TAMING AMERICAN POWER The Global Response gy. toUS Primacy STEPHEN M. WALTars and expt i bt American power ere of he ner icin lndcape that no seca easy ignore This book examines the lobil reponse wo US. primey. plore the ico wo thot the United Suites ed ipower expan why the Of the world es, ress, and someines Tes Ameria curene gba ole It Scribes the een ae tes dc ses have devised for dealing with Amerian power and es dha the srmegin ae fen ipringly elective, The Unie Sates sy be fr songe han ay eter couney—or even any ely colon iva pomers—but other tes Bove many Ways to thvat, fans, undermine, ets, antog and general tere with US. ers to promot is ooo neces “Any stamp to devise an ectivefrelgn poly for the United Ses ms take into acount the satis of Both en an foes ‘Once we unetsan’ how other sates ae tying tote American power i besos aero deri 3c poly thar wil nimi frpaiton and maximize glbal spore. tn parca, the global reponse to US. primacy sugges that the United Sues shoud enum so 4 moce rexrainedpliy of “othe balzncag™ and ‘ve mote anton to praading tes at oie re gt= imate snd broly beneficial, Though great power ke ous an belting he Unie Sees anno and shoul! not witdeaw fom scve engagement in work ‘iin. To reap the fil boned of i postion of primacy, and 29 voi! repaing che horton the pst bred yeas, whe United ‘Ser mnt lento conde frig py with greater wisdom tn eins, Te book exp why dee adjsonens ate neces {ary and ones what a more mate sgn pli would be Stephen M. Wat Cambridge, Manas THE PROBLEM OF AMERICAN POWER fot shold the United Stats do with ix power? US. leaders have wreled wid ths question sine the found ing ofthe couney a expecnly since Amerie re wo Gest Pomer sat’ At tne, de aniver het eed cbowr—for crampl,cotinng” the Soret Union wade ear objected ing the Cold Wirbur prio of transon have marily produced ‘reader debts about the purposes to which US. power should be ‘at The deat or Aerie rl in tbe word began anew when ‘he Sove: Union alped and the Unie Sats tod aloe atthe ale of word power, and hon of pundi,cholas, and frmet lignite qaiky Rep oo adic en what the United Stast ‘ald da with his unprecedented oppstniy? ‘Should Ame ete dhs unipolar moment so expt he Hen of feedom and democracy. we its economic and maltary power ‘ony dito acento wespons of mat estonia ative -mentures to povent the emergence of fue “peer sompesiac™* Sold the United Strait for lbs! hogemony o shoul it be content to lad» maleate colton of able o ape democrs- cle? Should US. des oocenae on bing moe robust ue‘iol ities, engening the suthorty oneal Ls, Frying eee lol pore an proveting gow cao of han ‘Se? Dac il make vere i th United Sater okey ng al tay foes deployed asad the worl in orto dpe ein empties snd hep the dang of mace wa a+ minimum Oe oul he United Sars reten to esr oon a “oo bl ance” rey to pay i poe wa teres wor thet ‘ote longer inning ge oven miliary peace” Those ae all important querins and ie i ary eprint American fave been sively debcing the sate option th now leer them. Cansenrs hi proven en, weer, bese de range of epon quite oad and beast as een no ge threat or aget to concentrate theron! mind. Even the ert tals on Sepemnber 1,200, dno predce oaimiy hogh there was road ageeient onthe nportince of ging afer a (Qaeds,the 2004 pradesh campaign showed thee is ill no ‘tional casera on how teri ho be fuga, 0 how te [United Stes should x urate power to aance citer is ‘om imeres or the broder wie of humankind. No one ca deny the imporance of American poe, bt how wl be wed in ‘he Bre remain contd But whit does ne do fot American poms? Tt the question thers ofthe wor few and ever mare actly than inthe pst decade. We 0 nich power contented inthe ha of one sea sate whore zens have long seen themes 2 wigely virus and dened o ead che rt of the work—how should cher ates respond? Is US. peimacy are of gb sbi and 2 oppocrnty tO extend unieral wae of esd, democrr, 2nd human sgh? Wil primacy Geta the expnsion of global rtkets nds cortespondig ince in gta wes and yl (Oris Amerie dominant poskonsrsething that oer te sod resi 20 ht thee own inert ze no digi cr empl pom bythe oecwhsning power ofthe United St? the leader ofa prod nation thi woe the rngest cour in he wo an ht a een an porta clr ef ane fe ‘emis. The elope root of French demosray ate sit but not Weneal—to thre ofthe United Sats and your cen find rome spect of American society oubling Ameer fren iy offen sis you ave and ones nd your von of the ide weld arte vson you sa with ow of Jour pede esear—is one where no singe sate enjoy dominant poston ‘Whe, da yo da shou the nite Ses? Sipe nad sa ou mee pene mint of Tl You gor em the wordt mort poplausdemacay, bt Your county rl iowhip with she United States heen been prickly Ind ch sot powerfil tein South As ut celts with neighboring Paktan remain bite and poten exloie —epecialy ow that both ate ve cee wespenand You face» mmber of other security prodlems both side your county and inthe seeroudng ‘in of permanent ifr yt Aerie eure predoninenee is ly to ac une when wither ao dagen | the tome may to tke adenage of thi station in nde drach stil interes? ‘Wine if you were President Viti Puin of Rusia? You hive inherited the shatere core of ee oer Soviet Union, and ths copy the unenvible postin af lading sie thatthe United Sate defited during the lang Cold Wir. Ruse maybe beter off th comperve marke and ome semblnce of demoerai y- ‘em but they have pis ge pice to et thereon sing tobe inthis position afer decades a one ofthe wel to sper owen. Rus ill ein rent of i role a superpower such aan aging cea asee—but i spa shadow of the former Soviet empire and 3o match the United Stes. Sow so you keep the Uaied Sets fom posing is wis eid‘when ithe Genny un nd incorporsed yur Samer lies Jno NAFO—and how do you prove your own poston in 3 ‘word dominated bythe owing ado of American pose? (r imagine being Tey Bhi or one af i sucess, Briain no Iooge ia an empire bu history cule andthe siduons deference ‘of every prime mir since Wincon Church is given you 3 spec reali” with dhe American calms. So how ca You se American power to mayaly your own potten om the woe sage a op you semis yoar ov xcen-pbcy gah? ‘Cnr mote dating challenge. Sepose you wete Kim Jang 1 of Narih Kore. You ae the unchallenged leider of one of the ‘words odie count, ania rele wepped in coabtaran owes Your cout’ ee grow atonal product sles than 4 rent ofthe sm athe Ute Stats pens oni ry aloo, td your poston fies esutent fel shragel ad he possibilty of famine every yar, Your own amd faces we technologilly tackwa no loager match forthe ces of our mae acces Tal coin 0 the south Bill Clon ld you a “rogue wate” Geooge W. Buh sid you were prt af 22 "ai of ev" and even your Lge ais inthe People’s Repabic of China ae inctes- ingly anbivles. Gen the vat gl berwen te power dat you ‘ented and the cpus that ay US president can wield wht ‘in you poly do co aay im power, mainnin some freedom of secon ad perhaps eve inpsove your postin? ‘Or what if you were Are Shoe? Moe tan Gy year ave paved since he Fanding ofthe wate f Kral Aided by the energy nd detrmnain of rel in, and by ge amounts of eco- ‘omc ad my i om he United tes, al has defeated its "ios oighbos in erie of wat expnded te ey Deis ‘coor ad sow the dominant milary power inthe regan Yet the weet ive or rough eanguly becate youl ace the ‘ouborn reine of eee min Peni Arabs ing either in Tnael proper or in the capi tries of the West Bank and Gua al assigns pace etn wit yp and Joan bu le tis remain fony at bet. Despie i many achievements, al remains dependent on US. brgee and diplomas protection. Ds tng the Cold Ws, dhs support cou be uted by dhe coe hat lene, yits “orate ae” Bu he Cold Wat isonet anders ow pe that res pies ara growing aby inthe fro (hit al Queda. ner tine diel decanatnc, ow do you red he United Stes reat etl 0 you “le de yo el thn ae? Aaa hse examples ibs tre ta ueton si ne theca ae fr eas in every ceoner ofthe plo, The rolem of US. power is othe aly cal Tenge dy fe, bate aie chy canna gee. Gen the vas onceasaton of power in Americas had wht US. leader desde fo do-and iat they choose not t dol nevi hive teaching eee on the tes of oer leaders and other socks. Whats they ei not, devin 2 wate fr desing wih ‘Ameen power bs become an een element of sate fr ferery cous inthe wold "The guetion ape sat Americas shoul cate about ax wel ‘When shan of Gxeign roi an il ea vee thousand “Aseria on snny September noting i hard nage Ba we eed not worry abut how other people are acting to US. power ‘Aldough the Unie Sater enor 2 postion of primacy that is ‘wig in modern tory cnet shares the plane with ery ‘ve unde oer ts, What Sse oer states ani ome a, pnt actor) do wil ine ae Ansa aby to chew its ‘on fceig-poicy gosh. The United Stas anno urge ner trade agreement 1 boot the US. economy without cooperation fiom ober. cant fal he pend af ce technology or cn tel the dveminaon of ote sear mtr witootstive and ustained sport Kom many oer coun. Ie anno go 9 War withou ace sgn itary Ges~aces a other oun ivenn aay wld —and tary sts wil ot ese he‘male of lepimacy une other sats, and epecilly the cite members ofthe United Nation Secrty Counc ge thei pp ‘aid i dos got war is on (or with eet mb coal ‘ont of the wing then US. slr wil do mow ofthe ding nd dying sad US. eepayer wil ve tof tel Evens ‘ale wipeipower ke the United Stes cance dit the adowy feces of bal terorom ith act, ntti, 2477 copes tin om feign ntlgence serie sa lw eect ene US. primey ges it many advange, bt wha te owl sl decrmine whether US foci policy eee oi In shor if thers gre with US on nd eco the meas it ‘bs chosen fo purse them, then sce i oe ily and will equi es efit Othe oer hd. ther ste opps US. gs rae dinply concerned abou heping Americ power in check, then US. lenders wil nd it harder acon ven worthy objec tie The moe we now about the way tat aches view (IS. owe andthe more we undesond about he srt they ae wing ‘0 deal witht the beer equiped we wl be to fon» frign iy tha wi maxi loa pore and minimize poston, That isthe cena ek of hi ook o expr tepalespse 'o Amercin power The cena quetion isnot “Whit sould the United Ses do with its poe": ee "What canoer aes do shou US. powee” Ax we sal 56 thr cespnset re not alae nega: Many ses see US. power 3 pre fei the wed and ac primarily imerested in emring dh edn way ht dance their own parla nteres, Notice ven cose US. ales tometimes worry abou the legitimacy moral accep minimizes meptive consequences, AE the me tne, othe sates Inve more serious objection to Americ poston inthe wold and the policies it puto, and they employ 2 riety of Fates to Chart US. sms and to Farce der ou inet inthe face of ‘Amerian pome islom of US. policy and they fave ed vo deelop way 0° ow to Think sboue US, Primacy 1m wring tis book, my ai st expen why oer sates are ‘uomfrable wih US. primacy and to dsrbe how they ae responding to it 1 have not sought scot» singe try to ‘expn the various respases, and 1 have rested the fempation to ‘hochorn the bebe of oe tsi single hore a ‘on, tnt I have borrowed ely om dhe exiting theoreti syproxches to inermriond polit Gelding some of my ow wo) bor in deliberately eet iin. From the rei wad ‘on. ete siege dat wae in auchy ae ately see "oth balice of poner and generally uncomforale whenever one rate mate how vituous a bneolet—eome sgn song thn the oes” Frm ibraian ake the novi he i rent socal props within ates ay exert independ inence om ecien poi. an cat feign poser may consi try to manialite another sat intel plicc in one neces ‘ermational conduc." Frm the “ceri” apron to word lis, orrow the inprt ide ha serpent ‘he pls power ta the United States pony and ott 0 ‘he polices that the United Sues parses, bt alo tothe ways het US. powers deserved snd undetod, an the ening that ae ached tt we:"Iemites a aher won gevaling bal couse poetry the Usted Sues 1 2 "beneoleat legen” an indspenabie power” a “rogue superpower” ora “one ‘oop Siiat, is US. power being ein manne that 2a sent with 2 widely shared body f ao and elect under sanding sie sipy acs f "eso ding wha they ean"? howe ao plundered other bodes of aholaship in search of sol eas Within the Gel f strato elton, fo exam ‘there ica al bu wel erate ek es” tht aaa ‘he sates of minor poms in a wold dominate by Great Pow es Within sociolgy and ambopolagy, there ae + amber ofromieat wots analysing the dierent seats found in highly Shwe social ones eg. prions, concern camps de sci- tse, foal ede), whe dhe senger ates have Seemingly total cool over the weaker puts” Although these woxks were iter igi by not dite problems of ernatnal pal ‘thy fr inrguing ie about he seats hc weaker sates may adopt wen 2 single country sands alone a dhe incl of world power, Te 2 proonconcetation camp, sive planation, ool ete foc exapl, the governing sudan have nex abso enc re the weaker pats. Tete no uewion who is rage, even though she weaker members te ofa Gr more merous, nd heir coin of tral wees i nly enfreed by a deogy Sing sharp sist dneons (eg, sive or peasant a ru tiny ported a atl fie and hus deserving of dec dion). The domo group enjoys enormous auton and cn ‘wal fee th weaker partes oo whacter sey want. When dhe ‘poring eoogy i filly embraced, moreoetthe weaker partis ‘ny regal hi sation a appeopite andj ‘etl carl is uly publ, even when power i highly exn- cenmated, Warns sad pio gic cance mentor every single ston thatthe inmates might ak; hey mast therfore cose which Infasions o watch for and whi w et ap. They can eas + ‘ye of rend 0 pnithment ro deter ins, but pions Tovar fd ways so cre the ule, andi ately wor he tos ory to roo out every ose vation Indeed the wk tng of any lack mater eve heme tests yo impor, she renter the poten evant for ocenaly evading them, nme: tte ever whelly without reiurey and they can bargain foe = tioa piiges by ageing to do oer things fe he people it charge" In ot, ven when ne up bat # esemonepaly a owetshe wesker parte can il ad wat getome of wha hey Ivan and esi header ht the aoe ae ring impose 1a he sameway tary wort can rest pretre fom above by hiking by "raging thei et” ay adopting “wrk-to-e™ ies Foremen and spre ae oe fred 0 aegutce he fice of thse urate, bce they aed 0 Keep the lit raning “Bein onder to keep drow postions. Weaker pares cn sho we dering group on more peincpe sd leiiating i logy cana the lek poe, Fa explana sus a member ofthe “noi” i jie in part by bis eged marl serio (a imped y hit mauming reponse ee ‘welite of seman) thn tna an ok ht principle in cet to obs bene weament. Theis des can be ignored denied of coun, bt a atsocrat whose postin ein pact. he pin ple of maa alge cull norignare ich guns comple ™ “The sme lope apne in more “orm” scl eg och 22 ‘ypical mer ly. Pens ate physiclly senger than their younger cles 2nd they cota these Banal resource ‘Yer ven the hase pre never et Complete ad iat bedi ence. A hil can rele t0 goto bed and ence put the by Es, an re ging ep Even a toler can wally Sed ay ay to bmit the fective authority of itor her parent, ode do lest of whet he parents wat and more of what dhe cid ans, “Tey can ery sl, do something aming ce mecely wai unl che parent aenion diverted. Parent fequenly succumb co chee et, pel when eed in a pic wang 00m or whe di ey gus are avin dwn. They ae i sronge in soe brat ete, bt ic ofen mote ete to give i ile, of esing the fall power st ene dapoe, epecilly when ing it ould cay mae hing wore ‘But whit des hs ret do with world pl? Ido not mean to mugged te Unie Ste i “iveholer on lb ek" or te icerntonl equivalent of +f lado prise warden, (Thee maybe sme writes and pol actiits who ends such = view but am noone of them) Nori the Unie Ses the “pa‘ot andthe res ofthe wld i hen Ando beeen ese sation where power symmetry disebted nthe eurrent ‘colton of US. piacy ae amie pees and met Sere fore be ued with eaten. Tue hiro stom mymne= tres of power and poweril egidnating Heslop, and most of them re enfnced by he suthory of the ean i own moe ‘yon legitimate lence In world poi, cont l severe seats a feel Frmal sta (eventhough the ome thy exo varies enormous), ad no coumary cn make 2 binding and egi- nate clin to arma authority ovr ote count Teed he doe rine of mica sel-determiation spies eat the epost: no ‘untop—no matter how poweril—is legitimately authorize 10 sve binding ode to another government sve mn specie se of ‘Soumtances that ar defined and regulated by intentional I” Ses do make demands on an sot of sar, bt wether the "deands r met is detenelgely bythe ance of power ad ners nd not on he bt of fora hon. ‘Thaw cae nowithsanding, the Herare on highly skewed soci odes encourages ws to think mare brody abot how the Power of the Used Suter apper t oten. I sho iets owt ‘weaton othe fren and fen ule eae that weer ates employ to conin, manipula, rest expt rade, ander ‘min and in general del with he rety of US. power sie posse to stand opto the Unie Stes? Can weer ates Inlance US. pomer by joining fcee with others dion Talance-otpower theaey would predieor i Anericr too fa hed eo be checked? Can sey mabe ow resources net that will make coo expensive fr the United Sate topes then? (Oram they “js ayn." inthe hope thatthe United Stes wll not rete? Can weak eter etrat ences by treening tr se some action thatthe United States appses but canoe ey [event Wher wil such tees work? I ie pole wo bind US ower within exiting itera nein i 0, when tnd bom? Can other sate motile inoue global cestance by ‘ating doub onthe lptinacy of US. leadership and ehe mot danse of US. policy? ‘Wal other sates hove to gn wih the American claus, 0 3t 4 aod acing its Toe eng"? 1s edocs gn wi he Unite Steam senders eis ten ese em ih he Ameen counepa, al chereby gia benef or concesions hs ‘tenet arable to othe? Canker sates manips US. dec polis i aero ere ta IS. pom ed oe ene In the cps that flo sow tht he aver ea of thse (genio “ye” Although the United Sats ifr and say the ‘ar power county in the wardandapubl he mot poe fl counery in mover htoyy—eeber ate have many ops er ang wits US. pow, Ms of thee stegis donot ek to ser the global balance of power (eat not anytime soo) and thy notchreaten the US. homeland deel: Bu thy do ae Amrit silico achir its eegn-policy yon and ths ait Eh fon more dsb werd THR NeMarn oes oF the book i cepnized a flows. Chap- ‘cr | dere the dominant goal pson ofthe United Sats ad summarize the vatous ws Us che United Stes ht ned ‘Power since heen of the Cold Wa, ange tht the United Stes |i poston of power hat is kinricly unprecedented ad char a edit power to mo «word that wold be compa wih US. imere abd aes. The Unie Sate is noe see "san 500" power: ate it as sed ie poste of primacy tances Infuencs,oenkance its position veri pena sand to den wth pai sci rents, (Cupter2 explore the ead gap betwen Ameri pesepion of ‘ts om gol role an the wy tt roe perceved sro, fee ‘nu prin om the exons why ote states do noe away lene [US dominance. Akough American endothe US rl ithe‘world in pose and benevolent tems, czens eewhare ae fo owe skeptical. ven es har ae gery pro-American Woy thou dh concentration of pomer i US. had, and oer sats openly oppose ic Tagse that other sas Sa ses, of ae he ‘United States pry beast of wht "Ge the wets mos owe cay), ba abo because of what ith doe So se pn ding ods | ten comer why American fen Gl tee ‘ene the ooo hs eemen, and ths al © urea why ‘he gba reaction 0 US. pracy bs sage fom ambvaleace fo eset oer appa, ‘Chape emir he aos rates that ste an employ i they Sd ie peesary debe ro oppose US. primacy. Ont ‘pion is la, id by mebiing internal sources by al Jing with eer 1 espn why fs form tlancing csiions Ie Ben ite moe, ab why tates have ended wo engage either in“ abncing” ith ees) oxime ani (on her the Later opin beng pusoed gel hugh various rane ti, icing cavenina itary responses eer or te egition of weapon of ma deacton WMD). “A second seaegy Bali, whereby oer sates ether igre 1S requests or do the bre tims 2 ery them oat ery hindering US. es while auenpting to avoid an ort cath "Thi, tes may purme the sae of Bnd, whch is the se of norms and inant cneain US. dors of son. V ape tha his tac wl not work once ius af tary secur, both ec the nied Sate can independent in many etary rons and beens cn wally act enough internation sp pox minke mary acon pose Bing 4 mare efetive fact in other aeat—soch x iteration eemomic aioe foe beciue the US. adage m0 3 pronounced st has ess ‘apciy wo "go i lone” Sates can so gun cancenions se ovgh ‘cima (i, erestening 0 eake some undeabe acen unk ce ‘United Sees fire compenaion, sd 1 expe the conden ‘which hs sacegy i ely to work Bly ate ind rome non te ston) can ao ey to eallenge the legacy of Ani ‘oka posin and the pace thatthe Unsted Stas cre owing. The arategy of dination ses o portay the United Ses as Tonal ankrap society whote action abroad ae gener Aly sel eaprcou. ere oon nt the be interes of ‘mankind. By enonarging moe and more people to queso Amet= “fea lot leaden his aatey tek 2 mk Ke hale Gr de ‘Unie Sates win pps, wl inaaneouly encouraging sl doubt among Amico hele ‘Chaper 4 exis the various asp ht te may Glow if they choos fo scommote US. power aud to copert with US. fain poly. One sae it bande with be Und Stes fer 10 avoid being presed or atached, and 1 argue eat eis responses been and wil canoe to be rr. Sse my Debave pruden in the fce of US. powe bur "winning Hough imi in” not ging 10 wk very fen. led aes hat align with the United Stes ill do ether opin peteson sin ego ‘rs (rill) oo enkance see own alba postion by ‘ining nsene in Winhington. Frege yak yet xy of Bodin ef yng t or le peranl is wih US, ‘ofici and leling tee soport ro specie US. plier dhe ‘pas of guning aio! ince ovr whic de United Sate oes Foe yovernments may abo ry © manpute she US. domenie poll ym det by peat the America boy pole and giving individual poliianearang acenves 0 fv ‘lose es. To show how 3 seep of penestion wos foc it kel onthe operations of he sae bby which i ad say he mos siccesfil example os coumry wing the US. paisa ten 10 in ialeace over US. fig policy. ako ofr bir states ofthe Indian and Armenian lb, which show dt dhe Lae cxample i Gr fom gue. ‘The Gal copter denier wit the United Stats holt doi2 wrmopucrIn emponte tf other sats hve many epionsf desing with US. ower, then US sgn piy must be med with the reactions ‘mind How can se United Stes encourage sae to et dom ina poson a benef (oa ent esa) al bow ceca ‘ince them that its foreign-policy ston deeve broad itera Support? Flow cn it eure sa nt explo by oan tat ‘ppes9 embrace US. ales and gol ba ae ako ying to manip ste US. power fo tee onm purpoe dl my theres bane ways ct ae contrary o US, interes and vale? How ca the ‘Unie Sates make ts ba postion mot legit the ye oth? tn rif ange the Amrit cxrree poston tees sree know, widom ond self cesaint than ever before, ad ‘hat ache thi level of widow eis Sanden changes ‘nthe way Americans approach the woe ‘Tas the te prox of American rims: fed of esis ‘he United Stes to act howerer it with Amit dominant pons ion encourages ote te to fae our anchcked power and oak ap to consrain 1 we want he et ofthe wed cone US. primacy, eerfre, we must camnce them that American Powerit somthing tobe tamed, ut ate omehing eat wi ‘bused juiioly and fete wader benef mankind TAMING AMERICAN POWERTHE ROOTS OF RESENTMENT ent arth Spenber ats fan meh Oz ele the iin of tg ret George ih olds rene move ofc a ea rid lent ae a wae eof ers ees ors ofthe wr Dh ie ws "ume ht heh Sndaranding of wha ou con bo. ht ree wal ae ts emo Amon jo ca ee Bes! kn ow sod we at alr lene pn cn "ee goto do sb of ung car ee Beh comers inbred eck cmt hl Wh thst, ecse Aeros end ee oe oe ive eine word Acoli emer Pest Bl Co, ‘ern he Ute Sean ote eo ated the sd pete ee igo flal som" Th eteapiyvew of Ani tl tiny ech by sch dpi aie ey se Aneta soft on kel tals Acang ve Havant Unneaty pl! seme Some! 7 Hung cans US. pry is eno he fe of oem Soe, ‘0% spn exon, nd interatol ade inthe world" Neo octet coist Charles Kerthmes ctl US, poet “tng Janine berven tbat aed cvation,” end hin Nia Feen uggs tha "the alteration perpen nara ‘mulltzr opi bt the aac ghonare f+ pew Back Age Tow, US enna, and pic inlets eee se US pricy ina vrai gh nd july US inetvernet nee ‘21 by pointing co the hens trig tthe Uitte Sts sada chess Not suprisingly, mow America sew US. primacy sly frre terms. According wo the Word Vales Survey, er ‘ample more than 70 percent of US, cites dedlate hermes ‘be “very roto be Americas (by compare, le ha nl the open coanre sc as race, Gretta, yo the Nears land uy they are "very peond” of thie own hay), wa the ew Giotal Andes Projet found that 79 percent of ll Ameria Sele i gu “eat American ent and casos ar spending sound the work Sins 2001 save of US pion aden ‘sported da over hl chem bee that the Unite Ste isp, ar tecue “doa lof ge sound the wor” and mer 89 scent of US chiens ewe tht the United Sater dose rhe “ight sont” coe macht ep se abl peblena YeCthe rot ofthe wold doer not ee US. pity in gee che same wy: Ou the ae and people azcand the mul snise Aer fam democracy cepect Americas ae and edhe Achievements, and regan the United Stes 4 “nd of opp i Baton the oe and he peentage och popes with» “Ernie view" ofthe Unied Sates ha planed se 1999. As Table 1 shows, the ivan of lo in 203 caxerbed these tec but the dec wat ata underway befor the wan tn eter words here abroad gp between how Arias per ee the US, role in he work and bow tnt cle undetod y shes. In Noremer/Decenke 200, or example, 79 percent of ‘sec rp of US. cpinon lene lee tha US. cgn poyPesce with a "Favorable Tage of the Unie States se aoeree ree Camas 2 oe - Gres Briain B 8 tly 7 @ Fane 6 8 6 esl - % = a 36 - n 2 6 1 2 » wegesisl South Koes Palesinin Ahoy “ 1 Nigeria 7 o Nee x i i lear eReRsse | seres llbiiitistipesmegal Piirii eesti ste ‘Somer "Wha he Wad Tks 200" December 4, 202 “Views eg Wat fone 208 "Mara f Anca n Ease Ee Hie, ‘ons ngs Pa? Mach 6,201 fre Per Gil es Pe ow Rewath Ceara eRe th re nnn DC svelte soo aking the neve of fe pare inn acca i adc the war on errors, Wie the ame question wasted of » gUP ot opinion Ider fom en otercoutrie,howeer, oly anetind How Do You View US. ndlaence i the World? aia Mutya Nite Bon nw SSpecent 26 percent » a of hifi counterpart shared chi vet Sino of Americas hele the “war on errr” aaa ell to des, ths dex, br 2 Table 3 shows nsf other cuneis t ch ‘mote lily thn Americ to ssibte US. eandc in dhe waren ‘eco fey of lish moe,”“hy Do You Think the US. Conducting the Wer on Teves (evan answering "ps1 ch atmatie) Unde Suis 18 w B " rest Bein 33 Py a » Rais st “ 3 1 France 8 s “ 2 Patan 34 38 a “ Tuckey so a ” 6 Jon a a ss 7” Some: “Moet ein age Ee gh Min Ans ees” ‘Mach 16200 Per Cl in P, Bow Rech ee Pe end te Po, Wing, DG rte ero Otter saves of mas pinion evel» sep eeween how ‘ets ee de Unie Sues an how America se themes, AS Shown in Take 4 more han 70 percent of Americana tele at USS. Ferign pte aes into acon he nee of others ite "a seat dea” oe" Be amoune” bat cies in mos eer coum are more Wl oy that US. Gig pcy comers the eres oes "nt much” or "oe a 3" Sir in 203, one 60 per ceo ofthe US, poplin spre of Posen Gare Bhs handing of inernatnal pac, bu oly 30 psn of Ffopeans sureyed agreed" Ax Table 5 reveal tee ao an ete pee etd Suter 7S pent 70 pent 25 pment 27 pnt Great Briain 4435 er Fame 1 7% Genny 32a © 6 Pikion 23g a Tey 7 ow % oD ee er noon Samet “Wit the Wicd Thinks 202" al “Mar of Amica ete He Main Pr” PC a fo scale gp beruen US. and Eupean views on the desist of Ameria ing the wort oly superper, Nos this patern caine to Earope, Bi overall appro ext. ini he United Sates way t pret in Mach 204, ba senses ‘im ther cous were dramatic low. need, Bah sercng lage wl behind tha of Ou in Laden in Palisa and Moroeon* Andina, 5 percent af the poplton he ace able" oF “very Bare” view of bia Laden in Auge S103, a9 [cent sid they bee se United Stes woul probably “hae tra” oer the net fv yas. By Apri 2004, in tee,» Ca?“tn Thinking About International Adu, ‘Which Statement Comes Close (0 Your Position Abou the Unied States andthe Earpeas Unin?™ Comey aly Serre “Become Sepersome et Sie s2pcnt 7 prt France ‘s ” Germany 8 ” Netbeans 9 6 Patnd 0 “ orga 7 0 ‘Se Bsa Tv, Geman Mal Fn fhe ed Ses ane 230. Suey ced je 283. CCIIN/ISA Tidy pol repre dat 59 percent of ais sought US. mila action in ag wete “anja” anda avey co ‘minoned by de Colton Proviso Auto a May 200¢ foun that 80 percent of gd “0 canine” in the aiity ofthe [US led onion to mprove the ston in thei oar Te shor, American ee tei couney a8 2 psive Race in he wo betes of the work desided mbit, The United Stes docs ve ves denders such as Brith Prime nies Toy ‘Ble who has publicly denowaced ani-Americanism a 2 "folh indulgence’) bt ao has mace tan is ae of prominent and avaly oc eric Indian aathor Arndt Rey expe’ dhe Sepember 1 aacks by ying, “American Greig ole as reed 1 hog, simmering etre een; novel John le Cas freee the warn ig by deccing i The Tes (Loon), The ‘United Stes as gone ma and payright Harald Pinter ded the United Stes to be "beyond ren” and ened wo Nae Ger many Nob Prise-wintng German author Ger Gas watned This man Bas i danger this ov countrys te may Lan ea; Ken Liven, led Bush "the rene tiesto on thi net it we've mow probably ever ten"; ad phys Sepen ‘Hang toll + London rly tt the US. trian of rg ws ra crime” bao on “he ‘The US. image i epecily beak nthe Arb sd Mie wkd A june 2004 ave of si Arb ounce cored ht dee pop Jasons hol overwhelaigly nega views of che US. role the woe, despite somewhat posive ane toward US. cence and sechoology Americ movies and TV,and even the Ameen people ‘hemeles. le areal fewer thn 10 pat thet veyed in Egypt Meron, Saud Anubis, odin, Lebanon aod the United Arb Emzates (UAF) have orale view of US, picy twa he Arby ‘a penral the Palen, the wat tron, ad ag And ‘when sed wo ideal thee “se thowgh” when Americ i ene ned, she most common response in Egypt, the UAE, and Sau Asis wat “unr frig poi™ Sch etimeste are ot cone the Ara ad amc wor however Indeed, they eas now be found i every comer of the ote, icing America lng-tnding democratic ales. Ac The ‘Beans conced in February 2009,"There ex witenig ll oF incompectesia between the pope of Arner and the peoples of Europe" In November 2003, in it, 53 pent of Eropeans ough he United Sates Inds “aegtve rle™ 00 “peace in the ‘wo sad only 27 percent hough the US. oe was pov” ‘Wa i going an hee? IF US, pimsey i ace fo god ia the workh—ae US. Inde proc and American overwhelmingly beleve—then why dart eer our ecognie chi Te ng avy the produc of iri ates, or pat ad pedi reason tthe amet of power in Washington antFer some commento he problem who we ae" Acconing. ‘ President Both, “Amerce wat urged or atk bese wee the brights bese er edo and apport inthe werk” Oat he hte expined, "The evi who ached coun on September the th 2001 were not potting our plies. They ‘ere proteting our exitence Some ny ht by Siting the tear es abroad since September the th we nl se wp a hore nese Bot the trois who suck hat day were tied peed America were ot fighting terri in eg, an Afhanan, and ‘Sewher, what woul thee thw of ile do, suddenly bi. eng produce Eves of esc a chaity™ Po thi pep te, epost to the United Sees it a ner, and ther ‘sola, ration either to the concentration of power in US. and or dhe specie pail and enor raves ht he Unie Sues represents, And if hae were the whole try there would be Fe the Unie Sze could do aboa i (iter ober Ble aniAmericaien primarily on “what we i" es wort US. power or US vas is alo he ecw "hat US. power wed andthe pci wns ta US Tender jy ‘Ameria bal role. Th, he ate author San Sontag Sep ‘ember I aa dec respons (howeve epee) to Ameren ‘vm action shing "Where the scandent ht hi a ot 2 cowaily stack on “ination tert" the es wort ‘aac cathe wold el procsined perme undetken 3 consequence of ree American lanes nd actos?" OF enue, if Ameria’ ations ae lagelycespenile fr the bing. ide resentment hen i might be pone t edie thee tendencies ‘ing US. power fre al by adopting ierent spon 0 eng wid he eof the wk Which i it? The sever (anaes “Bosh American ower does worry Bends and foes ale and Aree vlan be 2 ounce of cion st well 1 admiration, Bot tha it ne the mt Important pet ofthe try Opposition so the Uriel Sees een iar by he ways tha tbe United Sites wes its pone, both in the pa and a presen, and pei when the United Seo 1 orecweening oe hypocrite Gaon “he reminder ofthis chapter explore the fie in gree ea, fraing on ov main themes begin by ating hy es societies might es een, oF bate ef what we se” and shen onder why sch ato afc even more by “whet ned £ hen expin why Americas fen fit undentand thee ene es. Why do we fen uadereninte the degre of ope rome ‘ment and why do we overlook our own rie it penenng "They Feat (or Hate or Resent) Us foe What We Ace" Fear of American Power ‘The cad ofthe Cod Wir are many key fares of wend polity tes i dno afte eel nati of the interstonl acne Stat sl eins omen of thy wre here no werd oo eement wo protec tem fom cach other In prir each sone ‘se yt provide its own cry ares can Ata tse Fone to woery fan ate become! sare poweflthen the roe ‘specily i becomes so soong tht it ean ips ts ll at inponig™ Winson Chachi sarmary of Brith fcign poly caps he ogi of his poston pricy "or fur handed ye ‘he foreign plicy of England at been to eppe te stomps ne seers, mast dominating power on the Continent [Wie always took che batder couse, joined with he lew ateig pone aaa thus detested the Continent misry tyrant whose he a." The te principe ond stgy ince US. ener tae ces epponed sy sate tat hreatoed to ebb reson hepemony in arene Ai 303810 fc power with oped compre et Americas own” From shin pespectiv it scary to ndesand why other aesworry about LIS prey, They worry Besse the United Sas ib Song cong ot prety much a we, and oe tes cannot be sre dat Wishingon wil ot we is inens power to exten thei vm ores. Buck in 2009, f example, be oi Rsan Natal Seatny Concep warned af amps oereste an interna tional elon srusrce ba on domination by developed Wesern courtesies US, leeaip aes fo waa! lions incite f mir fo) by iss in wl pi More teceay the Dash ndaiitavorh empha on “premio” was ewe by» choot of feign crim, sch a6 German Foetign ‘Minis Joc Facer’ comment hc" weld ender in whic he ution interstsof thesuooge power isthe eerion fr maitry son singly can work" “Bot wal” many Americans would espn, “we ar a peaee= loving conn te wee power vo advance the gener good of numa.” Even eote than pst Greve Powe Amerie ih ‘sow recta ends bth ede ad ties cone che ons hat exer might Sn US, power worsome or exten Ing. Neacneertive Richard Pere bbws the "US. power i tives potently» some for good in che wold” and columnist (Charles Kastner dec tht what poets ciation fom turban “isnot puchment bot power, and in »unipala word, ‘Americ power—willed, if neces, unite 1 neces, eemptvly™ Noto be cutdne, Neer diplomatic corespn- lene Michal ish conelades dt, “Traits abi. he ole led bythe Unie Suter ihe geese ifthe wold ht eve in einy, many ener, pos al of recrded sory Ox (George W. Bush emurked daring the 2000 presents campaign, "The Unie Sues ht a reat and guiding goal ur hs tine of Asericn infuence to generations of democratic pace”™ Who oul digiee with tha? Americans dik thle ble ims ae ‘pate to all whic mea tha cy evi or aggesive regimes have ty sence to er Aerie power We ROOTS OF ESHA ‘There ae at lest fue problems with his fete of US. primacy, ower Fis as suse in greater deal below the US. read it ‘not 2s pure as many Americans bbw, The United Ste ae wed | power o acm other counties in dhe pasting wes ae wee not apa evi or aggresive—and terse ae well aware hii, Pious declarations of American Vite ty Bnd cep fe alien ac home but they ae unbaly to canine tone who Hive he sharpen of US, power taemles, ‘Second oer ses worry about US. power becsie sey Know ‘hat confi of itera wil inevishly ate Bec eich ae at 2 ren endownee of rare unique geographic eatin, and ‘ins onm partials hizoy each inevistly ba somewhat dierent efrences an most ies, Lance couneis nd ase po ‘shave iflrent views about the Lao he Sx jut upwind and owning cones generally have deren eres 08 thee of cid ain. Wey india powers wane to lower bites ade ‘in manafcted goods and services, developing counties want 12 reduce ri en gril peoducts ad eres, Stes with ier nt hited url adins diagreesbou human ight. world politi, conics of intrest ae inescapable. And whe thy ‘ce songer ses ae more Hey vo get dee way and weaker tts re more bikey fo vet adj. In shor, othr conti di he US. primacy fo the same reso that Americas per it on balance, weaker states ave oat hi bert he pefeence ‘of move power sate No mater hw hard US. ledes ty 02 eaure oer sats sbout Americ benevolent intesons hte, othe ste ae going 6 wory sbow American power, “hind ven ic weye ue tt the United Ses had cnenty ead fer the gente good i the ps ote ates no ow how ‘he United Sas wil behave in ef, No sate canon wht nother ate might choose odo, which meas tha se inbalace of poner in amene Ewe wil says be dating to ther. The ‘United Ses ay ave dane le mp nt of poner than crjoe powers hve, but the cet f the wr cot be sce ta i temain bene, especially when potion of primey gies ‘unprecedented eedom of ston. Ass snioe Chine dona 0 in 2000, “How can we bao ew tl ery om ou swurance of good will” Or a Oxf hitoran Tenohy Carton ‘Ash noted in Apel 202: The ple with Aman powcr ot ‘hs tis American The peoem i spy the per. wo be langeows een fra aechangel to wil 0 mich powee™ But the United State a demecracy” some American might lini, “ad demeacrais do ight each otber Tyrants and dcars sat hive rear to fa but our Glow democracies sate the ‘ame eas and need noe worry about our dominanes” The ce ‘hae “democracies don ght each eer" my be empl cere (og remains cones ang schol of internal eh ‘lo tt cos mot mean eat othe sates hate no een 9 ee US. power: Nor every sate t+ demeanor ume thing, a Jin M. Oven atd Ido Oren hive shown, how the United Seer lel with oer wats depends i ge ptt on whee we pene then wo be democratic or not Morente, even tes tht can el ceotdent the Unie Ste will ot tack the tl hae teen wey abou the concentration of power i Ameria kandi, Franc, and tral dd ot think the Ute Ses war ping to sah ‘ho dig the Saee War 0 1956, renal, but US. economic an dplomatic presure sll ace thers ito hunning with el om the erties hey ad conquered Nord che United States cen to use maltary force when it abandoned he gl soandatd in 1971 and deteoyed the Deettor Woods ence de tnt ic aide is uperie economic potion to ice ere ates ear he cons of thi, "Noto i 2 render fae with contemporary soc-ccace ‘heory might count "Democratic leaders can ao made more rele promises than aubrtaran lender an, cus te ci er ae more likely to remove them Gms power if thy ene ‘hie commiomens” fhe ote ates need not wort dat he United Siac wl come pgresine the fare, bene US. ent canoe enegeon pre pledges of estan wien nconring gs icant domeriepalteal cate Some scholar sls ate dae US. primacy i more acpi to eter sates cae the United ‘Saf cosconl chosen to bid” isl within key ier soon ‘mcs ich as NATO), in ect extcing screen mn nto rete eter aot is heneoenitenton” Bath ep iments imply th other sates need not woery that US, power oud br ed in bari waysmether Doce US, leet el remain bound by pst promis or bce US, leader wil ope te the longer benef of ater eoperaton wl ough ay shorter ui om ter e00 ‘Tee fetes ny dinsth concerns about US. power sme- what but they cannot eliminate tem. At we sb inthe pronoea ‘hopes, the United Sater aeady dominates ities och wg [NATO and the World Bank, which mks tem at et a weak con, sein om is own feedom of ston, Ani as dcuned tag hpte 3, tots o “bind” se United Sites within # web of sia, tional es ve generally ed, ein etain pectied aver whens {be US. dang kes proce Smythe lege by of emo to make more cede conumiments dt not peveor the United Stes fom abandoning the god andi in 1971 or shrogaing the 1972 Ani-Blli Minie Tet inthe lof 201 tothe contention of many long-stining alet. Bll Clat siged the comention esahishing the Inrntonal Criminal Cour bo George Bush removed the US. “sigmtute” a few month ler Pemocrais ay be les airy or Gl ha tee nithoraan ounerar bu thy can il cng te mind. Af al at toe ny hey bald eects? There Gal enon wi no sate canbe enely comfortable wis the concentration of power in the hands of the Uae Seen Even if he United Stes were comin yng oat ot goro good of maining, plies ea ll do carseat damage Inadverenly.Asrances abou America benewlen teats may two vue actions undetken fr aoble eto end up hurt ing others by acne. Afr al de United See dna tnd 10 dxabilze Cambodia in ee ely 1970s, bu i irvention tee ped pve the way Gr the Khmer Rowe and das conribted Indvety to masive geneide, The United Stes rly did no inn i nppoe Gr the Afni eo ead to ection of tloal newark of Llamie vero, but hat sin et what bap eed. The Bus adnan wat abou noc yg 0 gta Qua oatack the Madi sway sytem when courted Spanish spr for de war in rg, butt ws sll ene ofthe uid fee of polices ‘Les drama US. legos ae ot actively seeking ile thinned development orp fsigners oat of week when sey sect procconist rh aaine Cue tele or end arial tural iso American ues ye simply eying proeet {pb in their home dni and enlace ir own prospects for feceton. Butte fc on developing cous ino drt than iy bad aed wih deliver mae ‘Looking aed f US. fc towasem the Mile Fat end up lesaiing key proces so driving ap worl pies hea ‘ery eibinporcingcoumry would ser, cven though de Unie Snes id not ean to batm dhe, I the United Seater were 0 launch 2 preventive war agsint North Korea, or atemg 2 sical ke pins lee produce is, tiation could igget 2 detutve wat onthe Korean Perna td do masive damage to South Kove and posh Jepn. Bu these res woul not have The pine sould te des. The cmc of faxcign poly is ile wid winced somesuencs an he bigger you ara he exe Freedom of ante you ny the more damage You ea eae even if you dort mean to do it” The hte Canadian Prime Mininr Pie Tudeau eapraed he peablem perfectly some yea aga when be ematked ta lving nee 9 se Und Sate was “ike seeping with an elephant. No maser how fend and even-tempered the bes, one alee by every itch and grant" This problem may be espe ace far neighboring we ike Canad bac Ame ict dominant poskon mean tha ts “whe abd grunts a now fete in evry corner ofthe be. Even if other cutis were con- vince thatthe Usied Sees ws infu vito and tt ng oly Tr the greater goo, sey wood il have goud exons 0 wary shout how Amesia wet ing wo wei power Atte very leat, the set of the world would be Gath tase tht the United Sates would never way tht coal at sem, ‘Reaistaace to American Values ‘The Unc Sates ot ju she world song country. of ous, Teicakoa ce wih ict tf poll vales and intiacns ad 3 single von fiir worl rol, Ashe wos domi ‘an economic and mtr power the United Sats cane» age ea furl sadam: tn ons Some eter Great Powers (ach a the formes Soviet Union), US. sky sho adept at proacing cata ‘cous with enormous woeldwide sppei—dink of Casr-Cala, ‘Miche Joa, Holywod move, ot eleisco—as wel in ‘ans higher caon dha sere pom inlet beacons As dicuued in chapter 1, the appeal of American ide ad the ng adow cast by American clue eects Ameria positon of primaey.Untormnat, Americ pli valet and curl roduc ae not aves appealing The eal tha Amer ads fox and the euler practice hat tami tothe ret of the ‘wo ean alo be 2 power source of anti-American senna ‘pil when te global lance af power iso ew weighted in ‘At ene extreme, at-Amercaim aes fom the bee tat ‘ArmerianSocky ad clea inherenly ever inunorl Relows findimenlits and oer ees condemn the hedonie and semua expen of American pop sre and poe gh ts of dre, cu-ofedlock pening sd tes soc. This, when the Ite Sayyid Qu leading inert of Egypes ‘Moon Droteebood and 2 caning infuace a oda sic talc, iste the United Staten the te 1940 he ws eel by via es a Ameri indivi comet eed thd ea eenonines. As be put it “Humanity tod ling in «ge brothel. One ht nly glance at pres ls ai hows, Ity conte... Or obser fm is fr nae fe, promos. te pcre, and ick, sgt sateen in Kear ata ‘he metia™ More recent ama bin Lade ts soit to aal= neon simi etn of reraion by denouncing te United Ses fee “gamblng” fr "peaccing the rade of ex al fr" for exploiting women like camer prod,” and for “podcing tein and wig soxicns and dep” not mention Preis ‘Ginn’ memo sci he Oval Oi" Such cigs ae not confined to foreign radi of coun; homegrown fps ho ear camenporary American scey ox moray bankrupt nd I eed ofa eal rei eva ® ‘ow exeme veo of this same tendency rect he indie Jn, stevia and gloiation of vee in American popalt uk, acwel a some ofthe more avon lings of the American oc an poll system, In garb fig cs point the comparatively high levels of violent cite inthe United Stes an Incarceration ete at ign higher than note na woes, and its cncnued eelance pen the det penal AS fone French comment expaine In Baopean eyes Amis i su arbre comer a Wd We that docs not knw how t0 Dolce its popaltion se canta judge ashe Pardowcly concer about US. prtncy abo ase fone se ‘hat American clr i to atc and tht the sea of Amer can ales wil exingih ther ws of ie. Here the sac ot tha US. cares inherely cepa: athe he concer is that {sso edactve dati wil veel lice exiting elert ten, ‘Wien the French worry shout the spend of Bal, ft fod, oo ‘Wak Die or when deeeping cane oman abou “eal liveide” they ae espeening fear tha the Uyamie tate of Arica norms, buses practi, and ell prod il even tual compromise shee own cual Meni, As the Rew Glob Ainge Survey noted in 202, "Pablis in evry European nant cwryed except Bulgaria te coil ofthe Attic eld ioscan dheie country... In the Mile Eas, crewing jritis in every comary exept Uubekitan hie = aeqaie Imprenion of American ea and cats... The sentinel ‘ppesseroughout Latin Americ and Aa (ith the exception of span and ae Philipines." In these ces option tthe Une Sete does no necety si fom a det concer abou x pres, Rater, the somo shea hse ferent yes of ane-Ameicaisn iy a vero spec American pot and soc rake and dese to contin erin some ese ret pen ‘Upon tellin, concerns abou ee eonigons pel of US, va ‘uesand practices shoal aot suprise ws The US, pil stn ie redone of univer ci boat nd! ight and a ery cms ta by defn sanscend the bones of extn sate. Morcows, US, leer have lng deled he proton of thee ideas to be a findumental US, iene. tn 1969 foe cramp, President George H.W. Bat dele "Nothing ean sd the ‘3 of Seedom’s march" and he inter proce, "No sey no comtinet, should he dguaed fom sharing the ie of mon ery" Some ten yeas ter, Bu son began is ow Nett ‘Seu Sone by delring eae "hse vale of Geedom ae ght and te all pople everywhere” Thus, the United Se epee ‘denies toe universal mode fl soit an csi superior ake ol ler scl onesike oter iver solos, cefne, American iba threaten he legacy of aerate social onder erly by ei ing Even if the United Stes ida yw spe is ide abroad, esses would well worry chat che ideas igh ype sone eon, The anger and more sce the Unie Sates i he Tenge the dado wil a ober andthe me ber as wl athe power ofthe US. example * Fterere he United Stes has sot been conte to be merely 4 dang cy oo al" Iatead he United Sates acess 0 ‘prea io ides broad sometines wih 2 wengeance, The combi ion of 2 univer politcal phleoply and a seong evangelical soa it wdertndile fr aoe genio blew ht cae ow Peal principe are univerly vad deni eo once that ane fas an cbigatca to cry them to othe! Jahn Qulncy ‘Adame may hae fou warned Ameviens att vente abroad in seach of mort c© deszoy” but he was wring when de Unie Sates wae sls weak and ised power what vt 8 Jndpendene cour wit ft fom eran. ® Ateiin Headers hve Teng seen the United Sates a2 mode! rte rs othe worl an thet anbions ave gro 1 US. power ha inereed, Upon joi ing the ans ofthe oer Gest owes, the United States ough © ombice the pus f poser wit the Lie goal eating the toot in Ames} image™ Berween 1900 and 2000 in c,d Unie Site au cet impose democrats on ther couric a Heat eweney-Bve sepaare times, eit with varying degrees of zc” TUS. power sow unrated and he be ht pinay souk te sed to promote democratic sea eajys broad sport aro ‘he plical pea, Thuy, eccoervaves sah f Wiliam Keite ‘olan LavienceKapn sk, "Whats wrong with dominance in tbe ‘eric of sound principle sn high Hea” and he sh it~ tron dese ht "te rexsength ofthis aon mt be ed promote Babiace of power thi ier eda." [Nor i dis ambisn ceafiaed to conserve Republians The Cina airs ao aoc wing US. power to “elage the spre of demacric ul and ecaemporry tibecs remain a somite w this gal shee seocamersaive counters. This ‘Michael MePsSt ofthe Carnegie Endowment for Ineroatina Peace belies US. feign poly shouldbe pide by “Liber Doverng” which a am request Unie Stes o maintain is ret poston fp, "Ta effectively promote bere areal ote te ng haa" he wees, “the Unite Sates mst main ‘ofeweling mary advange Oe the et ofthe wel ‘Unfortunately, the combination of great power, waiver prince ples and bp comuenns in era ping se piles ‘on other Bound be being to ote counties cading some four flow demos, Even woes tha admire cern US. aloe may aoe want dopa of than —and expecially not tthe poi ofa gun As ote are beianing ofthis chapter, exam ie the world nde demoeracis sae sma common © Individual ight andthe rae fl and many of ie czens se ‘the United States “and of oppotuy" and adie my fis Achievement, Yet thse same populont oppose she areal a ‘American-ye democracy snd bases practice and regard the es ‘sda fetes of Amin soiey witha combination of far td din. In prc, bough Buropean ples (and especially Enropean cli) clay believe “potion” 2 god thing, i= thle majrkis ject te US. economic em a to ineguale™ to be 3 god mel fr tein own couric, According to 2002 stay by the Sate Depainent Of of Reta, “a or more in ‘ein, Free, Germany nd aly sya the US. economies “neat too many sci problens becuse of lak f jo secu nd fw employment ene fr many workers" Sic 3 Eambvoneer sivey in 2003 showed dae French, German, 20d Bekah eens by ovehelming maging reece “copying he Aueiin economic mode” Tare are many "vais of democra=‘capitis inthe wold ody and he nha of ther Ores ritation for Bomomic Cooperation ani Develernent (OECD) cones watt erp that wo Faualy importa, ach of the weed no democrat ll For ‘he regimes the combine of preonderan power and ileg Zell that now diver US. foetn pocy 6 undoes sing ‘When President Googe We Bush ec hat "tisthe poly of te ‘Unie Sots to see and sep he grow of dere mote mes an ini eer ation ad exe” he ety ng thatthe Unie Ste commited to making he whe weld more oval the Ameri visi ofan Wel oc le” An hen his incon uci ep chnge i ag by chiming tie wil aca wa of demacwansirmation toto the ide iin eet delring taal nedemoctces se legit sed dere be reps” Not sept Bah amines ‘Sci "Genter Miele Ene Inia program intended to ro ‘more desncicy ane god goremance—prted a decidedly negate "evtion in the Arab toed whe ew anomanced in he ping of 2004 Jo freign miner dete tae “or objective forthe document never ace the Fight.” a «column in Fay sem ical newnpper um, commented dat ihe is no lifrence owen what vat si bythe Bh, French, Beg, sad Doth colaise and what the modern coal empies eying Indewdt woul! be atoning ithe les of nondemocrtic tes not ew Amerie ato pend dence aa iment threat to ie ou potions, 1 banly wrong, of course, for Americans «> five bert, emocracy ie market there of lao the vant resi ‘American clara if. Nort necenasiy wrong fo the United Sats tous its power to encourage others wo adopt thee dese ‘Bu dhe ras tha Americans old to be “slC-evient™ af not ‘eleven’ chewhee. This sone more teaton why Atsetean ower worse odhers Nat only can sey not le we whit we ce sing odo wiht, ome ofthe thing we sy ete to dare deeply troubling 1s Le "What We Are” or “What We Stand Fox"? AX chip i may be tempting to cncde a cg iy simply unaoiil, eer bent other sates te wed. teen Anenian power or bec tty ae boil Amen ied, this ie o6-Amescanism i a nese prt of bing the demi ‘sant lob power. Thus the Pent 2095 Natl De Sy ‘clnowiedges tht Americ leading poston in wld ai wl conta trent eae. dee of resentment and vest” st neocomteratne pondt Max Boor writs at “vcentmene see, wid the ecg As one woul expect thi ieerpretion is popula omg hose who leew she United Stes shoud purse an ambiout gta ‘ole. wel a tho who Bebe the United State ho poy ile stcaoa the comcemsof othr counties, Ths, Robers Kagan and Wills Keixol wite that “the main ie of cameron betwen the Unie Stes and mow of thw who expe epost ' is hegemony f moe American ‘aroganc tithe tease redly of American power in alli fom Siar, hineiag ernst Lewis maintained “Mi age a eapnae tthe pt fides of the Wamie woe, rer than + tection ste to poe ‘ener scons or cure US. poses” Neocon Arba Foul Ajnni ofr much the sime view, sping ther cn America the rnd ge! ofthe Ab wotd—the on ial conden of alae yet fo ake fal espe fr fe se€infced won.” and he recommen shat "ere no aed ey exenie deference to the poi pees spd gers of the region If anti-American exten is pinay + reson te er ved wesknes ond put ham then the United Sates sd do what ie hin igh tno worry very mich shout whether the restof the weld gree‘Armier vein ofthe tn argue tes European opposition to American ultra (nd expect epson to presen- tive wots in places Uke Lr) 4 eesti of Earopesn ceensnent ft heir own impotence and envy for Americsscartent lobal Gominance This exphuscion was + cenal theme of Roter Kagan’ ©) Pei ad Pac, which famouse, “Americans are fiom Mans; Earogesot fiom Venus” Ora columnist Cares, Krauthammer po Europeans who object 10 the ave ate of US. power te pr fan “ast of pele. thee problemi thie relevance” These arguments carry an obvious pian: 1 there hing the United Ses can dot aleve eign hos iy. why ey? [As the previous pages have gee i pein of thin hese argent, Some degree of oe epposion co US. primacy fa weacin to Arveiis dominae mater postion and the aen tnd posensially venting ket of American values and calare Sch aids ste reinfved by ee dabliing ees of globalize tin, a Benjamin Coen pts, "Clbainton een hy many 2 sot beevalen Bat malign ani) ce America seid Sid loazcon a ato an its rrp beni dst view ‘eas th Aeris ithe enemy 0 Tosa exten efor a ‘meric is har-wied” inthe sens og ete United ‘States eins mambo oe. ‘esi woud be» grave ero oe hia the whale ary. ven she mow importa pure ine his inept cannot epithe downward uead ofthe pst decade, and spel the desertion of America Sera: tinal poner 2000, The United Sates ls been the "ipl power” since the exh 1980s (a the Inte, be eterna! sending remained high troughoue the ence dete. Ahoogh 2 ber of fii ener expend concern about the syramety of power in US hands, slid major round the week Bld “fyrale” epnins of the United Sats and both George H.W. ‘Bush and Bl Clinton enjoyed god working rebtins with 3 wide srry of feign leaders Indeed, 2000 Clinton became cay he ‘hed American to win the Charlemagne Pri warded sual (0 ‘he inva who ad mide the greet onbion to Earpean uniy® IFS. Power were he main source of the problem, Ameria image in the world should hve deine mich sooner Intend, the hit source f comtemporary oposiion is gal ection 1 specie US. polices expec the acon fhe Hash amiisratioo— sd i ot spy a espns fo US. power or America aes Secon he bef hati tj who we ae” ignore the tei many of ome of Ameria} mot fervent cpponens. Take Osama bin Laden, for enmple.Altiough bin Laden i sometimes excl of Amerien cukure, ht acins eroughout his career Inve been inspite pinay by opposition tothe pci aici of arena fees In the 1880s, he wont to Alphas £0 athe mae rescue 10 the Soviet Us. kn the 1950 be organi’ Qed in reponse to the US, mary pretence inthe Persian Galan spc in Sani Arbi—and in pasion to US. soppoct fr Il Is no simply Amerie eine Unt Gok is hae 2 sho his bli hat the United State “has bee occupying the nd of ‘ao inthe bole of past. plundering ie ihe, dictating to ies rues nati people, reiting is neigh, and ing iy Hen he (Arabian Pein to epearend trough eich 10 ighe dhe nighboring Muslin peoples" Indeed bin Laden empha sited in October 2004 that he and hit flowers were ott at again "ced," whichis why dy did not sie counties he Sweden. Rather, he stacked dhe United Sater to “pis i frit ‘jain the Mie as, His ny sor reaction 0 US Gig policy. and not to US. power pe eo o Aeris eng ves * Bin Laden opposition textes, of cous, but he tat ale According othe Pew Global Ans Survey, for exaple, snip by toward the United Stats slapd mare by what sin dhefoternatonl sem th by hati nd polly and cemoei- cath" Sina, an suthoriave soy by the Prager Deere Science Dour ccd that "Muli donot ‘hate oor edo? tut athe hey hte our police” nosing ater tha in he ej a the Ms wold the “American oecapaton of Afghanistan ond Trg hat note vo democracy tert nly mote chon al ing” Aco to te Sate Deparnent dior Group on Pub "Diplomacy fr she Ars ad Mos Wari. “Aab an Min _sppore our ale bat ev that our polis dono ive pt ‘hem When cite fax Arb counties wee asked if tet toe toward Amerie wa shaped by thei lings abou Amin ‘aloes cc US, polices,“ overbelming percentage of eapondents ‘nixed that plcy payed more important ole” Ora mee Plein chi egottr Sach Echt put "Most af the Arab pric admires US. feedomr and democracy an bees wo hey tothe Americas s+ people, But that me public beth bored sn angered by an America eg pic which dos ile ange ‘hing, to promote simiar feedons and demenracy i the Middle Ea Sim yp President Hoi Mabe hat tere exe aed fof Amerie neve ened in the rein in att because Aas "ee [ll Prime Mine) Sharon set he ‘wants, withow th Amerie yng sting In prt, he mow violent fr of at-Ameican trees scm be inspire pear by restos to US acts a plc ‘athe than by 2 inamental aims 09 US. wales o ule of ‘en US power isl. oe example 1997 sty by the Defeat See ‘nce Boal und "2 song exrelion between US. imelvement in ‘eerie sins sed icreaed tert tacks on the United Sts." Prominent exaper of dee ecaily reat sacks nc Ly hijcking of Pan Arm igh 73 in Speember 1957 a the December 198 bombing of Pan Am igh 108, the brig of ‘he Work Tad Center 1983, and a ocket tack on US tary ‘iis in npn in 191. Sy the ere stack em the Mai suo em in 2004 wor st npite by apt mse Spaih ‘also Span clr; ew dle reese Spit op ret forthe US. mason of ea i xine preceecoong ‘he oceopying ies, In ther wien crs hae wn sched the United Sits ot i ale bce they are oppo to US. mes, or even pray hese they ate mse ston tls ower Inca, thy have tated the United Sates besone they pve its lol miltary pence and she plc tat prasace 2 ‘porting And even hee he wt joi of eto pons ce oot atacking the Unite Sates dey rather thy ae pet oie by lel greases an age Aeticon ty when tis Powers coe engaged inte neighborhoods no jot “whe ‘We inshore wha we deed where we de Thinks the clan ca reign port tem soley ots “who ‘we te" simply oo cameo. Amiens fd eon apedng th, of coarse, ease i suns of any respon In te hare or resement dt other dict te United Sse, thy ‘cw not or fut tht we ato powers we ane nothing fe which apologize ifour demoxztc vals pose sthrext too "pt and opprnive dicen around the weld. The spe ‘his iterpreaton wat epee derorseted inthe serra of the Sepremter statis, when govermestpokeamen (nd ses Sil th pein) repented portrsed chem tan ao“ and anyooe who suggested thatthe atack might ne be rexton to prior US. aves wat likly 10 be snore for bing pasoic™ Lnfrtnsey, once owe embrace this explnaon (Ge feign ‘ppoition, we cea aking how the Unied Sts canst tn no ‘hat ph kei posi inthe weed ihr beter oe woe TE they hate sly for what we std fad what we nd lo escly goo, tether smoking we can o sha do shoot ‘and tx only quion show we can win te inert “o evga she US elem generating Forigncpponinen noeco uply dha US. fveign py i necesay wrong adit ceriny ler not nen ha ant Areca evs sje. Rath he ro tha opposition vo de United Sater wo based aleky on oneern hoot US. power and doe tase primafly Eom rose thurct opposition 10 US. vier Gaduing its suport fr “Bee- hom’) teat, ns-Americiam ie ke pice she United Sate ing for x ersent pal poison and she seca ses thera queion ily whether se bene oscwrigh ae the cont” ‘or e-Amerian andes ands American bebavin a6 ot jou defensive ection Amerie superior power oa elec (Sov of ome fendaneol jean of US ves. Hed we mt ‘Sho conde what te United eae bt doe oother coumarin. an ‘wii doing ody ‘What the United States Has Done and What Is Doing Historic Grievances Legacy ofthe Pst The tet ce American pricy good fre work and shout be velemed by others et on the cm at dhe United Sates ia ium benevolent Great Powe, According o colin Chases aulatuney, "The Areriean eis 1 beigy © aot mere sl oration. We lye a ack snd He ha a pin, US. bal Jendehip as produced » amber of peta success ncuing the cemaactun of Bop and Jy, de ereaoon of mutes intatoes for global ecanomie nungement, de cnuinment and ‘eat dela of he Soret Unie without 2 Great Powe wa) and the rowing acepince of democracy andar is work, “The Uied Sates does oot deserve all the cet fr ae eve, but evuey played jor rl, Ameriean power hs deere conic the Korean Penis, dmpene sais in Barope and Asa, eed Tring peace co Boma and Kose and ese the sinmering pe etween Inia and Pakisan, Ad ie eee Great Powe as lone dese things without aig at omnes empice a with ‘ut ring ret clei snd milo of pple by fs, As Gran faints expert Jose Joe put abet ble the iaton of Teags “America i» begemon difeent fiom al is predceos America angoyand agin bat doe not ong Yee America “ack record” i not pet, and the re of the ‘word knows it ven befte the Col Wi, he United Stes ore ies ued ce i eae. banded od elering ws, shou 4 prinary win is orn hehe Daring the Cold Was, the Unies Sas suport arned rete in Nica, Afganistan, Angolan ehewhers, snd sctvely worked to undermine soma ‘it rule whenever and wherever i cull Ang eh wy. the nied ‘Sales begedoverthzow at la nine Geely elected goveneas ‘whe ning Min eer he Brat evi ofan weary ay of ancommunis datos, incidiag sme of i suherierian lies {i he Middle Ea and Pesan Gul Afr the Cold Wi ended the Unie Ses imped a sever of one-sided apreemnts eo its fined Cold War adver, red cre mile into Sudan ad ‘Alghanisan in 2 fed stem wo preveat Gwe trent seks, ‘msinened eriplingeconoicsnson pl condaced repens sees gin 1g, and utiued wo sobadee Ll ecapation of ‘he Wat Bak and the Gaa Srp I lo onrcrew goverment i ‘Alpha, Hs, Sei, ad mow recently rg kiln thus of eins in he proces. ‘Ben if each of tee ations wore entely defies inary provides fre proud for anti-American, If another sounay Delees the United Stes Ie acied aggresive in the pac especialy sFUS. stn seemed pricy bale o ellos ‘eis Uy ro be even more spiiou of US. conduct snd epcily worsied by US. pracy "This endency may scam smnewhat paling Ent. Why sould ‘one nacon cae wha ome other tation di on the ps? Why incur present-day con and iss Because of ome unfrtnate beiar long ago? Why shoal Armenia cosine to del on the past cimes of the Tk? Why do Sete ates about tte ow iteie risfortane? Wi cart Ea ane frst what pan did hal “eary ag? Why tle poner be bynes ary the batches and There ae at et co ein why pit grievance can sil shape ‘erent tne and ebsites may oe anther nun pt beavie 362 guide to fre conus A with «tea fd st peemance no gustan of how te wil at he farure. Novetbeles, ether ae te ky to daw inferences fom st behavior in rrr fest how ether ae gogo bee in ‘he fire, Sates tht hae behaved Benevoetiy for teas wih 2 epee of rem) willbe see in mote Gore hae tt hae acted badly wil ke viewed with mee supicon, Ad gover mens ha commit reat rimes—asch t Next Germany ce npr ipm-—ay pce dee ntone under» shadow of spin ating for decades. Even when there ae no immed sg of exon, hitrical memories will encorage aes wo make ure ht suse quen generations never ai the apporsity to repeat the cre’ af ‘heir net. Remembrance of pa aoc filed Seth and (Croat cence flowing the break ofthe fone Yap snd ve nationalist lends le Franjo Tagan sed Sobodan Miler 2 potent weap freaking atone fever Second even ifthe vctins do not believe tat pst behaviors cesar guide 0 ftce condi. pt crimes eat ao ene lei for vengeance This dee might be exe ox pul ato al rounds (estes want to punish eines sei ham toner enforce ners ane deter ir cts nthe or), bi may a arise onthe dese to make the gully artes ae the rs hve fred. A purely sonal explo fr etalon tes the role of ange a age: when you hve renga ant to hart you, een if doing 0 der nthing te deter fre kar ad may ee a el the fire. The desi or engeance een ve lee role in he Ballas and he sian onic, anit isa ingredient in contnporary terri venee™ ‘ea outed selon with she United Sitesi bok tendencies As mes A. Bil and others have noted the long sad timate aniston berween the United Sates nd the Shah oe ledmany iranian ro believe the United Sees conto sang, lating laian domestic pois for neitowspurjoer, een ar "he Shab leer US. eB nreic a mods ven with te ‘evaltionry reine were amar by lal septns a the nated Sate a inherenly bose sod anusewothy. The reals at a Catch-22 US. warnings o teas condemed rian sat ‘ons bu fendi oe aemps at sccomodson were regarded pico atemps to renee US conc Arde sme ties, tan hotly os ao fed by genie ange ove pat US. spent forthe Sab nd by 2 deseo undermine US. inerent wheres poe” ‘Under what coins wil itor grees foster hie ot ‘sentment ofthe Unit Sate The anwer not immediatly ous, bene there ino caro det felieshipteeween the ‘mensity of pst cons al the pretense of US. elton with other coon. Inthe Keren Wr, or exanpl, violent cece mang the Unie Sats, Noth Kare, atthe People Repu of China oie existing saspcoe dled oz lang period thos ‘ty US teterentos in Zain Antics had a eet ep {2g clin why vite ant-Americen movements eneged oo (Cuba Nicaragua and ebewhere™ ‘Yee other ce undenere thecomplesretinshipbasween ps soot and cure seis, The United Sect waged tows os ‘sins Germany an Japan Werk War keen of thew of chins in each sci, and event chopped to some rombs on Js. Ye reli inproved dexmealy once fig ng wat ove, ad these co cones have been among Arsere oe aie fr over hala century The Unie Ses cated fonsuring in lran—dopite emp iawovemene withthe Shab— ‘ten has emuined sapicou ofthe Used State ever since dhe taser of he Shain 1980, Tee example show ta pat bebaor ihe s neces) not sulin coin foe the emergence of anti-Americanism. There trea es for other conns that wil aot wheter of not past Us tehvir wil a poner ouce of preset day rvotments i, US. ations wil pronoke eter, hated and eenent when the United Sites ses face and when it we of vile i {eens unpovoka. As the example af Genmany ad span ge, ‘ther sate eles iy oresent wha he Usted Sets has done ‘when they revopsie dat thie own axons were at let arly Fepnahle fr he damage US. power ukimatly ified wpen them. Akbough many Germans aod Jpanese dd asa rei of ‘American nliary action, the wore abo vanestood that de United Stes was realaing fr Gir owe ses of aygresion. [Alou Germans and opanete have been ttl of exrain US. lesions they do noe we US. pszcipston in Weld Wie Mahi ‘iy ences, US, ierrenton io Lan Amey have generated cavkorng ani-Bmesianstindesbease thse action wee rarely (Greve epnse to Lain American ggesion agaist the United Stata of responding oa diet ack on the Unie Sues incl fr on viol US. intee) the Used Sates intervened in Cabs, Mesico, Chis, che Dominican Repub, Guxemal, [ices and ebewher in onder vo protect US. busines eres, to poser US. polit infene, to prevent tbe emergence of Tekin grein. Altough Americas usally repel the elon a usted, the vite of US. stevenson sw dem a6 ‘asic inereence “aban Milan boty twa Lael adhe United Sates sar origins, "Te Zionist movement was a spon vo centre of doci-Seraci in the Chinn We, and iy uingte sce was arly a response othe eagedy ofthe Nit Haka in Woe Wat 1. The Ars inka of Plein were nt rspnse fr Euo- ean an-Semii othe Nast genocie, ye it wa hei nd hat sma Jos when Lael war crested, Morcows the etabishnent of ‘al iveledconsdrable violence and aches on both sie, incuiing fic actioned “ethic cleaning” ding the War of Independence and oguied toi stacks by Ian and Paes tins ike” Tabs fnd many Americas) ay requ the retin a ets x mzacalos slant an enduring hovel problem, ‘wt Palecnian Abs uadestndly eset lingo py the peice far ober people rines™ ‘Sco an fowing om theft point historic privanes re mor Hay to fer langet holy when he United Sets ster does not rege dat is scons wete wang or ries to mit dt spices hve harmed ater, Ameria wold vl owhip widk Ian was aoe bape fir example, when President George H. W Bh responded othe misaben US. downing ofan rai aie in ly 198 by eying," wll eer apogie fr he United Sates of America dot eee what theft." Falla 10 acknowledge pst crimes i roulig to other in prt Beas i Ips ht che victims do ao srt an poly; compounds he vigil injury by wessing the vitine wih cantmpt, Eguly important, fare to acknowledge pu it since the fa that these crimes wil be epeatd, When ac doesnt adi ait eid something wzong, those wo whom the wrong wat done wil ihly onchude that che waaspreor either doer not know what proper Iehuvie i or doce not ete wher er noe “follows the fle" ing exe with contempt ely eo penert ana rage and ‘senment, and victims may ako coche tat» sate ta would ely ignore wel-etbliied ncn wil ot be bound by mo merit in te fate, “Tid ths tendency wl be compounded when the United Stes ‘ses sme action at harm nether tae and wen doings vi‘es principles tht dhe Unie Seer previo decd be Smporan. This srt of Ipocey suggests ta the Unit Sees regis the vctinso t plicies a inert nig Beco ‘ecing 2 if is own cherie principles do noe apy hen i on chic i evolved. Thus, US. sunpor fr thin- word dictators ating the Cold Whe provoked widen citm pely Bese hese lets were Beguny br ni orp, ad alo bea this Ihavior mat at des wth the Se tat U.S. leaders procaine to be alhinportam. Siu, many people inte Ars and Masi eld cant andertand why the United Sees supports i etecrmintion in paces th a Esser Earope othe Balan yet cornet support nels occpition of the Wet Bank andthe (Gets Seip sp main clot wth anoted Ani dietonhip. ‘As the Peng Define Science Bard noted in November 203, “When Amevican public diplomacy lk show ringing demozacy to lami secede, chit it seen a8 no. more then serving Inpocriy™ Ic appensequaly hypocritical when Present George [W. Hath condenstssicide bombings by Patinian groupe He "Hamas and ilancouy bisa Peme Mites Are Sharon 24": man of peace” As Emad Elin Adee, bs fan Egyptian TV calhin show put i "When somebody comes and fel ne tat Mr Star sa man of pecan then you want me t TV presenter to ‘ome out and ty defend American poy, tae noehing. Fn, speechles. Uinve no weapen to anrwer iy ple epinonback™ Small wonde, the, hat Oa bia Taden was ick to sie pn, Dash statement part of his own rs oral Mum ppt.” Fourth, US. ations will provoke pres esenment whe ty hen shes without ling t0 some pester gon” When the Unite Sixes does something that arms ethers bit a brings let and sigan Bene, orig reset (cng the angen of ‘he itm wi be tempered by the recap hat thitpcy wt ‘moc by Ida ans and limatly led to moe dese ste fair. In the minds f other, len dese end can ju TWEROOTS OF neste 9p "coy meen. But wher the United Ses har aber country ‘oly wo avance is ov niow slGimetese ot whee scaoey um othe but don produce sey compen one, the ‘iti (and posi calc) ae mare hiely ra atbors power seme of howl pievmce. Hee ei to compare NATOS 1999 intervention Kono vith Amerie¥ sequent inion of tray in 2008, Altugh [NATO military campaign ke + mame of innceut cin Kosovo aad Serb, any resident in Botnia and Kosovo mw the Intervention a aecnry to end 3 fering ci confit aad wo lp feoore 1 brutal and dito regime. Although sme cores wee crea of NATO action—and pei decison ner ‘ee without thorztion oes the UN Secu Cownct—avare ‘pes thie NATO wat not scng for sellsh testoma, and tas !mtrcition had improved telnet of many oe ese, eed ip freign cancers somewhat ‘The statin in aque. For Americans co of toppling Sa Hosein appezed to be joie by the bears of -oninsig rut diate, the eradication of lah lege WDD Programs and she concern tht Hsin might be calor with 1 Que Eve ithe invasion ds etal some degree of eing (ony fo age cons gh ave een jae ithe see on removed a imine test, ed 03 pi ipeoremen a the lives ofthe li peopl, nd parked jive pli deve ‘ment cewhere be region. Forth est ofthe word however thiols of mess ad ends rst very convincing bef the wa ania grows me daous ‘rete, Harlly anyone i sre that Saddam pone Ses poe but he fre to id WMD and the growing eam ta th Bosh amiieation med the weed aot the nate ofthe an tizeat hr enced bel opposition to the 13S aeden. Noe hae ‘he marae ocupaion led rapid improvement nthe reo ony eg Unles the Unie Seneca pn signee radmumisaableinprovemena othe es of lags inthe yes ed, the ivason will spe increningy git and frcgn can- eration wil proce incense. (Of coune x ene of hice gierane ean ae even when the ‘United Staes bears ie or no respon for some wfertunte sori event Dison de ps iseaset when governess o0- srl ey ours of infrmacion (he the pes ecto t= fons) bi even democratic oreraments hve many tas fr Shaping se way pat cre ce ceed: ven wen the Uae Se agely innocence, ays fice popeaons who femioey Beboe tht Hc bat done them Baem. Tha, some Aras baby accep Dgype erroneous con dat US. warplanes had patted in aes preempie sik apie Egypt ace dh ing the 1967 SieDiy Was, jut a some Aftians now believe [HIV/AIDS isthe oul of» Western or Amerisn pt” The prob- Jem ic even wort when he United Sats is nt Waele, however, cae it actions wl give oppones valuable amshition nthe (Ses o woke ant Acerica ade. And swe al Amer text ovm popes for iter amnesia exacerbates cis problem, typ making it mone Ail for Americas to waded why any society might hae lgsnate grounds wishing dem i ‘Wha We Are Doing Todey As the cue of Ing reminds ut snthAmericaion i wot jst 3 espn actin the United Site ba ken in he dar past, oF tothe way tat ia put ear a ben erpeted It ako ree hth United Ste currenly doing. emf oth is sated. bon aud the content of plies. US. ofc can prochain ‘eneolen intentions a ofen 2 they wit, bt oer counses ate ey to pay more anton #o what dhe United Sees docs. in werd polis, in other ress of fe sconssinatly speak Touder has words ‘sce shoe the evidence now waist hat carta US. policies ae undermining its bal nding, US. peimicy ws parent al by the mi-19%0s bu re wat only ede ernie In De US. potion un the til of dhe tc Bax airs tin, Thee wee sgn of ain a wasn US albincet openly ‘aposed life abous US. “byperpoves” and 2 gral i= ing munber of enor sacks oa US. cs ore, Othe whale, weve Ameria sanding in mow ofthe wold eed rang, Nees oth is longer the cae. The amie decline in Savorable aides oar the Unsed Second cl with ‘he Bush administration inctesngly valve ein pai [Not enly dl the United Sotto = suber of well pbliied ‘eration conwocon bu iin a expel ein Eh ian. The Bush adnan didnot merely reject the Kyoto Pro ‘ol it ecred hatte United Stes would neve sgn he reaty sd etned to oer an sheave approach to gba wring wn many moots er And the jsticton that was geo thatthe testy was "oti the Unie Star eso bt nee” wt unk to ape to a weld ta knows the United See i both» ‘welthy coun andthe Lape prodeer of grease ge,” The sehnnizasin didnot jt announce dit x would wot ati the ypeemencesabliing the Laer! Criminal Court, took, the rte (nd unnecesary) wep of “removing” the exer US “igmeute™ fom the weary sod then Inch an aggresive dipl- nae camps to campel other ser wo eject dhe amention ell The Bas admission took thea in oppoing ie er ation protocol fr the Bilogial Weapons Camveaton (ary «0 rote she ines of US. dea compeie seo Bowepns reseuch progam), snd abrogated de 1972 Anti-Halisie Mise (ABM) Treas, dopite deep mibgiing Eom lng-anding US alls, The United Sats abo showed san ep fi lta pic ‘when ie decided clave Afghan and tag, Alsough the ‘Unie Sates nasuccoslyseught UN Secariey Counc hore ‘on fo the ag nasi. made cee rom the oie ha i dl nottoga such auorewtion a nesting. det, Namal Seutisy ‘drs Condes Rice tr acknowledged tht the deco for var wat mde even Befoce th UN ws cote, an here fo san UN acon ilo w the mach to wa ™ Expice US. nitrile poles foreign opposition foe two frent reson. On the one ad erst US tions cm atm, ‘ther eae ies an shoul arly spe when ey eet negative: Coes of inert ar inert in wl! pi nd sometimes the Unied Seite ammo commode oe at en ‘em without string its interes some se nha he ‘Unie Sates wll hive to defend ie own Hae een i his ‘quite sitenton om muluateral coeperton and acsptance of gree frig hoy. But shouldnt American expect select fal to do their tumos to make sre hit US. ners ae petted ie worry Ing bout what hes think? OF couse they sould Bue cing solely on US. ier and paying san tenon to the nee of oer is not ith cnt. th che United States may pay a lange unseceary— pric fr esing tie et ofthe world if ieismerely an oben its path, Wher top fis Scat tate United States wil do wltever ie wanteven i ther of the worlds ouaged—they are inet ying ta thereof he woe, ‘ou apinioas ar not wort considering” the Unie Sats con sive acts tis wy, its izes shuld noe be rari foes rent toe eer a pleted whencrer someting bal pes to the United Sere, Noe should Americans be spt some of ‘he opponent rete when and where ey cn Democracy and Double Standans (Other countries wile expeilyreenfl when the United Seges ct bypocially api dierent sand cos owe eda than it expects om eter Ror example, US. ledr fen emghar Sie thei commiznent tthe re of wand tendo fe quick 0 cone othe wheneter erable lpl principe ate vite ‘e.le mos he evn, the nied Sate has alo een wing + ben (or eat ieenaoal aw when ts in tiers to do 10, Ths the Unie Sue refed acknowledge 2 Wer Court vert condenming icy covet camyign aginst Nargis the 1980 anit as been widely tic pln oy gets ons members inert mary tl, The US detaon to ld supe terrors incommmancado—and indlitel—in "eoeey combs” has ben gully conto it eine th ne "ha Amerie comment he sl of haw is overly exible Indeed, examples of US. Iypocry ate mameros. US. ears: routinely invoke the rincple of fie ade and condemn teding eters for erecting hee #9 US. goose they aaron te rinipls when powerSd US. ire roms attend by foe ‘ign competion. The United Stes rents othe oun tw acquire oe tt weapons of mast devon, and i weet Ha ‘ata in oer oheep Sa sein or having the. Yet "he Unie Ssh candice more than hound wen vs ‘nd has more an 7,000 operation vermont Weapons Of ‘rs poston arly consent wih it eons to deny them oben. While exaling virtues mon spe of evdony and democracy tbe United Stes tolerated the spre pverment South Alia for any yas, Ie epored ral to ke Salis ein wen i was in its oposite ints to do an it ee tucks pro-US. diatordisin Fakta, Usbskitan and ehewhsre Fly the United States at long adopted dute vnda ‘easing the we office. Americana mere undemtnay crag when al Queda aticked ibe Wodd Trade Center in September 2001, and they were gic ea condemn Oxims bin Len fir al Chest snack on innocent cis. Sach retction is ney spropite, tet ety 2 certain jerance of Americ’ pt condt 7 United Stes delta atacked thosande of civilians ding ‘Worl War inching roping ew strc bombs oadcio with he expla of oming ttre among. the civilian opin Japan a red the wa of cue, bu the itn of these ancks were oo more epesible fr dei goverment pai ‘ethan the vin the Weld Trade Center were spoiler the conduct of US. py in the Mie Et andthe Pes Gale Yer lke mow counties, tbe United Ses rely acknowledges any moral sina betwece owe “repretable but necesary” ations a he bad warrant ofits fs "My parpoe hee no shine spodigh on Ameri ps sins iis co eco the United See fen aps one sane Ah fort ona bebavioe wise demanding» dierent and om thx Aone wold expect. che gap beween wha the United Sate proces for other and what demands Gr Wel has noe gone Uotced abroad. Inded, t= hey theme of many of Osama bi ‘ade depusciasons fr be ows that scsiog the United Sates of ating iypociay ia potent weipon a the sgl or bear ts mind around dhe wood "A iypociial forego piey cree several problems for dhe United Sates expecially pve dominant word rl, Fr, intead of demnszating tht the United Sats is 2 principled atone ‘a natin whote conc guided by cern ei princes sod ose wont can counted upon —bypocttcal behavior ats Subs to Atercas mon ture ad the eeey of US, promis It trikes US. pray es epimate in the ees of exer coos, far hey wl ep tax epecly fie when the words mos power fal eur licks ite Second, when ze United Sates gnores th orm that expects ober ats wo observ ie suggesting ht eh ‘Unie States soiling tobe ound bra 0d moe Hy ‘ne its csierale power witout exe. a addon o fering Tereign resentment ac beri ily to ado underpin eas tout US. power ise. ‘Why Dont Americans Understand This? Usfortunay mast Americans donot fly understand why the est fe walls wowed about US. primacy and aemed by speci US. pics. Ainough US, officials ae avare that many ste: wey about US. power snd know tht sme te (0 group) a Azeply hol, Amerie sll undereinate the degree of fx, esement and hosiy da the United Sates provokes ad do not filly onpebend is org. A National Scary Advisor Con= dlerss Rize cepled when shed why Germany and France had ‘oppored US. pobcy ag, "ju put very bla. We singly id ser Why? “The Consequence of Asymmetric ower ‘One reson why the United Sate underestimate he level of fr ‘ei resent the ther se of Ameria lal impact. Prado ‘cally Americas power bus ceaes cig rseamnent 20d makes it more ii forthe Unie Sates o resize why ocr, Bist noel ia caper 1, case che Unie Sete 20 gs, _weldyandpowesisinaibly acs ote states moe than they aft it Actions that US lees ear a vil my hive major ‘fics on oes that a mich eran west. A. protectin ‘ai ngy bene some arrow? sures roup Herein the Unie Stes while having Bice veal eft en tbe US, exenony, bu i may well have quite severe elect onthe econ of aml county ‘ha depends export othe ied Sete, ‘Even when the United Sates aed by itt own actions, policies tend o have an ese gretr impact chewhere. US. inv ‘nent in the Keren ad Vicia Wars co bios of dlrs and ‘more than 100,000 US. bes, bre ees en Korea and edocs ‘were mach ler and more ending. Simi she US-backed anu war was policy coawovesil a Rome but a ft ast he ied Suter eltely lle in ether lod or tren. Ie wae 3myo event in Nicaraguan hit, however, lingo est 30,000 [craguns To pr ths ge in penpctie, Neca loses ere the equaen of America ullering prone 18 lon ata number exceeding US. destin ayo pst was. Ths Americans undernimate feign holty bees we donot Gel the fall mpc of oor owen ce, ati this we do not notice ‘what we te doing to ote nd ow they re espoing Secon. peeponderamt power ik the Uited Sst inet hat 2 short atendon sp. Wah x eld to rin, Washingon cannot eve a much stentin to ech part of the worl aoe ates re Diely to pay to thei own sittin and their owe weigher, (Gen Amerie site andieduence, ther ses vce pleny of ive and efor co observing what the United State upto and they ‘ok ado intuence wha he United Sse decider to do with owe, Siler te sach at al, Colombia Kenya nd Singapore lot deine te interes in lta xs an thet ean pley agendas ae ited by thei source. Aare ale sa and even medumsie power atcha aly and essary) fend o foes thee meson on Ente eof ies, By conta the United State ht commitment snd ences in ily eer corner ofthe oe, and tte indence eco ina wie ange of pokey domain, Ocher states pay las of tenon ‘o what we do but US. leaders are nevi dated by ever all ‘over the woeld and fc n partes a ae oy when ey are compelled to do 20. Wath ou attention divided end diated, we Americas may not even tie hel npc of out aon a This rolem i compounded bath by the decent nature of the US foreign poiy Berenucracy an he diverts mses of US. power The management of US, frig plc divided ayong 2 hos of comping gostninstt agence and corlnaon among them i notoriowly npc and ett.” Moreover, me US. cons abond ae either poorly pobliied or deer covert. ‘hich ean tht many Amerians—inchaing meer ofthe US, oremment—wil be uname of tiem, Ifthe Ie band of te US. government doesnot know what th right hadi ding, and ‘CUS. chiras do not know what cer pu hen we cere hope understand why ote ts are epost ve, ‘his problem i xen mare serie when US. frig poy conducted in ere. Government ofc and IS. cites con hope t understand the oriis of Fcign oposion i they ve tunaware ofthe pices that have pomoked foreign ite. Chalmers Joimson ee otis phenomenon s “Hlonback” which We def 1 “the anintended comequencet of pies te were hep eee fom the Amticn people” Even when Atericans st paral ‘ae of wha thir eounry dong in one pe of he wo they iy mi the connection betwees whats pening in ne pac od the cgaive consequences tha sobequemy ecu omerhere che ‘We muy be ware thatthe United Stes seppoctedTaheys ard campsgs, bombed Lig i 1986, sent ete mies ito Sadan in 1998, and conducted ounterervis petton in Pak ‘san the Philipines, nd ladcesia it 2009, but we may not ez one hese atv to naire repens ee. Johan ps “The ined consequenest of American pice sn tes in {Cooney X area homb ta Amtrian ene in Cosy Yaad dead Ameian in Conny 22° Foreign peceptions of the Und Sates ae not die solely by the oficial pices of he US. gornment, of coun. Asset ol inthe wold abo incur the setts of US. etna foal ons, men onions, and varius nangovermmentl epee ions, ncting the inceting ine of piste scary fone mcs fang ples Ing and Alpha. Yr few of il be ere of many ofthese acts, When 2 US carpertion digs tose ‘xe an ofBhor manfcarog i om one developing coy oo snot for expe tis a nv! corpoate dec the may ot even be noticed by mow ofthe company shutehodes Yee hsecon col have lange nega elles some lca commaniy Snabotber county A pa losing in be Usied See mniht aac lic ete tome, but 3 pl sing a Malays, Guatemala, "Thad wil go wanoied tack nthe Used See ei sr of corporate behavior genes an-Amnerizan aides, howeres, US. ‘hens wil hare 20 way of Lnowing where they ame fom oF ‘wher thoy hive » gnats ba, Even won, when pia ecu ir ke Dyporpaehiel hat penment coma o bp oer Alfa President Haid Kanaises abusive and bese anded cacti the pple meres ar Helo se it no mis ac by 4 pate cporatign but ether a zee eect on the United Stes, American are Bly hk ht Afghans soa te rel due we ae protcting Kara, bur Alan theses sy tiie Americans bocaoe of he ways thse US. ros re being. Pinal metic image in he word is ako sped by dhe bebarioe oft ais and ior, When a pro-US. dlewouhip repress ‘own people war done by the Pale regime in Hanan the Somers goerument in Niiragut—i scans wil abo hurt Amer- ‘ev stanng among the los popultion and in he ees o rei heres, When clo ly ke as dese the eins sprains of dhe Pins and wer mani face agains them i eines ‘Aa and Main hot 40 the United Sats isl ven if he nied Sates occsonaly iso dace isl fom specie sae etions, American mye sce of thze connections, bt they ae ley to recap he degree wo whic drown repataions ae shape yee eins of tes. Historical Amnesia Aso eats fcr tes hoe a the Uae Sates shure them in te pad epecialy 37 US. actions were amprovoled ant ‘ele a iely ob mops of are UIS. Reaver to rene US. power The memory of ps hriations and suring fs sy and wit ce kel 9 seernber thee aeings ong afer he perpetrators he forge te, ks eeme eas, ioe ory of US, inetene ea ret deep retro ofl wl nd mae it xrerely fica to bu apse elation, Unfreuately the ae evens ta other tetera te nes hac the United Sates bas probabiy ge o comsierabe lengths 0 forget. All cows sie tee oni, of one, and ate Pre to downplay of deny their worst manprenio, Even nen sts ognize dat they have commited egregious 2 hy ted ory them a necessary or thie owe secu and ued by ‘he eqully epeious cen ofthe ote se, Open soit uch the Unie Ser my be le prone to the wot farms of hii fakicaon, bu ey are badly imo, For example, US. lade have rocnely jis ir ov seton by chiming hey were promated by eter, wile downplay ing the poubiiy that the United States igh hve bee pac responsible er he alleged ponocaicn. Daring the Korean Wi, example the United Sees interpeted Chins etry ito the we eu of deliberate commie pein an fale epi hat ic was pinay 2 reaction othe US, adrace tothe Chinese bor dex" The esl was to mare year of was the oi eed urea Sino-American hasty fr aay ent yeas, yee US. c= ens newer rcopized that US. policy hid blged proce sis ‘en ln 196, President Lyndon Jose sed» North Vimanese tack 09 US. nual vse the Gul of Tonkin jt exalt the wa br ey US. ofc fed ol he US. Congres 0 the ‘American people) tha the alleged Nore Vitae atch was ell 2 response to a eis af ert US-led dh Neth Vitae ‘eso. Thy we see bal ova a mated by radial a ‘mosey t US. rales, sd we dunt the pony that extn US. pois ng be of equal (or great) inparunc in provoking olence gain a each of thse ces and there ate pleny of oes), US. leaders huimed ta the use offre by the United Sate at» deinevs Taig AMC Powe ‘euton 0 someone be unprovoked sgrein. I ech hit ‘oerpreation was a be debatable and x wast singly incorrect. ‘The ue isnot whether US. polices were correct rma: hehe 5 that Americans were being fold 3 fe veron of event, At eal the rarer of US. sction—that i the fig pep ‘who were arackel bythe United Sner—nre ceri oct sy Som these events with 2 very diferent andertnding of what hap ened than Americans had. ty poping these incon a xa= les of Frei aggresion and by uifing the American response 2 tly fens the United Sets hd in ef: Minded el to how thee evens appeared other De the problem is even broader than the ways jn which US, lees jut speci pletion of mitry fre. Asin mom eu ‘es, US. textbooks and public retorc ted to gry ove pat Achievements, pve the United Stes too mich eit fox postive inernatonaldeeopmens, nd omit o mise the nto’ wet Secie-pakcy trnsresinz At rem, US. Iealerand the eve ptie—ae fe simply unsware of what dhe Une! Ses Iasacaly doe eo ote, “The conequences of this sot a itor nse can be severe ‘pilin an ea wen course soi the worl ar een more seve to US. teheir and even mae werd about wha the ‘Unie Stas might do. When the United Sates teaches fe er sion ofthe past it i nabe to undead why ther siti ny hve vail eons tobe suspicious o hol: Many American my ‘ie "Yrgot abou thelr nay trenton in Cain Americ, fo example ur the inhabits of thee cums ve not The! snt-Aamercan ade of Cato the Sanne, Hugo Chavee ‘ide emerge sly fom rhe misguided wellpring of Marzi "ory thy wer ako produced by th hic legacy of pier UB. ‘ceptions and proknged US. spp fr de Bata and Somons teatosips. Sime the ene of bern expres by Mee President Vicente Fox—which helps explsin Mexia rei t sap or the asin of agrees both i lippoinnent at being ‘gnoved by the Bush adminieation and de lege of 150 yu ot US. dominance, Frhermote, by portraying it nteraiona role a unifernly ob principled. nd beneoen the United Sates ee ite ett the eof the woeld hou be grat othe many le ‘inp that Americans hve (aegedy) beowed upon tem Whos ters do not or the grade we thik we deen, however, ‘we coche tht the a ether iamately hale npc by sone 2a ofsc-American ideology ten exe, reigns Btu ‘And one we ve reached that cnc i bu x horsey beleving that sich groups deere fash tetent fete, By ‘ragerting our own vite (and fegsting ops ita), ee become lew abe to comprehend why oct may mise orn and mor iy wo een was thu wil make exiting cic of Conctsion| This pte has ined che sain reams why US. primacy wows concen, ean tsentment rund the weld. Few coun, ‘ris tem wlio contin the Unie Sats deb ny ae ‘increningly uncomfortable with US, pracy an ome sve openty opposed. ‘But docs sy of thi really mate? These who fe the tera ‘execie of US. power sometime scknowlege tht gehen ie sb they quietly conle ht here i oti ht ees bo ahout ie AS former Naw Rube eioe Andrew Slr pts ‘he only thing Amevics need "pote wil and utc vapors, ‘The only thing hat can sep Aria now is Americ ra fae, eve or cestait™ Or, hstovion Nall Fest com ‘meni, “The threat to Americas enpite does not come fom een empires... [Bt iemy come fom the vary ofower—the arene of 3 wal power—wihin™ As long 2 dhe United Sts sng and slits 0 che argument un the far of US. power wl keep everyone ei inline. As Deputy Sereary of Defese Pl Woliowite wrote several moths before taking oi, ol leadehipreuites “demensracing tt your Eiends wil ke Protect nd take ae of that your enemies wl Be pie, and tha howe who efit to spore ou wil Ive xo ert Bing done 0° oer aon canoe be cowed short, then they can be ‘ote or crushed. This view of US. feign lions asumes ht one ae can do ite t bare so hee sie eon o weery bout a-ieriaism son. President Bush him downplayed the danger of US. olin by noting that inthe war oo tera," tome pont ws my be the oly one "Thats oy wih me, We Ine Armenca-™ From dit perpcti, che United Stes song tough 0 ake ons rersining opponents 4 fshion a world a issondacine so US. intrest an ompaaewith US ea even if forced actslone "Ths wiew lo mes dat mow nates ate ines that eo parbe wih ur own ie ignore he poy har shes te sein Gc tying to ae US. power in ways hat ay ene hem tut cou harm she United Ste. Int i asus ht po= American couric ae filyrupocie of US, fig pticy goa ‘iter Beate they genuinely share dem or becuse they now dae ressace ute “The nex wo chapter wll how ee his mug vecnfence i nplsced. Both end and fous hae may wos of dealing with ‘Asian poet the United Ste init power nor ‘ws ati can advo dear what thes ay do. STRATEGIES OF OPPOSITION citian President Slobodan Mlbseic led 4 county whote popu war 3 peent he ibe of he US. poplin. Ser bab GNP was roughly 0:2 erent dha ofthe United Sexes nde spent roughly 1.6 billion on defense 1938 (compared with 527 lon pee bythe Unied Ste) Yr Mitel dil ot seem ‘soubled by his Lilipuian sane, When US. diplomat Riehl Hetboole met wit Milosevic in Ober 198 wo nei te- ‘of Kosoo, Holbrook wed ope he Se adr by bring ing slog Ar Force Lieuteant General Michel Shoe, who would Iaer command deat war agai he Seb AC theft meting ‘Mies greeted Short by retaking, "So yu ae dhe maa wi i ‘ing © bomb me" Aad when Short tad he Sinn psn ht ‘ead "U2sin ene and nd 8-52 theo and the choice fof ‘which ae icp t0 you” Mlle srt of ose” Mone ‘ic was given detaled beeing dexcibing what an war woul! do (0 Seria bt he skimately ejected NATO' propor and che to Seer iand™ ‘Tas sry remind ws Ua some ses ometines chose 1 eet US. primacy, een agaist what spear be overhang oi,‘Counaes har align with the United States ae somesimes vexing Gr US. poticrmates bur the more seriou challenge aise fom ober sae that ce relctan fo embrace Pa dna and epi Bm ‘howe at fel threatened by US. primacy and wool ie td ‘a 0 keep American power in hack. I the United Sse canoe sake postion of primacy aceple to others the mane af countries i thi exegory wl prom an the worl wl fe ore ‘wetensows and unten pce. woul ako be 2 weed in wich ‘x woul be more dcl forthe Unite Sts to achieve it core Fein-polcy gol, Ses tht oppte US power dom fe tee main eesans. Fi, tno viol sates hat regal the Und See andar tly hovle—and who bu ere ata wth ol ‘ect alignmen with the United Ste and ae ly adap» ple fey o€ open dence. The obvi example here se the cele Bue sates singled ou by the Clinton dination, the he sx of ei” mons ented by Peden Bn hi 202 Sate ofthe Union speech, Second, sme ses ay oppone US. policy om ined st of ‘sx, white ying to maintain good rebtons with Wang ix te rs. Tong asthe dence do nt become to gest ‘eons ae part ofthe normal giv-and-ake of internal ie Even in the rely benign cntets however other cums vil be itersted in ning way to counter US. owes ely to rt beer bargain fr themes, “Thi. wate may ako choove et the Unite Sates bce {hey ate wore about the broader ipaions of American pe ‘acy This motion may elect he ee hte United Ser wl ‘es power to et wy on ci isos wd ab ees the broader concern that US. power wl wed in ways hat ight ac ote nee in he ae. en shor the eee ‘checked power in a Wold where thee torah thy Sha can prevent song sates Bm ating they plete Av an resident Vids Putin iin ebery 2003" bev bere in Rasa, jut Pench Pridnt Jaques Cite beer, ther the ‘re itcnaonalscwityacitette must be hed os 4 mule Par word, Ti i the mn eh that oes. sm sant ‘one ht the werd wil be pecable and able oly i it 2 smakipobr"* Former Eepean Commision Preside, Komuns Prod ened cooperation becween the EU and Chins inate ‘cms sing, “We ate building new elton, a eh ear fomminnent fr and for Chins. Both af we want + slide ‘mol in which we have many aie petagnist. Thi xs Chines Porty ad 1 Europes inter." On Seth Alien leer Neon Mandel pot it, South Aix canot cep nee "heing the arrogance to tll where we should go oe which ems ‘ould ke our ends... We cannot cept hts ate moe the rol ofthe wei plein” Dat how do you sp a eghe-hindred-poun gos? What ean ter te doo esti county power the United Sec “iyng to est he United Sees ape wth pe Boone, ‘he Tian, a Salam Hsin ive all ated to ter sero The cambiston of eamonictecholopel and miry nooo, st Ameria ipo doesnot ene i odo eveything, bw Us ower can make col footer sts code swith Even a that hav teres vo fear US. invaon have wery oe e United Stes might punish thei deiance ne sdb al as Ys sats do df the United Seer yometies violently — anche er ftps decades tht een fr Wesker sees dy av options. ut children soupy doley ther prety oe sles someuimes defied thie own, sl jas nme ed al 15 to ede te ue ngoed by thie jal, foo al meter sts in dy intestinal stem employ rerio ethos thes © evade US corel ott i the ability ofthe United Stes ae is way Thee wrtegis may aot undermse Areric darsant poskion—at lest aat a the shoe exan—but dey copie i diplomacy and fra mach ofthe enter a which US. freige pcy man now be conte, Let ft corer when sts ae Lkety co chilenge Ameverdominneposson od thes coir he dee satis hey can pay ‘When Will Other Sates Challenge ULS. Primacy? Given the preponderance of power in Americ fv, why would sy ste ik courting the dice opposition of he weeks 05 owesfl conte? The cious answer, of ous it hen thee ae profound candi of izeret been the United Sates and some other counmy emacs 9 fundamental that spestement oe tecoomodion i posible. But even when serous eons ae retent oer se ave to conser whether defying Wicingon ‘tes il prdent. Whether reszance makes eae il depend concer cons. 1. How Big I the Disagreement? Site or nonstate acon) atv more Hy trees secommodton nd oppse US, dominance when dere are fundamental conti benseen thei fregn-pobey gol and dose ofthe Unie Sas owing the Cold Wr, Gr example, he lg cary beween the ‘Unie Sees and he Soviet Unian was partly based on dhe bance of power—tha 08 the Geta hey wae she evo mest power aes inthe ayteur—but ao 0a uaeidgeahie ideological ier ences The American and Soviet van of an el acl ander were fondamenely 2 08s wich made chu wo imagine theron ol. sail aliging withthe cts. ‘he post-Cold War werd ses shar have cin vo defy dhe United Sates oped hve gener ben thse whos foreign-policy ljecsves lathe shacply with LIS. pecerences. The most obvious framples were the member ofthe Bush adminirasons “as of ‘eng, rn, and North Keres but several aes (Sebi, ‘Sy Lily) hve defi US. pretre a wel ough here were ‘importa erence among thee regimes, ech wat commited foxegn-pby objecines opposed bythe United Sante an several of themstere seo seking chin weapons of mss destcto, a al ‘dar US. eae have emphatically opposed inl some sues wil sek co oppo the Unio Sates p= ‘cur ines, owl rely be looking for ways to kecp US. power in heck, Thos, pn sd South Koes want the United Stes oat, ‘wih ean in dealing with North Kote mca ambition na France, Ronis, Ching sod several otere hive openly oppose dhe ‘Bau adminieeatoncomphas on preventive war and epi et ‘deco co auch one aps tag, Stes sch 2b ese do not ‘oppose the United Sates an many (or even mon) bal nes, bo ‘heya ery wil 0 dey Waning on aces ad wo Took fax way gv hr ppoton grater wg 2, Wild Unie Saos Find Ou? ‘Sates wll be more inne vo oppone US. dominance when thy ‘Bink they can ge away wih Thee abity to do so depends ia pareon whether the Unie tts ely o dee wht they ae ap 1, Goverment cannot punish criminal if hey ate either ware ‘aca erie bat eccured or do no ow who di ad pris ‘wade cannot pai ian whose inacions have nye been Scorers Smile Unie See eannot sanction eke tes ‘when ci moat ofr ranigreons or cube widen ‘eval who it sespeible “Te ably wo dec fig esance depend he eave bal ance beoween US, srvelance ad inligence capes and an ‘pponen capac fr casement and deception, ln ve ets, of couse, defiance is imposible ro conceal 26 when Sabian Predent Sobodin Mile rejected NATO’ kimasum athe Rarboalet (Fence) sama a bean rely expeling the Abas popevie Tas Avena rome ice of Koror. I other ets however deine ofthe Unie Sees maybe dlberary concealed o lef inreny anbiguos. Sister ‘het raving to derlop weapons of ma detection ate Eko scr the ates ce hey wl chim sha he cer progres einen solely fr legate pescefl purposes. An ewe re ssbrie variation esi wien 2 fregn gvrernment cakes» pbc ton in ie with US. peences a Joes ao devte sich sore oF eneegy to implementing the agreement Whether nich egies ae “eoperating” eno depend ow nh eopeion one can esonlty expec, which make «deft aneamen of ‘heir penormance more dic mn most canes of coun, US. ofc willbe well ware wea other state are resting. Opposition obvious when frig lear bly compli som US postin, whe Hey take acto cht ‘he Unt Stes ha sought prevent, or when they encourage other ses to joi hem in defing US. wits, US. ner may ‘nereximte bot he scape td the inten of Fig operon (int becane sme sats wl be reluctant deat pea be ‘tially to comes complete urpese 3. Wil the United Stites Respond? Other es re more sy dt the Une Sets i they bev ‘hac Amerie wl be unable owning respond eter caer ‘he United Sts doe not hare uuble pions or bees he at ‘eration ovtigh the heeft. Ding the Cald War er examin ‘he dks of exeaation made femae dangerous for he United Sates to these Sori lit tes cy. The emain hele cxplin Wh the United States ewer invaded Neth Vit hy Sve als wich Sy and Ig cou ee US. pres and why laa ‘ull ignore US. epposion tos dsmeraerment of Pkt 1971 Bat tthe rece wa in Sebi, ghana, an eg see, ‘8 abity of te Unie Stes oven sme rope i restr now: oth because ote opponent cant set lp open fom ast supeqponer and because US, aed fe a incest ‘agi cape of projecting overwheling fice over great den Although the US. experienc i Afpnstan o frag could not be plied apie more cpl fe, thee i ine qucion da he ect cox of US. miter ation ssi opposing sete gi ‘any lower tant nce, When miltry fre it nota option, the United Suter can ako ‘0 compe obedience. Sanne ate» pope repre when nen fel date hve to" someting” bt hey ate ao paucea, Fes omic scion nal requite bond ntti cooperation to be tec and they wl ave lide ees when the poten ge oe ima er co dhe United Stes. Plical sent Dune Deemer «als ths phenomenon the “smetionpuradoe”: Emme nce vosk best aut counts where there i close an potently long-term economic reatoship—becute each ade ha» bo te love—but thee state end tobe clone US. alles ath a te ots tht US. lene are leas doped 1 punish, Sato ne sot likly be wed saint hose regimes sch eines oe unlit clove econ pater ad he wl have ewok ' othr won, comomic weapoat wok ket wee they ae ne ikaly to be employed and thy wok lat well in the ena where "hey ae mow equ aid” US, lender wil ho be rhc {© employ smctons wes doing wil rt US. Gan sal epes lyf wil give feign compe sew mathe oppor ren whe the United Sites des ba vile option fe ane tering or pishing foreign cppoion, it noe going to ead tery se st of frien eppoton. When choosing wheter or ot punith an act of epposion. U.S, lees hee to deride ‘whether he Beets of reaiton wil exceed the cont Wil tale son toy deter a now challenge tomorrow or wil i pie rer reenient ad led o fathers of dence? I the ee Saved lgely sbi or ae tere moe itl increta ake‘Wil cecaition make eae fr us co aie oer important bese, make ic mane dict 9 respond t new challenges Sheer? Hecate US plcymakers have to weigh both dhe coats fav the bei of reacting to ech ct of defiance, ther ses wll omesines beable ro ignore a defy US. wishes without icing 2 ret US, sepa ‘When deciding co rest US. power, thetfre, ote ses mt alle the oobaily eit he Und Sats wl chaos (0 wet power io pon the. Even i they know shir acon wil be ‘Steeda even ifthe are are da the Unie Ses has be ‘pions thy any ll coche that che Unie States i viel 0 ach expecially Hf he cot of talon te aye enced dhe expected bene "Ts contderatn ages hat other ster can ct the prs tility of hose US. cepont by Hasking he sope ofthe cha lenge or by exe “ining around” + parce detent ‘wuming! Weaker aie hat ae werd sou US cetaaion wil try t cllenge the United Sates in ways hat undermine is pos tin, bot sever 40 mic tat the Usted Stes i compelled 10 reypnd with everwbelning fre, Even f the United Sees does sect. may nor go allot f the acon ily mint ‘As Thoma Shullig noted some ere ago i the a rob temo “alam atc" When etn ey weer ston my te ale to evade he ul enough pet some of What they Want, ae wathou ging 40 fir hi they provoke + Ian epee. I weak hllenger i persient and lve it sy win ete of ea eins by making ech inci ists ie 20 mall 10 just reipnse Each marginal infacon i aot wor puning but she ‘ombtive eee if uncherked—can Be enermoas® or the United State, which fet poten challenges izcully ceryers the prob becomes one of credit. Can the Unie Suc deter wie range of poten challenges hy responding fxce- Filly o ew minor ene? ta dominant corporation soe Sight conty “price mus nore wo dee ra om eying eter ei makes the United States wil Be temp oh “ly was” devigned to show challenges what wil appen i hey defy US. wider? This sategy makes se ifthe cnt ce hn aif they do not enturage more and me wats ose te United Sates 2 the mn threat tht needs to be dwated octane. Bat sis sertegy ca back ithe cons of ecg at unexpectedly high ‘aking acon in ane ares mks ie imposible ro reac somewhere hc oi he use of fc by the Usied Sates sagas feign semen nd ini tonal ac of resistance. “This point reminds sha the sie ae cope of resus mati, US. primacy does noc prevent weaker sats (and nonate a0) ‘fom challenging its power, povided that they can do wo without threatening core US. ierest, From this ppc, al Queda attack ca the Would Trade Center and the Pentagon oa Sepienber 2001, may ave Been 3 wratepe Hunde. Onis bin Laden and is acwork ad atacked US. mary ages in he Ara wer on sevens inching he bombing of te USS Clin October 2000, ta seapose the Une Sets had arene several ab Queda ict, Sed ese ene vesting camps in Afghan ‘sao and Sutin and Gcmulad mote ambi pa eo epee bin Laden himelC Bur unt September 11 seared, neither the Ctinton nor the Bass sdmiitetion chose to go allow asst 1 Queda Had al Queda contd to operate ft fom the US. omen, the United Sates might never hve devi to invade Aljhaisan ete clinating i min wactay) or made a vat ‘on tetris” the defning foe of freign py By tacking US. sil ies and wih sch deamatic eft, however, al Qed sade soe US, response vrai invible? Stes te aio mace lly 10 defy the United Sate when ie sleady busy duewhere nd hut abet eon oa new hal Tenge, In any hier subentinaes ate more key engage a 41 of defiant resitanc, of oacomplance when the eupervicsse diracted, Workers are more icy shit when the erin ‘monitoring another part of the jobsite and prises in ee ell ‘ook wl have geste inde when dhe gud ae bay chew By the same lg court sk to de the Unied Ste ll Took fr moments when the United Ste is akesdy ted oma. Even sate powefl a the United Sts cat devote equa enon and effort to all problems andthe moe Hear engaged ‘he Unie Sars is i ne ze the rete the Ie ened by ute in other regions. Une 2 potest of resistance ea ‘utes clean immedi sheet ie wll be hier to move dhe problem up the boresvere gens when ether sues te alendy lominting policy delves. In shor ats that eek to calkage US. picy wil look foe windows of oppertnity. The tempaton to expo tee wind ‘vl incene even ther when they ene ter sates ake the talance of power in some angie and erring ay. effing the ‘nit States inherent iy, but mks nore set che rik the a of etic self may pace the tien ques in # fandamentilly trenger srateic poston. Contr thee examples, The ft i Ig detion to ive ‘Kuan 1990. lou thi decson oe erred ws erence ‘of Sadi Huse rehles expr, is mote propery ndertood a “ation” espns tothe cmbiaton of rex and ‘oppor har rng fed hate Relcons betwee eq and ‘rit wee already peor, and Te’ cemomi ost wine ny di. Hy sein the efi she, eg col elon 1 hy creo, gin contol fel een worth oughly 40 percent ‘of frag owe GDM. and enkance its bile inte eighborn sts ch 2 Sa Arai. An cul ache all of he hing a 2 er hows, with ite tok ht i ny wold be dened Provided that ouider did not come to Kanai eine, These ‘ees to be ble danger of ta happening however, given ht he ‘Une States wa preoccupied with the callopeofthe Sone empire 44 US. diplomats had wnwitingy sgt the United Stee snot connie to protecting Kawa. Alou the nv dhl ‘ee work ot Sue expected hi deron ta ae wn rece noe epeing™ ‘An even clster example ofthis set of behivior was Neth ore deco to revart is macerdeeopmen program a 20, Relaicns between Withington ond. Pyonyeny ha. dtr under the Bas adnintrton, an the (9% "Agreed Framer” baling North Keres mle progr had agly colled by the sl of 202. The Beth adminiteaton vat awe of North Koes ‘car ambitions, bari peecepation with ag pve North ene 4 tel oppormiy to acl its mle development itn, ‘Wats he United Stes bay in the Gal, thee we len danger of ‘revenie sie onthe Koran Peni. Egaly horny the ‘window might permit Nowh Korea to aeqite enough mucins ‘Nah Kors sie window of opportunity in le to sche sa bat sigiicane sh inthe Aso ane of poe Mac the sume logic ems to be guide’ om pi of « acer capsiig During 2003, cpontinted peemue fom ie ted Se andthe European Union mae some progres ins {ng—and posit aking aces development progr Tg nso of aged his eat tfc seme a ‘tat an would hve wake US. mary trea sera One {he tah insurgency ensmaed the United Ses in 2 pened ore tion, Hower, the thea of atonal ney ston sroponned ‘dan retuned to 3 mote deine potion Thea annul in ‘Angst 2004 tha ic mas reemingcaneoctea of takers en, ssf and dete that i would noe ow “others wo deprive eof oer tual ad egal ight” As Gary Sumare of the tensor Inte er Seategie Stes explined "The US is ogaed down in eg, the costes cnt the aan paranent sd len dos ofl hat neon ee Hey. oth ep hyp of fsei grunt” Lie ee North Korean abet an exited ‘he window of eppecracycrentd by the lg debacle in ede 10 prs ahead with is cer pogrr “The orl of these and oer ove is simple. US, power coo- fers many advantages on the United Sats and ees many options lr US. lederopins that a0 eter wat an eve come ‘Yee primacy does not mean hat a fo even ex) sates mu Invi commode Wiehingen shes. Aldhough the Unie ‘Star enjoys an unprecedented aymmiery of power, otber ste, sal have options, I coe of sera large enough, if si ‘ance canbe canceled, rf dee ate goo eats to believe hat the Unies State ther cannot or wil ne respond hen ote sates do not hae to accommodate to US. power and can pare vaio stacpes of opposiion or resance ited. What ae the main ‘cates vic he, when wl hey be chonen and how well ane they key eo work? Balincing Accorting tres cores of work pi ter repond ‘bance power by Ralucing qin the dominant cous Inthe ‘word of Kennech Wake: “As ate aos vacuum, 5 irae tina pie abbors unbalanced power. Faced with uablnced powers ates ert zene tion seth e hey ally ih ‘ties bring die inertial deribeon of power io bal- ance" Stes may blnce eur, by combining tet eb, ‘with other, ey my lace deal, by mang thei wen source in way thaw enable de (9 resi song sates mre ‘icvely Or ey my do bord tn any ease, he oa the same: to ute da nate pone wae (or eolon) canaot we Ks supe or capsiies in ways ache weaker ide wil find unless. “Tadional tlsnce-of poner theory focuses on the dsbuton of nue epi, sch a poplin, ecaae weak, miliary owe and anual resures. It predic tha ats wil normaly bal ance punt the mos power eite—L,the one with rete teil resources, Applying iro the cute ,bane-of pout "oy lead so expect America exicing lance to Brine mate Sing sd bare ead and prec that ober courrier mobibte imeral resources 10 counter te US. advantage ot jit foe in oder rit US. Geedom of cia. ‘The Relative Absonce of Exernal Balancing A fine glance che wanda rea view seems to fice an named fallen Aig here re ode sg stein bla Jing tee mach les than dhe deoy lead to expt. To be se the en of dhe Col War an the seal oe eso Bh adminis ‘ation ave been atoompanied by growing tenons between the United Snes andes Europes lie, with experts on oth sides of the Arno waring thie NATO can no longer beta or grated." Daring the 1990, Peach Fotegn Miner Hibert Vedrne repeatedly compluined sboue Amer prion «hyper ower” and peocbied in "the endize aga pay of France 1 sme at making the world of tomorrow componed of several oles nt jut one" German Chanellor Gerard Scoeder osed 2 similar warning 199, delring tat de danger of "water Jim” by dhe United Suis & Yandeible™ Scaceder then won redeton in 2002 by openly dancing hint om the United Ses ver the ue of wae with rg and even te sce inca onion of see new NATO ees in 2003 could not dguise the pring gl erween dhe nwo sides ofthe Ain." ‘Concems about American power ave alo le enti fine multe exoperton afin! the United Sas The Buopea ‘Union is seeking to edac ts dependeace on the United Stes by Improving its eva delewe capable, anid centoued cal fo ins ‘uronal ffs that wil permit Europe to speak wah wad oie in eg afi Chi snd Ramis hie reacted w US, peonderance by seeking to rele exiting points of ton nd !nereaing over fous af sear copertin—apeoces tht cali= tein he signing of fama testy of Gesp and coperation InJly 200, Although the ery wis not dete a pce coun it wa exp ended eo fer “ew interatonal le” sud Rein commenton devred at an “set of endip ‘pis America.” Rusian President Vladimir Porn bs bored improve Rae relions with I and with Faroe bie a ton the explicit dest wo “help cet able in she wel” ‘There canbe ile doubt 20 which sat he thins needs be bal anced apn. Ever lene ater wold ike more lint on US. prc my: as Veneruln President Hugo Chaves putin 2000, "The ‘vent fist entry shoul be mpl, we ll ought 1 ph forthe development of suck = wold So lng le a ited Aa ‘ited Af a ured Bop” The tendency to join Fores agin US. power reached» new ak in early 2008, when aoe eation a Francs, Germany, sis and see anal te combined to deny UN Secrty Coune oration fee Amie pevemive war gant rg. No epi ingly the outer of Sad Hass ao eneorged creed seco ty cooperason between Sei and et, exeialy afer prominent US offs made thretening satemenstwan bts countis™ ‘And when US. President George We Bush reeked in Nore ber 2004, French Presiden oqur Chirac responded by ein, “Paeopean cohesion i arly the right wy o dea wth he ‘woes or emcee” ofthe eto, ing, "Earope toy a mote need han ever tec nity addin" Cone looking fe signs of tlancing agit US. power, in shox ae not cl nd Yer seiking how limited hee flict hve been. Responses to US, grimy pale in comparon 60 the encircling calons tht Witheimine Germany or the Soviet Union proved, where most of the other major powers made fo ‘nao nr lances to delet or enti hee poweil expun- ‘ont sae. US. als hve long resented thee dependence om the ited Sas sd the au and of US. lene bo the ok "Yankee, Go Home” is silly near in Earope ae As Foe th Une Sasi sl amily lied with NATO forhone smemberip ts grown to event, with other spans nthe wing) and it ha renewed and deepened i ery ‘eer vith pant seer de with Souls Kone, Tivo and ee ‘ther ASEAN counties eouin intact, even though pinoy ‘he United Sates have declined shapiy bree yam, aad oe ‘nooubcement that the Pentagon vas planning major wocp ede Pormens in Barope and Asa provoked» decely med econ im both region. US, cations wth Rustin ae samen com ‘eno bu sil fe eter than they were ring the Col Wad ‘shui with Cina improved 3 0008 the United Suter eae worring mote about terterm and lew about Chins posible mergence ab 4 fitte peer compet, Sant US. ts with Indi ae warmer and deeper than eter before, dete Amery ‘continued entrace of Genel Peres Mara’ Pais To de, 8 ea 99 ane i making serous lot o Fre teaming ae, American tance. Meanwhile, who fine Seen Ame principal adversaries? Instead of Americ} fing combined coabeon of major pone ‘ste by a consmon deseo conse IS, pricy is mat erie so bona tates trois netwek an the late an ppc ‘times im Cub, Sebi. tg, Aphansen Lys, ran, and Nar ore, Eren en gets thse ste poe lle power a even es inceroations support With enemies ike tes one might ok tho need end? From te respective of csc! banca poner theory hi it ution ser anormal, Power inthe acetal ens abo 1 wobabnced is ee eer yet bacing tendencies hae een onmarsively mil. Athooeh x ume of ates ae eager ows forms of inter balncing(Wicused elo), thee have beenaly mode ffs texte! bncing tough he eeton of sn dc-US, colton Such effets do eis of coun, bt one hs 10 sin py a ie the. Hew can we acount i hs pps a vila of eas ineraina elatios theory? “The anomaly f meng to bance US power varies when we focus ton pomer bt on hae Abou the United Stes i normously power rebve 10 ler ste, it hat no Been pe Ceived a sj vet by moe ater powers. To begin with, de Unie Stier pros Som is geographic olin in ee Western emigre, which makes more dieu the United Sesto ngage in ambos ware of testo expansion” Moreover, ‘ees he other major powers in clo proximity to coe athe, they tnd vo worty mote about cick oe than they do abou he United States nde icone in chapter chi explins why he United Stes il an aerate ly fore in Eup and a, US power ene hat i voice wil be Kear an is eins wil be fae butt besa comfortable tance away and does ot threaten © ‘congue rl it aliesdch "Mach the tame loge spain much fA which it why Ame fea Asan ales prefer 2 US. prsence eventhough US. power vi icon" Geographic proximity ao exis why i woul te excepconly fica 2 contact cohesive an-Ametion ‘oslon of Rania, Chia, and tn—unew dhe United Sates Tehaves in an epeciy belive and shovsihted manner. Tee thee Asn gia wary 2s much abot each ober a they de abou the United Sas. ‘Ani-American balancing has ao been med Bcase US. ier sin have been pte a compare bengal wl very recently, Adbaigh the United Sates ba wed force numerous ‘cecmions a omeimes wit le-than-ompelingjsifcatice— now of he woes major owes have nor seen dhe United Soe fn epeilyageeuie coun. lead of secking to conguct and hate hae sections ofthe obe—as de Baopean Great Power, SmMATEGESOF OFOSTION 6 si doing thi neva dey—the United States bat generally etd ta otter balancer” Icha intervened in Borin is ‘with some veluctanc, and only when local powers ware wae to ‘msn ate elu on tei ov ‘Tis eli, howevet, tani shrp cone to US, conduc in [Noth Ameria and the Wesrn Henge, wht it proceeded (0 ‘ogc 4 comtnent, subjugate the fino inkbitans, evi ‘fier reat omer and openly poh it omnhepeony ove de ‘ogo Not srpriingythe United Sts seen oil pome in sch of Latin Amercr—where i hs interned sumer oc sions 0 mans hegony—even dah ta expe eh ably goo! relaons with aie in Europe ad Asa. Good ences ‘ake good neighbors and to vat ocasc moat Ip ina he ‘Unie Sees and much ofthe wolé fom each eer, The Unie Sates ay be aelsighrous,bypoei and ocean ge appy.but mow ses have had ie ream vo eee that it igh ry 'o congue hem AL ek, they have ben eine oboe Acie dausingcpabilies sha we would cere expect ‘ese agin, one my dew 4 wil contrat besween Presents (Gecge HW Bush and Wit Cano she ne baad Pes ‘ene Gearge We Bash on se other. Under he int vo the Unie Stes gear ced within he amewort of exiing cy ‘ues and ough 10 adhance ie indoence ey by incor aw ses ito de arranges. US. power was wed desl ‘i epee to pei cs agrees forthe most part oly afer cael inenatinaleasulin. By cme the secon Bath dian was openly skeptic of mae exiing inns and willing to init the we offre in ede oar the sas gv {sve As one would expect his more serve iy alo coco ge oer sates begin balancing romewhat ne vigor. (Otis reiain eine otal the United Se because such policy i no witout rks. Femi bani elon Fequite ton: each member of balan caison mt be condene tha i ales wil canta tothe commana in chi ‘the conanmene af American pow), seach ma be rena ay sre hate ober il ot eft tthe eof olan leave one tlt agains «poweraladverary. This cnc ges "he United Sates yet aod advantage: Beate i omer ape to diers and sca nx very dependent on ny ost rs, ice playa seaegy o “die sd equ” whener 3 counter Jing colon teats o eee. Lt bu not leat oer te ae relat 0 Gc a ones acc American coaton beens sch an llsnce won ol be ably weer thn the United Sates ise, at et ii, Akough + cealton of mediam powers (e, Eaope, Row, Ida, pan, ad ‘Chim posses + combined GDP excnling tat of the United ‘Sasa ell a femible maces ase, tay cipal ‘woul sl ei the United Sates by 2 wide margin nd two be kgued by the ris sad uncer tse habit aademine alliance cohson. Unlos US. fecige paicy hemes eve mare eco, therefore, eter ste ze alhey wo cent Sema si meccan llince™ “Soft Balancing” Instead of fring fea liners 9 conan he United Sate, er tas generally have oped fr "sof acing” "Hable ing” focuses onthe oral alane of omer and sesh to ase» * countervailing coat tnt wil be eng eno to hep the dom Inane power in heck. By coats baling doer noe seek oe ‘expect to ake the oe tribton of epee. Tend seat gy of ot ahncingacep the caren tlce of power bt seks to brain beer outer within Inthe catent ern of US. dom inane thee 28 alncing the nen esi of pai con oan ome ory LS. penton at vl tb ge ft ble i ot be ak ser sate of spp By dino, “st blncng” sect ait he i= ofthe Unite States co inp is prefrnses on other. Te pac- ss soft balncing, theres, othr sees mst coomfnte.thet von wi ham empty an mid A soatey f soft ani ca hve several ejceves, i mt ‘mow obo sae ny bance one to ince tee sg wo ‘tie US. posure, induting the we of mary fret sect eas for exp severl sats ht wete dec deenened by US, ower fave shred incligence ifort design! to endance ‘ack ote shlsy wo and up eo US. presie, Sethi ected information om US aie ccs Gon agit he warn enor, wich helped he Serbs prepare foe NATO sit oferine Other reports pgs thatthe People's Republic of China provided Geren technology for leq command-nd-contelsysers, thereby enkancing rg sir dfome cpus. Although commer il fener may have heen the primary motion lr thse pro samy the potent of comglcting US. ate in the Mle Bast and Pesan Gulf may have sock the Chine govt 2 ‘eit bras Simi North Kore reported ea hie ld oo, ‘ine 3 rete mail Sr making urantan heard, to fem. a step that is both profiable and finer complienter US, ‘stiprlferaon efor None str (eg teri group) have tho provied ech ether wih various of tals hie ‘ting how inept ienies tnd polcl sea ‘Secon, frces with ther t+ way of improving oc’ Imgaining poston in global negotitons—whether the te is ‘ede regain of pnctialy mode ft evienmenal le as abr eegalitiony, or even te of high poli” ke te ‘we of itary fre. Ths sf Slancing my ai in espone to some cet ine or tay be wed when te ate bagiing ore the bron nso arrangements a glitters behavior. Within the Whrld Trade Organization, fr example, oalion of wenty-one developing countiem lel by Bes Chie, Indi. and South Altea nd epreening moe than hal the wordpopsaign—has some together to peesure developed counties «2 fake sigican set hei im bis and her ade ues South Afian representative Alex Erwin called de move a toric moment, when we hase Bee abe co unify out poitons sco economies” This concerted eit pid of in July 2004, when the developed countries were ce 9 make a serie of concessions (on agricul subsides tat paved the way fora new tae sound |S Branian Frsgn Mints Ceko Amorim pt it, "Thi ssh beginning ofthe end of ll mbes" A unified sance enhanced the wether sate barging postions, 50 the wether power ould ot gst he concenion hey wansed without making ences sone exctange” "Think ot blancing can ako be nena 2 dplomatic “hot eso the on” emind he United Stas ar it anno ke fe raed the cmplance of ober wate, The Siao-Rasn “ind ‘hip Pact” of 2001 eens to hve been onended fortis purpose: by emonsraing that they had ther open ven Faith ate ealy ‘wae te por thon very), oasis an Chin sought ro remind ‘Wahingon tha escesive water could lead to “had” at ancing in the faa. ka December 2004 in tte ve eounies mcuneed tha they weld candi oie mary exces invling Tix and naa fh amove det one aah cme sabi etre sine be United Sats, need co sow dar Ross ha fer alin,” Sadly, Rss and Iran ave quel expanded their ‘vm sae panne snce 200, eat pay in espns 0 che Increaed US. peotence in the region AS ene ant comment, "Rusia and ban have joined effets 1 lini the intace of the ‘United Sae and ales (Trky an el) in egal Aa and che (Cavan a prep wih aa b= ae reponse to US. ef @ develop inuence in he aes tough hes wih Trey Gove, Aetbajin and Unbkisan™® "A potently snore ign ation of ds or of sft bal cing is the expanding saegcpartneiip berween the EU and ‘China Not oly seach nw theater ge ding partes, i Chines endes now held rope meetings with European ofa sd each nw seas opel af the srategie “paar” Pansat underwsy for miary exchanges, seven European counties hate aenly conduct seuc-and-recue cetie with Chinese naval forces, and other forms of suatgicdslogue ae increningy = ‘quent Pehapé most important of be EU ie sbou ei de ans cembugo it inpoted afer Tiananmen Sauare—deypte song US reaue t kept in fce—a ep tht wil Gite Chia} elle ‘0 nee i litany power. Thee dewlopment ae il sey ‘mode and are probably not isp bya dese w bance US. ower diet. but he wen highs Europe} incr inde ence fom de Unie Stes sat wines o cake sep ha old comple US. satepe planing in East Asa, Given thie stared peence or more miplar wo! in which US. powes ivr leat somewhat comseained i ay sping that Eope nd Chima are begining to move close teehee” Fourth sof facing ako way to edge ane bein the eof wing uncertain abut retains wih the Uied See, clase _cople of th ye of ulancing x Reber Art soggess, i Europes ‘wadual ert co crete 2 grouine Eucyean dese

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