Unit? Oranie Chemistry Pedal x i 3 ‘ete low ~oa6 L e Shdy oP Carbon and tS Compunds — 7 Publlahisn * Cacben Atoms bead with other Carbon atems to Crenle Complex ocjanie. Compounds Tet ganic Compounds * The Mmber of 6 Compounds 13 Bar grender than the number of inorganic Compoun J Ane |. Noa Polar Ne parhal posifive o- Nejatve Ends) % Insoluble in waker — Soluble ia ava polar Solvents "Tile Aissolves like" New elechelyle (dosed Coadvel Elecdesevly) Hove. low melting Potals (due ty weale alleactons ) befueen molecules @ 3. —Meactions gef Ste — Melbiag | Boilies Pasa ex. em AS molecule Size tacveases Increases will Site olecsle Cy Uy has hijbe- BP than S un S. Reschions ace Senecally Slower tha, — more beads ty break more Bends to break mrogaaie reaching © 6. Rerctions have hgh Acdivalion § Sheees Covaleal- boon Ss y dee toBonding of Carbon *Carben has 4 Valence Electrons e sTherelee, Carbon Can Dem Due Covalent bonds with othe atoms! — These can be. Stade | _Devble vee Triple Govalead The Bur bonds around the Carbon atom ave, Shaped Whe a veyula elec hedeon TE, Strctoral Formulas ae Poemulas vas Aad Shape beads + Pocposes Show the ondins Pade + Fach Covalent bend of molecules ' vepreseaded by @ line belocen atoms + Remember? Geol line (bond) represents 9 Electrons —Sflectrogs &e! CHa Crelhane)Hydrocarbons + the Simplest srjanic. Conpoonds, Comtarntas only Carbon and hy dee “A _homolas ous Secies is Agcoup f Hydeocarbeas that - 1) Hove fhe Same genual Senza 2) Hove Simi 3) Show m change in ' Cer: Ca Ha.) lar Chemseal peo perckes hy sical Peopecly as the Size of the molecule in creas e5 Ex: physical stale, boi bins Point and melding Meeezin Point % Table P Table Organic Prefixes Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons T Profs | (Number of Nome | Gencral Examples — Fi Formula |"Name | Structural Formula th 2 1H i Soe 5 atlanes | GyHlyyg | ethune me fon but. 4 wit : 5 HO hex é atkenes | Cyts, | ethene Ned hepe- a to oct 8 atknes | Calta | eine | t-omc—a = 2 Notes n= nerf bon ate dec. 0 dow to uses mateh Prelry wilh Ending oF Corbeos + Jenueal LenteMkanes Hydrocarbons with the Gerecal formula Ca tant2 Cable *Alkenes are Selveoles ‘hydeseg bens meaning that all Cacon- Carbon beads are Single b Eck Alkane name begins will q Name the § thoes Ny deocarhen Chains Ty Mterrcarhen chains Aad Ends wills Pa Hou I I i CHL methave He co 3 Ellane 4 Hou Hu Ww og Poaog ! C -C-¢-cod_ —C-C-c_y4 @ Ween e nd 2 Bley He--c-y 4 @ Haw 4 ‘ a o4y Fropawe Mlk! Groups d * Bly! Groups have | less Than the Corresponding Alleane ~ Porpase t So they Cam bead 4s dhe hy deocacer Chain “A mmebbal soup (CUA has one ley hydeojen than methane (cha) “An ely! Jeoup CUS has one less hydesjen than Cane (C, lig “A propyl seaup ( Ge) has ane lees h Yorajen thar Propane ( ot 4Rules to Name Alkanes (Must Use) IUPAC t Find the longest chain off Cach fey |. Find the lo, St Chain 4! Atsoas in YW r @ molecole, The Number of Cacboas A= ~-G-< va imdhe longest chav becomes the Pacead How Hy Chain Cable p) & 61... a 2 AMlee Fading the Parent Chain 1 You numbe- with the fa neares He fy the Carbens Stacting rst waded alley! Lee? (Ary Darcaen that cones BP The imarg Chain?) riers ex it -c- 3. Determine He wane of All adled Jeups. Put these iq al th pbebeal onde. infront of Lhe faced & 3 re Chan wane 4. ldentily the positions PU Added Seoups in the name by flaciay the Nunbe Faant chain in ag cfeafe oI Alacbr de de arent chan in Mont f) ; od wre tan @ © Dew 2-metlyl , 3 allyl Pemtane GH Fee C-C-C-C-¢NAMING HYDROCARBONS Narne Name the compounds below according to the IUPAC naming system 6 boat HOH rot HoH HoH OH HOH OW 114 toot w-c-c¢~c-H H-c-¢-C-H Vt | rorot 4 Wa-c-# a) | 1 Pal 4 Peopan Bulnee @ © pmcthy| propeme HOW HOH HO OCHS u iobokod () w-c=c-c-c-H wo-b-beben ot toro HOH HOH OH (= bulene isobclane ° 4 HoH OH HOH tar it D) HUES a) (® u-c-c=c-c-c-H an 4 F HOH Reo pyne, 2 pea lene a a a 3,3- diethyl penlar \ BOo-H HoH oH CHsH wow H-C-Hy ow 1obot 1 tot | Lo H-c¢-c-C-C_c-H nu-G-¢- ¢ - 6-¢- rorooyot HOH cnt t® 1 H-C-H 1 HCondensed Stevelural Feralas “My be used te Sinplily the drawing and wuertings of @ Shrctoral Rinlar of ogame Compounds. “OM bends ace onterstoed saan desl Ace Not weitlen “To weile Condensed Locmula, move Lon lell te seright Ex Grp She lira! Rena Condewsed Decl peu CISCILCU CH. SSP Pry! Aaah add { Frachee: Prov molecular, Steve lal Fab Coabeased Drmula: fealane. = 7 Hexane: vy Haw a hae fay ior WoC G=6-G-t coy ae acai hee: auag & CH (cL CHC CCH, Cu cucu cupclls Cl se CW CCHa), (He gC cA. CleVrachice Dem Stevebcat Bemba fay Abe Bllowins Alkanes : 2,3 dimelly pentane 2- melly] iH Edbyl Oclane B-Ellyl= 2,5" dinell yl heran® C-C-C-¢-¢-¢ 3, 3-4: eltyl he pl nce: ee @ Organic Prefixes SE Ge —Set 1— —Set2— € Wich element must be present wich would beth prover prefix of O an orgnic compound? the following hydrocarbon (Uphydeogen CH,CH,CHCH, 2) oxygen (Wei oo @eavon (2) prop- (4) penx 6 (4) nitrogen 1 Oa Gre — © 2, waist tl unter f enon toms sre moreaton toms a compound ina molecule of glanoie acid? the more isomers it will have. Which we @3 prefix woul indies the greatest number @? wea 2 of isomers? (aybept ——G) meth oO Caybut Dee 1 3, Amotecule of bytgne and a molecule of ry Dene both @ carbon atoms (2) yee toms {sins bonds {anda bods 3 the same flal number of teat of 10 hydrogen atoms ad has the enera mula CHa Wie pret Fe ged inthe name ofthis smu? ot Gow (i) + setaestse ton my oe pore eatbon ats that a molecule loz anid - D (2) saris ma er! (cH, — OTH Cth, — OCH ! py 4090 FE -The above hydrocarbon moteeule containing a triple bond and has oe = ann Organic Prefixes ert coeALKENES + Akenes ar hydrocarbons withthe general formula Cn Lan (see able @) @ ° Akenes are metal aia tes om hydrocarbons; this means that there is a double bond between two carbons in these compounds. +The name of each alkene begins with a prefix (see Table P) and ends with ene First two members of the alkene series: —_Jathene + These compounds are considered to be Unsaturated om Bond | because Doble NAMING AND DRAWING ALKENES: ‘+ The following rules can be used to name the alkenes: 1. Find the parent chain (The longest continuous chan of carbons, «y= HH Gut cota the dale bord) Behe talon, Lick Is 2. Number the carbons in the parent chain, beginning atthe end nearest C=C —C —C —H —c fo the double bond: Bea emecemene ee Wa | 3. Kent ad number the added groups (just like with the alkanes). H be 4. The poston ofthe double bond ust also be sen a munbe, ules son thet arbon - then ts optional baits e on Right Practice: draw the structural formula of the following alkenes? EO_- = 2-pentene 4-decene \ —r- @ \ Ofte tn (COC -65t- e en e \ \ FoyALKYNES = + Alkynes are hydrocarbons with the general formula Co Wana (see Table Q) + Alkynes are no u/avVe. hydrocarbons; tismeans tat theresa triple bond Between two carbons in these compounds. + The name of each alkyne begins with a prefix (see Table P) and ends with — yne First two members of thedalleeme series: 7a Alkyne 14 Butyne CaHe. Hocac CoH 4a iit Pentyne Coy Hore eed ann NAMING AND DRAWING ALKYNES +The following rules can be used to name the alkynes: 11 Find the “parent chain” (the longest continuous chain of carbons that contains the triple bond) Ex: 2, Number the carbons in the parent chain, beginning at the end nearest to the triple bond. Ex: 3. Identify and number the added groups (Just ike with the alkanes) Ex, 4 The poston ofan bap myst a be gen ruber, res ek on he rst carbon = then itis optional. Ex: _ = Bu le. Practice Problems ( Cp al Carbon) Draw the structural formula of the following alkynes: : 2pentyne 3-hexyne | 4 to C-C- Czt- OCoO |. Which element has atoms that ean form single, double, and triple covalent bonds wih ser atoms ofthe same element? (1) hydrogen) fuorine @hoxygen — Pearbon L 2. Whats the general formula for the embers ofthe alkane series? (CHa, CC Haya CHa. NC Hay co 3, Which hydrocarbon is saturated? (Uypropene G) butene Qhettyne — @beptane 3 4. Which formula represents a saturated hydrocarbon? (GH, — GH, AcK, OCH, 4 5, Adouble carbon-carbon bond is found ina molecule of (0) pentane 3) pentyne @rentene (4) pentanol 3 6, Astright-chain hydrocarbon that has ‘rly one double bond in each molecule has the general formula OCH. OCH, OCH... MCE, Set 1 — Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons === 7. Which formula represents an ‘unsaturated hydrocarbon? OCH, OCH, Q2)C Hy (4) Coy 7 8) Which general formula represents the homologous series of hydrocarbons that includes the compound -heptyne? CBee) Hae BCH: CHa s_ 9. Acarbon-cithon triple bond is found ina molecule of (V)butane (3) butene (2) butanone @buryne ° 10, Which formula represents propyne? OCH OCH, OG, — MCs 0 ‘Whats the total numberof electrons shared inthe bond between the thro carbonatoms in a molecule of H-C=C-H? Os @3 @2 ws u 12, Which Formula represents an alkene? MEH C,H OOH CHa 7 Page 104 Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons cxomqto20e ‘ ia 13, Which compound is classified as a hydrocarbon? @ethane @) ethanol ) chloroethane (@)ethanoie acid B 14, Which formula represents an unsaturated hydrocarbon? He ty @ Lc aiaa “4 i 15, Which compound isa saturated hydrocarbon? @D hexane (2) hexene @) hexanol (@) hexanal 5 16, The isomers butane and methylpropane Aifferin their (1) total number of bonds per molecule 17. Which formula is an isomer of butane? x i ew Ahh 18. Given the structural formula: ‘Whats the TUPAC name of this compound? (@) propanone @) propanal ig__ (1) propane @ rropene 19, Which formula correctly represents the produet of an addition reaction between arc ona ethene and chlorine? (3) total number of atoms per moleele Mone, @cHe (4 molecular formulas 16 @cker wc »v_@ Songer Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons Page 105 (eand your knowledge of chemist vmmerialy important arznicsompornd. Mons of ised inthe manufacture industry each year. Ethene i a if widely used in makeng polyeltytene, im that is used for wrapping food Ps sottes for milk-and other liquids @ __vwsesowransertoaeston 20 singe afomaon OY nen (common nara ehyten) tons of ethene are produced by the chemical of syn density polyetbyle and consumer goods. High-density ry ethene is an unsatiate yosarbon fe. — formula for ethene. 1b) Draw the structural @ tdentify the type of organic: 22. Given the struetural formula of pentane: HHH BH pi Heb-G-0-0-0-H _ TTT Hanae nthe space tothe sight, daw 2 structural \ formula for an isomer of pentane: ase your answers to queson 23 om the condense structural formula below. CH CH,CHCH, 125, the space belo, draw ie strtura formols For his compound. a! ro -C-C- C26 i “tt ere ‘anus Series of Hydrocarbons: Satay=== Set 2— Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons 24, Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain (1) carbon, oaly @ carbon and hydrogen, only (2) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, only @) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, only m4 25. Which compound is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? (1 bexanal (2) bexane () hexanoie acid @hexyne 25 26, Given the compound: 4 t H-c ‘The symbe (1) one pair of shared electrons (@ bo pairs of shared electrons {G)asingle covalent bond ()acoordinate covalent bond 26 presents 27. Which general formula represents the compound CH,CH,CCH? (NCH, BC Hay 2 IC Hay AV CyHay 2 7 28. Which formula represents an unsaturated hydrocarbon? et (yCHCHCL © arcecrie Gy CHCHGH, @ci,cuci 29, Whats the cot name forte substance represented bythe structural formula below? Hs = WOW (I) acetylene @) ethene benzene @)propene 29 30. What isthe maximum number of covalent bonds that can be Formed by one carbon atom? at @3 @2 @ 30 31. Given the formula: ‘What is the IUPAC name of (his compound? @2pentene 3) 2-butene @)2-pentyne (4)2-butyne 31 32. Which compound is a saturated hydrocarbon? (cH,cH, @ck,cH, @)CH,CHO (CHCHOH 32 33. Which compound isan alkyne? cH, = BCH, GH, OCH, Se Someusaite Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons Page 107 454. Which formula represents an ‘unsaturated hydrocarbon? (OGHy, CH ACH, OCH 4 [35 In saturated hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are bonded to cach other by (@ single covalent bonds, only {@) double covalent bonds, only {G)altemating single and double covalent bonds (4) alternating double and triple ‘covalent bonds 3 36. What isthe {UPAC name of the onganie compound that has the Formula shown below? (4) 1a -dimethyloutane 2) hexane @ 2-methylpentane (G4) 4emmethylpentane 36 38. Which structural formula represents an unsaturated hydrocarbon? 1 glen” combed @ enc) ve nes acted @ bo Pea 430, What isthe IUPAC name ofthe compound swith the structural formula shown below? (@)2-pentyne ()3-pentene (4) 3-pentyne 39 40, The three isomers of pentane have different (1) formula masses (2) molecular formulas (3) empirical formulas @ structural formulas 40 441, Which compound has an isomer? 37. Which structural formula correct i uy Which st as ty (I) HeG-# (3) H-G-G-G—-H rupresonsa hydrocarbon molecule? i ry " 4 Aan " . (3) HG rae wy Se-c" oy eee wow pitts owt Ltt. eer y rie a Ak Aaa @ “oc” Ww) ere a we OW ar Page 108 Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons —42. Which structural formula represents 2-pentyne? 0-5 @ @ @ «44, The structural formula shown below represents butane. Inthe space provided draw an isomer of butane. Ti iit I 1 / rere -(- ¢- - Via res ot i ome 2 erwa \er é _ EEE (Feet e-c-€ pote are pl (re -czc ed $55 OOO i 46Towich homologous sere does CH,CH,CH.CH, bstong? [hanes SS Sono? Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons Page 7 i Sven ik CoeanyHCE € COE Base your answers to question 47 on the information below. it Given te balanced equation for an organi ection between butane aad elon hat {akes place at 300.°C and 101.3 kilopaseals: C,F,,* Cl; —+C,H,CI+ HCL “Yh.0) ity te peotouie toa stows, Subsbhetyon 1) Inthe space below, draw a structural formula for the organic product. \ cl CT -~C-C-¢- yr iy Cis ‘Base your answers to question 48 on the equation below, which represents an organs compound reacting with bromine, “tt uy a ea 48.0) Whats the IUPAC name forthe organic compound that reacts with Br? 4 2_ ds bevew po Base your answer to question 49 on the 4 Pee neta freciestom inert, A Eb ee ht HAHAHA AR 49, One isomer of octane is 2,2.4rimethylpentane. tn the space, draw a structural formula for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, Page 110OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Functional Groups + Other organic compounds are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon by atoms or groups of atoms of other elements, + fue + USE TABLE R for all questions that contain compounds with functional groups! HALIDES + Also known as ‘are ators or groups of atoms that provide characteristic propeitles to'the compounds that contain them (see Table R). Table R: Organic Functional Groups id on nom elena meee cette neon | CupCIcH, a hy [eudlauengen toc | etteng'—on is, tho ine o nt tt woe Hy aR [aly Trews lab ease Nelocodnans “+ One or more halogen is attached to a carbon atom or a carbon chain, + When you see F, Cl Br, or I attached to carbon, you know it is halide.+ There can be one, two (di), three (tri), four (tetra) or more halogens on one molecule. + -F= fluoro, - Cl = chloro-, - Br = bromo-, - | Grcice Problems Draw the structural and condensed formulas for the following halides: 2=bromobutane | 1, 2- dimoroethane ad. a-¢- & ~¢- c acondts 2 ' \ + Th unt sroup fortis css fergie compound i bef x x + icohols are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogens, ¢__¢__ cof a hydrocarbon are replaced by this hydroxyl group. + The OH in alcohols is NOT the OH" hydroxide lon found in bases. + Alcohols are named by dropping the “e” from the corresponding alkane —* es orca“ i) rap the “e” from methane and add “ot” = methafol 2-Pro Pros Practice: draw the structural and condensed formulas forthe follng alcohols: —— 2-butanot i -C(- fe us A@rcwacacms S i -C-oll + The. functional group for this class of organic compounds is_____or the ie ‘The COOH! Tt aivays apoears atthe end of the carbon fain. +The carboxy! group may also be writen as: Acedic Aci veiw 2 cus cont ~ \ / \ ‘OH 2-620 + Organ acids te other acs, are Elec Lv Lole . When they are dissolved in water, they conduct an electric current. + Organic acids are named by dropping the final “e” from the corresponding alkane and adding “oic acid”. Example: Drop the "e from ethane and add "ole acid” = ethanoic acid Practice: draw the structural and condensed formulas for the following organic acids: propanoic acd butanoie acid @ .ess common functional groups: ALDEHYDES + Aldehydes contain the aboot dd ‘|o —Z A «The can sup forays as appears atthe nd ofthe carbon tan, sce nD carbonyl group involves the last carbon in the chain, one of the carbon bonds will always be hydrogen. + Aldehydes are named by dropping the “e” from the corresponding alkane and adding "al". Example: Drop the “e” from propane and add “al” = propar Practice: draw the structural and condensed formulas for the following aldehydes: ray ° butonal (ce c- q | pentanal C-e- xeronss © | SN 9 + Ketones aso contain the =C- + The carbon group for Ketones ahvays sppeats n the middle of the carbon chai \Gon carbon bonds are wth other carbons. + Ketones are named by roping the "from the coresponding alkane and ading “one”. Example: Drop the "from butane and add "one" = butenone. - Both cetones and aldehydes are isomers of each other. practice: draw te structural and condensed formule forthe flowing ketones: r-petanne pomrene , 2, C-o- 6-6-6 ~C C= 0r ETHERS | «The functional group for ethersis_—©-__ knw as an oxygen bridge. 1 The ongen bndge elvoys appears inthe middle of the ether with an alkyl group on either side. «thse are names by reading the aly! groups fom left oright and alin the word “ether” rene: ddNote: Ethers and alcohols are isomers of each other! Practice: draw the structural and condensed formulas forthe following ether: Quoc eer Zh —o-d- ESTERS . | + The functional group toresersis__—«& “Oe Coo +The functional group always appears in the middle of two carbon chains. * Esters are formed by the reaction of an Neak ab ‘and an From carboxyl nid H r Pronsicl ¢ HOH ANG & ° Os Bre ra =) mm Tovonveon estar errs 3 Eo) mally Write its prefix and add — yl. lowest 2. Then give the name ofthe carton chain that incudes the C= O; erepthe“e” and add veel ee eee ah, ei 4 OS\Be methyl ethanoate TT —* 13, Remember: the name is written backwards from the way the 4 \n_/ strucure is drawn! + Esters usually have sweet, fuity smells and are used for artificial flavorings and odors. aPractice: draw the following esters: methyl propanoate ' ep ) Propyl sero © 4-C- 0-06-14 : ‘AMINES \ \ (gS ce g- Oere + Amines have the functional group — or the amino group. It may also be writen as: oe =n “a + The amine group may be atthe end or in the midile of the carbon chain, + Amines are named by dropping the "e" from the corresponding alkane and adding “amine” . An amino acid contains both an amino group AND a carboxyl aroup. Long chains of amino “secs form proteins. . ‘ aoe [Sau ia Bi Seat See @ AMIDES + Ames comb the OAN onthe same carbon. + The amide group looks like this: + To name amides, drop the "e" from the hydrocarbon and add “amide”, + Anexample of an amide: i oN yon bn ® ddFUNCTIONAL GROUPS Name ketone, ether or ester, and draw its structural formula. 1. CHOON Carborfgic Reid cya" el P \ cas 1 fees) Gp 7 GHGOGH, Tayi C5 be (i ‘i poet m1 yo cel Caer 4 6. CHCHOWCH, -¢- | J al i -é (Eon 8. CH,CH,COOCH, 9% CHCHCOCH, Leloae hid 4 Classify each of the organic compounds below as an alcohol, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, Alloho | 7 ouieoor Carbo xy he Avid bouton!NAMING OTHER Name —_________ ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Name the compounds below. edly! gh Angnle tow 1 H-C—C-O-C-H t 1@ (esters Q)aldenydes @ organic acids 1 ) alcohols ‘One molecule of propanol contains total of one -OH{ group @) two -CH, groups G) three -OH groups (4) three ~CH, groups. 2 fa compound contains only one -OH functional group attached tothe end carbon in the chain, itis classified as a (I)halide (3) ether @atcohol (4) ketone 3 4. Given the structural formula: poe se eaalaies ‘The compound represented by his formula can be classified as an (organic acid @ ester Q)ether 5. Ethanol and dimethyl ether have different chemical and physical properties because they have different @ functional groups (2) molecular masses (G3) numbers of covalent bonds (4) percent compositions by mass $ @) aldehyde 4 ‘compound an ketone? (ethyris—@)propanone (2) methanal (4) chioropropane 6 _ ‘The organic compound represented by the condensed structural formula CHCH,CH,CHO is classified as an (I) aleohot @atiehyde ester @) ether 7 ‘What is the TUPAC name forthe ‘compound that has the condensed structural formula CH,CH,CH,CHO? @butanal_—) propanal @)butanol (4) propanol. 8 ‘The compounds 2-butanol and 2-butene both contain (1) double bonds, only (2) single bonds, only @ carbon atoms ()oxygen atoms 9 ‘Which ofthese compounds has chemical properties most similar othe chemical Properties of ethanoie acid? @CH,COOH Q)C,h,on @)CH,Cooc.H, (4) CHOC, 10 Sane Page 116 Organic Functional Groups cometer2 ‘ea Rob Cong, aS11. Given the ormulas of four genie 12. Given the formula: compounds: HH HO He eer (ay negaeean (ey meee’ oN 1 HHA x This compound is classified as i 1) an aldehyde b) Hag bb ¢ oh {py usta @onamide @) ananine Which pair blow contains analeohol @alsone n and an acid? a (Daandb — @ bandd Qaande @)eandd ue Given te tree organic structural formulas shown below: iid ig ey wertian npn oe endo 44 4 Aad 13, Which organic-compound classes are represented by these stictural formulas, a8 shown fiom Ie torighe? (I) ester, omic acid, ketone (3) ketone aldehyde, leokol (@) ester, aldehyde, organic acid @ ketone, organic acid, alcohol Be Base your mswers to question 14 using the information below and your knowledge of chemistry. Ho jHHH W-o-G-on « x Sa H-G-E-07G-G-d-H + HO A AaAA The incomplete equation bore represents an estericaton ection The alcool reactant iropresetd by X ——) : "4.0 Onthe cecompanyng sinctual formula, LA oy | circle the acid functional group, ony. ¢ 4 ') Write an IUPAC name for the reactant represented by its strctural formula inthis equation. henoe And ©) Inthe space in betow, draw the structural formula forthe alcohol represented by X. 1 \ ee anon Organic Functional Groups Paae 117 oe Ren ack Caray abSSS set 2 — organic Functional Cop 18. Which compound is an alcohol? (2) propanal (3) butane @ehyre — @methanol 5 16, Whice structural formula represents an alcohol? 4 i ) Hee 4 Hoan ud @w-c~ b-boy Sona g a) 16 17, From the strctral formulas in question 16, Which ctoice contain the Functional group cof an organic acid? at @3 @2 @4 7 18. Which fommuta does not show a functional group? (1) CH,CH,CH,CHO. @ck,cu.cucH, G) CH.CH,CH,COOH 18 19. Which structural formula represents ‘an isomer of t-propanol? ow LL a ite Ou ~c-o— HOW # Home oni p ene Pile 20. Which functional group, when attache fo. chain of carbon atoms, will Droduce an organic molecule with the characteristic properties ofan aldehyde? i i () ~c—on 8) —c— ° a @-c-H on 20. 21. What i the total number of pairs ofetedrons shared between the carbon atom and the ‘oxygen atom in a molecule of methanal? at @3 @: ws 2 ()CH,CH,CoocH, —_ Page 118 Organic Functional Groups Seomoescane oR ack pany a,22, Which structural formula representsan ether? Oy tot @ H-c-0-6-4 aoa 2 23, Which formula represents a ketone’? (HCOOH @ cH,CocH, @HCHO @)CHCHOH 23 24, Which organic compounds are often used to create fragrances fo amie (Dehn pats SaaE oc Fs ne cacin nen momnicni End an aleohol produces Bs (1)an aldehyde (3)an ether Qhakeone — @anester 25 26, Which of these compounds has chemical properties most simile tothe chemical Droperties of ethanoie ace? @GH,C00H @)C,4,c00¢,H, QIGHOH — HCHOC.H, 26 E Smpue zo state Sak Conny Orga 2 Whi om epee an ei F ( o-boven, ® ° (2) ch,--on @ cH,-0-cH, (4) chon a7 28, Given the stucal formulas foe two oni compound: rene yee 4 WG-G-G-G- On H-e-6-6-0-6-8 Aaa a ‘The iferencsin tec physical and PY chemi propeis ar primary due ‘other ferent (0) umber fearon atoms (2) number of hydrogen atoms (3) moteratar masses @ finctionl groups 28 29, Butanal and butanone have different chemical and physical properties primarily because of differences in their @ functional groups (2) molecular masses (@) molecular formulas (4) number of carbon atoms per molecule 29 iaeeeemmeemeeneeeeeee Functional Groups Page 119 (430, Which structural formulas correct for 2-methy!-3-pentanol? ' y 4 Pebrdiab™ z 1. Given the equation: butanoic acid + 1-pentanal 228" 5 x | "To which class of organic compounds does product 'belong? Sucrose | Base your aneversto question 32 sing the infomation below and yourknowlege of shemisty. —} Diethyl ether is widely used asa solvent i t 4 ~0-€-0-C - \ \ ‘ 'b) Inthe space provided below, draw the structural formula for an aleohol that isan isomer ‘of diethyl ether. . ( boy ou se “¢ “¢-C -OH } 1 Page 120 Organic Functional Groups comoonoe omISOMERS H fi HHH HOW e@ atto-# H H HHH HHH CHC Cio CH CHOR CHS cus clh ocd, winartomn Cag + Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula and an\éifferent name. + Structures must actually be different (diferent on paper may not realy be different) *+ Differ in both physical and chemical properties, ‘+ As the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases, the number of isomers increases. Another ex: ropanal propanané (acetone) 1 aon ae 3 | se | 1 * HecH oo H=G-C-C-H Go i I ad beak | At aook Glick here for Regents Practice questions: F Intro to organic and Hydrocarbons: http://imwwevanschemistrycorner.com/Lessons/OrganicLs/Ls11- 1 Nature_of_Carbon_and_Hydrocarbons.pdt Isomersihttp//wonw.evanschernistrycorner.com/Lessons/Organicls/Lst1- 2_Structural_Formulas_and_Isomers.pef" » ORGANIC REACTIONS ‘Organic reactions frequently involve only the functional group. @ -_ Mesto the reactant molecule remains unchanged. ‘+ Common organic reactions include: 1, Substitution * Replacement of ope kindof atom or group by another kindof atom or group, + Occurs in (saturated hydrocarbons) and involves replacement of hydrogen atoms. + Halogenation is a substitution reaction in which one or more hydrogen is replaced by a halogen (F, Cl, Br. 1). i cl Hee. + Heo! a ui Hf 2.addition_ leve, + Adding one or more atoms at a double or triple bo t = + Addition occurs in Diwenes es (unsaturated hydrocarbons). It does not occur in alkanes. Only one product is formed. ii AAL an Devble Bond wedabin + Bye n 6 nt bb ececnu 4 Br. =% ao Fermentation “ene Gases broken down inio__C01 and Aleahal wy ob enzymes. + Used inthe brewing and baking industries. Pobua Co, MN cohol Ysa + The formation ofan ester fom an_O FA. Ned and an a mahal © cot Cérgec o3d + asta ager wg tt ’ ganic aid + alcohol — ester + water : Qos Cook +. oll <> Boke ttl, 0 wee ‘+The OH from thé acid combines wan tratf om the noe | e alcohol to form water, The rest ofthe acid and the oe alcohol combine to form the ester. whe le oe a)\\ SSaponification (remember SOAP) 4 + The reverse of esterification. An ester breaks down to form acid and alcohol. Fak (ester) + NaOH (strong base) — soap (salt of ac) + glycerol ® Lemme .Combustion +The buming of a hydrocarbon to form Co 7.Polymerization + reat nich ge moe payers) ate made rom ser + The two types of polymerization are: ) condensation polymerization + Monomers join by the removal of water ~ water is a product) + Examples in nature include proteins and stafches,- Synthetic polymers include nylons, polyesters and plastic. otros + guenue — sume + vows pehy Wadiun ) addition polymerization r) + Occurs across the double or triple bond of unsaturated hydrocarbons + Examples include polyethylene and polystyrene. + Saponification produces ethfne + ethghe — butane + water & Click here: http://evanschemistrycorner.com/Lessons/OrganicLs/Ls11-4_Organic_Reactions.patkey Name: Date: ‘Orgo Reactions Practice oct ofthe Bt Wie mat epeen alton aston bea "92," Be s orp ew 4@ ot ha z oO aa D> an = wbebn aodeban Given the balanced equation for an organic reaction: Gotta +2Ch ~» CataCls “This reaction is best classified as A) addition © fermentation B) esterification D) substitution Given the balanced equation representing reaction: (CHsCH,CHy + Bra + CHyCH.OH,Br + HBr! Alleras. ‘This organic reaction is best classified as ‘A) an addition resction B) an esterification rection ©) & polymerization reaction 1D) a substitution reaction C4 Given te eatin Caer Cla + CaHsCl+ HCI Allee, “This reaction is best described as ‘A) addition involving a saturated hydrocarbon B) addition involving an unsaturated hydrocarbon (©) substitution involving a saturated hnydrocarbon ) substitution involving an unsaturated hydrocarbon 3 =0 a a C5. Given the equation: Aye Which type of reaction is represented by this equation? ‘A) combustion) esterification © polymertzation D) subsicution The reaction that joins thousands of small, Identical molecules to form one very long rmolectl is called 2 2) eeitesion 8) femenaion GY ©) patmerann Dien g zg odor =e od-oca ne This reaction is an example of| A) fermentation B) saponification ©) hydrogenation D) esterification Given the incomplete reaction: ° ° ‘Which compound is represented by +? Son Dope” Oe What are the two main products of a fermentation reaction? A) ethanol and carbon dios a 8) ethanol and water i ©) sugar and carbon dioxide Di D) sugar and water @ & oe * YYB16 wick gunn epreens Gomenaon? | 14 Te principal prods of aponiinon a * eee onan restion baween a fat anda base, ar soup and 4 B) Calfi206 — 2 C2HsOH + 2.CO: pA) water B) glycerol & 4 ©) GCDOH + CrooH cut ) carbon donde D) ey aleohol a CoocHs + H:0 a D) nCxHy > (C2Ha)n re equation A 11. When butane burns in an excess of oxygen, (CELOH + CHIOH — CHOCIs + 110 “BT eeieintpein ee iste CaHsCh 3 D) Cate + Ha0 -» CHO primary alohols? : 4 A) anacid 8) ketone g ~£_Cb- to which esion somo? ates ¥ SA) addition substitution + SSJE\_O) saponiteation D) polymerization + cS 3 3 as oy ” &