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INTRODUCTION
Electrochemical Cells
In this part of the experiment, four “half cells” are created by immersing metal strips of zinc,
copper, aluminum, and magnesium in aqueous solutions containing cations of the same element
(Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Mg2+). An electrochemical cell is created when two of these “half cells”
are connected by a KCl salt bridge and a wire (the leads from the voltage probe). Six different
electrochemical cells can be created from the four half cells above. A positive cell potential is
measured when the black lead is connected to the anode and the red lead is connected to the
cathode. Cell notation will be used to describe the electrochemical cells. A reduction table will
be created by designating copper as the standard electrode.
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e ! Cu(s)
−
E = 0.00 V
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Electrochemistry Revised 4/28/15
Before starting the experiment, the TA will asks you to do a quick demonstration or talk-through
one of the following:
1) How to clean off the metal electrodes before using them
2) How to make a salt bridge
3) How to clean up the spot plates after you’re done with the experiment
SAFETY
PROCEDURES
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Zeroing the voltage probe: Connect the two ends of the voltage probe together, wait for the
voltage reading to stabilize. In the window, click on the big red box and choose “zero” from
the drop-down menu.
Select any two cells and connect them by the salt bridge (e.g. place one end of the salt bridge in
the Cu cell and the other end in the Zn cell). Determine the potential by touching the voltage
probes to the electrodes in the cells. Do this by bringing the black lead of the probe in contact
with one metal electrode and red lead in contact with the other electrode. If the voltage reads
0.00 V, then reverse the leads until you have a positive voltage. Wait about 5 seconds to take a
voltage reading and record the value in your notebook. If the potential fluctuates considerably,
sandpaper the electrode gently to remove oxides and impurities.
Determine which cell was the anode and which was the cathode: If the measured voltage is
positive, the cell connected to the black lead is the anode and the cell connected to the red lead is
the cathode. Once you have recorded this information, measure the potentials for the remaining
cells, making as many combinations of two cells possible with the solutions provided. Be sure to
note the anode and cathode for each combination and use a new salt bridge for each set of cells.
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Use a disposable pipet and carefully transfer each solution from its well into the collection bottle
in the hood. Place the empty spot plate into the large plastic tub in the hood. Do this carefully as
a dilute bleach solution is in the tub which can spot clothing.
Figure 2. Charging the Lead Storage Battery. Figure 3. Measuring the cell voltage.
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• Charge the cell for 1 minute and then disconnect the battery.
Measure the cell voltage:
• Attach the red and black clips of the voltage probe to the
electrodes to obtain a positive voltage (Figure 3). Record the
voltage after it stabilizes. Disconnect the Voltage Probe.
• Connect LEDs to the cell as shown in Figure 4.
When finished, remove the Pb electrodes from the beaker and rinse thoroughly. Return electrodes
and LEDs to the TA. Pour the solution in the beaker into a 1000 mL beaker and add NaHCO3 with
stirring until the solution is neutral (pH 7). When the solution is neutralized, pour it down the
drain.
Make sure to clear your email address and password of the LabQuest2 so others can’t access
your email account. Shutdown the LabQuest2 and not simply put it to sleep. To shutdown the
LabQuest2: press the home key, select System ! Shut Down ! OK.
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(2) Create a Reduction Potential Table with the cells containing copper from Part A. Assume
the reduction potential for Cu2+ + 2e– ! Cu is 0.00 V and calculate the remaining reduction
potentials relative to Cu2+ / Cu. List the reactions in order of decreasing reduction potential.
Which of the four electrodes must always be the anode? the cathode?
Part B
(3) Using the Keq values below and your observations from Part B provide a qualitative
explanation for the voltage changes that occurred as a result of reagent addition. (No
calculations are required.)
Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) ! [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) Keq = 1.2 x 1012
Part C
(4) In Part A and B of this experiment the half reactions were isolated in different wells. In
Part C the oxidation and reduction half reactions occurred in the same well. Why was this
possible?
(5) Depending on the process occurring, the electrodes for the battery are composed of Pb(s),
PbO2(s), and/or PbSO4. What is (are) the half reaction(s) occurring at each electrode?
Include the electrolysis of water.
Process Anode Cathode
Initial Charging
Discharging
Recharging
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(6) Effect of Composition on Band Gap: How does voltage and color change going from LEDs
with the highest phosphorous percentage to the lowest? Explain your data in terms of band
gap energy. As part of your explanation, rank the LEDs in order of increasing band gap
energy (lowest to highest).