GPAT Discussion Center | www.gde4gpat.com (CHEMICAL TESTS IN PHARAMCOGNOSY CHEMICAL TESTS FOR ALKALOIDS TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE ‘Maver’ test To small amount of crude drug, add mayer’s reagent (potassium mercuric iodide solution) Gives cream colour oF precipitate presence of alkaloids To the small amount of crude drug, add dragendroff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide solution) Gives reddish brown colour or precipitate Presence of alkaloids Wagner's test: To small amount of crude drug, add Wagner’s reagent (odine-potassium iodide solution) Gives brown OF reddish brown colour or precipitate Presence of alkaloids ers test To small amount of crude drug, Hager’s reagent (aturated solution of picric acid) Gives yellow precipitate Presence of alkaloids wks fo lisa To a 2-3 ml of solution add p-dimethy! amino benzaldehyde Gives blue colour Presence of Indole alkaloids Vitali morin test for (ropane alkaloids 2-3ml of samples sol is treated with fuming HNOs, followed by evaporation to dynes and addition of methanolic KOH solution to an acetone solution of nitrated residue, White coloration takes place Presence of Tropane alkaloids Thalleoquin Test for Quinoline Alkaloids: To the powder drug, -when Brawater and dilute NH solution. Gives emerald green colour Presence of Quinoline alkaloids Powdered sampletferric chloride and filtered, to the filtereate add dilute HCI and organic solvents like benzene, ether, chloroform. The organic layer is separated using pipette, To the organic layer add dilute Upon standing pink colour changes to red. Presence of glycosides 2. To the powder add 80% HiSOs colour ammonia, “Lest For Saponin Glyeosides: Foam is formed Presence of saponins 1. Foam test: The powdered drug is shaked well with water Shows deep yellow | Presence of saponins ‘Antimony Trichloride Test. Solution of the glycoside is heated with antimony trichloride and trichloroacetic acid, Liberman Bi Test: To the solution of glycosides is added in acetic anhydride followed by concentrated sulphuric acid, Blue oF violet colour is obtained Gives violet to blue colour Presence of cardiac lyeosides: Presence of cardiac glycosides — Share ur notes to help others. Send ur notes tous gdegpat037@gmail.com Page 1GPAT Discussion Center | www.gdc4gpat.com ‘Raymond's Test: ‘A small gy of glycosides is dissolved in Iml_of 30%ethanol followed by addition of O.1ml of 1% solution of dinitro benzene in ethanol or methano, To this solution, 2-3 drops of 20% NaOH sol is added. @©n Test solution hot methanolic alkali Appearance of violet color.which changes into blue colour Violet colour is produced. Presence of cardiac alyeosides: Presence of cardiac glycosides Kedde's Test Extract the drug with chlorofom, evaporate to dryness. Add Idrop of 90% alcohol. Make alkaline with 20% NaOH sol, Purple colour is produced. Presence of cardiac glycosides Baljet’s Test Test solution*picric acid or sodium picrate ‘Orange colour formed Presence of cardiac lvcosides ‘Xanthohydrate Test: Test sample is heatedwith 0.125% solution of xantho hydral in glacial acetic acid containing 1% HCL Red colour im produced by deoxy sugars Presence of alyeosides Tollen’s Test Glycoside sol is token in minute of pyridine and ammonial silver nitrate and warmed on water bath, Formation of silver mirror on the walls of fast tube Presence of glycosides ‘Test for Coumarin Glycosides: 1, Alcoholic extract made alkaline, 2. Cover the test tube containing test sample with filter paper moistened with dilute, NaOH sol Place the covered test tube on water bath for several minutes. Remove the pper and expose to UV light. Shows blue or green fluorescence ‘The paper shows green fourescence Presence of coumarin alyeosides: z Presence of T. 200mg of drug is taken in conical flask and | Formation of reddish- | cyanogenetic moisten with few. drops of water. Moisten a | purple color lvcosides apiece of pierie acid paper with 5% aq sodium carbonate sol, And suspended with by means of cork in the neck of the flask. Warm gently at about 37°C Presence of 2. Paper sol of Guaiacum resin in absolute alcohol | Paper turns blue cyanogenctic and allow. it to-dry on paper. Treat it with | colour glycosides Cu80s sol ‘Test for hydroxvl anthrax quinine: Red colours Presence of glycosides ‘Add KOH sol to the samle. produced ‘Test for Cyanophoric Glvcosides: TTo the powder in a test tube add Tittle amount of water and suspend the piece of sodium picrate paper above the drug. Trapping a top edge between the cork and the tube wall. Allow it to stand for 30minutes. Hydrocholric acid clved PPicrate paper turns to brek red colour Presence of eyanophoric glycosides To a sol of glycoside in pyridine, Sodium nitrogen amide solution and NaOH solution are added. Pink to red colour is formed Presence of carding elyesides ‘Schonteten’s Test To a solution (Sm), borax (0.22) is added and it is heated to dissolve completely, Few drops of the liguid Green Houressece is produced Presence of anthraguinone glycosides (aloe) Share ur notes to help others. Sendurnotestous B4cepatos /@gmal-com Page 2GPAT Discussion Center | www.gdc4gpat.com ‘are poured in a test tube filled with water, romine Test: To the sample add bromine, Pale yellow precipitate | Presence oF of tetrabromation anthraguinone glycosides (aloe) To the small qty of the residue, add lead acetate solution. ‘Klunge’s Isobarbaloin Tests A purple colour is | Presence oF To an aqueous solution (20ml) CuSO, slo (1. drop) is | formed isobarbaloin (aloe) added followed by NaCl (1g) and 90% alcohol (10m). ‘Test for Flavonoid Glvcosides: Yellow colour | Presence of Tavonoid precipitate is formed | glycosides, NaCl (10%) are added. CHEMICAL TESTS FOR TANNINS TEST ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE, ‘Goldbeater’s skin test ‘A Brown or black colour is | Presence of ‘A small picoc of goldbeater’s skin is soaked in2% HCI | produced on the skin tennins nsed with distilled water and placed in a solution of tannin for Smin, ‘The skin piece is washed with distilled water and kept in a solution of FeSO ‘Gelatin Tests ‘A white _ bull-calored | Presence of To a sol of tannin (0.5-1%) quous sol of gelatin (1%) and | precipitate is formed tannins Phenazone Test: ‘A bulky colored precipitate Presence of ‘A mixture of alcoholic extract of pale catechu (Ig) NaOH SOL (Sm) nd petroleum ether (Stl) is shaken and kept for sometime, shows green fluorescer ‘A mixture of aq extract (Sml) of a dug and sodium and | is formed tannins phosphate (0.52) is heated.cooled and filtered. A sol of phenazone (2%6) is added to the filtrate. Catechin test (matchstick test) ‘On warming near a flame | Presence of ‘A matchstick is dipped in aq plant extract, dried near | the matchstick wood turns | tannins burner and moistened with cone HCl ink or red due to formation of phlorogucinol ‘Chilorogenie acid test: ‘Agreen color is formed on | Presence of ‘An extract f clorogenie acid containing drug is treated | expsure to air tannins with ag NH. ‘Yanillin-Hivdrochorie Acid Test: Pink o red colour is formed | Presence of When the drug is treated with Vanillin-Hydrocharic Acid | due to formation of | tannins reagent phlorogtucinol ‘Cambir- at The petroleum ether layer | Presence of gambir (tannin) ‘A very dilute FeCh sol is gradually added fo an aq extract of hamamels leaves % blue color is produced which is changed to olive green as more FeCl3 is added Presence oF tonnins Share ur notes to help others. Send ur notes to us gdegpat037@gmai j.com Page 3GPAT Discussion Center | www.gdc4gpat.com CHEMICAL TESTS FOR RESINS: TEST ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE "To the extract add Sm of distilled Turbidity is formed Presence of resins water ‘Aleoholic solution of colophony Titurns blue liimus to red Presence fditerpenis acid ‘Alcoholic solution of balsam of | Gives green colour with FeCi3 tolu Presence of toluresino tannols To a pettoleum ether sol of | Sumatrareddish brown colour benzene, 2-3 drops of H2SOs is | Slam:purple red colour added in a china dish Presence of resins 0.1g in 10ml (CHsCO}O with aid [A bight purplish red colour to of gentle heat,cool and add 0,05ml | violet of HsSOs Presence of resins (colophony) Dlg powder in 10m _ of | Purple colour (CHsCO}.0 in atest tube and add a drop d concentrated H:804 resence of resins (colophony) ‘TESTS FOR VOLATILE OILS TEST ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE To the section of the drug, add | Red colour obtained by globules | Pr alcoholic solution of sudan IIL jesence of volatile oil To the thin section of the drug, add | Red colour is obtained Presence of volatile oil a drop of tincture alkaline. ‘TESTS FOR FLAVONOIDS ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE Pink colour is observed Presence of flavonoids To dry powder extract add Stil of 90% ethanol,ew drops pf cone HCI and 05g of magnesium tunings. To smaill qty of residue add lead | Yellow colored precipitate is | Presence of flavonoids acetate sol formed ‘Add inereasing amount of NaOH | It shows yellow coloration, which | Pr to theresidue decolorizes after addition of acid esence of flavonoids CHEMICAL TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES TEST ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE Fehling’s solution test: Red precipitate of cuprous | Presence of carbohydrates ‘The substance (0.5) is treate with dil HCL The | oxide is produced on heating reaction mixture is neutralized by addition of NaOH sol and then fehling’s sols 1 and 2 are added. ee Share ur notes to help others. Send ur notes to us gdegpat037@gmail.com Page 4GPAT Discussion Center | www.gde4gpat.com 3 “A purple ring is formed on _ | Presence of carbohydrates ‘A sol of carbohydrate is prepard in water the junction below upper containing a-naphthol concentrated H2SO4is_—_| layer added along the side of the test tube ‘Osazone formulation: Formulation of yellow Presence af carbohydrates ‘A sugar is heated with phenyl hydrazine crystals of osazone hydrochloride, sodium acetate and acetic acid Resorcinol test for ketones (selvinofT's testy: | Pink colour is produced A crystal of resorcinol is added o the solution ‘and heated with equal volume of concentrated HCI. Presence of carbohydrates {in case of ketones fructose, honey, hydeolyzed insulin Red colour is formed ‘A solution of materials is heated with equal volume of HC! containing a litle pholoroglucinol Presence of carbohydrates (Gn case of pentoses) Killer-kilani tect for deoxy sugars: ‘Areddish-brown color is | Presence of earbohydrats ‘A deoxy sugar is dissolved in acetic acid formed at the junction which | (eoxysugars) containing a trace of FeCI3 and transferred to | turns blue latter on the surface of concentrated! H2SO4 ‘Furfural test: ‘Apinkorred stain appears | Presence of carbohydrates ‘The sample is heated in atest tube with a drop | on the reagent paper of syrupy phosphoric acid to make it into furfural. A disk of filter paper moistened with a drop of 10% solution of aniline in 10% acetic acid is placed over the mouth of the test tube. ‘The bottom of the test tube is heated for 30-60 seconds. Benedict's test Solution appears Presence of carbohydrates To the solution, add benedicts reagent and green.yellow or red deending. heated on water bath ‘oniconcentration of reducing sugar ‘Lead sulphide test ‘A black precipitate is formed | Presence of proteins To the alkaline solution of sulphur containing proteins add lead acetate ‘Heat coagulation test: Proteins got precipitated Heat the test solution in a boiling water bath. Presence f proteins (CHEMICAL TESTS FOR FIXED OILS TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE, Halphen’s testibevan’s test Red color is formed (ails | Presence of cotton seed 2ml of oil is mixed with Im of amyl alcohol and | when heated to over 200°C) Iml of 1% solution of sulphur in CS2 for 10 minutes in a water bath oil Boudouin’s test: ‘Development of pink colour ‘The oil is shaken with half its volume of concentrated HCI containing 1% of sucrose Presence of sesamal BP Test for sesamol: Development of bluish The oil is shaken with a furfural sol in acetic | green color anhydride in the presence of H2SO4 (mentioned in BP) Presence of sesamal ———— ‘Share ur notes to help others. Send ur notes to us gdegpat037@gmail.com Page 5GPAT Discussion Center | www.gdc4gpat.com ‘Test for persic oil: ‘The oi lis shaken with HINO3 Produces color Presence of persie oil ‘CHEMICAL TESTS FOR OTHER GROUPS TEST “OBSERVATION INFERENCE q Brownish red colour Presence of insulin To the test solution add solution of a-naphthol and produced H2SO4 1. T the test solution add ruthenium red 2. To the test solution add thionine solution and after 15 minutes wash with alcohol Pink eolor is obtained violet red Presence of mucilage Presence of mucilage Test for waxes: To the test solution, add alcoholic alkali solution ‘Waxes get saponified Presence of waxes Share ur notes to help others. Send ur notes to us gdegpat037 @gmai com Page 6