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Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 434 – 444

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Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 84600, Malaysia
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Research Center for Soft Soil, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 84600, Malaysia
c
Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang 26600, Malaysia

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© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
Keywords:(OHFWULFDOUHVLVWLYLW\PHWKRGHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWLYLW\LPDJLQJIRUHQVLFDVVHVVPHQWODQGVOLGHUHVLVWLYLW\DQRPDO\JHRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUH


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1877-7058 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.354
Mohd Hazreek Zainal Abidin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 434 – 444 435

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