 m EXrcUTE: (a) The net force on the block at equilibrium is zero, and so &,x, = k,x, and one spring (the one with 4, =2.00 Nim ) must be stretched thre times as much as the one with f, =6,00 N/m . The sum of the elongation is (0.200 m, and so one spring stretches 0.150 m and the other stretches 0.050 m, and so the equilibrium lengths are 0.350 m and 0.250 m. (b) When the block is displaced a distance x to the right, the net Force on the block is Hk (5,42) +h: (2—x) = [ho kote] -(K, +h) From the result of part (a), the term in square brackets is zero, and ++ and the period of vibration is value. A simple pendulum has so the net force is ~(K,+4,), the effective spring constant is ky 00% a2, {OIE 702 EVALUATE: The motion isthe same as ifthe block were attached toa single spring that has force const ky - ToeNTIEY: In each situation, imagine the mass moves a distance 4, the springs move distances Ax, and Ax, with Kan, Fy =bs, Let A. and Ax, be positive if the springs are stretched, negative if compressed. EXECUTE: (@) Ax=As=Ax, P=R +R =-(h +h)AX,s0kg =k, +hy forces F,13.98, 1399, 13.100, Periodic Motion _ 13.27 (b) Despite the orematon ofthe spring, andthe fact that one wl be compressed when the oes extended, ‘ave d= Ary and both ping forces are inthe same direction. The above esl sil ali kg = + (e Formas pigs te Freon the block mast be ual tothe tension in ny point ofthe ping combination, Paw Athy and hg =the ky +k (4) Te result of par shows that when a spring i ut in half, th effective sping conn! doubles, and 9 the frequency increases by a factor of V2. EVALUATE: Incase and) theefective force constants res thn ther kor and incase (itis es IogyrY: Follow the procedre seid in the hint sere: T= 20/tie Execue: (@) T+a7=2nV0 ( ee ree 7991 m/s, 2ar nyfy__2(4.005) ) OTe AP>O, 8g <0 ant e+e 41-227) (80mj[r- 2140052 wT 20, 890 nd gdg e127) (0am nj(1- 28002) Bravia “The ling yt Tipe ene dese ante age fe a Sangin epee be bon cnn inte ‘Row ts peel pea Str nae hp ffs epg by =O el pt an = Liste ming eo te sing Tint els oft ie compen ese iu} ont sping ising, 1 will be a function of time, and so w is an implicit function of time), Ms Mal, and so dK =4dm uw aes (@) dm=M dl, and so dK =a ee 2 My? & iT fae-ty fra mv 42+ kx E=0, or ma+kx=0, which is @) mvs et =0, x =0, which is Eq. (13.4). (¢) mis replaced by ML, so @=,/3K ana m’ =! (@ msec Mo on fF mt a ol irene Fong Ser Up: With /=(I/3)ML? and d = 1/2 in Bq, (13.39), 1, =2xJ20]3g. With the added third ofits actual mass. IM and d-=(L/4)+y/2. T= 2x /(Z/3+y*)/(e(L/2+y)) and mass, = M {(/3)+y°), m ieee r_ [Ey The graph of the ratio r versus y is given in Figure 13.1 TYE +2yp Hepner he ras iss a 00. 02 oa 06 os vo Figure 13.100 (b) From the expression found in part (a), T=7, when y=31.. At this point, a simple pendulum with lengthy ‘would have the same period as the meter stick without the added mass; the two bodies oscillate with the same period and do not affect the other's motion, EVALUATE: Adding the mass can either increase or decrease the period, depending on where the added mass is placed.13.28 Chapter 13 13.101, 13.102, 13.103. ToeNTIEY: B9.(13.39) says 7-20 imgd SET UP: Let the to distances from the center of mass be and d,. There are then tw relations ofthe form of Bq, (13.39); with 1, Execu fated? and 1, = 1. +d? ‘These relations may be rewriten as med T* =4*(I., +md3) and mgd? =4n°(1,,+md2) Subtracting the expressions gives mg(d,—d,)F° =4z7m(d?—d?)=4z'm(d,—d,)(d, +d,). Dividing by the common factor of m(d,—d,) and letting d,+<,=L. gives the desired result. EVALUATE: The procedure works in practice only if both pivot locations give rise to SHIM for smal oscillations, Inextiey: Apply SOF =a to the mass, with a Set UP: The spring, when stretched, provides an inward force. =r Execur Using ot for the magnitude of the invard radial acceleration, maf"l=K( 0-1) oF t=, (b) The spring will tend to become unboundedly long. EXECUTE: As resonance is approached and I becomes very large, both the spring force and the radial acceleration become large. ToeNTIFY: Fora small displacement x, the force constant kis defined by #, = ke Set Ur: Let r=R,+x, so that rR, =x and F EXECUTE: When xis small compared to b”' expanding the exponential function gives F =A |(1-2bx)~(1—bx)]=—Abx, corresponding toa force constant of Ab =579 Nim. EVALUATE: Our results very close to the value given in Exercise 13.40, lee]