Paaras Thakur

Chemical Bonding
❏ Introduction
❏ Kossel Lewis Theory
❏ Ionic bond formation
❏ Covalent Bond Formation
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JEELIVE
Aren’t we all
made of
STAR Dust
Everything around is either
Matter or Energy
Can liquid float?
 What is a chemical bond?

The attractive force which holds various constituents together in different

chemical species is called a chemical bond.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)

Na(s) + 1/2Cl2(g) → NaCl(s)
Why do atoms combine?

Why are only certain combinations possible?

Why do some atoms combine while certain others do not?

Why do molecules possess definite shapes?

 Kossel - Lewis approach

They were the first to provide a logical explanation of valence which was based
on the inertness of noble gases.

Kernel
Atom
Outer shell

Incomplete octet Incomplete octet Complete octet

Lewis postulated that atoms achieve the stable octet when they are linked by
chemical bonds.
Chemical bonds are formed either by

SHARING OF
Transfer of Electrons ELECTRONS

Sharing of Electrons
 Kossel drew attention to the following facts

❖ In periodic table, highly E.N. halogens and highly electropositive alkali metals
are separated by the noble gases.
❖ X + e- → X-
❖ M+ and X- thus attain noble gas configuration.
❖ M+ and X- are stabilized by electrostatic attraction.
 Octet Rule

Atoms can combine either by transfer of valence electrons between atoms or by

sharing of valence electrons to complete their octet in valence shell.
 Ionic or electrovalent bond

The bond formed as a result of electrostatic attraction between the positive and
negative ions is called ionic or electrovalent bond.
Eg: Na → Na+ + e-
Cl + e- → Cl-
Electrovalence = No. of unit charge is on the ion.
Eg: Na+ Ca2+ Al3+ Cl-
1 2 3 -1
Ionic or electrovalent bond
Ionic or electrovalent bond
 Ionic or electrovalent bond

Conditions for the formation of ionic compounds

1. Large electronegativity difference

1. Low I.E of electropositive element

 Ionic or electrovalent bond

3. High E.A of electronegative element

4. High lattice energy

 General properties of ionic compounds

1. Physical state: At room temp, ionic compounds exist either in solid state or in
solution phase but never in gaseous phase.

1. Isomorphism: The property of different ionic compounds having similar

crystal structures is called isomorphism.
eg: FeSO4 . 7H2O and MgSO4 . 7H2O

3. Electrical conductivity: It behaves as non-conductor in solid state. It conducts

in molten phase or in aqueous phase.

4. Solubility: Soluble in polar solvents (“Like dissolves like”)

Solvation of salt in water (Hydration)
Solvation of salt in water (Hydration)
 Covalent bond

Langmuir introduced the term Covalent Bond in 1919

Covalent bond
Covalent bond
Covalent bond
Polar and Non-Polar Covalent bond
Polar and Non-Polar Covalent bond
Polar and Non-Polar Covalent bond