OPTICS Fourth Edition INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL Eugene Hecht Adelphi University Mark Coffey University of Colorado Paul Dolan Northeastern Illinois University San Francisco Boston New York ‘Cape Town Hong Kong. Londen Madrid Mexico City Mosereal “Munich Paria “Singapore Sydney Tokyo ToromtoISBN 08082-85789 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc, publishing ss Addison Wesley, 1501 Sansome St, Sas Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of Americe This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to ‘ry prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transnision In aay form or by ay ‘means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, of likewise. To obtain perminsion(s) So wae ‘material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc, Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave, Glenview, IL, 60025. For information regarding parmiaions. call ‘847 /486/2685. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their prods are ciated as trademaris. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was ewnce of = ‘trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial exp or all cape. 456789 10 —BTP 0s 04 a3 o2 01 own aw com/physiesChapter 2 Solutions Chapter 3 Solutions Chapter 4 Solutions Chapter 5 Solutions Chapter 6 Solutions Chapter 7 Solutions Chapter 8 Solutions Chapter 9 Solutions Chapter 10 Solutions Chapter 11 Solutions Chapter 12 Solutions Chapter 13 Solutions Contents 15 30 45 52 61 72 80 87 93 97 iiiChapter 2 Solutions 1 21 2.2 23) 24 2.5 2.6 27 2.8 29 Chapter 2 Solutions (0.003)(2.54 x 10-2/580 x 10-*) = number of waves = 131, ¢= vA, A= c/v = 3% 10/10", d= 3 cm. Waves extend 3.9 m. D=e/v = 3x 108/5 x 104 =6 x 10-7 m= 0.64 m. x 10°/60 = 5 x 10° m=5 x 10° km. v= dv =5 x 10-7 x 6 x 10° = 300 m/s. ‘The time between the crests is the period, so 7 = 1/2's; hence vy =1/1 = 2.0 Hz, As for the speed v = L/t = 4.5 m/1.5 s = 3.0 m/s. We now know 7, v, and v and must determine A. Thus, A= v/v = 30 m/s/2.0 He = 1.5 m. 5 x 10° m/s = v(4.3 m); v = 0.81 kHz. v= vA = 1498 m/s = (440 Hz)A; X= 3.40 m. v= (10 m)/2.0 s) = 5.0 m/s; v = v/A = (5.0 m/s)/(0.50 m) = 10 Hz. v= va=(w/2n)d and sow = (20/A)v. 6 sind =1 —Vvi/2 0 v3/2 1 v2] cos 8 0 3/2 x v2/2 oO =V3/2 sin(@—7/a) | -v320 = V2 ° var 1 sin(@~1/2) 0 -vy2 =A VER 0 vara sin(9-3n/4) | v2/2 0 -v3/2 ea -v2/2 0 sin(@ + /2) 0 a2 1 2/2 0 -v3/22.10 211 2.12 2.13 2.14 Chapter 2 Solutions 77/4 Qn sin(@ — 7/4) sin(0 ~ 1/2) sin(0 31/4) sin(0 + x/2) M2 -N4 0 M4 ay2 Be a 0 x/2 = ‘Se/2 On ~vy2/2 2/2 J2j2_aj2_ 3/2 -v3/2 9/2 vi/2 2/2 —vaj2 vaya V2/2 3/2 -v2/2 ra = ape cos( nz ~ x/2) cos(nz +3n/4) -/2_ -1/4 0 rh Rt wt = 2n/r = =n/2 0 z/2 7 ‘ar/2 7 sin(ut + 4/4) | —y2/2 -v2/2 vaj2 yaj2 9/2 3/2, 8/2 sin(n/4—wt) | —v2/2 3/2 v2/2, -v2/2, 9/242 V8/2 Comparing y with Eq, (2.13) tells us that A = 0.02 m. Moreover, 2n/A = 157 m~ and so \ = 2x /(157m™) = 0.0400 m. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is v = vA, and so v = 0/= 1.2 m/s/0.0400 m = 30 Hz. The period is the inverse of the frequency, and therefore + = 1/v = 0.033 s. (8) A= (4.0- 0.0) m=4.0 m, (b) v= vA, s0 v = v/d= (20.0 m/s)/(4.0 m) = 5.0 Hz. (c) Eq. (2.28) V(x, t) = Asin(kz — ut +). From the figure, A = 0.020 m; k= 2n/D = 2n/(4.0 m) = 0.5a m~; w = 2nv = 2n(5.0 He) = 10.07 rad/s At t=0,2=0, ¥(0,0) = -0.020 m; (0, 0) = (0.020 m) sin(0.5n(0) — 10.0%(0) + €) = (0.020 m) sin(é); sin(e) = —1; € = —n/2. ¥(z,t) = (0.020 m) sin(0.5xz — 10.0xt — x/2) (a) d = (80.0 - 0.0) em = 30.0 om. (c) v =A, so v = 0/A = (100 em/s)/(30.0 cm) = 3.33 HeChapter 2 Sokutions 3 2.15 (a) 7 = (0.20— 0.00) s = 0.20. (b) v = 1/7 = 1/(0-20s) = 5.00 Hz, (c) v =A, s0 A= v/v = (40.0 em/s)/(5.00 5) = 8.00 om. 2.16 y= Asin2n(nx — vt), th = Asin 2n(0.2r — 34). (a) v = 3, (b) A= 1/02, (c) =1/3, (a) A=4, (e) v= 15, (£) positive z pb = Asin(ke + wt), do = (1/2.5) sin(7x + 3.5t). (a) v = 3.5/27, (b) A =2n/7, (c) = 21/35, (4) A= 1/25, (e) v = 1/2, (f) negative 2.17 Form of Eq, (2.26) Y(z, t) = Asin(ka — wt) (a) w = 2nv, 50 v = w/2n = (20.0 rad/s)/2n, (b) k = 2n/A, s0 d= 2n/k = 2n/(6.28 rad/m) = 1.00 m, (c) v = 1/7, so 7 = 1/v=1/(10.0/m He) = 0.1075, (4) From the form of , A = 30.0 cm, (e) v =w/k = (20.0 rad/s) /(6.28 rad/m) = 3.18 m/s, (f) Negative sign indicates motion in +z direction. 2.18 8p/Ox? = —k%p and Py/8e? = —Kv*p. Therefore Py/O2 — (1/v?)Pp/B? = (-K + KP)p = 0. 2.19 O?p/Ox? = —Ky; Py/Ot? = —wy; w?/v? = (2mv)?/v? = (2n/A)? = 5 therefore, 0?¢/dx? — (1/v2)0*)/dt? = (—k? + k*)y =0 2.20 o(z,t) = Acos(ha — wt — (7/2) = Af{cos(ka — wt) cos(—n/2) — sin(kr — wt) sin(—1/2)} = Asin(ka ~ wt) 2.21 vy = -wAcos(kx — wt + €), a, = —w*y. Simple harmonic motion since yxy. 2.22 7=22x 10-5; therefore v = 1/r = 4.5 x 10" Hz; v =v, = v/v =6.6 x 10-7 m and k= 2x/A=9.5 x 10° m™ (a, t) = (10°V/m) cos[9.5 x 10%m7"(z +3 x 108(m/s)t)]. It’s cosine because cos0 = 1. a 2 3 u(x,t) = C/[2 + (x + vt)?2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 Chapter 2 Sotutions Acos(kut + x) = —Acos( hve ‘Acos(n) = A, ¥0(0, 37/4) = —A cos(8ur/4) = —Acos(3n/2) = 0. Acos(ut), then Since ¥(y,t) = (y — vt)A is only a function of (y — vt), it does satisfy the conditions set down for a wave. Since 0?y/dy* = 6W/At? = 0, this function is a solution of the wave equation. However, ¥(y,0) = Ay is unbounded, so cannot represent a localized wave profile k= 73 x 10° m7, w= 79 x 10! Hz, v =w/k = 3 x 10° m/s. d/dt = Op/Axdzx/dt + (Ov/dy)(dy/dt) and let-y = t whereupon dy /dt = 0b/dx(+v) + O¥/At = 0 and the desired result follows immediately. lat = (8p/8z)(dz/dt) + Op/9t = 0 = k(dz/dt) — kw and this is 2er0 provided dz/dt = tv, as it should be. For the particular wave of Problem 2.20, y/dt = Op/0y(+») + Ap/Ot = x3 x 10°(v) +=9 10" =0 and the speed is —3 x 10® m/s —a(ba + ct)? = —ab?(x + ct/b)? = o(z + vt) and so v = c/b and the wave travels in the negative x-direction. Using Eq. (234) (0¥/8t)./(Ov/Oz), = —[A(—2a)(ba + ct)cerat'=*="|/[ 4(—20) (br + ct)be—a(br + ct)"] = -c/b; ‘the minus sign tells us that the motion is in the negative z-direction. (2,0) = Asin(kz + €); (—/12,0) = Asin(—=/6 +) = 0.866; ¥(A/6,0) = Asin(/3 +€) = 1/2; ¥(A/4,0) = Asin(x/2+ Asin(n/2 + €) = A(sin n/2cose + cos x/2sine) = Acose = 0, Asin(1/3 + x/2) = Asin(5x/6) = 1/2; therefore A = 1, hence (2,0) = sin(kz +7/2). Both (a) and (b) are waves since they are twice differentiable functions of 2—vt and 2+ vt, respectively. Thus for (a) y = a(z— t/a)? and the velocity is 6/a in the positive z-direction. For (b) # = a*(z +bt/a +¢/a)?® and the velocity is 6/a in the negative z-direction.Chapter 2 Solutions & 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 (a) ¥(y.t) = exp —(ay — bt), a traveling wave in the +y direction, with speed v =w/k = b/a. (b) not a traveling wave. (c) traveling wave in the —s direction, v = a/b, (4) traveling wave in the +2 direction, v = 1. U(a,t) = 5.0exp[-a(x + //b/at)’], the propagation direction is negative 2; v= Vbj/a=06 m/s. W(x, 0) = 5.0exp(-252"). =v/v = 0.300 m; 10.0 cm is a fraction of a wavelength viz. (0.100 m)/(0.300 m) = 1/3; hence 2/3 = 2.09 rad. 30° corresponds to 4/12 or (1/12)3 x 108/6 x 10" = 42 nm. Ula, t) = Asin 2x(x/d+t/7), v= 60 sin 2n(2/400 x 10-® —t/1.33 x 10-"5), ‘= 400 nm, v = 400 x 107®/1.33 x 10-5 = 3 x 108 m/s. vy = (1/1.33) x 10! Hz, 7 = 1.33 x 10 s. e%ei8 = (cosa + isin a)(c0s 8+ isin 8) = (cos.a.cos 8 ~ sin asin 8) + i(sin a-c0s 8 + cos esi B) = cos(a + 8) + isin(a + 8) = et at = Act Ae“ = A®, Je" = A. In terms of Buler’s formula wot = A*(coswt + isinut)(coswt — ésinwt) = A?(cos* we + sin? wt) = A”. Ifz=2-+iy, then 2 = 2 — iy and z—2* = 2yi. p = Aexpi(kex + ky + kez), he = ker, ky = kB, ke = by, [| = [(ka)? + (h6)® + (len)?)N? = a? + 6? +97) Consider Eq. (2.64), with 6%) /8z? = a? f", y/dy? = Bs", Py faz? = Pf", Py/O? = v4f". Then Vb — (1/0?)0?y/At? = (a? + 6? + 7? — 1) f" = 0 whenever +P +P=l = hmv = 6.6 x 10-/6(1) = 1.1 x 10- m. E can be constructed by forming @ unit vector in the proper direction and multiplying it by k. The unit vector is2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 Chapter 2 Solutions (4-0) + (2-09 + (1 - OV VE FEST = (4429 +H / VO and R= ki +25 + &)/VO1. F= ai + yj + 2h, hence (a, ¥, 2) t) = Asin[(4k/V21)x + (2k/V2)y + (k/V21)2 — wt] E = (1i+0) +08), F=ai+y7 + 2k, 50, o = Asin(B- 7 — wt +) = Asin(ke — wt + €) where k = 2n/d (could use cos instead of sin). UG) = vi - (A) = vE-A,t) WEF W(F, t) since K- (7% — 7%) =0. UE - 7 —B-(—A),t] = =s/2_-2/4 0/4 [2 n/a Sx/4_3n/2 T/A = S/S 36/2 Taft oe sind “WE o Wt Wi 0 WA 1 yt 0 info — 7/2) “UWE 1 -yvE 0 WE WWE 0 ae in0 + sin(@ ~ x/2) vie -1 OMA EG en fk Note that the amplitude of {sin(#) +sin(@ — x/2)} is greater than 1, while the amplitude of {sin(9) + sin(9 — 47/4) is less than 1. The phase difference is 1/8. = ~M2_-M4_ 0 fad SAN ke =n =a/2_ 0s coske =I Cf 0 cos(kz +x) | 1 o - 0 @ o 7Chapter 8 Solutions S21 3.2 3.3 3.4 a5 Chapter 3 Solutions Compare E, = 2cos[2m x 10!(t — x/c) + x/2] to EB, = Acos[2rv(t ~ 2/v) + 1/2]. (a) v = 10% Ha, v'=c, and A=c/v =3 x 108/10 = 3 x 10-6 m, moves in positive z-direction, A=2V/m, €= 7/2 linearly polarized in the y-direction. (b) Bz By =0, B. = B,/c E, = 0, E, = E, = Eysin(kz — wt) or cosine; B, = 0, B, or if you like, E,/c, z AG +i) snl wt), 5 SG Fain he ~ ur). First, by the right-hand rule, the directions of the vectors are right. Then KE =wB and so (2n/)E = wB = 2rvB, hence E = vB =. 9E/@z = —kEpsin(kz — wt); -0B/t = —wBo sin(kz — wt); —kE = —wBo; Eo = (w/k)Bo and Eq. (2.33) w/k = c. (a) The electric field oscillates along the line specified by the vector -i+ V3}. (b) To find Ep, dot By with itself and take the square root, thus Eo = V9 + 2710'V/m = 6 x 10* V/m. (c) From the exponential E (Va + 2y)(/3) x 10", hence k = (V5i + 23)(m/3) x 10" and because the phase is £-7"— wt rather than k-7"+wt the wave moves in the direction of F. (d) F (rx 107)?, k= 4 x 107 m= and = 2n/k = 200 nm. (¢) w = 9.42 x 10'S rad/s and 5 x 10! Ha. (f) v = vA = 3.00 x 108 m/s. v=u/dn=Chapter 3 Solutions 3.6 (a) The ficld is linearly polarized in the y-direction and varies sinusoidally from zero at z = 0 to zero at 2 = 2. (b) Using the wave equation OE, | PB, PE, LP Ey _ wey Pee Uo of + Oy + Oe 2 OF 2 #545] sin ™ cos(kz — wt) = 0 [8-3 +5] ee Beatie un and since this is true for all x, z, and ¢ each term must equal zero and so k= (w/e)/1— (exfwap). (c) Moreover, v = w/k = ¢//1 = (enum. 3.7 (a) c= vA, 0 v =c/ = (3 x 108 m/s)/(550 x 10-® m) = 5.45 x 10" Hz. (b) w = 2mv = 2m(5.45 x 10" Hz) = 3.43 x 10 rad/s; k= 2n/d = 2n/(550 x 10-* m) = 1.14 x 10-7 m™. (c) Ey = cBo, 80 Bo = Eo/c = (600 V/m)/(3 x 108 m/s) = 2 x 10-6 V-s/m? = 2 x 10-* T. (A) £(y,t) = Eosin(ky — wt + ¢); B(0, 0) Egsin(e), «= 0; Bly, t) = Bosin(ky — wt + €); B(0,0) = 0 = Bosin(e), «= E(y, t) = (600 V/m) sin((1.14 x 10-7 m~)y — (3.43 x 10" rad/s)t); Bly, t) = (2 x 10°F) sin((1.14 x 10-7 m=)y — (3.43 x 10! rad/s)t). 3.8 By Gauss’ law, E = o/ep, where o = q/A is the surface charge density. Putting the average value of this electric field into up = ¢9/2 gives ug = 07/89. 8.9 up = B?/2p0; ¢ = 1/,/éoilo, 80 c°€0 = 1/po. up = ceo B?/2; E = cB, s0 up = €0(cB)?/2 = eE/2 = up. wt) = (1/T) ff"? cos?(-F— wt!) dt!. Let B-#— wt! = 2; then wt) = —(1/uT) f cos? dz = —(1/2wT) f(1 + cos 22) dz = (1/27) fz + 0.5sin 2a} Similarly use (sin?(E - #—wt)) = (1/2)(1 — 00s 2(F 7 — wt) and (sin(K +7 wt) cos(i- #— wt) = (1/2)(sin 2(€- 7 wt).Chapter 3 Solutions 9 3.41 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Sir Using the identity cos? a = (1 + cos2a) we have (cos? wt) 7 = (}[1 + cos 2ut]). = 3{1+ (cos 2ut)r] = p[1+(sinewT) cos 24] Using the identity sin?a = }(1 — cos 2a) we have (sin? wt) r = (}[1 — c08 2ut])r = 3 [1 — (cos 2ut)r] = 3[1 — (sincwT) cos 2ut]. T= (8)r = (CeoBo x By c0s%(k- - wT)) = Ceol En x Bo|(cos?(E #— wt) = Peo FoBo/2; Eo = eBo, c= 1/ fae, 80 cot = 1poc. I = B3/2ch. If Eo = 15.0 V/m, T= (15.0 V/m)?/2(3 x 108 m/s)(4a x 10-7 mekg/C?) = 9375/1 W/m? = .298 W/m? ‘Total Power = 20 W; Total Area at 1.0m = 4m(10.0 m)? = 4x m?; 1 = Power/Area = (20 W)/(4m m2) = 5/m W/m? = 16 W/m’. (a) r=1/v=10-"s, v=¢,\=c/y =cr=30m, (0) By = 0.08 cos(2ru(t — 2/}, Be = By/c. (c) By Ea. (3-44), (8) = coB3/2. Will find J, then Ep using Eq. (3.44). Total Power = L = 3.9 x 10% W; Total Area at 1.5 x 10! m = 4a(1.5 x 10" m)? = 9.07 x 10” m? I = Power/Area = (3.9 x 10% W)/(2.8 x 10% m?) From Eq. (3.44) 1 = (cé/2)E§, 80 Eo = /217ee0; a 2(1.4 x 10° W/m") (B x 108 m/s)(8.85 x 10-1? s?-C*/m-kg) Eo = 10x 10? V/m 8 x 10 m? 1.4 x 10° W/m. By = (Bo/V2)(-i +3), F = (2n/ V2) + 3), hence = (10/¥2)(~i + j) cos{(V2n/A)(z + y) — wt] and 1 = cegE/2 = 0.13 W/m?.10 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 Chapter 9 Solutions (a) l = cAt = (3.00 x 10® m/s)(2.00 x 10-® s) = 0.600 m. (b) The volume of one pulse is V = IR? = 2.9 x 10-* m’; therefore (6.0 J)/V = 2.0 x 10° J/m’. From Eq. (3.44), I = céoE3/2 and so Eq = 2 [eceq = V7.535 x 107 = 2.7 x 10" V/m. 4 = (power)(t)/(volume) = (10-°W(¢)/(rr2)(ct) = 10-$W/n(10-*)(3 x 108), w= 1.1 x 10-6 J/m’. V = Al= Avt so that N/At = nV/At = nv = 100 m-%6 m/60s = 10 m=*s I/E = I/hv = (19.88 x 10-*)/(6.63 x 10-*)(100 x 108) = 3 x 10% photons/m’s. n = (1/c)(I/E) = 10'* photons/m°. Nit = P/hv = Pfhe = 28x 10 s-! P, = iV = (0.25)(8.0) = 0.75 W. This is the electrical power dissipated. ‘The power available as light is P; = (0.01)P, = 75 x 10~* W. (a) The photon flux is Fi/hy = P,A/he = 2.1 x 103° photons/s. (b) There are 2.1 x 10'S in volume (3 x 108)(1s)(10~3) m?. Therefore 2.1 x 1016/3 x 10° = 0.69 x 10" is the number of photons per cubic meter. (c) I = 75 x 10-* W/10 x 10-4 m? = 7.5 W/m?. T= P/Anr?, Ey = \/21 ec, and Bo = Eo/c. Imagine two concentric cylinders of radii r; and rz surrounding the wave. ‘The energy flowing per second through the first cylinder must pass through the second; that is, (S;)2nr1 = (S2)2nr2, and so ($)2nr =constant and (S) vaties inversely with r. Therefore, since (S) oc £3, Ey varies as ¥/I/r. p= E/e= hye = 2.2 x 10- kg ms“!Chapter 3 Solutions ry 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 (dp/dt) = (dW/dt)/c, with area A, (P) = (dp/dt)/A = (dW/dt)/Ac = Ic From Eq. (3.52), the force exerted by the beam of light, AP = Ap/At, where p(incident) = £/c. For reflected light at normal incidence, Ap = twice the incident momentum = 2(E/c) AP = %E/o)/At, but, I = E/Area/time, 80 P = 21/c. ‘At an angle @ with respect to the normal, only the component of momentum normal to the surface changes, so p(normal) = pcos, s0, P(0) = 2 cos6/c E = 300-100 =3 x 10° J, p= E/c = 10~ kg m/s. (a) (P = 2(S)/c = 2(1.4 x 10° W/m?)/(3 x 108 m/s) = 9 x 10-* N/m? (b) S, and therefore P, drops off with the inverse square of the distance, and hence (S) = [(0.7x 10 m)-2/(1.5 x 10" m)~7|(1.4 108 W/m?) = 6.4x10" W/m?, and (P) = 0.21 N/m’. I(absorbed) = aI and I(scattered) = (1 — a)J; the pressure arises from both contributions, viz. P = al /e+2(1 — a)I/e= (2—a)I/e. ‘The reflected component has a momentum change, and thus a pressure, of twice the incident momentum, while the absorbed component has a momentum change of the incident momentum, P (reflected) = 2(70.0%)I/c = 2(0.700)(2.00 x 10° W/m*)/(3 x 10° m/s) = 93 x 107? N/m?. P (absorbed) = 2(30.0%)/c = 2(0.300)(2.00 x 10° ‘W/m?)/(3 x 10° m/s) = .20 x 10°? N/m”, P P (reflected) + P (absorbed) = 1.13 x 10? N/m’. (8) = 1400 W/m?, (P) = 2(1400 W/m?/3 x 10° m/s) = 9.3 x 10-6 N/m".12 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 Chapter $ Solutions (8) = (200 x 10 W)500 x 2 x 10-® s)/A(1s), (F) = A(P) = A(S)fe = 6.7 x 107 N. (F) = A(P) = A(S)/c= 10 W/3 x 10? = 3.3 x 10-* N, @=3.3 x 108/100 kg = 3.3 x 10“ m/s’, v= at = 3.3 x 10-t = 10 m/s. Therefore t = 3 x 10! s or t = 940 years B surrounds 7 in circles, and Bis radial, hence E x B is tangent to the sphere, and no energy radiates outward from it. (a) (c)n =5 x 10! Hz, (b) 1 = v/v = 0.65¢/v = 3.9 x 10-7 m, Ju = 15. cfu = 2.49; 24 x 10° m/s. do = 840 nm; n = vo/vA; do/n = A= 406 nm. 1 n=e/v=1/0.90 = 111 = n= ¢/v = (3 x 108 m/s)(1.245 x 10° m/s) = 2.410 (c/n)t = (3.00 x 10° mn/s)(1.00 s)/1.333 = 2.25 x 10° m. 1.36 = ¢/v; v = c/n = 2.21 x 108 m/s. A= do/n = (500 nm)/1.60 = 3.12.5 nm; (1.00 x 10-* m)/(312.5 x 10-® m) = 3.2 x 10* waves. ty = (20.0 m)/(c/1.47) and ty = (20.0 m)/(c/1.63), hence te-t =3.2/e=1.07x 10s, ‘The number of waves in vacuum is AB/Ao. With the glass in place, there are (AB ~ L)/o waves in vacuum and an additional L/A waves in glass fora total of (AB/Ao) + L(1/A —1/Ao). The difference in number is L(1/d— 1/2o), giving a phase shift of Ag of 2x for each wave; hence, 2aL(1]— 1/9) = IxL(n/ Ay — 1/Ao) = 2a L/2Aq = 20007. Thermal agitation of the molecular dipoles causes a marked reduction in Kz but has little effect on n. At optical frequencies n is predominantly dueChapter 3 Solutions 13 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 to electronic polarization, rotations of the molecular dipoles having ceased to be effective at much lower frequencies From Eq. (3.70), for a single resonant frequency we have N@ ne oboe” come wg = since for low-density materials n * 1, the second term is « 1, and we need only retain the first two terms of the binomial expansion of n. Thus VIER 1 42/2 and n= 1+ Na2/2eom,(ug — 2). (a) The polar molecule, water, in the liquid state, is relatively free to move in response to the incident radiation. In the solid state, the molecules ere not free to move. (b) The radar (microwave) interacts strongly with the liquid qater in the droplets. ‘The normal order of the spectrum for a glass prism is R, O, Y, G, B, V, with red (R) deviated the least and violet (V) deviated the most. For a fuchsin prism, there is an absorption band in the green, and so the indices for yellow and blue on either side (n, and ng) of it are extremes, that is, ‘ny is the maximum, ng the minimum, and ny >No > Ng > ny > NB. ‘Thus the spectrum in order of increasing deviation is B, V, black band, R, 0,Y. Since (N'q2/com.)”? has dimensions of frequency, the right-hand side is dimensionless and the units check. With w in the visible, w2 —«? is smaller for lead glass and larger for fused silica. Hence n(w) is larger for the former and smaller for the latter. Subtract 1 from each side of Eq. (3.70) and then invert both sides: 1/(r? = 1) = (com, /N@2) (uw — w?); since w = 2e/A the desired result follows, Cy is the value that n approaches as gets larger.4 3.55, 3.56 3.57 3.58 Chapter 3 Solutions The horizontal values of n(w) approached in each region between absorption bands incroase as w decreases. Subtracting the two equations 1.557 =n = Gy + Qp/A? and 1.547 = m = C; + Gr/D3 gives An = 0.01 = my — mz = C,(1/A? — 1/3) 50 that C, = AndZA3/(A3 — 2) = 3.78 x 10° nm?. Then Cy =m — C2/Af = 1.5345 and n(610nm) = C, + C2/A2 = 1.545, Binomially expanding n® =: 1+ A/(1— 3/22) gives n® = 1+ A(1 + 3/22) orn? = (1+ A)[1 + Ad3/(1+.A))?]. Taking the square root and expanding again gives n ~ (1+ A)¥?[1 + Ad3/2(1 + A)d2. This has the Cauchy form with C, = (1+ A)Y? and Cy = Ad3/2(1+ A)¥2. v= Efh=2.7 x10 Hz,Pp Ghapter 4 Solutions 15 41 42 4.3 44 45 Chapter 4 Solutions Eqs & VEqi/t = KVEqi/r; thus VK/r must be unitless, and so K has units of (length)~*. The only quantity unaccounted for is \ and so we conclude that K = A-?, and Ii/I, « K? o 4 ‘The degree of Rayleigh scattering is proportional to 1/A*. But Ay = 1.45, and so 1/2$ = (1/1.45A,)* hence violet is scattered (1.45)* = 4.42 times more intensely than yellow. The ratio of yellow to violet is 22.6%. ‘The sinusoids represent the field, in this case the E-field of the disturbance. The wavefront is a surface of constant phase and it meets each sinusoid at the same point (same phase) in its development. The outward radial lines are rays and they are everywhere perpendicular to the wavefronts. (a) On the left-hand side are the inertial, drag force, and elastic force terms; on the right-hand side is the electric driving force. (b) o(—w? + w2 + iqw) = (qeEo/me) exp(ic), forming the absolute square of both sides yields 23[(u3 — w®)? + yu] = (g-Eo/re)? and zo follows by division and taking the square root. (c) As for a, divide the imaginary parts of both sides of the first equation above, namely oyu = (qeEo/me) sina, by the real parts, x9(u3 — 4) = (geBo/me) cos a to obtain a = tan“ [yw/(w3 — w?)]. « ranges continuously from 0 to x/2 to ™. (a) The phase angle is retarded by an amount (nAy2n/d) — Ay2x/A or (n—1)Ayu/e. Thus By = Eoexpiwlt — (n — 1)Ay/e—y/¢] or B, = Eoexp[—it(n — 1) Ay/d]expin(t — y/c) (b) Since e* = 1 + x for small x, ifn 1 or Ay « 1, exp[-in(n — 1)Ay/d] = 1 — iw(n— 1)Ay/e and since exp(—in/2) = ~i, Ep = By + w(n — 1)Ay(B,/c) exp(—in/2)16 4.6 47 48 4.9 4.10 411 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 hapter 4 Solutions sin 58° = 2/(5.0 m), «= 4.2 mn. The statue is 16 m from the point of incidence, and since the ray-triangles are similar, 4m : 16 mas 3m:¥ and Y = 12m. At the first mirror, 6, = 6,. For the second, 6 = 90 - 6, = 90 — 6 and ny sin 8, = nesin 6, sin 30° = 1.52sin 4, & = sin~"(1/3.04), so ® = 19°19 0 Sin O Presnavarve = = mu, sin A where “m” is the presumed mass, But = *,v, = 22. So (0) sin®, = (BP) sin sind, = PP sina, 0 ‘The factor SP corresponds to ru. ‘The slope of the curve is my = n;/n,. Slope ~ 0.75/1.00, so that n, ~ 1.33, This suggests that the dense medium is water. 4 = sin“"{(sin 46°)/2.42] = 17°, the anguler deviation is 45° — 17° = 28°. % = sin“ [(nw/ng) sin &] = sin-[(8/9) sin 45° the glass at this angle, 4 = sin“ [(1,/ny) sin 30°] = sin“ {(9/8) sin 39° 39°. For a ray incident in 45°. (a) mug = me/ns = (6/v4)/(C/ vs) = vi/ve = VAs/VAx = Ai/ An. Therefore r= As3/4 =9 om. (b) sind, = mg sin 6, 6 = sin“ [(3/4) sin 45°] = 32°, Ac = Ai/me: = 600/1.5 = 400 nm, violet light. 1.00 sin 55° = nsin 40°; n = 1.27 or 1.3. 1.83sin 35° = 1.00sin6,; @ = 50°.Chapter 4 Solutions iw 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 For 8; =0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,90 degrees, & = 0, 6.7, 13.3, 19.6, 25.2, 30.7, 35.1, 38.6, 40.6, 41.8 degrees respectively. Consider one ray on each side of the beam, with a perpendicular separation D. The width of the beam on the interface is Dcos6,. Likewise, the width of the beam at the interface is D’ cos @,, where D' is the perpendicular separation (width) of the rays in the glass, and Dcos6; = D' cos6,. (4.4) msin A = nm, sin @ so 0s 4; = (1 — sin? 6)? = (1 sin?6,/n3)¥? 80 Deos: oS) (4.4) nisin 8, = ngsin & so sin(60.0°) = nesin G,. Diameter of emerging beam (D) is related to the difference in horizontal displacement of red and violet light (h) by Dcos(60.0°) = h (See Problem 4.19). Red: sin Bea = Sin(60.0°)/Trea = (V3/2)/ (1.505), Brea = 35.1°; tan Ojat = Pred/10.0 cm 80 heed = (10.0 em) tan(35.1°) = 7.04 em. Violet: sin Avior = Sin(60.0°) /rvisier = (W/3/2)/ (1.545); Grice = 34.1°; joe = (10.0 cm) tan(34.1°) = 6.77 em. D = h/ cos(60.0°) = (Ices — Ficier)/ €08(60.0°) = (7.04 — 6.77)/(0.5) = 0.54 cm. ‘na[M = da/dp = 1/1.333 = 0.750 = 3/4. Using Figure $.4.17, 1.00sin 35° = 1.50 sin @q; 6 = 22.48° and cos 22.48° = (2,00 cm)/L; L = 2.16 cm or 2.2 cm. sin 0, = nsin 6/2; since sin 2x = 2sinacosa, sin; = 2sin(6;/2) cos(@s/2) ‘and so setting these two expressions equal we get 1.70 sin(@,/2) = 2sin(@%/2) cos(®./2); cos 6/2 = 0.85; 31.79" = 6,/2; 0; = 63.6".18 Chapter 4 Solutions 4.24 The glass will change the depth of the object from de to da, where da/dp = 1.00/1.55; but dp = 1.00 mm; hence, da = 0.645 mm and the camera must be raised 1.00 mm — 0,645 mm = 0.355 mm. 4.25 dar/dey = 1.50/1.33; de = 1.00 m; dar = 1.1278 m; dra = dar +0.02 m; daa/dpa = 1.00/1.50; daz = 1.3278(1.00/1.50) = 0.885 m. 4.26 The number of waves per unit length along AC on the interface equals (BC/,)/(BC sin 6,) = (AD/),)/(ADsin6,). Snell’s law follows on multiplying both sides by ¢/v. 4.27 With the origin in the plane of incidence, 2 = 0; with the origin on the interface y = 0 s0 (ky -F) > kina (Be F 4 6) heat +e, (heft a) karte and as ¢, = isin 8, , Eq. (4.19) becomes kis = hrs = kez oF sin 8, = kysin&,. Since k = 2n/ which is the condition derived in Problem (4.26) for wave front continuity. 4.28 Let r be the time for the wave to move along a ray from b; to bz, from a; to az, and from a; to as. Thus a3 = bby sin, = bibs/aiba = 4/aiby, sin 9, = Tyag/aiby = v./axb2, sin 6, = 203/a,b, = u4/aybs, sin 0,/ sind, = vs/v = ne/rg = nes and 8, 4.29 nysinO; = nz sin &, ni(k; x G,) = ni(he x fia), where hy, hy are unit propagation vectors. Thus ne(k: x tin) — m4(&; X tin) = 0, (rake — niki) x Gy = 0. Let rake — niki =P = Taq. Tis often referred to as the astigmatic constant; T is the difference between the projections of nik and nj; on d,; in other words, take the dot product Fé, T = n,c0s0; — n,008 6).r Chapter 4 Solutions 19 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 ‘key, and since (ky - din )éin Since 5B’ > SB and B’P > BP, the shortest path corresponds to BY coincident with B in the plane of incidence. (Refer to Figure 4.28.) Let SP = a, distance along interface (S$ —> B) distance of $ and P from interface = h. (e+e? Wt (a apy? _ uy uy Minimize t(2) w-r-t. 2. a e+ ae sin6, =sin6, or ‘The mirrors are set as two sides of the acute triangle. The front of the laser is placed along the third side. The inscribed triangle is found by adjusting the position and the angle of the laser bean until the incoming and reflected beams meet on the triangle. nisin 8; = ngsin®,, & = 6, nasin6; =n; sin@, ny sin 6, = m sin@ and 6; = 6%. cos 6, = d/AB, sin(6; — 6) = a/AB, sin(@ — 4) = (a/d) cos@s, dsin(@; — 6)/ cos @ = a. ‘The left and right beams will be parallel if @,(Left) = 6,(Right) in the final medium (a). Since all interfaces are parallel, the transmitted angle into a medium equals the incident angle at the next medium. ‘At each interface (4.5) sin@; = nq sin. Left: sin @; = rq sin G1 = Mie (Mat Si Bra) = MraMra(M20 8in G2) = MaMraM2a(Te2 SiN Bra) = SiN Bia20 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 Chapter 4 Solutions Right: sin ; = mye sin M1 = mo(7i21 Sin A) = Ma(n21 sin Bra) MeN21 (Meo Sin Arq) = Si Oa. For each beam, 6,4 = 6. Rather than propagating from point S to point P in a straight line, the ray traverses a path that crosses the plate at a sharper angle. Although in so doing the path lengths in air are slightly increased, the decrease in time in the plate more than compensates. This being the case, we nt a to increase with nay. As nai gets larger j increases, and from the results of Problem 4.30, a clearly increases. spent wit might expect the displac for a given 64, 0, decreases, 6, Sc E+ al =— f [,(0B/ét) dS. This reduces in the limit to Ex,(BC) — E\,(AD) = 0, since the area goes to zero and 8B /at is finite. Thus Exe = Erz. From Eq, (4.40), ry = (1.52cos30° — cos 19°13’) /(cos 19°13" + 1.52.c0s30"), where from Problem 4.8, 6, = 19°13. Similarly, ty = 2.008 30°/(cos 19°13! + 1.52 cos 30°), ry = 0.165, ty = 0.766. Starting with Eq. (4.34), divide top and bottom by n, and replace nx: with sin,/sin@; to get which is equivalent to Eq. (4.42). Equation (4.44) follows in exactly the same way. To find ry start the same way with Eq, (4.40) and get 8,008 8, + ‘There are several routes that can be taken now; one is to rewrite rp) as _ 8in8, cos 6, — sin @, cos 8, 208 6; cos 6, — sin 6, sin 6, "I sind, cosd, + sin 8, cos 8, c0s 8, cos 6, + sin 8 sin®,Ghupter 4 Solutions 2 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 and so ___sin(@,— )cos( +6) _ tan(6— 6) TU = Sin(@, +8) e0s(8; — 8.) — tan(Bi+6)° We can find ty, which has the same denominator, in a similar way. From Snell’s law 0; = 12.748%; from Eq. (4.43), ‘rj = tan 7.252 / tan 32.748" = 0.1978; using Eq. (4.42), n= [Bor] = r[Zeily = 1.98V/rm; [Bor], = 71 [Bolan = —4.70 V/m. sin 7.252°/ sin 32.748° = —0.2352; For small angles Snell's Law becomes 16; = n6,: from Eq. (4.42) using the identity sin(a + 8) =sinacosf + cos asin 6 and ry = — (6:1 — 16,)/(:1 +18) = (2 — D)/(n-+1)- From (4.47), R=1? = (n- Int 1)? = (1.522 — 1/1.522 +1)? =0.43. T=1-R=0.957. T=1-R=1 =(n-1/n+1) (1.33 — 1/1.33 +1)? = 0.98. From (4.55), I, = TH; = (0.98)(500 W/m?) = 490 W/m’. From (4.47), Rear? =(m—ni/me +n)? = (1.876 — 1.33/1.376 + 1.33)? = 0.000289. T =1- R=0.999711. From (4.55) I, = Th = (0.999711)(400 W/m”) = 399.884 ~ 400 W/m’. 7x me — name + ng. Air-water: r= Yt = 1/7 = 0.14. Air-crown glass: aie 7 = $25 = 1/5 = 0.20. More reflectance for glass. From (4.54) and (4.56). L/k= +2, Air-water: R = (1/7)? = 0.02. Air-crown glass: R= (1/5)? = 0.04.22 4.46 4.47 4.48 Chapter 4 Solutions sing = 2 ~ 29/3! + 28/5! —... and so sin(a + A) = (at A)[1 — (at 6)?/6] using Snell's Law 6:(1 — 62/6 +...) = (6;/n)(1— 02/6 +...). Use 18, = nb, and the fact that when z is very small (1+ 2)"! <1 — 2 we have 4 = (8,/n)(1 — 62/6)(1 + 67/6n2) dropping terms higher than the third Power in @; we get 8 = (6,/n)[1 — (n® — 1)62/6n?] and so £4 =0 fis? ( a ‘Using Eq. (4.42) and the power series representation of the sine, where terms higher than the third power in @ are dropped, atl gle 1 (n= 199) ‘na1 @ © ntl — Sle? —14 (n—1)5] GH) (+9) cos(4, + 6)/cos(@; — 6,) = 1 — 26?/n multiplying by the ratio of the sines from the previous problem, viz., [(n — 1)/(ni+1)](1— 2 /n)' and dropping higher order terms yields the desired equation. ar From Snell's Law nsin@ = 1sin90° = 1 and so with Eq. (4.42) in mind, sin(c + 8) = sin acos 8 + cosasin 8 and sin(90° + 64) = sin 90° cos 6, + cos 90° sin 0,; then sin(90° +) = Leos 64, using sin? 6 + cos?@ = 1 and Snell's Law 0050, = V/1 = sin® 6; = sin(90° + &) = VI = (ym and sor, —+ —1 at glancing incidenceChupter 4 Solutions 23 4.49 Compute dri /dé; at 6, = 90°; we'll use d0,/d0, = 0 and then prove it; taking the derivative of Eq. (4.42) we get dr /d8, = — cos(0, — 6,)/ sin(®; + 8) +sin(6; — &) cos(6, + 0)/ sin?(@, + 6) and for 6; = 90° this becomes dr. /d®, = — sin 8/ cos 9, — sin 8, cos @,/ cos? 6, = 2tand, and using Snell’s Law, ie, sin; = 1/n when 6; * 90°, and the fact that cos ®, = V1 — sin? &, dry /dB, = 2 tan 0, = 2sin&,/ cos = 2/ncos6, = 2/Vn® = 1: this is the rise over the run at the end of the curve where 6; = 90°. Thus if cx is the angle made ith the vertical tana, = yn? —1/2 4.50 [Bor] + (Eula = [Beelu; tangential field in incident medium equals thet in transmitting medium, [Bae/Boils — (Bor/Eoila = 1, tr - 72 = 1. Alternatively, from Eqs. (4.42) and (4.44), sin(9, — 6) + 2sin6, cos 6, ~~ sin +8) sin8;c0s 0; — cos 6, sin 8 + 2sin 6, cos 6, sin} cos 8, + cosh, sin 1 4.51 nisin 6; = mesin®, so, sind = (n/n) sin 6; = (1.00/1.52) sin(30°) 6, = sin“(0.33) = 19.2°. (Eq. 4:44) t1 = 2sinO, cos 6,/ sin(@, + &) = 2sin(19.2°) cos(30°)/ sin(49.2°) =0.76. (Eq. 4.42) ry. = —sin(6; — 0,)/ sin(@; + 6) = —sin(10.8°)/ sin(49.2°) = 0.25, ty + (—r1) = 0.75 + (0.25) = 1.00. 4.52 6. =sin*(1/15) = 42°.24 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.60 4.61 4.62 4.63 Chapter 4 Solutions Light incident from air to glass. 0, increases as 6; increases, so Maximum 4 should correspond to Maximum 8, (4.4) nysin 4; =m sin, 60, sin, = (n/n) sind. Maxinum 8; < 90° as 6; — 90°, sin@; + 1 so, sin & = n/n, = sin 6. 1.00/2.417 = sin 8,; 8. = 24° diamond refreits light back out and so looks brilliant. sin 48.0° = (1.00/n); n = 1.35. 0, = 45° + 0, mat sin@ =", where np =1 n 141 a5 Light entering at glancing incidence is transmitted at the critical angle and those rays limit the cone of light reaching the fish; sin 8, = 1/1.333; 9. = 49° and the cone-angle is twice this or 98°. sind, = n/n; 0, = 59.1°. From Eq, (4.73) we see that the exponential will be in the form k(x — vt), provided that we factor out k,sin,/ms, leaving the second term as wnt/kysin®,, which must be wit. Hence wn,/(2n/As)ny sin 8 =v, and so % = ¢/ngsind; = 4/ sing. From the defining equation, 6 = ky[(sin?@;/n%) — 1]'/? = 3.702 x 10° m7}, and since yf = 1, y= 2.7 x 10°? om. ‘The beam scatters off the wet paper and is mostly transmitted until the critical angle is attained, at which point the light is reflected back toward the source. tan@ = (R/2)/d, and so my = 1/n; = sin{tan“*(/2d)). 1.00029 sin 88.7° = nsin 90°, n = 1.00003. Let 6; = 0 = 1/2 — 0. Reflected beam is polarized if r, or ry equal zero. (4.43)re Chupter 4 Solutions 25 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 ry = tan(O, — 6.)/ tan(@; + 6.) = tan(n/2 — 6 — @,)/ tan(a/2— 0 +0) = tan(x/2 — 26,)/ tan(x/2). But tan(r/2) is infinite, s0 ry = 0. @, + 0 = 90° when 8, = 6, ning, = ne sin Br = re C08 6, tan, = n/n = 1.52, 8 = 56°40. At Op, 7 = 0. So from (4.38) 2 cos, — 8 cos 6, = 0. Recall (4.4) nzsin 8; = n; sin &. (3.59) n = v/eu/eopo and cos? = 1 —sin® 9, Approach: solve for tan@, = sin@,/ cos, where @, = 0, tan @, = m/n; = n/m, tan 6, = n/ne, tan Oy = 1/ tan 6, sin6,/ cos 0, = cos6),/ sin &,. Therefore sin 8, sin 6, — cos 8, cos 6, = cos(é, + 6) = 0, s0 6, + % = 90°. From Eq. (4.94), tany, = ri[Boili/ry[Eoi)y = (72/74) tan and from Eqs. (4.42) and (4.43) (4.56) R= (Be)" FS = Bb) + 82. FR= 24+ Eh. Ba _ (Bor =) amns(B), Fast Ey Ea + (4.34) ra = c ‘oil = Baal Bos)? “T+ (Beit/ Bois)? 4, Bail Ena)? (CasfEa)? **26 4.69 4.70 471 4.72 Chapter 4 Solutions a ~ Tcot®4, * tan? +1 = R, sin? + Ry cos? 174.0086: ( Eve)? (ssn ~ an (ES) 2 as above, (J) = 3 sin? 4, + tycos?y, and using (4.63, 4.64), T =T, sin? + Ty cos? . Note that 0, = 41.8°. Note that R, increases steadily, while Ry has a minimum at 6; # 0. Ty = nt] cos @,/n; cos 6;. From Eq. (4.44) and Snell’s law, pr, = (SBic0s6)) (4sin* 4 cos? in 26; sin 26, +” \ sind cost) \“sin?(@,+0) ) ~ sin%(@+0)° Use (4.62) and (4.43). Ry = rj = tan?(6, — @,)/tan?(6; +) = {sin?(4, — 6)/ e0s?(0; — 6,)] x [cos(0, +64)/sin®(6; + 6)]. Note that Ry and T have now the same denominator. Use (4.61) and (4.42). Ry =r}. = sin®(0, — 6)/ sin®(6; + 6,). Note that Ry and T, have the same denominator. If ©, is the incident radiant flux or power and T is the transmittance across the first air-glass boundary, the transmitted flux is then T®,. From Eq, (4.68) at normal incidence the transmittance from glass to air is alsoPhe Chapter 4 Solutions ar T. Thus a flux THT emerges from the first slide, and ®7? from the last one. Since T = 1- R, T, = (1- R)" from Eq. (4.67). R= (0.5/2.5) =4%, T=96%, Ty = (0.96)° = 78.3%. 4.73 T=I(y)/lo=e-™, Ty =e, T = (Th). B= (1— RPM (T)* 4.74 At 0, =0, R= Ry = Ri = [(me—m)/(re + ma))?. As rg 1, re 14 and clearly R—+ 0. At 8 =0,T = Ty =Tidners/(re + rs)? and since ne —> m5, lim, T = 4n?/(2n,)? = 1. From Problem 4.61 and the fact that as ry — n, Snell's law says that 0, — 0%, we have lim, Ty = sin? 26,/ sin? 26, = From Eq, (4.43) and the fact that Ry =f and & — 8, lite Ry » lim Ty = neh 16086; — C08 475 (488) r= i cosd necosd __ 0088; ~ My 605 6 “0088; +7: 008 8, 0s 6; — nuv/1 — sin cos 6; + mul — sin? 6, _ 0088; — ng, = sin” 8, 086; + nk + sin? 14 0086, 114.608 0, + 74 008 6, __ ra cos 8 ~ V/1 = sin ny cos 6; + V/1 = sin” _ hens, — Jk 2 cos 8; + Vk — sin 8 74,008 6 728 4.76 4.77 4.78 Chapter 4 Sulutions For 6; > 6c, Eq, (4.70) can be written ny x 2080 = ilsin® 8, — mB)? + * cos, + (sin? 6, — m2) 172" cos? 6, + sin? 6 — =) = cos? 6; + sin? 8, — rurh= Similarly ryrj = rm 2sin 6 cos 6 I sin (6; +2) cos(0; — 02) a 2sin 4; cos 2 I sin(; + 82) cos( — 8) sin 26, cos 26 a sin" (6; + 62) cos — 0) from Eq. (4.100). Similarly #,¢, = Ty. ee oy = ‘= tan(@ — 64)]? 1 [tan(@ +) “tan(@, +6) | i [wnenany? TL 864), (4.84) Eosty (9:)t (G2) + Boiry(@p)ra 0p) (4.85) Hoary (O1)t\(B1) + Eoity (O1)r4 (Oe 74(6,) = 0. From Problem (4.66), 8 = 6. From (4.84), 406,40) + 0 = 1; t4(6,)14 (62) = 1. From (4.85), 14(@,)t4(Q) +0 = 0 since t4(0,) # 0, ry(6,) = 0. From (4.100), Ty = tyth, when 7 = 1, there is no reflected wave, as T+ R= 1.Me Chapter 4 Solutions 29 4.79 From Eq, (4.45) Ps 2sin 4, cos @, 7 ganere = [ by | 2sin 6, cos Op | sin(6, + 8) o05(@ = 6,)} |sin(@, +) cos(@, — 2%). in 26, sin 26, = Seay = By + = eine sin? 26), Taalee ne = sin 26, = sin 26,3009, 5 =! 4.80 Can be used as a mixer to get various proportions of the two incident waves in the emitted beams. This could be done by adjusting the gaps. [For some further remarks, see H. A. Daw and J. R. Izatt, J. Opt. Soc. ‘Am. 55, 201 (1965),] 4.81 From Fig. 4.62 the obvious choice is silver. Note that in the vicinity of 300 nm, n; = ng + 0.6, in which case Eq. (4.83) yields R = 0.18. Just above 300 nm, ny increases rapidly, while np decreases quite strongly, with the result that R ~ 1 across the visible and then some. 4.82 Light traverses the base of the prism as an evanescent wave, which propagates along the adjustable coupling gap. Energy moves into the dielectric film when the evanescent wave meets certain requirements. The film acts like e waveguide, which will support characteristic vibration configurations or modes. Bach mode has associated with it a given speed and polarization. The evanescent wave will couple into the film when it matches a mode configuration.30 5.1) oa 5.3 5.4 5.5 Chapter 5 Solutions Chapter 5 Solutions All OPLs from $ to P must be equal, therefore fom + ina = sony + sing = constant; drop a perpendicular from A to the optical axis, the point where it touches is B. BP = so + s;~z and the rest follows from the Pythagorean Theorem. & + £,3/2 = constant, 5 + (6)3/2 = 14. Therefore 2 +3¢, = 28 when & = 6, &; =5.3, fy =7, 6; = 4.66. Note that the arcs centered on S and P have to intercept for physically meaningful values of é and &. ‘The OPD from F, to any point D on © must be constant: (Fid)m + (AD)m = C and (FrA) + (AD)ng = C/nz = Cs if corresponds to the directrix of the ellipse, (F,A) = e(AD) where e is the eccentricity; if m2 =e we get (FA) + (FA) = C’. A plane wave impinging on a concave elliptical surface becomes spherical If the second spherical surface has that same curvature, the wave will have all rays normal to it and emerge unaltered. Recall that the angles of a triangle sum to 180°. + (180° — ) + 6 = 180°; %=—-B. sin = sin(y ~ 6) = sin pcos(—8) + cospsin(—) =sing—sing =h/R- b/s 0) +e -a = 180° (180°re Chapter 5 Solutions 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 at B=pta sin 6, =sin(p + a) = sing cosa +cosysina = siny +sina =h/R+h/s. (4.4) nj sin ® = nesin 6; 13 (h/R + h/s.) = na(h/R— h/s,), ny/ 80 + 2/8; = (2 — m)/R. From Snell’s Law m0; = nob; tan, = yo/s, and tan ® = —y;/s; since y; is negative; thus 6; = yo/s_ and 6, = —4/si, therefore Mr = v/Yo = —(rsi) (280). From Eq. (5.8), 1/30.0 + 1.33/s; = (1.333 ~ 1.000)/5.0; s; = 40.7 cm and ‘Mr = —1.02, thus the image is 3.05 cm tall. First surface: m/s. + 2/3; = (ng —m)/R, 1/12 + 1.5/5; = 0.5/0.1, 5: = 0.36 m (real image 0.36 m to the right of first vertex). Second surface 50 = 0.20 — 0.36 = -0.16 m (virtual object distance). 1.5/(—0.16) + 1/s; = -0.5/(~0.1), 5; = 0.069 m. The final image is real (s: > 0), inverted (Mr <0), and 6.9 cm to the right of the second vertex. At the first surface from Eq. (5.8), 1/30.0 + 1.33/s; = (1.333 — 1.000)/5.0 and s; = 40.7; a real image right of the vertex. For the second surface 59 = 30.7 cm and the image will be right of the second vertex, so 1.33/(—30.7) + 1/s; = (1.000 — 1.333) /(—5.000); and s, = 9.09 cm to the right of the second surface. The first surface produces @ magnification of ‘Mr = —1.02, thus the intermediate image is 3.05 om tall. The second surface produces a magnification of Mr = —(misi)/(nas0) —(1.333)(9.09)/(1.000)(—30.7) = 0.395 and the total magnification is the product of the two, viz., -0.403. The image is reel, inverted and minified.32 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 Chapter 5 Solutions (5.16) 1/f = (m—1)(1/Ry — 1/Re) where Ry = —Ri, so U/f = (n- 1)(2/Ra) Ry = (n= 1)(2)(f) = (1.5 — 1)(2)(+10.0 om) =10.0cm (5.17) 1/s.+1/s; = 1/f; 59 = 1.0 cm; A/si = 1/f — 1/so = 1/10.0 cm — 1/1.0 om = -9.0/10.0; 8, = —1.1 em. (5.25) Mr = —si/s. = —(-1.1 cm)/(1.0 cm) = +1.1. Image is virtual, erect, and larger than the object. (5.14) In the thin lens limit (d + 0) becomes Mn/80 + Tm/'8: = (Me ~ Tm) (1/ Ry — 1/Re) 50, Uso + 1s: =1/F = (ne — im/Mm)(1/Fa — 1/Re). For & double concave ens Ry <0, Ry > 0, so that (1/Fi — 1/Ra) <0. For air lens in water, Ne < My $0 that me — Tm <0; 1/f > 0, lens is converging. (5.15) 1/s. + 1/s; = (me — 1)(1/Ri — 1/Re) 80, 1/si = (ne — 1)(1/Ry — 1/Re) — 1/345 1/s; = -13.3 om. (5.25) Mr = ~8:/30 smaller than the object. 13.3/20.0 = +0.67. Image is virtual, erect, and 1/8 +1.5/s; = 0.5/(~20). At the first surface, s; = —10 om. Virtual image 10 cm to the left of first vertex. At second surface, object is real 15 cm from second vertex. 1.5/15 + 1/s; = —0.5/10, s; = 20/3 = —6.66 cm, Virtual, to left of second vertex. (a) (5.17) 1/s, + 1/s = 1/f so, Us: = 1/f — 1/s_ = 1/(5.00 em) ~ 1/(1000 cm); 6; = 5.03 cm = 50.3 mm. (b) (5.25) Mr = —s,/s, = —5.03 cm/1000 cm = —.00503. Image size = |Mz|(object size) = (.00503)(1700 mm) = 8.55 mm. $0 + 5: = 808:/f to minimize 35+ s;, (d/ds,)(so + s)) = 0 = 1+ ds;/ds, or a (#)-mh Chapter 5 Solutions a 5.16 BLT 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.23 ‘Thus ds;/ds, = —1 and ds;/ds, = ~si/se, therefore 5; = 8. 1/5-+ 1/s; = 1/10, 5; = —10 cm virtual, My = —s;/so = 10/5 = 2 erect. Image is 4 cm high. Or -5(z;) = 100, 2 = -20, Mr = ~a:/f = 20/10 = 2. Uso + 1/si = 1/f. For 3, =0, f, 00, 2f, 3f, —f, —2f, f/2, 81 = 0, 00, f, 2f, £3/2, £/2, £2/3, —F, respectively. Draw a ray at 6.0° to the axis passing through the center of the lens. The image is virtual and on the image plane 50.0 cm in front of the lens. The image height y; is gotten from the fact that tan6.0° = y,/f and so 4 =5.3cm, 5; <0 because image is virtual. 1/100 + 1/(—50) = 1/f, f = -100 cm. Image is 50 cm to the right as well. Mr = —5;/so = 50/100 = 0.5. Ant’s image is half-sized and erect (Mr > 0). (5.16) 1/f = (me — 1)(1/Ry — 1/Ra) = (1.5 ~ 1)(1/20 — 1/(—40)) = 3/80; f= 27 cm. (5.17) 1/50+1/s = 1/f so 1/s;=1/f — 1/so = 1/27 — 1/40; 5, = +80 om. (5.25) Mr = —si/'% = —80/40 = —2. Image is real, inverted, at +80 cm and twice the size of the object. 1/f = (me — 1){(1/Pa) — (1/Ra)] = 0.5(1/00 ~ 1/10) = 0.5/10, f =—20 om, D =1/f = -1/0.2=-5 D. (6.16) 1/f = (me~1)(1/Ri ~ 1/Ra) = (1.5 ~ 1)(1/(5.00 em) — 1/00) =1/(000m); f =+10.0cm. Ina medium where ti # 0, (5.16) becomes I/F = ((ne— em) (Mm) (1/Pa — 1/ Fe). So, for water (Mm = 1.33), 1/f = (1.5 - 1.33)/1.33)(1/ (5.00 cm) — 1/00). ‘f =39.1 em (so f increases). (6.17) 1/f =1/s. + 1/s; = 1/45 + 1/90 = 3/90; f = +30 cm.34 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 Chapter 5 Solutions (a) From the Gaussian lens equation 1/15.0 + 1/s; = 1/3.00, i= +3.75 m. (b) Computing the magnification, we obtain Mr = —5i/%9 = —3.75/15.0 = —0.25. Because the image distance is Positive, the image is real. Because the magnification is negative, the image is inverted, and because the absolute value of the magnification is Jess than one, the image is minified. (c) From the definition of magnification, it follows that y; = Mry, = (—0.25)(2.25 m) = —0.563 m, where the minus sign reflects the fact that the image is inverted. (d) Again from the Gaussian equation 1/17.5 + 1/s; = 1/3.00 and s; = +3.62 m. The entire equine image is only 0.13 m long. (5.17) 1/f = 1/s. + 1/s; s0, 1/si = 1/f — 1/s0 = 1/(—30) — 1/(+10) = —4/3. ~15 em. (5.25) Mp = ~8/s, = ~(-7.5)/30 = 1/4 = 0.25. (Image size) = Mr(object size) = (0.25)(6.00 cm) = 1.50 cm. 5 ‘The Image is virtual, 7.5 cm in front of the lens, erect, and 1.50 om tall. |Ril = [Ra], so (5.16) becomes Tf = (me 1)(/Ri ~ 1/(—Ri)) = (ne ~ 1)(2/Ry) = 1/54 + 1/505 5+ 8; = 60 cm (Image real). |Mr| = (25 cm)/(5.0 cm) = = 5i/s0 80, $1 =5(80); 89+ 5(s0) = 60 cm. So=10cm; 5; A/f =1/s0+1/s; = 1/10-+1/50 = 6/50; f =8.3. em. Ry = (me ~ 1)(2)(F) = (1.5 — 1)(2)(8.3 cm) = 8.3 cm. 50 cm. 1/so+1/si=1/f and Mp = —s,/s, = 1/2 hence 1/s, + 2/s, = 1/f but $0 = 60.0 cm, hence f = 20.0 cm; draw a ray cone from an axial image Point, it enters the edges of the lens and focuses at 30.0 cm and then spreads out beyond to create a blur on the screen; from the geometryChapter 5 Solutions 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 35 (0.40 mm)/(10.0 mm) = (R/300 mm), R = 1.2 cm so the diameter is 2.4 cm. ‘The first thing to find is the focal length in water, using the lensmaker's formula, Taking the ratio Sul fa = ful(10 crm) = (ny ~ 1)/{(ng/u) ~ 1] = 0.56/0.17 = 8.24; fu = 32 cm. The Gaussian lens formula gives the image distance: 1/s; + 1/100 = 1/32.4; s; = 48 om. ‘The image will be inverted if it’s to be real, so the set must be upside down or else something more will be needed to flip the image; Mr = ~3 = ~8;/50; 1/8. + 1/35. = 1/0.60; s = 0.80 m, hence 0.80 m + 3(0.80 m) = 3.2 m. A/F = (Pam = 1)(1/Ri — 1/Re), 1/ fr = (Pm = 1)/(4 = 1) fo = 0-125/0.5 fas fu =4fa- Vso +1/si = 1/f hence for A and B, 1/(1.1f) + 1/s: = 1/f and so 5, = Lf, hence Mr = —s,/s, = —(11f)/(110f) = —10; both vectors are imaged inverted and 10 times larger than life, viz, 1f long. A is in the z-direction and B is in the —z-direction. As for G, it stretches from its tail at 11f to its tip at infinity. Image-to-object distance = L = Sei + 81 = Se2 + 5:2. Also, G01 — 80 = 4 = 8 ~ sa ff =1/sn+1/s01 1/f = 1/sia + 1/802 = 1/(si — d) + 1/(S01 +d). Approach: With three is independent equations (two for 1/f and L = 501 + 5:1) eliminate 5,1 and six, leaving f(L,d). Find si first, and use this position for soz. (5.17) 1/f = 1/s.+1/si, so 1fsia = 1/ fa — 1/801; 1/sir = 1/(+30) ~ 1/(+50) = (5 — 3)/150; 18.75 em, which puts s¢2 at (20 — 18.75) cm = +1.25 cm. /(4+50) — 1/(+1.25) = —0.78; sig = —1.3 cm, (Virtual image), sa, sia36 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 Chapter 5 Solutions For the first lens say = (801 fi)/(So1 — fu) = +37.5 cm and Mr, = ~1.50; for the second lens 4,2 = 60.0 — 37.5 = +22.5 cm, and Sia = (Seof2)/ (Sea — fa) = +9.00 em and Mrz = 9.00/22.5 = +0.40; the net magnification is Mr = My, Mrz = —0.60; the image is real, miniffed, and inverted. si/sor = —fil (S01 ~ fi), Mr, = —8i2/sea = -S2/(4— 5), fisia/(s01 ~ fa)(4— sn). From (5.30), on substituting for si, we have Mr = fisi2/{(soi — fi)d — soi fi). (a) (6.17) 1/f = 1/s.+ 1/59, s0 A/sa = 1/ fi ~ 1/501 = 1/(+10.0 cm) — 1/(+15.0 cm) = (3 — 2)/(30.0); $a = 30.0 em = 300 mm. (b) Image is real, inverted, and larger than the object. (©) (5.25) Mry = —81/3.1 = -30.0/15.0 = ~2.00. (4) six sets sen at —5.00 cm (beyond the second lens, virtual object). 1/sa = 1/f — 1/sg = 1/(~7.50 cm) — 1/(—5.00 cm) =2 + 3)/(15.00); Si2 = 15.0 cm = 150 mm. (©) Mra = -8:2/802 = —(15.0)/(-5.00) = 3.00.Mp = (Mri)(Mra) = (~2.00)(3.00) = —6.00. (Image is real, inverted). First lens 1/5; = 1/30 — 1/30 = 0, s;, = 00. Second lens 1/5: = 1/(~20) — 1/(~o0), the object for the second lens is to the right at co, that is 8.2 = —00. sig = —20 om, virtual, 10 cm to the left of first | Jens. Mr = (-00/30)(-+20/ — 00) = 2/3 or from (5.34) Mr = 30(—20)/[10(30 — 30) — 30(30)] = 2/3 | (5.17) 1/f =1/s. + 1/s; so Wen = Mfr — 1/51 = 1/(+18.0) — 1/(+25.0) = (5 — 3)/75.0; 8a = +87.5 cin, which makes so = —12.5 cm. Mn = -$:1/S01 = —25.0/37.5 = —0.67.Chapter 5 Solutions 37 5.39 5.40 5.al 1/8ia = Wf fa — 1/502 = 1/(—-15.0) — 1/(-12.5); 5:2 = +75.0 om. Mrz = ~8i2/8.a = —(+75.0)/(—12.5) = +6.00. Mr = (Mri)(Mr2) = (—0.67)(+6.00) = —4.00. Lage is real, inverted, 75.0 cm beyond the second lens and 4 times the size of the object. For the two positive lenses, note that incoming parallel rays result in outgoing paralldl rays. fis G36) Me= Fea Sea a Sees) Bite Seis e Mua eerie atau) Jim,co Mr = a A oa vee d= fit h= GR = fli fa = fiMp = (+5.00 cm)(0.80 cm/0.10 cm) = +40.0 cm; d= fi+fr=4+45.0cm. Figure 5.9938 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 Chapter 5 Solutions In 5.43a, the rays through fy should bend away from the axis (diverging lens). In 5.43b, ray 4 should be directed at Ff; also [Fal |F3| The angle subtended by L, at S is tan~' 3/12 = 14°. To find the image of the diaphragm in L, we use Eq. (5.23): x0, = f?, (-6)(2;) = 81, 4; =—13.5 cm, so that the image is 4.5 cm behind Z). The magnification is —2\/f = 13.5/9 = 1.5, and thus the image (of the edge) of the hole is (0.5)(1.5) = 0.75 cm in radius. Hence the angle subtended at S is tan™' 0,75/16.5 = 2.6°. The image of Le in L; is obtained from (-4)(z:) = 81, 2, = 20.2 cm, in other words, the image is 11.2 cm to the Tight of Ly. Mr = 20.2/9 = 2.2; hence the edge of Ly is imaged 4.4 cm above the axis. Thus its subtended angle at $ is tan! 4.4/(12+ 11.2) or 9.8°. Accordingly, the diaphragm is the A.S., and the entrance pupil (its | image in £,) has a diameter of 1.5 cm at 4.5 cm behind L,. The image of | the diaphragm in Ly is the exit pupil. Consequently, 1/2 + 1/s; = 1/3 and i = ~6, that is, 6 cm in front of La. Mp = 6/2 = 3, so that the exit pupil diameter is 3 cr. Either the margin of L; or Z2 will be the A.S.; thus, since no lenses are to the left of Z,, either its periphery or P, corresponds to the entrance pupil. Beyond (to the left of) point A, Z; subtends the smallest angle and is the entrance pupil; nearer in (to the right of A), P, marks the edge of the entrance pupil. In the former case P; is the exit pupil; in the latter (since there are no lenses to the right of L2) the exit pupil is the edge of La itself. ‘The A\S. is either the edge of L, or Ly. Thus the entrance pupil is either marked by F; or P;. Beyond F.,, P; subtends the smaller angle; thus 2, locates the A.S. The image of the A.S. in the lens to its right, Zo, locates Py as the exit pupil. Draw the chief ray from the tip to L, such that when extended it passes through the center of the entrance pupil. From there it goes through the | center of the A.S., and then it bends at L so as to extend through the center of the exit pupil, A marginal ray from S extends to the edge of the| 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54, 5.55, 5.56 5.57 Chapter 5 Solutions 39 entrance pupil, bends at L, so it just misses the edlge of the A.S., and then bends at L 90 as to pass by the edge of the exit pupil. Figures P.5.48a and P.5.48b. No~although she might be looking at you. ‘The mirror is parallel to the plane of the painting, and so the gitl’s image should be directly behind her and not off to the side. 1/s,+ 1/si = -2/R. Let R00: 1/50 +1/si = 0, $0 = Si, and Mp = +1. Imoge is virtual, same size, and erect. From Eq, (5.50), 1/100 + 1/s, = —2/80, and so s; = -28.5 om. Virtual (si <0), erect (Mr > 0), and minified. (Check with Table 5.5.) (5.48) 1/s. + 1/s: = -2/R, R= 0.5 ft. 1/s; = -2/R— 1/3. = -2/(0.5 ft) — 1/(-5 ft), Mr = —5;/50 = (—0.24)/(5) = 0.048. Image is virtual (seen in the mirror), erect, and 0.048 times the object size. ‘Ant has 3 images: from lens, from mirror, back out from lens. (i) (5.17) 1/f = 1/50 + 1/si 80, Asi = 1/f - 1/8. = 1/50.0 — 1/250 = 4/250, s; = 62.6 cm (between lens and mirror). (li) (5.48) 1/s, + 1/5 = -2/R 80, 1/s; = -2/R — 1/30 = 1/50, (R = 00), 5; = -187.5 om (virtual image). (iii) 1/5, = 1/f — 1/50 = 1/50.0 — 1/(250 + 187.5), s; = +56.5 cm. Real image, (left of lens). Image on screen must be real, therefore s; is positive. 1/25 + 1/100 = -2/R, 5/100 = -2/R, R= —40 em. ‘The image is erect and minified. That implies (Table 5.5) a convex spherical mirror. From Eq, (5.8), 1/00 + n/s: = (nm —1)/R; 8; = 2R; n/2R n=2 =~ w/R:40 5.58 5.59 5.60 5.61 5.62 5.65 Chapter 5 Solutions Want |Mz| = |si/s.| = yx/yo = 1.0 cm/100 cm = .01. s, = 1000 cm. |si] = soMr = (1000)(.01) = 10 cm. Waut real image, so 3, > 0, and image will be inverted. Detector is 10 em in front of the mirror. (5.50) 1/so + 1/s: = 1/f; 1/f = 1/1000 + 1/10 = 101/1000; f = 9.9 em. To be magnified and erect the mirror must be concave, and the image virtual; Mr = 2.0 = 5;/(0.015 m), s; = —0.03 m, and hence Vf =1/0.015 m + 1/(—0.03 m); f = 0.03 m and f = —R/2; Mr = ¥i/Yo = —8i/s0, using Eq. (5.51), 8: = f0/(s0— f), and since f= —R/2, Mr = —f/(80- R/2)/(S0 + R/2) = R/(250 + R) (5-49) f = —R/2 so R = ~2f. (5.50) 1/s, + 1/s: = 1/f. Mr = —s;/8,, 50 $1 = —8)Mr = ~(10.0 cm)(0.037) = -0.37 cm (image is virtual). Yf = 1/s, +1/s; = 1/(10.0) + 1/(-0.37), f = 0.38 cm. R= -2-0.38) = 0.76 cm. (5.50) 1/f=1/so+1/si so/f = 1+ 80/3; = (5; + 52)/s: = SD ps nye mia 50 f(Mr ~ 1) By. (5.50) 1/f = 1/39+ 1/545 si/ f = 85/80+1 = (—Mr) +1; s; = —f(Mr — 1). Mr = ~s;/25 cm = —0.064; 5; = 1.6 cm. 1/25 + 1/16 = ~2/R, R=~-300 om. Image size in plane mirror equals object size, s0 | Mp (convex mirror) |= 0.5; |Mz| = |5:/s0), 50 |s,| = |sol|Me| = (5.0)(0.5) = 2.5 m; $= -2.5 m (image is virtual). (6.50) 1/f = 1/s.+1/s = 1/(5.0 m)+1/(-2.5m), f =-2.5 m. (6.49) f = —R/2. Primary f, = —(—(200 em))/2 = +100 cm. (5.50) 1/5. + 1/s: = 1/fy, 8 = 00, 80 1/5; = 1/fy; 8 = +100 om. Object for secondary is at s, = —25 om. 1/f, = 1/80 + 1/8; 80 1/s; = 1/f, — Tso. Secondary f, = —R/2 = ~(+60 cm)/2 = -30 cm. 1/5; = 1/(—30) - 1/(—25); 5; = +150 cm, or 75 cm behind the primary. ‘The effective focal length of the “lens” is +75 cm.Chapter 5 Solutzons a1 5.66 5.67 5.68 5.69 | 5.70 | 5.71 | 5.72 5.73 5.74 5.75, See Table 5.3. For f < s, <2f, a real inverted image is made with co > 8; > 2f. If this image is directed back at the same angles, the final image will occur at the original object. So, for either type of mirror, it should be placed at the image of the lens (at si) Mr = Si] 30, $0, 5 = —Mrsp = 1.585. (6.50) 1/f = 1/50+ 1/s; = 1/89 + 1/(—1.88.); 1/10 = 1/3865 $0 = 10/3 = 3.3. cm. Note in Table 5.5, s. < f for an erect, magnified image. f =—R/2 = 30 om, 1/20 + 1/s: = 1/30, 1/s; = 1/30 - 1/20. s; = —60 em, Mr = —8i/80 = 60/20 = 3. Image is virtual (s; < 0), erect (Mr > 0), located 60 cm behind mirror, and 9 inches tall. ‘Treat the first surface as a mirror with radius of curvature R. (5.49) fm = —R/2, which is where the parallel reflected rays converge. Lens: (5.16) 1/fe = (ne — 1)(1/Ri ~ 1/Ra); Ri =—-R, Rp = +R so Ife = (2—1)(4/(-R) ~ 1/R) = -2/Rj fe = —R/2 = foo Tage is rotated through 180° From Eq. (5.65), NA = (2.624 — 2.310)? = 0.550, max = sin™* 0.550 = 33°22. ‘Maximum acceptance angle is 26max = 66°44’. A ray at 45° would quickly leak out of the fiber; in other words, very little energy fails to escape, even at the first reflection. Considering Eq. (5.66), log 0. = -0.30 = —ab/10, and so L = 15 km. From Eq. (5.65), NA = 0.232 and Nm = 9.2 x 107. (6.68) At = (Lny/c)(my/me~ 1), 80 At/L = (ny/e)(ny/% — 1) At/L = 1.500/(3 x 10~t km/ns)(1.500/1.485 — 1) = 50.51 km/ns. Mr =—f/t0 = —1/teD. For the human eye D ~ 58.6 diopters. Z» = 230,000 x 1.61 = 371 x 10 km,a2 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.80 5.81 5.82 5.83 Chapter 5 Solutions My = -1/3.71 x 10°(58.6) = 4.6 x 10-4, uy = 2160 x 1.61 x 10° x 4.6 x 10" = 0.16 mm. Recall that the angles of a triangle sum to 180°. Recall that at both mirrors 6, = @,, For the triangle made by the three rays, (20:2) + (2842) + (180° — @) = 180° so a = 2(01 + 02). For the triangle containing “A,” 6 + (90° — 641) + (90° — 62) = 180°. = (61 + 82), 80, a=. 1/20 + 1/sio = 1/4, Sig = 5 m. 1/0.3 + 1/sie = 1/0.6, Sie = —0.6 m. Mro = —5/10 = -0.5, Mre = —(—0.6)/0.5 = +1.2, MroMre = 0.6. From Table 5.3, the types, positions, and sizes of the images are OK, but the rays from one portion of an object do not consistently trace to the same portion of the image. ‘The pinhole allows the eye to get much closer to the object and still see it clearly and that creates a larger retinal image. The pinhole works like a magnifier. Want same amount of light to reach the film. f/# varies as the square root of the time, so we want f/5.5. See figure. Ray 1 in the figure misses the eye-lens, and there is, therefore, ‘ decrease in the energy arriving at the corresponding image point. ‘This is vignetting. Rays that would have missed the eye-lens in the previous problem are made to pass through it by the field-lens. Note how the field-lens bends the chief rays a bit so that they cross the optical axis slightly closer to the eyelens, thereby moving the exit pupil and shortening the eye relief. (For more on the subject, see Modern Optical Engineering, by Smith.) From Table 5.3, image is virtual, erect, and magnified. As thickness of lens approaches 0, |3,| approaches s,, ie., |Mz| approaches 1. However, the entire bug is imaged, so that this can be used as a field-lens, =Chapter 5 Solutions 43 5.84 (a) D =1/f. If s9 = 00, 1/f = 1/si. D = 1/{0.02 m) = 50 m™. IF So = 0-50 m, 1/f = 1/(0.50 m) + 1/(0.02 m, D = 52m“. (b) Accommodation of 2m (c) D =1/f = 1/(0.25 m) + 1/(0.02 m) = 54 m™. (€) Need to add 2m \ 5.85 Unaided cye, DH=If=Msott/si (5 = 2 cm),D = 1/(1.25 m)+1/(0.02 m) = 50.8 ma. Want D = 1/f = 1/(0.25 m) + 1/(0.02 em) = 54 m7. Lens must have & power of (54— 50.8) =3.2m™. 5.86 Dy = D./(1+ Ded) = 3.2D/(1 + (3:2D)(0.017 m) figures +3.0 D. fy = 0.330 m, and so the far point is 0.330 — 0.017 m = 0.313 m behind the eye lens. For the contact lens {fe = 1/3.2.= 013 m. Hence the far point at 0.31 m is the same for both, as it indeed must be. +3.03D or to two 5.87 (a) (5.77) MP =dy-D+1 = (0.25 m)(1/.0254 m) +1 = 10.8. (b) Size = (MP) (object size) = 10.8(5.0 mm) = 54 mm diameter. (c) tan ou = Yo/do = (0.0254 m)/(0.25 m), a, — 5.80° = 0.101 rad. (@) temo = y4/L ~ vifdo = (0.054 m)/(0.25 m), ag = 12.19° = 0.219 rad. 5.88 (a) ‘The intermediate image-distance is obtained from the lens formula applied to the objective; 1/27 + 1/si = 1/25 and o, = 3.38 x 10? mm. This is the distance from the objective to the intermediate image, to which must be added the focal length of the eyepiece to get the lens separation; 3.38 x 10? +25 = 3.6 x 10? mm. (b) Mro = —8i/80 = —3.38 x 107/27 = —12.5x, while the eyepiece has a magnification of dD = 254/25 = 10.2x. Thus the total magnification is MP = (-12.5)(10.2) = —1.3 x 10%; the minus sign just means the image is inverted. 5.89 The xray “lens” is a mirrored surface that forms a portion of 2 non-spherical mirror. The reflected rays converge to the focus (F;)-44 5.90 5.91 Chapter 5 Solutions (a) These are a parabola and a hyperbola of two sheets. The parabola and left-hand hyperbola share a common focus, F. Rays reflected from the parabola head for that focus. Rays directed at the first focus of a hyperbola reflect toward the second focus. (b) Parallel rays coming off the parabola seem to be leaving its first focus. Because this is also the focus of the ellipse the rays reflect toward its second focus. The limit of resolution is 1.22A/D; at 0.50m, 1.22(0.50 x 10-*)/2.4 = 2.54 x 10-7 radians; 1.0 x 10-? = R2.54 x 10-7 and R= 39 km. ———Chapter 6 Solutions 45 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Chapter 6 Solutions (6.7) Mr = (—six/se1)(—Si2/S0a) = —8:/0. Let 8 = 00 $0 that So = Soi, sa = fis 8a = fir S02 = —(su — d). Substituting into (6.7), (—fil/s0)(—s22/ — (sa - 4) = —/s0: f = filsa/(—52)) = filsa/(sa - 4). From 1/sea+1/sia= fai 1/sia=1/ fa — 1/500, Sia = Seafa/ (Sen — fa). f= (-fil'se2)(So2fel (S02 — f2)) = —fifel (Sa — fa) = fifa/ (sa — 4+ fa)- Uf =(sa-4+ fi)/fife = Wh + (8a - O/filr- But sa = fi, 80, I/f = 1/fi + 1/fe—-a/fife- From Eq, (68), 1/f = 1/f'+1/f' —4/f'f = 2/f' — 2/3f), f = 3f'/4- From Ea. (6.9), Hai = (3f'/4)(2f°/3)/f" = f'/2. From Eq. (6.10), Fata = —(8/'/4)(2f'/3)/f' = -f'/2- From Eq, (6.2), 1/f =0 when —(1/Ry — 1/Re) = (rm — 1)d/r.R, Re. Thus a= mi(Ri — Ra)/(ru— 1). 1/f = 0.5[1/6 — 1/10 + 0.5(3)/1.5(6)10), f = +24; hy = —24(0.5)(8)/10(1.5) = —2.4, ftp = —24(0.5)(3)/6(1.5) = —4. Since |hy| = |fa| it follows from Eqs. (6.3) and (6.4) that =F (nu = 1)eh/|Rolne = — f(r — 1)di/|Rilra and [Ral = || which means the lens is a sphere.46 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.12 Chapter 6 Solutions J = (1/2)nR/(n-1); hy = +R, by = -R. This is a thick lens with —Ry = Ry = R = 10cm and d= 2R = 20 cm (6.2) U/f = (me 1)[L/Ri — 1/Ro + (me + 1)d/reR Ra] = (1.83 1)[1/10 — 1/(—-10) + (1.33 — 1)(20)/1.38(10)(~10)); f=20.2 cm. From Problem (6.6) or (6.7), (6.2) becomes 1/f = ((ne— 1)/m¢)(2/R), with R= +10 cm. 1/f = (1.4 —1)/1.4)(2/10) = 0.057 em, f = 175 cm. (6.1) 1/f = 1/s, +1/s;, where , and s, are measured from the principal planes. 1/s; = 1/f ~ 1/s. = 1/(17.5) om —1/(400 — 10) cm; 44 = 18.3 cm. (6.7) Mr = —s;/s, = —18.3/390 = —.047. Image is real, inverted, and 0.047 times the size of the object. (6.2) 1/f = (me~ 1)[L/Ri + 1/Ra + (ne — 1)d/neRy Re; (1.5 — 1)[1/23 — 1/20 + (1.5 — 1)(9.0)/1.5(23)(20)] = 0, f=00. Generally, if Vf =0, [1/Ry —1/Re + (re — 1)d/neR Ro] = 0; (neRe — nei + (me — 1)d)/neRy Re = 0; (me 1d = ne(Ri — Re); (Ra — Ra) = (ne — 1) fred for ne = 1.5, (Ri — Ra) = (1.5 -1)/1.8)d = d/3. f = 296 + 0.4 = 30 cm; s, = 49.8 +0.2 = 50 cm; 1/50 + 1/s; = 1/30 om. 8: = 75 cm from Hy and 74.6 cm from the back face, From Eq, (6.2), 1/f = (1/2){1/4.0 — 1/(—18) + (1/2)4.0/(3/2)(4.0)(—15)] = 0.147 and f = 6.8 cm. hy = ~(6.8)(1/2)(4.0)/(—15)(3/2) = +0.60 cm, while hg = ~23. To find the image 1/(100.6) + 1/s; = 1/(6.8); 5; = 7.3. cm or 5 cm from the back face of the lens. _——EEEChapter 6 Sotutions ar 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 mh For both, Ry = R= R, so (6.2) becomes A/f = (n—1)2/R+ (n-1)d/nF}; 1/f = (1.5 — 1)[2/50 + (1.5 — 1)(5.0)/1.5(50))]; f = 49.2 om, (6.1) 1/fi = 1/501 + 1/sin, 80 1/sa = 1/fa — 1/01 = 1/(49.2). (6.8) 1/f = 1/fi+1/fa— 4/ fifa = 1/(420) + 1/(—20) — 10/(20)(-20); ‘f = +40 cm. The principal planes are found from (6.9) and (6.10). (6.9) Huth = fa/fa = (+40)(10)/(-20) = —20 cm. (6.10) HaHa = fa/f, = (+40)(10)/(20) = +20 cm. R= : a from (6.16) where Dy = (n—1)/Rr = (1.5 -1)/2.5 em =0.2 om“. 1) Ta an | (6.24) Lo jae: 1yis 1) [08 1 _|1 —™ me|) 1 | but Rp = 00, 80 Da = 0. 10 1 o][1 02 1 02 (6.29) annie | “Tied ll 1 |-[e | Check: |A] = 1(1.16) - 0.2(0.8) = 1. ‘Working in centimeters, Dy, =(24—1.9)/R, =0.1 cm™!, Dy = (1.9 - 2.4)/Ry = -0.05 em“ therefore48 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 Chapter 6 Solutions A 1 -Dy 1 0 2 0 1 Jldmiffo 1 1 -0.05 1 0} ] 2 +01] _ | 1.02 -o.052 01 o4t}i{o 1 | [04 096 (1.02)(0.96) — (0.4)(~0.052) = 0.979 + 0.0208 A ‘We have det A = anaz2 — ayzaq1 = 1 — (Dy + Da)dar/rey + Ds Dad, /nd, + (Dit Da)day/na + DiDada/res fy = na (1 — au1)/(—a12) = (Dadar/na) f = (na — Lda f/Rame, from Eq, (6.64) where ne = 145 he = nea(az — 1)/(—a12) = —(Didar/na)f from Eq. (5.70), ha = -(nir — 1d f/Rines A=RsFyR;, but for the planar surface 1D, m=[j | and D, which is the unit matrix, hence A= FR). Dy = (1.5-1)/0.5 = 1 and D, = (1.5-1)/—(-0.25) =24 [ = ] and | A] = 0.48 + 0.52 From the equation above (6.34), 12 [tte _y)) 0.2 = -ay = (my -1) 42 4S | Sa e) _ | ea = (oa {a + [SEA Solving for the reciprocal of the second radius gives | Rina i (ra = 1) (ta = dor = Rare)Chapter 6 Solutions 49 1 6.22 Ri= [3 oe | from (6.16) where Dy = (n—1)/Ry = (3/2 = 1)/ - 10.0 em = -0.050 cm™* 1 0 1 0 1 0 Ty = = & ee | rs i in ‘ _|1-® »-[e 7] but Re = 00, s0 Dz = 0. 1 . (629) A= Rasy = 0 1 0] [1 005] _[ 1 005 01}{o67 i1}[o 1 0.67 1.03 Check: |A] = 1(1.03) — (0.05)(0.67) = 1. [| ~4[5"] Ue vu @=0, m=1 K=HK [2 ]--[2]-[ee ts] [2] u vi o67 1.03 | | w 0] _] a+ (0.05) ul [ (0.67)a; + (1.03)y: O= ay + (0.05)ys, yi = (0.67)a% + (1.03), both yield a, = (—0.05)(2.0) = —0.10 or 0.10 radians above the axis. 6.23 (6.34) 1/f = —a2 = -(Di + D2 — DiDad/ne); Dy = (ne- 1)/Py = (1.5 ~ 1)/0.5 = 1.0; (ne — 1)/Ra = (1.5 — 1)/(—0.25) = -2.0. 1/f = —(1.0 — 2.0 — (10)(2.0)(0.3)/1.5, f =0.71. WR = (1) -an)/ - ar, (6.36) aj; =1—Dad/ne = Vim, =(1-14)/14= 2.0)(0.3)/1.5 = 1.4. 9. Pk6.24 6.25 6.26 Chapter 6 Solutions (6.37) VeFf2 = (1)(x ~ 1)/— a,35 om = 1 ~ (Dyd)/ne = 1 — (1.0)(0.3)/1.5 = 08; VaFa = (0.8 - 1)/1.4 = -0.14. For two reflections -1 -2/(+r)]f 1 0] f-1 -2/(-r)] fa 0 et -¢dif[o 41 di and this yields the desired matrix. When d= r the matrix for two traversals becomes -1 0 0 -1 and for four it is [2 2]02 A)-[oa] o -1j[o -1 o1 and since this is a unit matrix the light ray is back to where it started. See E. Slayter, Optical Methods in Biology PC/CA = (r/ma)R/R = m/na, while CA/P'C’ = n;/ng. Therefore triangles ACP and ACP" are similar; using the sine law sin ZPAC/PC = sin ZAPC/CA or ngsin ZPAC = n, sin ZAPC, but 6; = ZPAC, thus @ = ZAPC = ZP’AC, and the refracted ray appears to come from P’. From Eq. (5.6), let cosy = 1 — 2/2; then fo = [R? + (5. + R)? —2R(so+ R)+ R(so+ Ry}, Gia (E+ Root RM, Gl = [sb — Rls — Ry},Chapter 6 Solutions 31 6.28 6.29 where the first two terms of the binomial series are used, = (59+ R)M?/288R where RAR, Gre sy) + (4 — RM /2SR. Substituting into Eq. (5.5) leads to Eq. (6.40). Because (a) is symmetrical and looks like a somewhat altered Airy pattern; this is spherical aberration. (b) This pattern is asymmetrical as if the Airy system were pulled off to the side, so it corresponds to a little coma. (c) This pattern is asymmetrical along two axes and must be due to astigmatism. Fig. P.6.29a is bi-axially asymmetric and therefore corresponds to astigmatism. (b) is elongated along one axis and is due to coma, and because the pattem isn’t very complicated there isn’t much of it.52 TA 7.2 73 74 75 Chapter 7 Solutions Chapter 7 Solutions E} = 36 + 64 + 2(6)(8) cos/2 = 100, Ey = 10; tana = 8/6, a = 53.1° = 0.93 rad. E = 10sin(120zt + 0.93). By = Eq cos(wt); Ez = Ey, cos(wt + a2). B= E, + Ey = Ep, cosut + Eo, cos(wt + a2) = Box(2cos H(wt + wt + 2) cos }(wt — wt — a2) = 2E py cos (ut + 2/2) cos(—a/2) Recall cos(—8) = cos, s0, EB = (2B, cos(a2/2))(cos(wt + &2/2)) = Ep cos(wt + «). To show that this follows from (7.9) and (7.10), recall that 00s 6 = sin(@ + 1/2) so that a a ta/2= 7/2, o> ag+n/2. In phase: ay = a9 cos(avz — a1) = cos(0) (7.9) EG = Bj, + Eby + 2Eo: Boo cos(a2 — a1) = BB, + Ey + 2Eo Eee = (En + Eon)? Out of phase, or — ay = 7, c0s(a2 — ay) = cos = (7.9) BG = Eby + By — 2Eo. Ein = (Eo — Eva)? OPL = Yn; = D(c/ui)2; = DD; ct, where t; is the time spent in medium i. But ct; is also the distance the light would travel, in vacuum. 1 m/500 nm = 0.2 x 107 = 2,000,000 waves. In the glass 0.05/Ao/n = 0.05(1.5)/500 nm = 1.5 x 10°;Chapter 7 Solutions 58 in air 0.95/Ao = 0.19 x 10"; total 2,050,000 waves. OPD = ((1.5)(0.05) + (1)(0.95)] — (1)(3), OPD = 1.025 — 1.000 = 0.025 m, ‘A/Ao = 0.025/500 nm = 5 x 10* waves. 7.6 OPLp = nz = (1.00)(100 cm) = 100 cm = 1.00 m. 103.82 cm = 1.0382 m. A = OPL4 — OPLp = 1.0382 — 1.00 = 00382 m. (7.16) 6 = KoA = (2m/Aq)A = 2n(3.82 x 10-* m)/5.00 x 10-° m. = 7.64 x 10°x. ‘An integer multiple of 2r, so waves are in phase. 7.7 By = Ea siniut — ke + Az)], s0 01 = —K(a + Az). Ey = Eo: sinlut — ke], $0 a2 = —ke. (7.9) © BR = ER, + Eh + 2Em Bon cos(a2 — a1) = ER, + Ed, + 2E3, cos(—ke — (—k(z + Az))) = 2E3,(1+ coskAz) = 2E2,(cos(0) + cos(kAt)) = 4B 3, cos*(kAz/2), (see Problem 7.2), Ep = 2Ep; cos(kAz/2). _ Fusing: + Easinor (720) tamer = cose + Baz 60502 __ Enysin(—M(2 + Az) + Bon sin(—kr)) = Foi cos(—k(a + Az) + Bon cos(—Fe)54 Chapter 7 Solutions e+ Ba) + ka) = tan(—kr ~ (kAz/2)), a = -k(2 + (Az/2)). 78 E= Ey + Ey = Eo{sinlut — k(z + Az) + sin(ut — kx)}. Since sin 6 + sin-y = 2sin(1/2)(@+ 7) cos(1/2)(6 - 7), E = 2Ep, cos(kAc/2) sinlut — k(x + Ax/2)). 7.9 E = Ey Relelt+) — eile) — Fy Rele'**2i sinwt] Ep Re[2i cos ke sinwt — 2sin kz sinwt] = —2Ep sin kz sinwt. ‘Standing wave with node at 2 = 0. 7.10 Ej = Scoswt = 320, (a1 = 0). Ey in wt, but sin8 = cos(6 — 1/2), s0 Ez =4cos(wt—1/2)=42— 1/2. Ey ='B, + By. ER, = Eby + Ely + 2E01 Eun cos(an — 1) = 9+ 16-+2(3)(4) cos(—n/2), Bap = 5. (7.10) tan cr = (Bp sin cy + Bop sin a2)/(Epy cos a + Epz cos a2) = (3(0) + 4(—-1))/(81) +4) = -4/3; a = -53°, 80 y = 53° = 0.93 rad. Note that a; < y, so Ey leads E5. 7.11 By Faraday’s law, E/Ox = —OB/Oz. Integrate to get B(x, t) = = {ez/0x) dt= ~2Eckeoake f cost at = -2Eo(k/w) cos kesin wt. But Eok/w = Eo/c = Bo; thus B(x, t) = —2Bpcoskrsinwt. 7.12 Fringes are spaces \/2 vertically. sin@ = (fringes/em) vertical/(fringes/cm) on film;Chapter 7 Solutions 55, 713 Tala 715 7.16 TAT (fringes/em) on film = (1/(A/2))/sin8 = (1/5.50 x 1077 cmn)/sin(1°) = 1.04 x 108 cm7!. Nodes are spaced at \/2 apart. c=vd, A=c/v=3x 108 m/s/10" Hz = 0.03 m. Node spacing is .015 m. (7.30) E (standing wave) = 2Eoesin kz coswt from two wave, Ey = Exsin(ke + ut); Ep = Eyesin(ke — ut), Ey=50sin(3az+5xt); Ep = 50sin (3x —5zt). Heart beat frequency = vp — 14 = 2 Hz. One can see that the relative phase of the two waves varies, and that a ‘maximum occurs (positive or negative), and that a zero occurs when the relative phase is -tnz (n odd). Also at the maxima, the relative phase between one wave and the net wave is zero, At those zeroes where the relative phase between one wave and the net wave is 7/2, the “faster” wave “laps” the slower one, and the relative phase changes abruptly. Ey =Eoy Co6|(he + Ak) — (we + Aw) Eq = Eo cos{(ke — Ak)x — (we — Aw)t}; E= By + Ey = 2Eo 008 3{(Ke + Ak) — (we + Aw)t + (he — Ak)x — (we — Aw)t] x 008 3[(ke + Ak)z — (we + Aw)t — (ke — Ak) + (we — Aw)t] = 2Boi[cos(k.t — wet) cos(Aka ~ Awt)] so that ke =F, w, =G, Ak = km, Aw = wm. Wavelength of envelope Don = 24/km = 2/Ak. Period of envelope Tr = 21/tm = 2n/Aw. Speed of envelope Arn/Tm = (2 /AK)/(2n/Aw).56 718 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24, 7.25 7.26 Chapter 7 Solutions E =E) cos wet + Eye cosurnt cosw.t = Eo coswet + (Eoer/2)[c0s (we — win)t + 008(We + won)t] Audible range vj, = 20 Hz to 20 x 10° Hs. Maximum modulation frequency vm,(max) = 20 x 10° Hz. vz — vm(max) $v < ve-+ Ym(max), Av = 2¥%m(max) = 40 x 10° Hz, v=w/k = ak, vy = du/dk = 2ak = 2v 1/v, = d(v/v)/dv and the rest follows From the previous problem 1/v, = (n/c) — (vn?/c?){d(c/n)]/dv and the rest follows. : v= Vo\/8n = Jak, vy =v + kdv/dk, where du/dk = ~(1/2k) /o]k = We have \ = 2n/k, dA/dk = —2n/k? = —/k so that the term kdu/dk = k(dA/dk)(du/dd) = k(—A/k)dv/dd = —Adv/dd and the expression for v, follows. uj2k, 80% =v/2, Uy =u + kdu/dk and du/dk = (dy/dw)(dw/dk) = vydv/dw. Since v = c/n, dv/dw = (dv/dn)(dn/dw) = —(c/n?)dn/dwr, Uy =v — (uck/n?)dn/du = v/[1 + (ck/n®)(dn/dw)} = o/{n + u(dn/dw)). (7.40) ng = ¢/vg. From Problem 7.24 v, = ¢/(n + 2(dn/dw)), so Ng = m+ wa(dn/des) = n(v) + 2nv(dn(v)/2ndv) = n(v) + v(dn(v))/dv. For v=a/A, vy —Adv/dd = a/A+ da/d? = 2a/d = 2v.me Chapter 7 Solutions 37 127 ts Ry & 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 (7.38) vy =v + k(dv/dk) = o/n — (ke/n?)(dn/dk) in — (ko/n*)(dn/dd)(dd/dk) = c/n —~ (ke/n*)(dn/d)(-2n/k?) = ¢/n + (2n/k)(c/n®)(dn/dd) = c/n + (de/n?)(dn/dd) y= w/k = wo/ sin(kl/2)/ (Kl/2) = wo/ sinc(Kt/2); Uy = ds/dk = wo/ cos(kl/2). v =w/k therefore w? = w2 + c>(w/v)? and v of — (wp/w)"P?; vy = danfdk = Pk/w = ofl — (wp/uw)*]?. For w? > w?, n’ — (Ng2/w?eome) Dy fi = 1— Na2/w*eome. Using the binomial expansion, we have (1 — 2)!/? = 1-2/2 for + « 1, so that n=1-N@/2w*eome, dnfdw = Nae /eomeu*. vy = ¢/[n + w(dn/dws)] = c/[1 + Na? /2eomen”) and vy <¢, v= c/n =c/{1 — Nq2/2eom.w*]. By binomial expansion, (l-2)telte for r v1. (8.25) tan6, = m/n; = 9.0/1.0, 0, = 83.7°. The dipole is perpendicular to the plane of incidence. tané, = m/n, = 1.33/1.00, 6, = 53°. tan by = ne/n; = 1.65/1.33, 0 = 51.1° tan 8, = ne/ng; m = tan 54.30° = 1.39. tan 6, = n,/ne = 1.65/1.36 = 1.21 and 6, = 50.5%; nesiné, = ng sin Oy; sin, = (1.36/1.65) sin 50.50° = 0.636 and @ = 39.5°. (4.5) sin#,/ sin & = naj sin & = sin 6,/ne = sin(40°)/1.5; 0, = 25.4° (8.26) Ry = tan?(6;—6,)/ tan?(6;+6,) = tan®(—14.6°)/ tan?(65.4°) = 0.014 (8.27) Ry = sin®(6, — 6,)/ sin®(0, + 6,) = sin*(—14.6°)/ sin?(65.4°) = 0.07. (8.28) R= 3(Ry + Ri) = 0.0455. (9.29) V = Ip/(Ip + In) = (Ri + Ry)/(Ba + Ry + R) = 67%. (4.5) sin@,/ sin 6, = mu; sin = sin 6/ng = sin(70*)/1.5; 8 = 38.8°. (8.26) Aj = tan?(6, — 6,)/ tan?(A, + 6,) = tan?(—31.2°)/ tan?(108.8°) = 0.045. (8.27) Ry = sin?(0; —6,)/sin®(6, + 6,) = sin®(—31.2°)/ sin?(108.8°) = 0.299. (8.28) R = 3(Ry + Ri) =0.172. No = 1.6584, n- = 1.4864. Using Snell’s law, sin @; = no sin 6:, = 0.766, Sin O; = ne sin Bre = 0.766, sin Bio * 0.463, Oo ~ 27°35"; sin Oe ~ 0.516, Ore Fe 31°4'; AB = 3°99. (3.59) n= ¢/v = Xo/Aq, 80 An = Ao/n. Ordinary A, = Ao/n, = 589.3 nm/1.5443 = 381.6 nm. Extraordinary 2, = ./n. = 589.3 nm/1.5533 = 379.4 nm. Same frequency v = c/2, = (3 x 10° m/s)/5.893 x 10-7? m = 5.091 x 10" Hz.Chapter 8 Solutions 6 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.40 8.41 8.42 8.43 8.44 8.45 8.46 For calcite, ng > ng. Two spectra will be visible when (b) or (c) is used in a spectrometer. The indices are computed in the usual way, using n= sin{(a+6,,)/2}/sin(a/2), where 6, is the angle of minimum deviation of either beam. E, leads E, by 1/2: They were initially in phase and E, > Ey. Therefore the wave is left-handed, elliptical, and horizontal. sin 8, = Mbaisam/Tho = 1.55/1.658 = 0.935; 6. ~ 69°. (ec) Utsdenira euergy inthe forma ctone ef tha P-vtaies can be dinptalof without local heating problems. (d) The Rochon transmits an undeviated beam (the o-ray), which is therefore achromatic as wel. Each half wave plate rotates E by 20 = 2(1/40 rad) = 7/20 rad. Stack of plates rotates E by 10(1/20) = 1/2 rad. Ignoring surface reflections, I is reduced by 1/2 at the first polarizer, but since the beam’s polarization is rotated by x/2 rad, J is not further reduced by the second polarizer. ag Placing the quarter wave plate first will have no effect on the irradiance. ‘The irradiance will be affected with the quarter wave plate following the polarizer. Fi 0 Emerging wave is elliptically polarized with € = (n/2— 1/4) = n/4. ‘The polarizers are aligned. The cellophane is a half wave plate, so is seen as “dark” (no beam passing through in this region). Ayp = 2xddn/%o but Ay = (1/4)(2n) because of the fringe shift. ‘Therefore Ay = 1/2 and d = 589.3 x 10-9/2(10-) = 2.94 x 10-* m. ‘The R-state incident on the glass screen drives the electrons in circular orbits, and they reradiate reflected circular light whose E-field rotates in the same direction as that of the incoming beam. But the propagation direction has been reversed on reflection, so thet although the incident68 8.47 8.48 8.49 8.50 8.51 8.52 8.53 8.54 Chapter 8 Solutions light is in an R-state, the reflected light is left-handed. It will therefore be completely absorbed by the right-circular polarizer. ‘Yes. If the amplitudes of the P-states differ. The transmitted beam, in a pile-of-plates polarizer, especially for a small pile. Concentration is 10 g/1000 cm* = .01 g/cm®, so rotatory power = .01(+66.45°)/10 cm = 0.06645°/cm. Light travels through 1m = 100 cm, so emerging light is at 6.645° from vertical (clockwise). Place the photoelestic material between circular polarizers with both retarders facing it. Under circular illumination no orientation of the stress axes is preferred over any other, and they will thus all be indistinguishable. Only the birefringence will have an effect, and so the isochromatics will be visible. If the two polarizers are different, that is, one an R, the other an £, regions where An leads to Ay bright. If they are the same, such regions appear dark, will appear From (8.32), Ay = (277/2,)E(|no — ne|) 80 [ne — nel = AoAy/2r8. (8.40) An = A,KE? = A.K(V/d)? 50 A-Ap/2nl = rolC(V/a)?; Ay = 2ntk(V/d)?. Vay2 = Ao/2nires = 550 x10-°/2(1.58)"5.5 x 10-"? = 10°/2(3.94) = 12.7 kV. cos@ | _ | cosase |] _ | 1/v2 Bale sind | | sings? | | ava] va| 1 (1)(€h) + (—24)(€xa)* = 0, Ba = (2,4)?. (a) Ei = (1, 1,0, 0) has relative irradiance of 1, and is horizontally polarized. E> = (3,0,0,3) has relative irradiance of 3, is right circularly polarized. For both, V = 1. (b) E = Ey + Ey = (4,1,0,3), and has both a horizontal P component and an component. (0) (8.48) V = (5? + S3 + 53)¥2/S, = (1? +0? +3°)¥/2/4 = 0.79. (4) E= (1,1,0,0) + (1, -1,0,0) = (2,0,0,0) and is “natural” light (unpolarized).: Chupter 8 Solutions 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 (See Tables 8.5 and 8.6.) 1 -FOGg —1 P 00 Sak "“2) 0 0 00 0 000 Relative irradiance = 1/2. (8. (See Tables 8.5 and 8.6). Se wie cron ecco oror Relative irradiance = 1/2. (8.48) V er coon 48) V = (53 + 53+ $3)7/8, nie = (45° P) eooco coor oHoe = (S} + 53 + S3)'?/S, = 1. coor coon cove rooo eroo 0 ° oro ao ° | | ooue Hon ‘Therefore light polarized at 45° is unchanged, as expected. 100 0]f1 1 oo00-1]/J1]_]o oo10 o| jo o10o0]lo 1 A horizontal P-state is changed to an R state.68. Chapter 8 Solutions 8.59 Past axis c = +45°, cos90° = 0, sin 90° = 1. Quarter wave plate, Av = 1/2; cos(n/2) = 0, sin(m/2) = 1. 1 0 oO 0 0 c+s%eosAy cs(1—cosAy) —ssinAy 0 cs(1—cosAy) s*+CeosAy csinAy 0 ssinAp —esin Ay cos Ay 1 0 0 0 1000 _ {0 0+#1(0) 0(1)@-0) -1(1) 000-1 ~}0 o@y(a—0) 1+0(0) 01) oo1 o 1a) -) 0 o10 8.60 Quarter wave plate, Ay = 1/2; cos(n/2) = 0, sin(x/2) = 1. Vertical fast axis a = 0, cos(0) = 1, sin(0) = 0. z oO 0 0 0 P+s?cosAy cs(1—cosAy) —ssinAy 0 cs(1—cosAy) s*+ccosAy csinAy 0 ssinAy -csindy — cosAy 1 0 Oo 0 O 140(0) 1(0)(1—0) -0(1) ~ 10 100)(2-0) 0410) 1(1) 0 0 1 0 ooo econo eters 0 04) -11) 0 0 8.61 = coon oo croo coro ooo Heooceo oroo coor coro Hooo 0 -1 0 8.62 (From Problem 8.60).69 Chapter 8 Solutions By leads B, by 1/2 (see third part from right of Figure 8.7a). L-state. Bz leads By, by 7/2 (see third part from left of Figure 8.7a).Chapter 8 Solutions 70 ooo noon ccooo — — —_— Hoon HOON HOOR HOO HOOH DOCS mic min Tr Tr mic mis 0 f) i} f) i) u ecco neoe Hoon Hoo Woot HOOT 2299 0000 0000 HOO mw 2, eoco Hoon ret o Hoo H Hoon COCO 2 Pia 2000 CoeCe Cocco a Stet ecco Coo mH co on noon Hoon ea ae SS On eee ed ' sic ie aie ss Ts in m. For I, =0, IresV/ Ao. At maximum transmission, Ay sin?(Ay/2) = 0, so (Ay/2) =n. 2x = 2nn’ 8.65 (8.42) Ay = 2nn resV/ do. 3 (6.461 x 10-7 m)/((1.52)5(8.5 x 107? m/V) = 18.29 kV. res = V=X/niChapter 8 Solutions 1. If polarizers are parallel, J, is a maximum at V = 0. Equivalent to I, = I, cos*(Ap/2), 80 Tiffc = c0s*(nV/2Viya) (from 8.43) = cos*(nr/2) = 0. iG) 8.66 [ te | se a phase increment of is introduced into both Oo te components es a result of traversing the plate. vacuum: Ee +f pete oo ber: P baa #000 1000 mer lof Oc oo00 : CO 0000 ooo? 0000 8.68 V = Ip/(Ipt Iu) = (5? + 53 + 53)"?/So, Tp = (S$ 453+ S97, T-Ip= lee So — (53 + $3 + 53)? = Ty coon Hoon Hoo §-(0+0+1)7=h,.2 Chapter 9 Sobstions Chapter 9 Solutions 9.1 E,- Ey =(1/2)(Ee™ + Bre) . (1/2)(Bge* + Bye), where Re(2) = (1/2)(z +2"). By - By = (1/4)[Ei- Bye ™* + By. Bye" + BB + By Bi. ‘The last two terms are time independent, while (By - Eye-?") — 0 and (Ej - Ee) — 0 because of the 1/Tw coefficient. Thus Tig = 2B, - Ba) = (1/2)(Bx - By + By - Ba). 9.2. The largest value of r, —r9 is equal to a. Thus if ¢ = 2, 5 = k(r1 —r2) varies from 0 to ka. If a 3 A, cosé and therefore Iya will have a great many maxima and minima and therefore average to zero over a large region of space. In contrast, if a < A, 6 varies only slightly from 0 to ka < 2m. Hence I1y does not average to zero, and from Eq. (9.17), I deviates little from 4/o. ‘The two sources effectively behave as a single source of double the original strength. 9.3 Dropping the common time factor By = Ey exp(2miz/X) and Ez = Epexp|(2mi/d)(z00s 6 + ysin6)], adding these at the z = 0 plane yields E = Eo{1+ exp[(2mi/d)(ysin 8)]}. The absolute square of this is the irradiance viz, Ty) = 2E3 bh + cos (Fvms)| and the rest follows from the identity cos 2 = 2.cos? @ — 1. The cosine squared has zeros at y = mA/(2sin6) where m is an odd integer. The fringe separation is 1/sin6. As @ increases, the separation decreases.9 Solutions 3 9.4 A bulb at S would produce fringes. We can imagine it as made up of a very large number of incoherent point sources. Each of these would generate an independent pattern, all of which would then overlap. Bulbs at S; and 5; would be incoherent and could not generate detectable fringes 9.5 Ym = smA/a~ 14.5 10-? m and A= 0.0145 m: v = v/A = 23.7 kHz. ‘This is Young’s Experiment with the sources out-of-phase. 9.6 This is comparable to the “two-slit” configuration, (Figure 9.8), so we can use (9.29) asin@m =A (Bm may not be “small”). Let m sind = y/(s? +47)", s0, ay = A(s?-+y?) "7; (a? = d?)y? = A757; y=rs/(2-y)'. c=vr, so \ = ¢/v = (3 x 108 m/s)/(1.0 x 10° Hz) = 300 m. y = (300 m)(2000 m)/((600 m)? — (300 m)?)"/? = 1.15 x 10° m 9.7 (a) m1 — 72 = £4/2, hence asin 0 = +t/2 and 61 zs t/a = +(1/2)(632.8 x 10-® m)/(0.220 x 10-* m) = £1.58 x 10~* rad, | or since yy = 96; = (1.00 m)(1.58 x 10-$ rad) = £1.58 mm. (b) ye = 854/a = (1.00 m)5(632.8 x 10-®)/(0.200 x 10-* m) = 1.582 x 10°? m. (c) Since the fringes vary as cosine-squared and the answer to (a) is half a fringe width, the answer to (b) is 10 times larger 9.8 Om is “small,” so we can use (9.28) 0m = ™/2, 6m is radian, | a= MAOn, = [4(6.943 x 10°? m)]/{1°(2m rad/360°)] = 1.59 x 10-4 m. 9.9 Ay = (s/a)A, 80, s = aAy/A = [(1.0 x 10~* m)(10 x 107* m)]/(4.8799 x 10-? m) = 2.05 m.74 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 Chapter 9 Solutions (9.28) @m = mA/a. Want 64,103 = G2vicieti (1) Area/a = (2)Aviote/a3 Deiolee = 390 mm. : Follow section (9.3.1), except that (9.26) becomes ry — r = (2m! — 1)(A/2) for destructive interference, where m’ = +1,++2,... so that (2m' —1) is an odd integer. This Iéads to an expression equivalent to (9.28), Om: = (2m — 1)A/2a. Follow section (9.3.1), except that (9.26) becomes r; —r2 +A = mA, where ‘A= Optical path differences in beam. Following r1, A = nd (for ® “small”). (1-12) =mMA—A; By =MA—nd; Om = (mA—nd)/a. As in section (9.3.1), we have constructive interference when OPD = mA ‘There is an added OPD due to the angle, 8, of the plane wave equal to asin®, 80 (9.26) becomes ry — 72 +asin 8 = mA. (9.24) Om = y/s and (9.25) ry — 7 ay/s are unchanged, for small By, 50 11 12 = md — asin 4 = a(y/s) = alps; Om = (md/a) — sind. (8.27) ten = (S/a)mA; —yryeea = [(2.0 m)/(2.0 x 10-4 m)](1)(4 x 10-7 m) =40x 10m. ‘Vayvioter = [(2.0 m)/(2.0 x 10-4 m)](2)(6 x 10-7 m) = 12.0 x 10-3 m, Distance = 8.0 x 10-$ m. 1} = a? +r} — 2ary cos(90° — 6). The contribution to cos 6/2 from the third term in the Maclaurin expansion will be negligible if (k/2)(a? cos? 8/2r) « /2; therefore ry < a/A. E = mv?/2; v = 0.42 x 108 m/s; = h/mv = 1.73 x 10-* m; Ay = s)/a = 3.46 mm.Chupter 9 Sobstions 15 9.17 9.18 9.19 Av/Ad= v/s by =vAd/A = 1/Ate; c=vd, 9 v=c/d. A = (c/A)BA/A = cA); Ate=M/cAd; Ale = cAt, = e(A?/Ad) = ¥/AA = (500 nm)?/(2.5 x 10-% nm) =1x 10 nm=0.1m=A. EB = Bnet + Bnet) + Eyelott86), | = (E*)p = (E- B)r, 80, a8 in 3/2) E2 + 2E2{2(cos 6 + cos(36/2) + cos(56/2))} (three Ej, 3 cross terms of Ey - E). For each beam, La (r= $e, at @ = 0, so that for all three together 1(9 = 0) = $£?. Note that (rz — 11) = asin so that 6) =k(rg—11) =k(asin§); (rs—m1) = (6a/2) sin® so that 63 = k(r3— 11) = k(asin 6) where 6 = kasin9. So, 1(@) = 1(0)/3 + (21(0)/9)(cos6 + cos(36/2) + cos(58/2)) when 6 = 0, the second term is zero. ‘Atay form S hits the biprism at an angle 6; (w.r.t normal), is refracted at angle 6,, and hits the second face at angle (6; + a). (4.4) (1) sin, = (n) sine. (n) sin(@ + @) = (1)sin(6/2+ a), where angle 0 is defined in Figure 9.13. As 6 — 0, 6 — 0; 0 are both “small.” nsina = sin(6/2 +a), 80 na ~ (8/2) +a, 6 = 2(n — 1)q. From the figure tan(9/2) = (a/2)/d, so 6/2~(a/2)/d, @=a/d. a/d=2n-1)a, a=2d(n—1)a.76 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 Chapter 9 Solutions From Problem 9.19, ¢ = 2d(n — 1)a; s = 2d, sod = 1m. Ay = (s/a)A = s/2d(n — 1)a; a = 5/2d(n — 1)Ay = [(2m)(5.00 x 10-7 m)]/[2(1 m)(1.5 — 1)(5 x 10 m)] = 0.002 rad. Ay = sdo/2da(n — n’). Ay = (s/a)A, a= 10-? cm, a/2 =5 x 10-8 cm. 6 = k(r; — m2) + = Lloyd’s mirror, 6 = k(a/2sin a — [sin(90° — 2)Ja/2sina) + 7, 6 = ka(1 — cos2a)/2sina +7, maximum occurs for 6 = 2 when sin a(A/a) = (1 —cos2a) = 2sin?a. First maximum @ = sin“(A/2a). Ei, is reflected once. Fy, = Ey reo (see 4.47) = Exi(n— 1)/(m +1) = Boi(1.52 — 1)/(1.52 + 1) = 0.206B,y. Ex; is transmitted once, reflected once, then transmitted. Eay = Exi(tono) Pat) tan-sic) = Esil2/(1-+n)][(1—n)/(14n)]f2n/(n + 2) = 4n(1 —n)/(n + 1)* = E,4(4(1.52)(1- 1 52)]/(1 + 1.52)? = -0.198B,,, (see 4.48) (— indicates phase changed). Es, is transmitted, reflected 3 times (internally), and then transmitted. Bar = Eait{e' 8 = Bel2/(1 +n)][(1 = n)/(1 + n)}[(2n)/(n + 1)) = [an(1 —n)9Y/(n + 1)8 = Bafa (1.52)(1 — 1.52)9]/(1.52 + 1° = 0.008 Ey: for water in air. Eq, = Eys(1.333 — 1)/(1.333 +1) = 0.14384. Ear = E,y{4(1.333)(1 ~ 1.883)]/(1 + 1.333)* = ~0.1408,, Ear = Ens[4(1.333)(1 = 1.333)°]/(1.333 + 1)$ = -0.003E,,.Chapter 9 Solutions 17 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 Here 1.00 < 1.34 < 2.00, hence from Eq, (9.36) with m = 0, d= (0 +1/2)(633 nm)/2(1.34) = 118 nm. (9.36) d.cos 6, = (2m-+1)(A,)/4 for a maximum at (near) normal incidence, and taking m = D (lowest value) d=Df/4 = Ao/4n = (5.00 x 10-7 m)/4(1.36) = 9.2 x 10-* m. (9.37) dos 6, = 2m(A4/4)-for minimum reflection|= 2m(o/n) at @~ 0, Ao =nd/2m = {(1.34)(550.0 nm)]/2 m = 368.5(1/m) nm, m=1,2,3,...0F Ap = 368.5 nm, 184.25 nm, 122.83 nm,.... Eq, (9.37) m = 2nyd/Ao = 10,000. A minimum, therefore central dark region. “The fringes are generally a series of fine jagged bands, which are fixed with respect to the glass. - x? = dy((Ri — dh) + Ri] = 2Rid) — dh. Similarly 2? = 2Rady — 3. d= dy — dy = (2/2)(1/Ry — 1/Ro), d = mdj/2. As Re + 00, 2m approaches Eq. (9.43). (9.42) 2m = [(rm + 1/2)A,R]¥?, air film, ny = 1, 50 Ay = Ao. R=23/(m+1/2)Ao = (0.01 m)?/(20.5)(5 x 10-7 m) = 9.76 m. Ax =Aj4/2a, a = do/2nzAz, a = 5 x 10 rad= 10.2 seconds. (0.40) Az = Ay/2a for fringe separation where a = d/z. Az = ,4/2(d/z) = 2d4/2d. Number of fringes = (length) /(separation) =2/Az 50, x/x = 2d/Ay = [2(7.618 x 10-* m)]/(5.00 x 10-” m). ‘A motion of A/2 causes a single fringe pair to shift past, hence 92/2 = 2.53 x 10-* m and A = 550 nm. Ad = N(Ao/2) = (1000) (5.00 x 10-7 m)/2 = 2.50 x 10-* m.9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.43 9.44 Chapter 9 Solutions A= Ad=N(./2); A= (Maye — Macoum2); N = 2A/Aq = [2(1.00029 — 1.00000)(0.10 m)]/(6.00 x 10-7 m) = 97. Fringe pattern comes fromm the interference of two beams, one that passes through the lower medium (n,), and is reflected off its mirror, one that passes through the top medium (nz) and is reflected off its mirror. The two beams reflect off the front surface of the other medium. It might be used to compare n; and np (especially if one changes, such as due to pressure or temperature), or compare the flatness of one surface, to a known optically flat surface. Ep = FE? = Bplit)?/(1 — ree“*)(1 — re"), T= Wtt)?/(1 = re — re + 14), (a) R = 0.80, therefore F = 4R/(1 — R)? = 80. (b) y= 4sin* 1/VF = 0.448. (c) F = 2x/0.448. (d) C = 1'+ F. 2/{l + F(A6/4)"| = 0.811 + 1/(1 + F(A6/2)?)], F*(A6)* — 15.5F(A6)? — 30 = 0. I = Imax C0S* 8/2, I = Inux/2 when 6 = 1/2, therefore y= 7. Separation between maxima is 2x. F = 2n/ =2. (4.47) reo = (re — m4)/(r +74). Bare substrate: r = (ny —1)/(ns +1). Substrate with film: 1’ = t,_prysty-o. (4.48) tomo = 2ru/(ri +74), 50, 1 = [2/(.+np)llin, — nj) /(n. + np)][2nj/(nry + 1)], where ny =n. Note that for n, > ny > 1, both r and r/ are positive. But, with thickness 4/4, am phase shift occurs due to the OPD in the r! beam, 0 tase = 7 — 1! ‘Thus, the r’ beam (partially) cancels the r beam. ‘At near normal incidence (6; « 0) the relative phase shift between an internally and externally reflected beam is 7 rad. That means a total relative phase difference of (2n/A,)[2(Ay/4)] + = or 2m. ‘The waves are in phase and interfere constructively.Chapter 9 Solutions 79 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 Mo =1, m= Mg, m= VM VISE = 1.24, d= Ay/4 = do/4ny = 540/4(1.24) um. No relative phase shift between two waves. ‘The refracted wave will traverse the film twice, and there will be no relative phase shift on reflection. Hence d= Xo/4ny = (550 nm)/4(1.38) = 99.6 um. (9.36) dos@, = (2m + 1)(X4/4). Let & = 0, m = 0, (minimum thickness). d= Ao/An = (5.50 x 10-7 m)/4(1.55) = 8.87 x 10-* m. Note that in the triangle including @ and ry, the length of the side from F, to a plane, parallel to the surface, and containing point 2(-) is 7 cos 6. So, from zero elevation, h = 71 cos@ + 2(z) or 2(z) = h—r1 cosd. (9.108) can be demonstrated on the triangle (a,7:,r2), where a is the length of the boom: r= 12 +a? — 2r,a.cos(a + 90° — 8) = sin(y) = — cos(90° +7) and 6 = &(r2 — 11) = (2x/A)(r2 —171)-80 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Chopter 10 Solutions Chapter 10 Solutions (R+0)? = R? +a; therefore R= (a? — @)/26 = a?/2, €R = a?/2, s0 for A€ £, AR® a?/2. Therefore R = (1 x 10-*)?10/2A = 10 m. Eo/2 = Resin(6/2), E = 2Rsin(N6/2) chord length; E = [Epsin(N6/2)]/sin(6/2), B. A “constant” phase shift is added due to the angle of the incident wave reaching the ends of the slit at different phase, so that (10.11) becomes r= R~y(sind —sin6,) + .... This constant carries through the integration, so that the definition of f in 10.18 (or 10.14) becomes B= (kb/2)(sind — sind). dsin Om, = md, 0 = N6/2 =x, 7sind = (1)(0.21), 6 = 2n/N = kdsind, sin@ = 0.03 so @ = 1.7°. For sin = 0.0009, 8 3 min, Converging spherical wave in image space is diffracted by the exit pupil. B= +n, sind = 4)/b ~ 0, LO x £LN/b, LO faA/b. Far field if R > 0?/A, #/A = (1 x 10-4 m)?/(4.619 x 10-7 m)? = 0.02. Yes, far field. sin 0, = d/o. 6) = sin™(/b) = sin“1(4.619 x 10-7 m/1 x 10~ m) = 0.26". Angular width = 20, = 0.52°. dsin Bn = mA, 80, 6 = m)/ sin Bm = 10(1.1522 x 10° m)/sin(6.2°) = 1.07 x 10-* m.Chapter 10 Solutions aL In water, bsin @, = mA, where A = ThairAo/ Tater: Sin Gn = MNaixAo/ Mwnter/b5 6, = sin™[10(1.00029)(1.1522 x 10-® m)/(1.33)(1.07 x 10-* m)] =47. 10.9 = (20 cm) sin 36.87° = 12 cm. 10.10 a= (ka/2) sind, 6 = (kb/2)sin8. a= mb, a= mB, a= men, N= number of fringes = o/n = m2n/x = 2m. 10.11 Is R>#/2?, b=slit width. Bd = (1x 10 m)*/(5 x 1077 m) 02m <2.5 m. Fraunhofer. (Half) engular width of central maximum from B =n = (kb/2) sind. sin; =2r/kb = d/b= (5 x 10~ m)/(1 x 10-* m);_ 6, = 0.29°. ‘To what order Young’s fringe does 6, correspond? a= mz = (ka/2)sin®,._m’ = (ka/2n) sin = (a/2)sin® = (2 x 10~* m)/(5 x 10-7 m)sin(0.29°) = 2. So there are 4 “Young’s Fringes” in the central maximum. 10.12 @ = 34/2N = 1/2, 1(6) = 1(0){(sin 8)/B]?/N? and 1/1(0) = 1/9. 10.13 (10.17) 1(@) = 1(0)(sin 8/8), where f = (kD/2) sin8. “Miniscule Area” corresponds to the limit D +0. As D—+ 0, 8 —+0, £0 Jim, 1) = lia (0) (6 6/8);82 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 Chapter 10 Sobitions As 6 — 0, sinc(8) — 1, so lim 7(6) = 1(0), ie., same in all directions (from 10.41) B cx f fe¥*22/Rgs. and I(Y,Z) oc (62). If B is an even function of (Y, 2), E(—Y,-Z) = B(Y, Z). If B is an odd function of (% 2), B(-Y,-2) = -E(Y, 2), but 1(-¥, -Z) = 1(¥, 2). If the aperture is symmetrical about line, the pattem will be symmetrical about a line parallel to it. Moreover, the pattern will be symmetrical about yet another line perpendicular to the aperture’s symmetry axis. ‘This follows from the fact that Fraunhofer patterns have a center of symmetry. For the solution to this problem, please refer to the textbook. ‘Three parallel short slits, ‘Two parallel short slits, ‘An equilateral triangular hole A cross-shaped hole. The E-feld of a rectangular hole. From section 10.2.5, first “ting” (maximum) occurs for u = kag/R = 5.14. Interpolating from Table 10.1, J(5.14) ~ —0.39054 : From (10.55) 1/1(0) = 2 - eee u 2 N 0.0175 From Eq, (10.58), 41 = 1.22(f/D)A~ 2. For the solution to this problem, please refer to the textbook. (10.57) 1 = 1.22(RA/2a) 1.22[(3.76 x 10 m)(6.328 x 10-7 m)]/2[1 x 10-* m] = 145 x 105 m.Chapter 10 Solutions 83. 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 (10.59) (Ay)min = 1.22/D = [(1.22)(8.50 x 10°? m)]/(7.5 x 10~* m) = 89x 10-5 red~ which is about half the angular resolution of the pupil. 1 part in 1000. 3 yd = 100 inches. (10.59) Agmin = 1-22A/D = (1.22(5.50 x 10-7 m)]/5.08 m = 1.32 x 10-7 rad; or Ay = 1.32 x 10-7 rad(360°/27 rad) Ay = (7.55 x 10-6*)(3600 sec/degree) = ‘To be resolved, s = rAy (Ay in radians). 55 x 10-6°; or .72 x 107? are sec. (3.844 x 10° m)(1.32 x 10-7) = 50.7 m. ‘To be resolved by eyes, $= Ay =1(1.22)/D) = (8.844 x 10° m)/[1.22(5.50 x 10-7 m)/(4 x 10-* m)] = 6.44 x 10¢ m. (10.32) asin Om = md;sin®, ~ y/R, 80 a(¥/R) =; ¥ = Rd/a = (2.0 m)(6.943x10-? m)/(3.0x10-° m) = 0.46 m. (10.32) asin, = mA; sins = 3d/a = 3(5.00 x 10-7 m)/(6.0 x 107 m); 6 = 14. (10.32) asin 0, = m2. a= 2)/sinbs = 2(5.50 x 10-7 m)/sin(25°) = 2.6 x 10-* m. From Eq. (10.32), where @ = 1/(1000 lines per cm) = 0.001 cm per line (center to center), sin 8, = 1(650 x 10-®m)/(0.001 x 10~? m) = 6.5 x 10°? and @, = 3.73". (10.32) asin, = mA. sin @m ~ Y/R Ym = (mA/a)R = 10,000 lines/cm = 10° lines/m so a = 10-* m. ¥; (589.5923 nm) = [1(5.895923 x 107? m)/10~* m](1.00 m)84 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 Chapter 10 Solutions = 0.5895923 m. ‘Y{ (588.9953 nm) = [1(5.889553 x 10-7 m)/10~ in](1.00 m) = 0.5889953 m. Separation = ¥j — Yi = 5.97 x 10 m. (10.82) asin 8, = mA, 80 sin, = md/a; is @2(red) > 65(violet)? 5000 lines/em = 5 x 10° lines/m; a= 2x 10~ cm. sin 6,(red) = 2(7.8 x 10-7 m)/(2x 10~* m); (red) = sin 63(violet) = 3(3.90 x 10-7 m)/(2 x 10-® m) = 35.8°. Spectra do not overlap. Note: Can see “by inspection” by comparing factor of 2 in wavelength to factor of 3/2 in m’s. ‘The largest value of m in Eq. (10.32) occurs when the sine function is equal to one, making the left side of the equation as large as possible, then m =a/A = (1/10 x 10°)/(3.0 x 10° m/s +4.0 x 10" Hz) = 1,3, and only the first-order spectrum is visible. (10.32) asin6,, = mA, where \ = d./n. sin Bm = A/a; sin 0; (vacuum)/ sin 8; (Mongo) =[@)A./a]/[(1)A./na]; n= sin(20.0°)/ sin(18.0°) = 1.11 sin; = nsin6,, Optical path length difference is ‘md, asin Om, — na sin, = mA. A(sin Om — sin O,) = m2. R=mN = 108, N =78 x 10°. Therefore m = 10°/78 x 108, Ayer = A/mm = 500 nm/(10°/78 x 10%) = 39 nm. R= Fim = Fobjd/d = 10°AXjer = ?/un yd = .0125 nm, R= N/A) = 5892.9/5.9 = 999, N = R/m = 333. Except on the central axis, there will be no regular pattern. A circular Traunhofer pattern (as in Figure 10.334) could occur, with the intensityChapter 10 Solutions 85 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 dependent on the degree of coherence. If the sources are completely incoherent, the intensity goes to zero. y = Lad, d= 12x 1078/12 x 10-7 = 10- m. (From 10.75) By = [—KeE4p/(p +7)][sin(wt — kp — kr) at sin(wt — kp — re) ~sin(wt — kp — kre) = sin(wt — kp — k(r. + £4/2)) = sin(wt — ko — (ro + (—1)(9/2))) = sin(ut — k(p-+ r=) — 29/22) —sin(ut — K(p+ 6) — (2n(@—1)d/2d)). Recall sin(a — ) = sin a.cos * cos a sin f and sin xé = sin(¢ — 1)m = 0. cos(?— 1) = — cose; cos ex = (—1)'x, s0 Ey = (-1)!"(2K cE 4p)/ (0 + re) sin(wt — k(p +r). A= 2np? ff sin gdp = 27p?(1 — cosy), cosy = [p? + (p +10)? —r2]/2p(0 +10), r= ro + 1A/2. Area of first | zones A = 2np? — xp(2p* + 2ora— Iara — PX*/r)/(0 +70), p= Am Ary = ple +(32— 4 Ap tee} _ are fy, 20-0 (10.78) becomes AsAAu= tre [ne 4 J E=|E,|/2 + (\Ei|/2— |Eal + |5]/2) + --- + (Em-1|/2— |Eml), so that (10.80) becomes E < |Ea|/2—|£y|/2 and (10.82) becomes E> |E,\/2—|En|/2 so that (10.84) B= B <|Ej|/2 —|Bn|/2. For the solution to this problem, please refer to the textbook. 1 =(b/2)((1/2-Cw)P + 1/2-S(u)P), I = (lo/2)(1/701)?|sin?(wu?/2) + cos*(mof /2)] = fo/2(r1)*.86 10.47 10.48 10.49 10.50 10.51 10.52 10.53 10.54 Chapter 10 Solutions Fringes in both the clear and shadow region [see M. P. Givens and W. L. Goffe, Am. J. Phys., 34, 248 (1966)]. u=yl2/Aro]!?; Au = Ay x 10? = 2.5. For the solution to this problem, please refer to the textbook. We should see symmetry through the ¢-y plane in both patterns. The keyhole should bear some resemblance to the combined patterns of a circle and a rectanglar aperture. The image of the triangle should have nearly 3-fold symmetry. As the slit widens, the pattern becomes more like that of a rectangular aperture (see Figure 10.49). (10.91) F3, = mrod so Rm = (mr.d)!/2; Ry = (1(1.00 m)5.6819 x 1077 m)¥”? = 7.54 x 1074 m. The full first zone has a radius ¢ = 1.22RX/2a. Since area = q°, half the first zone corresponds to g = g,/\/2 = 1.22RA/2V/2a; Io = €3A?, for a plane wave, so (10.55) becomes a paw Ae [Ji (ka(1.22RA/2V2a)/R)]* 2R? | kag/R | ~ 2R? | ka(1.22RA/2/2a)/R = [AGzen/v9))" ee . - 2a ee | ppp (0.026) = 52 (0.013) (using Table 10.1) (From 10.42 and 10.43), 1(0) oc }(AE4/R)?, recall (3.46) I = 0c(E"}r 80, 1(0) = e0e(AEa/R)?; I(incident) = je,c(AE4)? = (ux)(area) = 10 W/m?(6.0 x 10-* m)? = 2.5 x 10-4 W; 1(0) = I(incident)A/R? = (2.5 x 10 W)(5.0 x 10-* m)?/(2.50 m)? = 1.0 x 10-° W.Chapter 11 Solutions 87 1a 11.2 11.3 Chapter 11 Solutions Eqsin ky = Eo(elv® — e~r*) /24; F(k) = 2 [ i ; elke dap — A i etna] _iBsin(k + hy), iBosin(k = hy) L (kk) (k=) F(k) = Bol [sin(k — kp)L — sine( + k,)L). (11.5) F(K) = Hf * faye = [fi sath as i i =[ sinthereashede +i sin’ kyr de Li Bs, 1 = a sin® kya - +0 = (2/3k,) (sin? kL). 608? wipt = 1/2 + (1/2) c08 2upt = 1/2 + (1/4)(e%r* + eM"), iy (2, qf ye Fw=t [ tate [ eltetaenie dt 4b [ letra Qhar 4jir 4hip 1 1 2(w + Quy) 2(w — 2p) F(v) = TsincwT + (7/2) sinc(w + 2u,)T + (T/2) sinc(w — 2up)T. = fsinul + sin(w + 2u,)T + sin(u — 2u,)T Show that F-'{F(K)} = f(z), where f(z) (114) f(z) = (0/2n) im F(K)e* dK » F(K) = 2r6(K). = (1/2m) im 2n6(K)e** dK =88 1.5 11.6 11.8 119 11.10 1.1 1112 Chapter 11 Solutions S(t) = Acos Kor = (A/2)(ee* + ee); F() = (4/2) [ (eee = (apayon/tae + K,) + 20/(K — K,)] = wAl2k/(K? — K3)] Flaj (a) + bh()] = oF (K) + bH(R). F(k) = Lsinc? kL/2 at k= 0, F(0) = L, and F(+2n/L) =0. F(K) = f&%, f(a)e** dz, (11.5).Let 2 > 2/0; F(R) = J safale™!9 ato/a) So, K' + Ka, and F{f(x/a)} = F(Ka). If, a= —1, F{f(-2)} = F(-K) F(K) = F{f(@)} = ‘i f(z)e™*dz, (11.5) (a function of K) FFU) = FRED) = f Fue aK. (14) se) = a/2m) [” FUE aK, 80, an f(—2) = fT, F(K)e** dK = F{F(F(@)} # F(2), F{rect |(z — 20)/al} = JZ, rect |(x — 2.)/a}et** de = J", = de = 1/ (ed ee Mig = 1/iK (67 — eK) = (2/K) sin(K/2) = sine(K/2) F {rect |x|} = sino(K/2), from Problem 11.10, F{F{f(2)}} = 2nf(-z). So, F{(1/2m)F{f(—2)} = (2), let J(@) = rect al, F {rect |2|} = sine(K/2); F (0/2) F {rect fal} = F{(1/2n) sine(K/2)} = f(z) = rectal, since sinc(—z) = sine(z).ri Chapter 11 Solutions 89 11.13 1114 11.15 1.7 11.19 11.20 11.21 FCF UF (@)}} = (1/20) ie ean f Slee®* de! Z c - ( Wis eke) ex) J@) = [ate 2yFte) de = fle), since the integral is zero except at ¢ = 2. F{f(@—20)} = J, f(a — zo)e!X* dz. Change variables, 2’ = x —ro, de’ = de. Ff(e)) = J, fle\eXO*) da! = ei J, f(a)e** dr’. so that F{ f(x —20)} differs from F{f(x)} by only the phase factor e*>, Son F(a)A(X ~2) dr = — JE° F(X — a! )h(a!) de! = J, h(a’) f(X 2") de! where 2! =X — 2, de=—dr'. feh=hef or F(f *h) = Ff) F(h) = F(h)- F(f) = Fhe f). A point on the edge of f(x,y), for example, at (1 = d,y = 0), is spread ‘out into a square 2é on a side centered on X = d. Thus it extends no farther then X =d+4, and so the convolution must be zero at X=d+é and beyond. f(x — 20) *h(z) = f&, f(z — 20)M(X — 2) de, and setting x — 29 = a, this becomes f°, f(a)h(X — a — 20)da = g(X — 20). o(X)= a fla)MX—2)dz, (11.52) =i 6(z)h(X — 2) dx = h(X — 0) iL 8(2) dz, (see Section 11.2.3), =A(X), since ie 6(2) de = 1. For the solution to this problem, please refer to the textbook.90 11.22 11.24 11.25 11.27 11.28 11.29 Chapter 11 Solutions FA f(a) cos Kou} = F{ f()(1/2)(e%o + eK) } = (1/2) [IE Saye dy 4 ff ~ Heys a} = (1/2)[F(K + K.) + F(K — K,)]. F{ f(x) sin Kor} = F{f(2)(1/2i)(e** — e-‘Kor)} = 0/20 [faye ae — [reer as] = (1/2i)[F(K + K,) — F(K - K.)] We see that f(z) is the convolution of a rect-function with two &-functions, and from the convolution theorem, F(k) = F{(rect(z) « [6(z — a) + 6(x +a)]} = Flrect(x)] - F{[6(x — a) + (x + a)]} = asinc(ka/2) - (e** + e~**) = a sinc(ka/2) - 2cos ka. f(a)*h(x) = (6(2+3)+6(e-2)+6(x—5)}+h(x) = h(x+3)-+h(2—2)+h(2—5), F {rect fx/(d/2)]} = sine(K/d) = G(K); FD 6(t-nd)} = DSc = HK); F(K) = G(K)H(K); F(K) = F(f(2)) is zero at Knd =nm or Kd =n. For the solution to this problem, please refer to the textbook. Aly, 2) = A(-u, -2). EY, Z,t) « J if Aly, zeeryttz) dy dz, Change Y to -Y, Z to -Z, y to -y, z to —z, then ky goes to —ky and kz to —kz.Chupter 11 Solutions OL 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.35 E(YZ,t) Hf [ Ay, ~ aes? dy de, Therefore E(-Y,—Z) = E(¥, 2). From Eq, (11.63), BZ) = [ [4 a)eMYV 22 Ryd, ee.2y= | f Acomsnetae now let y/ = ay, 2 = Bz: Bena J ff ag, zyetrnwcinanay ay or BY(Y, Z) = (1/08) E(¥/a, 2/8). ey P Cy = jim op | Asin(ut + Asin(ut —or +e)at = iin & a i cos(wr) — Fovs(dut sort 24| dt, since cosa — cos = ~2sin(1/2)(a + 8) sin(1/2)(a~ 8). Thus Cys = (A?/2) cos(wr). E(kz) = f : Ao cos(rz/b)e"#* dz En =Ay J cos(z/b) cos(kz2) dz + iAy f coa(r2/b) sin(kg2) dz [b= ha * athe, (From 11.52). h(X) = f(z) @ o(2) = JZ f(@)9(X — 2) dr, 80, F(a) *9(-2) = h'(@) = S&S, F(@)9(X + 2) de, which is the form of (11.86), 80 f(z) +9(-2) = f(z) ©a(2). F(t) = g(t) OAC) = A cos(wet) © et. Fw) =Gw)H(w); Glu) = (A/2)(2x/(w +2) + 2n/(w — we)); Hw) =2n/u We, B(ba) = Acos | 4 x |mi Chapter 12 Solutions 93, 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Chapter 12 Solutions At low pressures, the intensity emitted from the lamp is low, the bandwidth is narrow, and the coherence length is large. The fringes will initially display high contrast, although they'll be fairly faint. As the pressure builds, the coherence length will decrease, the contrast will drop off, and the fringes might even vanish entirely. ‘Over a long time interval, E, x Ey averages to zero. So, (Bi + Ea)?)r * (Ef)r + (ER)r- ‘The net irradiance becomes more uniform as more wavés are added. There will be a less distinct pattem, which corresponds to a smaller coherence length. The irradiance will become constant as the bandwidth goes to infinity. Fach sine function in the signal produces a cosinusoidal autocorrelation function with its own wavelength and amplitude. All of these are in phase at the zero delay point corresponding to r = 0. Beyond that origin the cosines soon fall out of phase, producing a jumble where destructive interference is more likely. (‘The same sort of thing happens when, say, a square pulse is synthesized out of simusoids—everywhere beyond the pulse all the contributions cancel.) As the number of components increases and the signal becomes more complex—resembling random noise—the autocorrelation narrows, ultimately becoming a é-spike at r = 0 (12.1) V = Umax ~ Imin)/ (Tmax + Imin) = 2| sine(aw/s))|/2 (from 12.8, 12.9), = |sinc(5 x 10-*n/1 x 10-%)| = sine(m/2) = 0.64.94 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 Chapter 12 Solutions ‘The irradiance at Uo arising from a point source is Alp cos?(6/2) = 21o(1 + 0086). For a differential source element of width dy at point S', y from the axis, the OPD to P at ¥ via the two slits is A= (83+ 5,P)—(F52+5P = (FS, -FS) + (Si P—P = ay/t-+aY/s from Section 9.3. The contribution to the irradiance from dy is then dI x (1 + e0skA) dy, I 0 J°%7,(1 + coskA) dy, df[. (aY | ab . (aY ab reat on (LB) an (*%-2)] reo + (d/ka)[sin(kaY/s) cos(kab/2l) + cos(kaY/s) sin(kab/2l) ~ sin(kaY/s) cos(kab/2l) + cos(kaY/s) sin(kab/21)], J cx b+ (21/ka) sin(kab/21) cos(ka¥/s). V= (Tima = Imin)/(Imex + Inia), Inax = 1 + a +2VT Taal, Join = + -2VTh Vil, V = 4VTTelFl/2(h +b): When S"S,0’ ~ $'8,0! = /2,3)/2,52/2,..., the irradiance due to $” is given by J’ = 4Iocos(6'/2) = 2i(1 + cosé'), while the irradiance due to SY is I" = Alo c0s*(6"/2) = 4p cos(6! + )/2 = 2Io(1 — cosé"). Hence U4I" = ho Fringes disappear when w = sX/a so, a = (s/w), from Figure 12.3, e/b= s/w, a= X(6/6) = (5.893 x 10-7 m)(1 m)/(1 x 10-* m) = 5.893 x 10° m. 1° = 0.0087 rad; h = 0.320/6 using Jp = 550 nm, 0.32(550 nm)/0.0087 = 2 x 10-? mm. A(®) = Ah(t) + (h); hence (hé+7)h(t) = (Kh) + OA +7)][(h) + O(), since (1) is independent of time.Chapter 12 Solutions 98 12.18 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 (h(t+7)Lo(t)) = (h)(h) + (ALE +7)4R(0), if we recall that (A/,(¢)) = 0. Bq. (12.34) follows by comparison with Eq. (12.32) From Eq, (12.22), V = 2y/(0NI/(10/ + 1) = 2V10/11 = 0.57. Fringes disappear when w = sd/a, so, a= (s/w), from Figure 12.3, ¢/b = s/w where ¢ = (mean) distance to sun; b = diameter of sun. a= A(6/b) = ((5.50 x 10-7 m) (1.50 x 10 m)]/2(6.96 x 10° m) = 5.93 x 10-* m. ‘Using the van Cittert-Zernike theorem, we can find 4i2(0) from the diffraction pattern over the apertures, and that will yield the visibility on the observation plane: V = |7:2(0)| = |sincA|. From Table 1, sinu/u = 0.85 when u = 0.97, hence mby/1A = 0.97, and if y= P,P; = 0.50 mm, then b= 0.97(IA/ay) = = 0.46 mm. ).97(1.5 m)(500 x 10-® m)/7(0.50 x 107% m) (12.23) V = Fina(7)1- (12.1) V = (Imax — Tmin)/(Uinax + nin) = 2| sino(arw/sd)|/2 (from 12.8, 12.9), V = 0.90 = | sinc(arw/sd)| = | sinc(am(1.0 x 10-* m)/(10.0 m) (5.00 x 10-7 m))| = | sine(2007a)|; sin x ~ 2 — 2/31, ; 0.90 = 1 — [(200xa)?/6]; a = 1.23 x 10-* m. so sine(z) = 1 — 2?/: Y = |sinc(anb/£d)|; as shown in Figure 12.6, V is a minimum when (anb/ed) = mm, (m # 0). b/€ ~ sin(ap — a1) ~ (a2 — 02) for small angle, so minimum V when [a(az — a)m/A] = mm; a(a2 — a1) = md. From the van Cittert-Zernike theorem, the degree of coherence can be obtained from the Fourier transform of the source function, which itself is a series of §-functions corresponding to « diffraction grating with spacing a, where asin 8m =m). The coherence function is therefore also a series of96 Chapter 12 Solutions é-functions. Hence the PiP;, the slit separation d, must correspond to the location of the first-order diffraction fringe of the source if V is to be maximum, a8 ~ 2, and so d= 10, = A/a = (500 x 10-* m)(2.0 m)/(500 x 10-* m) = 2.0 mm.Chapter 13 Solutions w 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 Chapter 13 Solutions T = 673 K, area of each face is A = 10-? m?, o = 5.67 x 10-§ W m~? K~4, then 0.97Al, = 0.97AoT* = 110 W. 0.971, = 0.970(T* — Tf) = 76.9 W/m? with T = 306 K and T, = 203 K is the temperature of the environment. Then 0.97A/, = 108 W for the radiated power. I, = 22.8 x 10¢ W/m’, T = (I./o)'/* = 1420 K. E~T*', so the energy radiated increases by a factor of 10%. T = 306 K, Amax = 2.8978 x 10-? mK/T = 9.45 x 10-6 m = 9.5 m (in the infrared). If the blackbody is at T = 293 K, then Amax = 2.8978 x 10-3 m K/T = 9.9 m (in the IR). T = 4.0 x 10° K, venax = C/Amax = CT /2.8978 x 10-9 m K = 4.1 x 105 He (in the UV). T = 2.8978 x 10- m K/max = 2.8978 x 10-* mK /4.65 x 10-7 m = 6230 K. T = 2.8978 x 107° m K/Amax = 4300 K. ‘We have for the total radiated power per unit area of the blackbody ~oie () eSy13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 Chapter 18 Solutions by putting x = he/AkeT, ad over w is F(4)¢(4) = 3tx*/90 follows, hede/kpT2?. The value of the integral 4/15. Therefore the Stefan-Boltzmann law 2n5 (keT)* Pa ee E =he/d=1.99 x 10-* J m/A. Since 1 eV = 1.602 x 10-! J and 1nm = 10~° m, this gives E = 1240 eV nm/A. Therefore the energy of a 600 nm photon is 2.1 eV. (min) = 300 nm, E = hy = he/ = 1240 eV nm/300 nm = 4.14 eV = 6.63 x10" J. If the P = 100 W light bulb has an efficiency of e = 2.6%, then the radiated power is ¢P = Nhv/t, where N is the number of photons, v is their frequency, and t = 1 ms. In terms of the wavelength \ = 550 nm, this gives V = ePt/hv = ePtA/he. The solid angle subtended by the d = 3 cm diameter aperture at distance r = 100 ms is: aperature area/r? = 1d/4r?, Making the assumption that the light bulb emits isotropically, this is the fraction of photon that passes through the aperature, Nnd?/4r? = ePtAnd?/4r?he = 4.9 x 108 photons. Nhv = Nhe/d = (1.4 x 10°W/m?)(1m?)(1s) gives N = 49 x 10”. ‘The number of Ar atoms present in the chamber is N = pV /keT = 2.69 x 10". Taking 1% of this number and using the given excited-state lifetime yields 0.01N/1.4 x 10-* s = 1.9 x 10® transitions per second. ‘With energy density ns 1 amin 0) = aT Ba era 1 and Biz = Bn, the ratio of interest is Byyp(v)/Az = 1/(e™/*#T — 1).Chupter 18 Solutions 99 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 1s.2r 18.22 ka =4.14 x 10 J, B= 3.2 x 107 J, B/kpT =77.3. Since exp(E/keT) > 1, the ratio 1/(exp(E/kaT) — 1) = exp(-E/keT) © 2.7 x 10, extremely low. kpT = 4.14 x 10- J, B= 3.2 x 10-9 J, E/kpT =0.773. Then 1/(exp(E/kaT) — 1) = 0.86, much higher than in the previous problem. Stimulated emission is quite likely at this high temperature (as at the surface of a hotter star). Nj [Ny = e-Falko? we 1 — (Ey — Ei) /kpT for [Ej — Ei| < ke. ‘Therefore as T — 00, Nj/N, tends to 1. T=30K, kpT =4.14 x 10- J, E =he/ = 1.99 x 10-* J m/\ = 9.48 x 10-* J, E/kgT = 2.29 x 107? and the ratio 1/(exp(B/kaT) — 1) = 43, so stimulated emission is very likely, if not dominant. (The number of significant figures is important in such a case.) @ = 2.44)/D =5.15 x 10“ rad, s =r = 5.15 x 10-? m or the diameter of the spot on the wall is 5.1 cm. ‘The volume of the crystal is V = (1/4)D®L = 9.8 x 10-? m®. Therefore the mass of Cr2Os present is 0.05 x 10-7(3.7 x 10°)9.8 x 10-7 = 1.81 x 10-® Kg. ‘The mass of one Cr;0, molecule is 152 amu or 2.52 x 10% Kg. Therefore approximately 7.17 x 10* Cr,03 molecules. are present. Assuming that each contributes two Cr** ions to lasing, Nions = 1.4 x 10"° ions participate in the lasing action, at AE = 2.87 x 10-9 J. Then Byx = NiosAE = 4.0 J; the corresponding power is Fra: /t = 4.0 J/5.0 x 10° s = 0.8 mW.100 13.23 13.24 18.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.29 13.30 13.31 Chapter 12 Sotutions .0 x 10-4 J s“"/(1.96)(1.602 x 10-19 J = 3.2 x 10% transitions per second. Ado = Av/c = 8.0 x 10-5 nm. Av = c/2L = 6 x 108 Hz, using v = c when n. 1 ‘The condition Av = 4 x 10° = ¢/2L for n = 1 gives L = ¢/2Av = 11 cm. I = (v/2)eE3 = (n/2)(co/o)*/*H3, where 1% po, EG = 2(0/¢0)"T/n, (uo/€0)"? = 376.7300, so Ey = 27.4(I/n)¥?. = 2.44)/D = 2.6 x 10-* rad. ‘The three crossed gratings form a type of triangular lattice. The diffraction spots will eppear along the directions of the dual lattice, which are directions connecting the centroids of the original lattice. As usual, there will be a central spot of highest irradiance (intensity) and the irradiance decreases with distance from this central spot. Reciprocals of multiples of lattice constants of the original lattice are proportional to the spatial frequencies present in the diffraction pattern. (Strictly speaking, the lattice should have infinite extent in order to consider it a mathematically periodic structure.) In this case the four crossed gratings form a sort of rectangular lattice, ‘whose dual lattice is again rectangular. Therefore the diffraction spots will be located along horizontal and vertical lines. The central spot has the highest irradiance and the irradiance of the others decreases with distance from the center. A horizontal slit filter will enhance the vertical lined grating in the altered image, and vice versa. The horizontal grating gives a row of diffraction spots, with the central spot of highest irradiance. The details in the picture image are contained ‘in many high spatial frequency components. The picture can be enhanced by using a filter which blocks out the diffraction pattern of the horizontal grating.Chupter 19 Solutions 101 13.32 13.33 13.34 13.35 13.36 13.37 ‘The circular grating present will generate a central spot of highest irradiance, together with successive rings. In order to enhance the picture, a spatial filter which blocks out these contributions should be used ‘The filter is a long slit, perpendicular to the observed image. From the geometry, fi0 = fi®: ko = ksin@ and ky = ksin®, hence sin? = @ © ko)/2n and sin ® © a kyA/2m, therefore 6/® = ko/ky and ky = ko(®/0) = ko(fe/ fi). When fi > fe the image will be larger than the object, the spatial periods in the image will also be larger, and the spatial frequencies in the image will be smaller than in the object. a = (1/50) cm: asind = mA, sind ~ 6, hence @ = (5000 m)A, end the distance between orders on the transform plane is f9 = 5000\f = 2.7 mm. (a) As in Figure 11.10, the transform of the cosine function will be a pair of 6-functions, at x = td, where d is the spatial period of the cosine. To pass only the first order terms, we need a filter with holes at these positions, for the specific wavelength, as given by 2/f ~ sin, = X(1/d); z= fr/d = (2.0 m)(6.00 x 10-7 m)/(1 x 10° m) = 0.1 m, above and below center. (b) Any “DC” components, and all high order components, are removed. A smoothly varying cosine amplitude should be seen in the image. (c) A filter with a hole in the center would pass only the DC term, resulting in a lower intensity, uniform image. Each point on the diffraction pattern corresponds to a single spatial frequency, and if we consider the diffracted wave to be made up of plane waves, it also corresponds to a single-plane wave direction. Such waves, by themselves, carry no information about the periodicity of the object and produce a more or less uniform image. The periodicity of the source arises in the image when the component plane waves interfere.102 13.39 13.40 13.41 13.42 13.43 13.44 13.45 Chapter 19 Solutions ‘The relative field amplitudes are 1.00, 0.60, and 0.60; hence Hoc 1+ 0.60 cos(-+y') +0.60 cos(—ky') = 1+1.2cos ky’. This is a cosine oscillating about a line equal to 1.0. It varies from +2.2 to 0.2. The square of this will correspond to the irradiance, and it will be @ series of tall peaks with a relative height of (2.2)?, between each pair of which there will be a short peak proportional to (0.2); notice the similarity with Fig. 11.32. asin@ = d, here f6 = 50Af = 0.20 cm; hence \ = 0.20/50(100) = 400 nm ‘The magnification is 1.0 when the focal lengths are equal, hence the spacing is again 50 wires/cm. ‘The random dots will add considerable “noise” to the pattern. The spatial frequency is 1/(0.1 mm) = 10 mm. A filter that is the transform of the regular pattern will remove the random dots. ‘The array of top hats corresponds to the pixels, so that each “selects” the amplitude (density) of the picture within its radius. The transform will ook like @ regular arrray of dots of varying amplitude. As in Figure 13.39, filtering out the higher frequency components will yield a continuous ‘image. The pinhole blocks the high-frequency components, which correspond to the rapid spatial variations in the beam. ‘The randomly, but more or less uniformly, distributed particles in the milk will tend to block the “regular” part of the beam, and thus enhance the relative intensity of the speckle. ‘The inherent motion of the medium would cause the speckle pattern to vanish,