1ST TERM ENGLISH REVIEWER

I. MYTH oruled with his sister (wife),

o mhûtos meaning "word of mouth" (Greek Rhea
word) o swallowed his children: after
o considered both education and hearing about a prophecy
entertainment that one of his children would
o natural events (i.e. rain, sun, stars and dethrone him
lighting etc.) ZEUS (Jupiter)
o way of gods o was secretly hidden at crete
o usually consists of heroines, immortals, or o defeated: Cronus and the Titans
gods and goddesses with his siblings and Prometheus
HOW THE WORLD AND MANKIND (Son of Titan Iapetus); ​Typhon
WAS CREATED and Giants
o ruled the Heavens with his
brothers and sisters
TWO STORIES OF CREATION OF MAN
o EPIMETHEUS (afterthought)
gave the best gifts to animals until there
was nothing left to protect men
o PROMETHEUS (forethought)
gave men: the ability to stand upright; fire
GOD CREATED MEN (Races)
GOLDEN
o no sorrow, toil or pain
MOTHER EARTH (Gaea)
o pure spirits in death
♥
SILVER
FATHER HEAVEN (Ouranus)
o kept injuring each other,
o HUNDRED HANDS AND FIFTY HEADS
because they had little
(Hecatoncheires)
intelligence
● monstrous
o their spirits did not live on
● imprisoned
afternoon death
● strong
BRASS/BRONZE
o CYCLOPS
o loved war and violence,
● wheel-eyed
destroyed each other with
● powerful
their own hands
● gigantic
GODLIKE HEROES
o TITANS
o fought glorious wars and
● not destructive
went on great adventures
CRONUS (Saturn)
o wounded his Father; became Lord of the
IRON
Universe
o lives in evil times
o born from Heaven's blood:
o their nature has too much evil
o Giants
that they can never escape
o Erinyes (The Furies)
toil and sorrow
"those who walk in the darkness"

(SALVA CRUZ) X – 2 ST. AGNES REVIEWER

PANDORA
o "the gift of all"
o first women; an evil to men
o made out of Zeus' anger at Prometheus
o PANDORA's BOX: given by the gods;
source of misfortune
Pandora opened the box and released
sorrow and plagues for mankind, but also
hope— mankind's sole comfort in
misfortune
II. THE 12 GREAT OLYMPIANS
"the 12 great Olympians were supreme
among the gods who succeeded to the Titans.
they were called the Olympians because
Olympus was their home."
ZEUS (Jupiter)
"god of all gods"
o Supreme Ruler; Lord of the Sky;
Rain-God; Cloud-Gatherer; God of
Lightning and Thunder
o symbol/s: eagle, oak tree, aegis,
thunderbolt
POSEIDON (Neptune)
o Ruler of the Sea; God of the Sea,
Earthquakes, and Horses;
Earth-shaker
o symbol/s: horse, dolphin, bull, trident
HADES (Pluto)
o God of the Underworld; God of
Wealth; Ruler of the Death
o symbol/s: screech owl, invisible
helmet, Cerberus
HESTIA (Vesta)
o Goddess of the Hearth; Symbol of
Home; one of the virgin goddesses
o symbol/s: fire, home, donkey
HERA (Juno)
o Goddess (and Protector) of Marriage
and Birth; Queen of all Gods;
punished the women Zeus fell in love
with
o symbol/s: cow, peacock, Argos
ARES (Mars)
o God of War and Violence; both
parents detested him; had an affair
with Aphrodite
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o symbol/s: vulture, dog
HEPHAESTUS (Vulcan)
o God of Fire, Crafts, and Forging;
known as the only ugly one (lame);
Protector of the Smiths
o symbol/s: donkey, crane, anvil
ATHENA (Minerva)
"Pallas Athena"
o Goddess of Wisdom, Battle Strategy,
Reason; Goddess of the City; Favorite
Daughter of Zeus; no mother bore
her; sprang from Zeus' Head
o symbol/s: owl, olive tree
APOLLO
“​Phoebus Apollo”
o God of Light, Truth, Music, Medicine,
and Archery; Archer-god; Healer; twin
of Artemis; most Greek among the
gods
o symbol/s: laurel tree, golden lyre,
dolphin, crow, Phython, bow and
arrow
ARTEMIS (Diana)
o Goddess of e Wilderness and Hunt,
Archery; Lady of Wild Things;
Moon-Goddess; twin of Apollo; one of
the virgin goddesses
o symbol/s: Cypress, deer, wolves,
moon, bow and arrow (silver arrows)
HERMES (Mercury)
o God of Commerce and the Market;
Protector of Trades, Zeus' Messenger;
Master Thief; Divine Herald; leads
souls to their last home
o symbol/s: Caduceus, rooster, satchel,
winged sandals and cap(low-crowned
hat)
APHRODITE (Venus)
o Goddess of Love, Beauty, Fertility and
Pleasure
o symbol/s: turtle-dove, sparrow, rose,
myrtle tree, swan
III. EIGHT BRIEF TALES OF LOVE
PYRAMUS AND THISBE
Characters:
o Pyramus- most beautiful youth
o Thisbe- loveliest maiden
Setting:
o Babylon, Tomb of Nimbus
Origin: mulberry tree
Moral: love is strong and hard to break;
always listen to your parents (they know
what’s best for you)
❖ forbidden love; similar to Romeo and
Juliet
❖ Pyramus thought the lioness killed
Thisbe = stabbed himself with his
sword
❖ Thisbe declared that even death could
not separate them from each other
ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE
Characters:
o Orpheus- greatest performer; son of
the muses and a Thracian Prince
o Eurydice- lover of Oprheus, who had
found her on the Siren’s Island
Setting: Underworld, Thrace, Mount Olympus
Origin:
Moral: death can’t separate two lovers, even
if the two were meant to be separated for
good
❖ on the day of their wedding, Eurydice
was stung by a viper and died
❖ Orpheus traveled to the underworld
to retrieve Eurydice, and then played
irresistible tunes to both, Hades and
Persephone. Persephone pleaded to
Hades to give the Orpheus another
chance, Hades agreed in line with an
agreement. That Orpheus is not to
look back/at Eurydice as they return
Earth. Orpheus looked back too soon
and Eurydice then disappeared, gone
forever.
❖ was killed by a band of Maenads, who
pulled apart his limbs and flung his
head into River Hebrus
❖ Muses, found his head and buried it in
the sanctuary of the island
(SALVA CRUZ) X – 2 ST. AGNES REVIEWER
❖ his limbs gathered in a tomb at the
foot of Mount Olympus, Nightingales
never sang as sweetly as they did
there
CEYX AND ALCYONE
Characters:
o Ceyx- a king in Thessaly; son of
Lucifer; light bearer
o Alcyone- Ceyx’s wife; daughter of
Aeolus, king of winds
o Juno (Hera)- goddess, Alcyone prayed
to
o Iris- messenger of Juno
o Somnus- god of sleep
o Morpheus- son of Somnus who went
to the dreams of Alcyone to inform
her of her husband’s passing
Setting: Thessaly, Shore
Origin: Halcyone Day
Moral: real love can last for eternity even if
the future is unknown
PYGMALION AND GALATEA
Characters:
o Pygmalion- a sculptor of Cyprus who
was known to be a “women-hater”
(or misogynist)
o Galatea- a statue that was created by
Pygmalion, transformed into an actual
person with the help of Venus
o Venus (Aphrodite)- gave life to
Galatea as she favored Pygmalion’s
prayer and was interested in
Pygmalion as he was a new kind of
lover
Setting: Cyprus
Origin: —
Moral: there is a thin line between love and
hate, especially if one can learn to love
something or someone they once dreaded
BAUCIS AND PHILEMON
Characters:
o Baucis and Philemon- poor folk;
married couple
 o Jupiter and Mercury (Zeus and
Hermes)- disguised as two beggars as
they were testing people’s hospitality
Setting: Phrygian
Origin: two trees, oak and linden
Moral: treat everyone well because you never
know when you'll find yourself in the
presence of a god
❖ Jupiter and Mercury then reveal
themselves as gods, and they drown
the rest of the people of Phrygia with
a flood, sparing only Baucis and
Philemon, and transforming their
shack into a magnificent temple. Then
they offer to grant any wish for the
old couple, and Baucis and Philemon
ask only that they should never have
to live apart, but might die together
❖ The gods grant this wish, and Baucis
and Philemon live to an old age as
priests in their temple-house. When
they die, the gods transform them
into two trees, an oak and a linden,
growing together out of one trunk.
ENDYMION
Characters:
o Selene- Moon Goddess, said to be the
actual reincarnation of the moon
o Endymion- young shepherd with
surpassing beauty (some call him a
hunter and king aswell)
o Zeus- granted Selene’s request to give
him immortal youth but eternal sleep
aswell
Setting: Mount Latmus
Origin: —
Moral: watch out for what we wish for; love
has two sides, happy and sad
❖ She kisses him one night and puts him
in a magical sleep so that she can visit
him whenever she wants. He remains
sleeping forever, and Selene is always
tormented by longing for him
DAPHNE
Characters:
(SALVA CRUZ) X – 2 ST. AGNES REVIEWER
o Daphne- determined to remain
unmarried and untouched; huntress;
follower of Artemis
o Apollo- fell in love with Daphne as
soon as he saw her; chased her
o Peneus- river-god, Father of Daphne,
turned her into a laurel tree
Setting: —
Origin: Laurel tree
Moral: what happens if you refuse a god;
supposedly it is a reward for Daphne that she
was turned into a tree as she is immortalized
in legend, but in reality she is being punished
for refusing a god
❖ Apollo pursues her relentlessly, and
the panicked Daphne calls out for
help to her father, the river god
Pentheus, as she approaches his river.
Pentheus transforms Daphne into a
laurel tree before Apollo can catch
her. Apollo then declares that the
laurel will be his sacred tree from now
on, and it now symbolizes music and
victory
ALPHEUS AND ARETHUSA
Characters:
o Alpheus- river-god; river in Greece
o Arethusa- huntress; follower of
Artemis; turned into a spring of water
in Sicily
o Artemis- turned Artemis into a spring
of water and made a tunnel for the
water to flow to Sicily
Setting: Ortygia, Greece and Sicily
Origin: Arethusa Spring/Arethusa’s Well
Moral: (similar to Daphne’s) it is unfortunate
to be loved by a god, but it is even worse to
reject that love; supposedly Arethusa is
rewarded by becoming a famous spring, but
she still cannon escape Alpheus so it’s more of
a punishment
❖ Arethusa still cannot escape Alpheus,
however. He changes back into a river
and follows Arethusa through her
tunnel so that their waters mingle
 together. Because of this, there is a Facts and Statistics
connection between the Alpheus river o When truthful information is given to
in Greece and Arethusa’s well in Sicily back up a point.
e.g. 95% of pupils feel that there is too much
IV. PERSUASIVE ESSAY WRITING homework.
Seeks to convince its readers to embrace the Groups of Three
point-of-view presented by appealing to the o When 3 adjectives or phrases are used to
audience’s reason and understanding through emphasize a point.
argument and/or entreaty. (OWL, n.d.) e.g. Homework is boring, dull and
In persuasive writing, the main aim is to uninteresting.
influence the way a reader thinks, feels and Criticize the other person’s point of view
acts. (Camp, 2007) o When you pick holes in your opposition’s
o TV commercials argument so that your point of view
o Letters to the editor sounds better.
o Junk mail Personal Pronouns
o Magazine ads o Using words like ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘our’ and ‘us’
o College brochures to make your audience think you are
STEPS ON WRITING A PERSUASIVE ESSAY talking only to them.
1) Understand your audience. e.g. We can beat this disease together!
2) Support your opinion. ‘It is clear to us all that we should oppose this
3) Know the various sides of your issue. motion….’
4) Respectfully address other points of view.
5) Find common ground with your audience.
6) Establish your credibility.
Rhetorical question
o A question that is asked which makes the
reader think.
e.g. How would you feel if you had 2 hours of
homework every night?
Repetition
o Words or phrases are repeated so that
they stick in the reader’s mind.
e.g. remember what is was like to be at
school, remember how much work you had.
Emotive Language
o When words are used to make the reader
feel a certain emotion, like sadness or
anger.
e.g. We are the poor, helpless children who
are forced to do hours and hours of homework
every night.
Exaggeration
o When information is given that is over the
top, or slightly untrue.
e.g. If I get set one more homework I am going
to move to the moon!

(SALVA CRUZ) X – 2 ST. AGNES REVIEWER