EMF RADIATION COMPLIANCE

FOR CELLSITE

Nokia Siemens Networks

Global Services, India Region

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks / Global Services Communications

NSN India,
/
 Part 1

EMF Basics & DOT Guidelines

EMF Radiation monitoring

2 30 September
© Nokia Siemens 2019
Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications
 CONTENT

1. What is EMF radiation?

2. DoT Access Service Cell instruction to all Service Provider on
implementation of radiation norms on EMF exposure by BTSs (No:800-
15/2010 –VAS)
3. DoT instruction for meeting the International Commission on Non-
Ionizing (ICNIRP) Radiation Protection guidelines
4. DoT advised 10 best practices to Mobile SP for Public exposure of EMF
for BTSs
5. Vodafone initiatives

3 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

1. What is EMF radiation ?
 Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) occur in nature and thus have always been present on earth. With the growth of Mobile
Communications it is apprehended that the population is being exposed to EMF radiations that could constitute a health
hazard. EMF radiation categorized into Ionizing & Non-ionizing.

Ionizing radiation EM waves are energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, ionizing them.
Non-ionizing radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum
to ionize atoms or molecules , here electromagnetic radiation has sufficient energy only for excitation, the movement
of an electron to a higher energy state.

However, non-ionizing extremely low-level EMF are produced by the base station antennas normally mounted on cellular
mobile towers and by handheld mobile telephone sets/radio terminals. In Telecom sites we are using GSM 900 MHz/ 1800
MHz Band & Microwave 7Ghz/15 GHz Band.

Visible
Power Lines AM Radio
FM Radio Mobile Phones
Infrared UV X-Rays

10 Hz 1 KHz 100 KHz 10 MHz 1 GHz 100 GHz

100 Hz 10 KHz 1 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz

Frequency TV Satellite Ionising Radiation

RF Transmission

Non-Ionising Radiation
4 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications
2. DoT Access Service Cell instruction to all Service Provider on
implementation of radiation norms on EMF exposure by BTSs (No:800- 15/2010 –VAS)

This is with reference to conditions of the License Agreement amendment dated 4th Nov’08, regarding implementation of
ICNIRP guidelines regarding the emission by BTS as below:
“License shall conduct audit & provide self certificates annually as per procedure prescribed by TEC/ or any other agency
authorized by Licensor from time to time for confirming to limits/levels for antennae (Base Station Emissions) for General
Public exposure as prescribed by ICNIRP from time to time. The permit limits/levels are reproduced as detailed below:

Frequency E-Field H-Field Power

Range Strength Strength (A/M) Density (W
(V/M) /Sq.m)
400-2000 MHz 1.375f ½ 0.0037f ½ f/200
2-300 GHz 61 0.16 10
f= frequency in MHz

Note: The compliance in the form of Self-Certificate shall commence 6 months after the date of issue of prescribed test
procedure by TEC or any other agency authorize by Licensor.”

Note: Power flux-density is the power per unit area normal to the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation, usually
expressed in units of Watts per square meter (W/m 2).
Note: For plane waves, power flux-density, electric field strength (E), and magnetic field strength (H) are related by the intrinsic
impedance of free space, η0= 377 ῼ In particular,
S= E2/ η0 = η0 H2 =EH
Where E and H are expressed in units of V/m and A/m, respectively, and S in units of W/m2 . Although many survey
instruments indicate power density units, the actual quantities E or H.

5 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 3. DoT instruction for meeting the International Commission on Non-
Ionizing (ICNIRP) Radiation Protection guidelines

 All existing BTSs to be ICNIRP compliant by 8th May 2010

 Self certification to be provided to DoT vigilance (i.e. TERM cell) by 15th May 2010
 Certification to be renewed annually.
 All new BTS sites to start radiating only after self certificate submitted to TERM cell.
 TERM (Telecom Enforcement Resource & Monitoring ) to conduct 10% random audit of new sites by TERM
cells.
 Cost of tools, equipment & audit to be borne by operator. Cost per audit Rs. 10,000/- per BTS
 Penalty of Rs 5 lakhs /BTS if found to be non-compliant.
 BTS site details of all operators to be hosted on the TEC website on submission of self test and registration with
TERM cell giving the test result and nature of compliance.

6 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 4. DoT advised 10 best practices to Mobile SP for Public exposure of EMF
for BTSs

 Include ICNIRP compliance as recommended by the TEC in their planning exercise for radio base station
 Assess al radio base stations for international (ICNIRP ) compliance as recommended by the TEC for public
exposure
 Produce a program for this compliance as recommended by the TEC for already existing sites also
 Provide a database information, which is available to the public on BTS
 Respond to complaints & enquires about BTS within the 10 working days
 Financially support the Government’s independent scientific research program on mobile communications health
issues
 Develop clear standards & produces on the issue after consolation with local communities & other stockholders
 Participate in pre-rollout & pre-application consolation with local planning authorities
 Publish clear, transparent & accountable criteria & cross-industry agreement on site sharing, which should be
update & published regularly
 Establish professional development workshops within telecommunications for public & other stake holders

7 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 5. NSN initiatives
 Data collation from Circles: Data is collating from all our circles in a standard template. This was done to group all our
sites basis site height and antenna types into different buckets so that we can test a % of these to qualify all sites in this
bucket. We have received info from most of the circles. Data awaited from Assam and HP.
 Identifying vendors for doing field testing: 3 vendors have been identified who had the necessary capability with tools
etc to do this testing. To all three of them we had given a sample of 2 sites each to complete the testing and give us the
report. This will indicate us their technical competency and also we will take these reports and engage with TEC to get
their buy in on methodology. Two of these vendors have already completed their testing and are in final stages of report
preparation.
 Discussion with Airtel/ Idea: A positive response has come from Group CTO of Idea and he want to work on our
suggestions. They have nominated a person who will work with us to take this discussion forward and then we can have
division of work. This meeting is planned in this week. Since the quantum of work is quite large, we intend to divide the
work amongst the three operators.
NOTE:
In response to the DoT letter , the Industry (COAI & AUSPI ) have recently represented the operational and technical
challenges in meeting this new requirement and has sought clarity on various aspects from DoT.
COAI (Cellular Operators Association of India) was set up in 1995 as a registered non- governmental, and non-profit
society. The Cellular Operators Association of India was established with the aim that it would be dedicated to the
advancement of modern communication. COAI objectives includes to upgrade and maintain services such as security,
speech transmission, coverage, and access in order to help in the expansion of the cellular services in the country and to
make continuous efforts to satisfy the customers. Further the various objectives of COAI are to address the problems of
the cellular operators that relate to financial, operational, licensing, or regulatory by interacting with the Ministry of
Finance, Department of telecommunications, Financial Institutions, Ministry of Communications & IT, Ministry of
Commerce, and Telecom Regulatory Authority of India .The various cellular companies that are members of COAI are:
Vodafone Group ,Spice Communications Ltd ,Reliance Telecom Ltd , Idea Cellular Ltd , BPL Cellular Ltd , Aircel Ltd ,
Bharti Airtel Ltd

8 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 Part 2

Test Procedure For Measurement of Electromagnetic

Fields from Base Station Antenna
(For Telecommunication Sector)
NO: TEC/TP/EMF/001/01.SEP 2009

9 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 CONTENT

1. Scope & References

2. Compliance Requirement
3. EMF exposure zones
4. The installation classification scheme
5. Vodafone initiatives

10 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

1. Scope & References
 Scope : The test procedure for the measurement of EMF from telecom station in GSM, 3G will comply with ITU-T
Recommendations K.52(2004): “Guidance on complying with limits for human exposure to electromagnetic fields” and K.61
(2003), “Guidance to measurement & numerical prediction of electromagnetic fields for compliance with human exposure
limits for telecommunication installations”. According to ICNIRP guidelines the measuring instrument should have the
capability to average the measurements over any period of 6 mints and also other conditions. Each Telecom Service
Provider will establish necessary infrastructure for self monitoring, self testing & for auditing of EMF measurement for
complying with emission limits as per ICNIRP guidelines & installation of Telecom equipment with safety limits for human
exposure to EMF.
Reference : The following ITU-T Recommendations:
1. ITU-T Recommendation K.52 (2004), Guidance on complying with limits for human exposure to electromagnetic fields
2. ITU-T Recommendation K.61 (2003), Guidance to measurement & numerical prediction of electromagnetic fields for
compliance with human exposure limits for telecommunication installations

2. Compliance Requirement
The Government has adopted ICNIRP guide line for limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic & EMF fields in
telecom sectors in India. The values of EMF exposure limits to be complied with Vodafone GSM / Microwave are provided:
Table.1- INNIRP reference levels ( unperturbed rms values)

Type of Frequency Range E-Field Strength H-Field Power Density

exposure (V/M) Strength (A/M) (W/Sq.m)

General 400-2000 MHz (GSM 900,1800; 3G) 1.375f ½ 0.0037f ½ f/200

public
2-300 GHz (Micro Wave 7/15/18 GHZ) 61 0.16 10
Occupational 400-2000 MHz 3f ½ 0.008f ½ f/40
exposure
2-300 GHz 137 0.36 50

Note1: f is indicated in the frequency range column ;

Note2: For frequencies between 100 KHz & 10 GHz, the averaging time is 6 minutes
Note3: For frequencies exceeding 10 GHz, the averaging time is 68/f 1.05 minutes (f in GHz)
11 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications
3. EMF exposure zones
EMF exposure assessment is made if the intentional emitters are present & conducted for all location where people might
be exposed to EMF in course of their normal activities.

Zone type Potential exposure to EMF is below Diagram

applicable limit
Controlled Uncontrolled /
/Occupational General public
exposure exposure

Compliance zone Y Y
Occupational zone Y N
Exceedance zone N N

12 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 4. Exposure level assessment

The assessment of the exposure level shall consider :

 The worst emission condition
 The simultaneous presence of several EMF sources, even at different frequencies
The following parameters should be considered :
 The maximum EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power ) i.e. mean transmitter power
 The antenna gain(G) or the numeric gain (F), including maximum gain & beam width
 The frequency of operation
 Various characteristics of the installation, such as antenna location, antenna height, beam direction, beam tilt & the
assessment of the probability that a person could exposed to the EMF

5. The installation classification scheme

Each emitter installation should be classified into the following three classes
1. Inherently compliant : Inherently safe sources produce fields that comply with relevant exposure limits a
few centimeter away from the source. Particular precaution are not necessary viz. IBS antenna
2. Normally compliant : These sources produce EMF that can exceed relevant exposure limits. However, as a
result of normal installation & uses for communication of this sources is not accessible to the people under
ordinary condition viz. antennas mounted on the sufficiently tall towers. But precaution need to be exercised
by maintenance personnel who came into close vicinity of emitters in
3. Provisionally compliant : These installation require special measures to achieve compliance

13 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

6. Procedure for determining installation class

It is expected that operators providing a particular telecommunication service using limited set of antennas & associated
equipment with well-defined characteristics, also provide the same in future. Therefore, it is possible to define a set of
reference configurations, reference exposure conditions and corresponding critical parameters that will enable convenient
classification of sites. A useful procedures as follows:
 Define a set of reference antenna parameters & types to customize emitters for the particular operation
 Define a set of emitters accessibility conditions to customize the particular service or application
 Determine EIRP threshold (EIRPth ) value that corresponds to the exposure limit for the power density or field from the
reference antenna for the particular accessibility condition by calculation or measurement
 For Inherently Compliant class emitters ( ICNIRP limit EIRP<2 W) no consideration of other installation aspects needed
 For normally Compliant classes ∑EIRPi / EIEPth,i ≤ 1 (EIRPi = temporal average radiated power of antenna & EIEPth,i =
threshold EIRP relevant to that particular antenna parameter & accessibility condition at particular frequency i ). For a
multiple-antenna installation, the following two conditions need to be distinguished :
1. If the sources have overlapping radiation pattern as determined by considering the half power beamwidth, the
respective maximum time-averaged EIRP should satisfy the criterion
2. If there is overlap of multiple sources, they shall be considered independently
 Sites that don’t meet the conditions for normally compliant classification are considered provisionally compliant

For sites where the application of these categories is ambiguous, additional calculations or measurements will need to be
performed .

14 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 Yes
6. EMF evaluation techniques start Inherently Assessment
Compliant procedure not
Evaluation of EMF for No required
telecommunication EIRP<
installations can be done by 2w
following techniques:
Exposure measurement
(i) Calculation Method: Procedure
Following two methods
are being prescribed. Determine the Frequency
Either of which could appropriate EMF limits.
be used for predicting Accessibility
compliance to the Determine EIRPth
radiation limits. Directivity
Protection
EIRP< Yes Normally
(a) Prediction of RF Fields measures or further
EIRPth Compliant measurement not
(b) Calculation Method for No required
determination of Provisionally
EIRPth Compliant
(ii) Field Measurement Analytical Methods,
Approach Determine exposure zone Numerical Methods,
Field Measurements

Are Exposure Yes

A flow chart of the zone Mitigation
exposure assessment accessible Techniques
for single EMF source of No
a Telecommunication
installation is given in No further precautions are
Figure needed

End

15 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

9. Calculation Methods
The material in this section is designed to provide assistance in determining whether a given facility would be in
compliance with ICNRlP guidelines for human exposure to RF radiation. The calculation methods discussed below should
be helpful in evaluating a particular exposure situation.

9.1 Prediction of R.F. Fields :

 Equations for Predicting RF fields :

The geometry for calculating exposure at the ground level due to an elevated antenna is shown in Figure

R
h

x 2m

An antenna is installed so that the centre of radiation is at the height h above the ground. The goal of the calculation is to
evaluate the power density at a point 2 m above the ground (approximate head level) at a distance x from the tower. In
this example the main beam is parallel to the ground and the antenna gain is axially symmetrical (omnidirectional).

To simplify the foregoing, define h' = h – 2. Using trigonometry,

R2 = h' 2 +x2
e=tan-1 (h' /x)
Taking into account reflections from the ground, the power density becomes:
S =(2.56/4Π) F(θ) ElRP/ ( h' 2+ x2 )
The factor of 2.56 may be replaced by 4 considering 100 % reflection. F(e) is relative gain of antenna at a given angle.
This parameter should be obtained from Antenna Data Sheet, In the absence of this parameter value, it may be taken as
The equation is thus modified as : S =F(θ) ElRP/ ( h' 2+ x2)

16 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 9.1 Prediction of R.F. Fields continued…..
 Field regions :
The properties of EM Fields need to be taken into consideration for their measurement and evaluation. For example:

•Non-radiating near field region :

i) Reactive near-field zone: It is immediately surrounding the antenna where reactive field predominates .For
compliance with the safe exposure limits, measurement of both E & H components, or evaluation of SAR is required in this
region.
ii) Reactive - radiating near-field region : The transitional region wherein the radiating field is beginning to be important
compared with the reactive component. For compliance with the safe exposure limits, measurement of both E & H
components or evaluation of SAR is required in this region.
iii) Radiating near-field (Fresnel) zone : The region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-field and the far
field region and wherein the radiation field predominates. Here, the electric and magnetic components can be considered
locally normal; moreover the ratio E/H can be assumed constant (and almost equal to 20, the intrinsic impedance of free
space). For compliance with the safe exposure limits, measurement of only E component is required in this region.

•Far-field regions :
In far-field regions the angular field distribution in essentially independent of the distance from the antenna and the radiated
power density [W/m2} is constant. Here the E and H field components are transverse and propagate as a plane wave. For
compliance with the safe exposure limits, measurement of E or Power (S) is required in this region.

Reactive Reactive radiating Radiating ( Fresnel) Radiating far-field

Near-field Near-field Near-field

EM source λ 3λ 2D2/λ Distance from the source

The above regions are shown in Figure where D is supposed to be large compared with the wavelength λ. In the case of
EMF exposure assessment, however, a large phase difference and thus a
shorter distance marking the beginning of the far-field zone is acceptable. A realistic practical distance from a large antenna,
where the far-field begins is: Rf= 0.5 D2/λ
-Where Rf= distance which marks the beginning of the far-field region; D= the maximum dimension of the antenna; λ =
wavelength, in metres (m). Therefore, it is important to be aware of the boundaries of each field region before starting a
compliance procedure..

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9.2 Determination procedure of EIRP
1) Determine the field or the power density for each point O, where exposure can occur, for the particular antenna
2) Find the maximum power density Smax within the exposure area from this set
3) The condition Smax = Slim gives the EIRPth where Slim is the relevant limit given by the EMF exposure standard at the
relevant frequency. This procedure may be performed by calculations methods or by measurements. If measurements are
used, it is necessary to perform them at a number of representative locations for each accessibility configuration and
antenna type.
 Accessibility categories :
These categories depend on the installation circumstances, assess the likelihood that a person can access the exceedance
zone of the emitter are given in Table below:

Accessibility Relevant installation circumstances Figure

Category reference

1 Antenna is installed on an inaccessible tower – the centre of radiation is at a height h Fig 1

above ground level. There is a constraint h>3 m. Antenna is installed on a publicly
accessible structure( such as rooftop) – the centre of radiation is a height h above the
structure
2 Antenna is installed at ground level– the centre of radiation is at a height h above ground Fig 2
level. There is a constraint h>3 m. There is an adjacent building or structure accessible to
the general public and of approximately height h is located at distance d from antenna along
the direction of propagation.
3 Antenna is installed at ground level– the centre of radiation is at a height h (h>3) above Fig 3
ground level. There is an adjacent building or structure accessible to the general public and
of approximately height h' is located at distance d from antenna along the direction of
propagation.
4 Antenna is installed on a structure at a height h (h >3 m): There is an exclusion area Fig 4
associated with the antenna. Two geometries for the exclusion area are defined:
1.A circular area with radius a surrounding the antenna Fig 5
2.A rectangular are of size a x b in front of the antenna

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 h h h

Fig 1: Accessibility category 1 Fig 2: Accessibility category 2

h
h a

h'

d Fig 4: Accessibility category4,

circular exclusion area

Fig 3: Accessibility category 3

b

a Fig 5: Accessibility category4,

rectangular exclusion area

19 © Nokia Siemens Networks NSN India, Global Services Communications

 Antenna directivity categories:
Antenna directivity is important because it determines the pattern of potential exposure. High directivity means that most of the
radiated power is concentrated in a narrow beam which may allow good control of the location of the exposure zones.
The antenna pattern is a major determinant and a frequently varying factor in determining the field. Table 3 presents a
description to facilitate classification of antennas into generic categories. The most important parameter for determining the
exposure due to elevated ; antennas is the vertical (elevation) antenna pattern. The horizontal (azimuth) pattern is
not relevant because the exposure assessment assumes exposure along the direction of , maximum radiation in the horizontal
plane. Note, however, that the vertical and horizontal patterns determine the antenna gain, and that horizontal pattern
determines the exclusion area for accessibility category 4.

Directivity Antenna description Relevant parameters

category
1 Half-wave dipole. Yagi antenna used at GSM repeater, TV None see Fig 6
antenna
2 Broad coverage antenna (omnidirectional or sectional), such as •Vertical half-power beamwidth:θbw
those used for wireless communication or broadcasting. (GSM • Maximum side-lobe amplitude with
antenna) respect to the maximum: Asl
•Beam tilt: α
3 High-gain antenna producing a “pencil” (circularly symmetrical See figure 7
beam), such as those used for point-to-point communication or .
earth stations

Fig 6
Fig 7

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 The exclusion area:
This clause describes the exclusion areas for accessibility category 4. The exclusion area depends on the horizontal pattern
of the antenna. The relevant parameter is the horizontal coverage of the antenna. Table 4 presents the exclusion areas for a
few typical values of the horizontal coverage of omnidirectional, sectional or narrow-beam antennas. Please see the Table
for Exclusion area as function of horizontal coverage :
Horizontal Exclusion area
coverage
Omnidirectional Circular exclusion area ( Fig 4)
1200 Rectangular exclusion area ( Fig 5) b=0.866a
900 Rectangular exclusion area ( Fig 5) b=0.707a
600 Rectangular exclusion area ( Fig 5) b=0.5a
300 Rectangular exclusion area ( Fig 5) b=0.259a
Less than 50 Rectangular exclusion area ( Fig 5) b=0.09a

 EIRPth calculation applicable to Cellsites :

Tables B.1 & B.2 show the expressions for EIRPth values based on the ICNIRP limits for various frequency ranges,
accessibility conditions and antenna directivity categories. It is necessary to point out that the radiated density power can
be used only in far-field conditions, when it is representative of the electric and magnetic fields. This represents the limit
of validity of the proposed assessment procedure for normally compliant installations. Where the procedure is not
applicable (e.g., low frequencies or exposure in near-field conditions), then the installation shall be considered
provisionally compliant. The ICNIRP guidelines define three frequency ranges to which correspond different limit
values of equivalent plane wave power density. For frequencies. above 100 MHz the limits are ( Please go to slide no 11)

Please go to next slides for the Tables:

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Note : In the following tables a , d, h, h‘ are in meter; Asl = Maximum side-lobe amplitude with respect to the maximum
amplitude of main lobe; θbw = Vertical half-power beamwidth ; f= frequency in MHz, All angels should be expressed in
radians; Asl should be expressed as a numerical factor. However, usually, it is given in dB with respect to the maximum.
To convert: Asl =10 Asl [db]/10 .

Table B.1 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 400-2000 MHz

Directivity Accessibility Category EIRPth (W)

category
General public Occupational

2 (GSM) 1 Lesser of: Lesser of:

f Π(h-2)2/200Asl or f Π(h-2)2/40Asl or

f Π/200[(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2 f Π/40[(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2

2 (GSM) 2 Lesser of: Lesser of:

(determined by: h‘> f Π(h-2)2/200Asl or f Π(h-2)2/40Asl or
h-d tan( α + 1.129θbw ))
f Πd2/200 f Πd2/40

2 (GSM) 3 Lesser of: Lesser of:

(determined by: h‘< f Π(h-2)2/200Asl or f Π(h-2)2/40Asl or
h-d tan( α + 1.129θbw ))
f Π[d2 + (h-h‘) 2 / d ] 2 / 200Asl f Π[d2 + (h-h‘) 2 / d ] 2 / 40Asl

2 (GSM) 4 Lesser of: Lesser of:

f Π[a2 + (h-h‘) 2 / a] 2 / 200Asl or f Π[a2 + (h-h‘) 2 / a] 2 / 40Asl or

f Π/200[(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2 f Π/40[(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2

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Note : In the following tables a , d, h, h‘ are in meter; Asl = Maximum side-lobe amplitude with respect to the maximum
amplitude of main lobe; θbw = Vertical half-power beamwidth ; f= frequency in MHz, All angels should be expressed in
radians; Asl should be expressed as a numerical factor. However, usually, it is given in dB with respect to the maximum.
To convert: Asl =10 Asl [db]/10 .
Table B.2 - Conditions for normal compliance of installations based on ICNIRP limits for frequency range 2000- 300000 MHz

Directivity Accessibility EIRPth (W)

category Category
General public Occupational

3 1 Lesser of: Lesser of:

(MICROWAVE) 10 Π(h-2)2/Asl or 50 Π(h-2)2/Asl or

10 Π [(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2 50Π[(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2

3 2 N/A (Line of sight is usually N/A (Line of sight is usually required)

(MICROWAVE) required)

3 3 Lesser of: Lesser of:

(MICROWAVE) (determined by: h‘< 10Π(h-2)2/A sl or 50 Π(h-2)2/Asl or
h-d tan( α + 1.129θbw
)) 2.5Π[d2 + (h-h‘) 2 / d ] 2 / Asl 12.5 Π[d2 + (h-h‘) 2 / d ] 2 / Asl

3 4 Lesser of: Lesser of:

(MICROWAVE) 10Π[a2 + (h-h‘) 2 / a] 2 /Asl or 50 Π[a2 + (h-h‘) 2 / a] 2 / Asl or

10 Π[(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2 50 Π[(h-2)/sin( α + 1.129θbw )]2

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 THANK YOU

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