Chapter 6 Solutions a 4 A @ 4 & ko asya It SS vr = _ | q OR sf se oie ]* soot Pe a) Figure $6.1-1 298Because of even symmetry, all sine terins are zero. 10+ Semon (3) 29 =O (by inspection) on = Ef feos (Ms) ar feos (51) a] = Asn ‘Therefore, the Fourier series for 2(t) is A (cont Lj odat 1 Set 1 tat 2) = E(t + fn St Fon 4.) Here ba plot of Cy (b) To = 10, wy = 0, and we allow C,, to take negative values. Figure S6.1-1a shows the }. Because of even symmetry, all the sine terms are zero. a(t) = a = ‘ n= (3) a= AE San (Bf 2 sin(B) be = n((e) dt=0 Gntogrand isan od function of) Here by = 0, and we allow Cy to take negative values. Note that Cy = a for 0,1, 2, 3, ++. Figure $6.1-1b shows the plot of Cy. (6) To = 2, wo = 2(0) = 004 Sag cosnt + byshnnt with ay =0.5 (by inspection) oy sh cosntdt = sf sinntat fo gposentat=0, sina Lenses! x) = 05-2 (site deinars tense} onaet-~) 1 oe (or4®) «hoo (orn ® = 05 2 fom (04 §) + fom (asf) + deo (ar 8) 4] ‘The reason for vanishing of the cosines terms is that when 0.5 (the de component) is subtracted from z(t), the remaining function has odd symmetry. Hence, the Four series woul consin de and sine tems only Figure SB ee shows the Plot of Gy a By (6) Ty =m, wy = 2and aff) = 4 0 (by inspection). a, = 0 (n > 2090) decause of odd symmetry. Figure S6.1-1d shows the plot of Cy and 6p. © T= 3,09 = 20/8 apt 1 a= 4 f'ta=? i 6 ar Qn 3 2am | 2mm. Qan 3 too dtm gale an 2 an Ban dan fin “yes (8) To = 6, wo = %/3, a = 5 (by inspection). Even symmetry; by, = 0. 4p ne a= tf ajata 2 [ficotars [e-yos%ral é oe 1 ot Fes fow He...) Observe that even harmonics vanish, The reason is that ifthe de (0.5) i ube tracted from 2(9, the resulting function has hal-wave symmetry. (See Prob 6165) Figure $0.18 shows the pot of Cy 61-2. (a) Here T) = and Wy = 3 = 2. Therefore 2(t) = ao + J aq cos 2nt + by sin 2nt 300‘To compute the coefficients, we shall use the interval x to 0 for integration. Thus 1p oy 5 et? dt = 0.504 on = 2 eos tmt= 0.04 ( 2p = Eff eens -osn( ‘Therefore Co = ao =0.504 2 Gy. = Vere =0001(—2 FH 001 (a) % = sant (SE) = tan tan x) = 0.5044 0.501 > ty ns (Ont + tan") (b) This Fourier series is identical to that in Bq, (6.15a) with ¢ replaced by — (6) That) = Go + LCq cos{nut +A), then a(t) = Oy + 37 Cy cos(—nwot + On Co + Y> Cu cos{navot ~ On) “Thus, time inversion ofa signal merely changes the sign of the phase 0,. Every thing else remains unchanged. Compatison of the above results in part (a) vith those in Example 6.1 confirms this conclusion. (a) Here Ty = 7/2, and wy = #f = 4. ‘Therefore 2(t) = 09+ J a 008 dnt + by sin Ant 2 * cos antdt = 0.504 (—2_ 0101 and len sin dnt — 050 ( en ) Therefore Cy = a = 0508, Cy = Yaz FBR = 0.504 (ates). On = ~tan7! dn (b) This Fourier series is identical to that in Eq. (6.15a) with ¢ replaced by 2 30161-4. 615, (e) If a(t) = Co + F Cy cos(nwot + 8), then (at) = Co + SY Cy cos(n(aure)t +0) ‘Thus, time scaling by a factor a merely scales the fundamental frequency by the same factor a, Everything else remains unchanged. If ve time compress (or time expand) a periodic signal by a factor a, its fundamental frequency increases by the same factor a (or decreases by the same factor a). Comparison of the results in patt (a) with those in Example 6.1 confirms this conclusion, This result applies equally well (8) Here Ty = 2, and ay = 3 = m. Also x(t) is an even function of ¢. ‘Therefore 2(t) = a9 + Sa, cos nxt where, by inspection ay = 0 and from Eq. (6.18b) ap 4 neven an=4 " a(—2142) cos nntdt = ——4 (conmnt —2 5 ff cen « Dk an “Therefore . 6A 1 Lestat x= 9 [om str Loom arts eos Sat 3 cos tt +--| (©) This Fourier series is identical to that in Eq. (6.16) with ¢ replaced by £ + 0.5. {e) Wall) = Cy + DC cos(nusot + Oy), then BCT) = CoS) Cy cosfruy(t47) 409] = Co SCy coshrwet + (On-+n097)] ‘Thus, time shifting by T merely increases the phase of the nth harmonic by nwoT. (a) For half wave ammnelry and 2 [Patent 2 ["seaanatars [ stqeannie = Ty/2 nthe second integral. ‘his gives al [ xopomnestats [°° (e+) cosnan (1-4 2) «| 2 [ ce nih Lf somal aya at cosmastat + [ rtm] 302Ina similar way we can show that 4 pelt HL Msinnwotat (b) (i) Ty =8, wo =F, a9 =0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence of feos eal] ) (oda) x= SS spom Be ty (i) Ty = 2x, wy =1, ao = 0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence a)= 35 oqcosnt + bq sinnt 2 ay = 2 [et cosntde - 2 aa Pcomne + nein] (n odd) x |? +001 arena 1 = Fm - aoa] eet 1) = DOO mar roa FOOT m= Efe eo sinntat ew r ~0.1sinnt —noosn)] (nodd) 5 oo ° = gape _ yy 10tn = GF +00i) - e001 303616. (a) (b) (e) @ Here, we need only cosine terms and wy = §. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it is an even function of t, has @ value ¢ over the interval 0 an cosnt By inspection, ay = 0. Because of even symmetry by = 0. Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 6.1-5), ee rs ee (©) Here, we need only sine terms with wo = = and odd harmonics only. Hence, we ust construct a pulse such that it is an odd function of f, has a value t over the interval 0 <¢ < 1, repeats every 4 seconds and has half-wave symmetry as shown in Fig, $6.1-6e. Observe that the frst half cycle (from 0 to 2) and the Second half cycle (from 2 to 4) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symunetry. ‘This will cause even harmonics to vanish. ‘The pulse has an odd and half-wave symmetry. This yields By inspection, ap = 0. Because of odd symmetry a, = 0. Because of half-wabe sytmmnetry (see Prob. 6.15), ap 1 7 nm ead [tenttiacs [Cer nantea- in nod (f) Here, we need both sine and cosine terms with wy = 1 and odd harmonies only Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it has half-wave symmetry, but neith ‘odd nor even symmetry, has a value ¢ over the interval 0 < ¢ < 1, and repeats ‘every 2x seconds as shown in Fig. S6.1-6f. Observe that the first half eycle from 0 to x) and the second half cycle (from x to 2x) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symmetry. By inspection, ao = 0. This yields wi =F egcnnt bint Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 6.1-5), 2 =f [[ toosmeat p a= Bf tomntat = 2, (ooen-+nsinn—1) ep 2 ff soma D {sinn = neosn) nodd 305, nod3 a . oan -1f [es a Ate 6.17. 634 ab periodic ? yes yes no on lo period -2e Oe (a) Tp = 4,up = #/2. Figure $6.16 enon [Pesonrieae (b) To = 10s, w99 = 24/102 = 1/5 fe) 2(0) doe f g hi yes no yes yes yes yes * Bb. 2 Wor aro Also Dy = 0 (by inspection) Inf a 306and LD, = tan? (aethe) ain 1 (1) Ty = 6,49 = 7/3 Do = 0.5 a) =05+ S> Dye Da = 3 [ferme ae f .3 rx Dan wn (SF OS 6.3-2. Note that the signal 2(t) is defined as, oa (t+ 96a] ke Osta i Aster 10=4 9 nSlcm a(t+2n) otherwise ‘The exponential Fourier series coefficients are determined by Dawe [ a(je™™ae Since To = 2x, wy = 3E = 1. For n= 0, 1 by = xf xom 307@) tl est srl Le sien 1) . "e ma ° edi FMT, 2, 1a! no. iff LOL. cl Lifts refit ti © ovat 1D,1 afil|lpe ‘ey ee oS ye Ww Forn £0, Pu = AL emmnon 308Thus, 63-3. (a) 240) = ost + sin (5t ~ 5) = 200s (2) For a compact trigonometric form, all terms must have cosine form and ampli- ‘tudes must be positive. For this reason, we rewrite <(t) as sit) = Soost-4c0s(3t~ ¥—) + 2008(8e- ¥~=) scout tome) vm (12) In the preceding expression, we could have expressed the term 2cos (St — 2008 (St + 2). Figure $6.3-3a shows amplitude and phase spectra, ) as (b) By inspection of the trigonometric spectra in Fig. $6.3-3a, we plot the exponential spectra as shown in Fig. $6.3-3b. {c) By inspection of exponential spectra in Fig. $6.3-3a, we obtain Ferre") + ; [oor + eas] + [ew erie 9] a(t) Bo (leat om (ort) ota dors (2) ema (ete (@) By inspection of the first line in part (c), we can immediately write 2() in the trigonometric form as & ) +20 (a4) aecot tin (t= 2) ~ 2m (s¢~ 2) 4 2) = Boost +08 (5¢ 63-4. (a) In compact trigonometric form, all terms are of cosine form and amplitudes are positive. We can express z(t) as +00s (st — £) + fos (s+ E—n) ai) = aetee(-F 309i, & 5 Cay = anf om 4a ~My Figure $6.3-3, = 42006 (21~ F) +008 (at §) + jam (se 2) From this expression we sketch the trigonometric Fourier spectra as shown in ig. S6.3-4, (b} By inspection of trigonometric spectra, we sketch the exponential Fourier spectra shown in Fig. $6.3-4. (0) From these exponential spectra, we can now write the exponential Fourier series : pilus poy deste te 1 a(t) = 3-00 BHD Loe Hs g 4g Ase Tso ay {t) = 346" +e +5 +5 +7 7 (a) By inspection of the first line in part (c), we can immediately write x(t) in the trigonometric form as x1 on 20) = 842m (24~F) +000 (at— $) + 50m (oe F) = 84 2605(2¢~ 2) + snat~ Leos(se4 2) 68-5. (a) The exponential Fourier series can be expressed with coefficients in Polar form (0) = (VFI 4 D/H 434 eI 4 (OV DEIN From this expression the exponential Spectra are sketched as shown in Figure 56.3-5a, (b) By inspection of the exponential spectra in Figure $6.3-5a, we sketch the trigono- metric spectra as shown in Figure $6.3-5b. From these spectra, we ean write the 310Ps 12345 Ws Figure $6.3-4 compact trigonometric Fourier series as z= 8 +400 (t~ 3) +4VFcoe(2¢~) (c) Since, the trigonometric series in part (b) is obtained from the exponential series im patt (a), the two series are equivalent. (a) ‘The lowest frequency in the spectrum is 0 and the highest frequeney is 3. There- fore the bandwidth is 3 rad/s or 2 He, Ldn We VET, ~SAE i Ppt oe ams ad 0 20, _|£23 wr m4 “Th Figure $6. ant636. (a) 20) = 2+ 2e0s(2t ~ ) + cos(3t ~ 5 = 2 2eosd +sindt (b) ‘The exponential spectra are shown in Figure $6.36. (c) By inspection of exponential spectra a) = 24 Ot eersoten] 4g 1 sO 4 He = 24 2e0s2t =) +000 (2¢~ 4) (2) Observe that the two expressions (trigonometric and exponential Fouri are equivalent series) Figure $6.3-6 68-7, (a) The exponential Fourier series, as found by inspection of Figure P6.3-6, is a(t) = 2-4 2M 4 ne HED 4 CHES) 4 HOHE) (b) To find the corresponding trigonometric series, we consider only the positive frequency components, then double the exponential amplitudes (except for de, which is kept the same), and maintain the same phase values to obtain the trigonometric spectrum, Figure $6.3-7. (c) By inspection of the trigonometric spectra 2) = 24-400 (14 2) +2e0s (20+ 2 (a) HO) = 244000(t4 2) + 2008 (ae4 3) 3 24 DONO APD 4 Be HOARD 4 AOU 4. era) 63-8. (a) The period is Ta = 8 and wy = 1/4. Also Do = 0 (by inspection), and a= So Dao 3126. én On 4g fat by. ol 402 3 ws ee Figure $6.3-7 owed endemnas [0 This yields {* n= 41,43, £5,47,--- Du= 0 otherwise Thorefore (b) Observe that 2(t) is the same as a(t) in Figure P6.3-8a delayed by 2 seconds, Therefore ‘ sp mate) = $F duet oS pyerenont “Therefore 7 20 = Yo Dyet* where 1 By = De = ett (c) Observe that #(¢) is the same as 2(¢) in Figure P6.2-8a time-compressed by a factor 2. Therefore 30) = 22) = So Dye™#29 = J Dye wale waa “Therefore . Dy daet* where Du= Du a363-9. (a) YS Dae se) = ate S peor FS Dermarjomatn F peo x(t) Dye so that |Dal=|Dal, and £BDq = LDq ~ jnweT (b) x) = YO Dae 2) = x(at)= s Daemon's) 63-10, (a) From Exercise B6.1a ao=t+4 SE cosnnt -1sts1 so” *. The power of z(t) is 257 on ae 1)" cosnxt -1 jnwy)eineot f108n sane Bars 0 SS oatimsnm = So esi sa (a) 1 cosbtsin3t = 5 [sine sin2e) T psa ga a gH = Glee ey 315,ea G [eer eee p een 4 se 8] ‘This is the desired exponential Fourier series. (b) There are four spectral components at w = £8 and +2, The phases are either $ or ~§, as shown in the spectrum in Figure S6.4-2b. a “2 | A wo Ff Figure $6.4-26 ap IE (©) Since none of the spectral components of x(t) appear in the pass-band of the Biter, the output is y(t) = 0. 643, = 1)(1 = j2en) el + Anny ‘The tronsfer function of the R-C elreuit is L jie HO)" jeri ‘The input z(¢) can be expressed as a Fourier series, CA (e101 ~ J20n) sent x= > ea ‘es Hence the output y(t) is given by WO = > DuHG2enyel2* = Low CA Qanfe= 1)2mm +3) jomne = LS raen ANCL = 52x 0)(927M) sens (Fann +1) 65-1. Bquating the derivative (with respect to ¢) yiekis 2dyl? = xy Which yields the desired result. 65-2. (a) oft) = 2(0) ~ e2(0) 316Also * ‘ & [sory catorae= ["apaoar~e fee (alt fea Substitution ofc in the earlier equation yields [ * s(0)fe(0) - ex(@]at =0 ‘Therefore z(t) and {e(t) ~ ex{é)] are orthogonal. (b) We can readily soe result from Figure 6.17. The error vector e is orthogonal to vector x. a Ssint o> £ = logspace(0,2,10) f= 1.0000 1.6681 2.7626 4.6416 7.7426 12.9155 21.5443 35.9381 59.9484 100.0000 ‘The problem with these points is that they are not all rational, and the resulting signal m() is thus aperiodic, Truncating to the four decimal places shown makes the frequencies rational, but the resulting period To is excessively long. An approximately logarithmic sequence that results in smaller Tp is generated by rounding the logarithmic frequencies to the nearest tenths of a hertz >> £ = round(10*logspace(o,2,10))/10 f= 1,000 1.7000 2.8000 4.6000 7.7000 12,9000 21.5000 35.9000 59.9000 100.0000 With these frequencies, the signal m(1) = SI. cos ial +0) has period Tp = 10, Thus, one reasonable choice of froquoncice oon = 2a, 17,2.8,4.6,7.7, 129, 21.5,35.9, 50.9, 100] for which m(t) has period Ty = 10. MATLAB is used to plot m(t) when all Oy are set to zero. 321(b) >> m = inline(’eua(cos(onegatt+thetatonee (eize(t))))?y... theta’ ,"t?, omega’); >> omega © 2spitt’; theta = Zeros (size(omega)) ; >> b= (-8:.01:5); plot(e,m(theta,t,omega) ,"k") ; p> xdabel(’t [seo]"); ylabel a(t) [volte}’); Figure $6.M-la: Signal m(t) with log-spaced un and y= O. [As expected, this worst-case version of m(?) has a maximum amplitude of 10, which is also the number of sinusoids comprising the signal MATLAB is used to try and find an optimal sot of phases 0 that minimizes the maximum amplitude of m(é). ‘The procedure followed is the same as that presented in MATLAB Session 6. To proceed, the code from part 6.M-la needs to be first executed >> maxmagn = inLine(’max(abs (sum (cos (omegast+thetasones (size(t))))))?, “theta” ,’t?,“omega’); >> t = (-:.001 8]; >> rand(?state’,0); theta init = 2episrand(W,1); >> theta_opt = fminsearch (maxmaga, theta_init, [J ,t,omega) ; >> mnag = nmax(abs(m(thetaopt,t,omega))) mag = 6.7711 ‘The result of 6.7711 shows a reasonable reduction in maximum amplitude from the worst-case value of 10. Notice, a finely-spaced time vector t is required for the function fminsearch to determine a reliable result. To make sure the result is good and not just a local minimus, the sequence is run again with a different initial guess for the phases >> theta_init = 2epierand(ti,1); >> theta_opt = finsearch (maxnaga,theta_init, [],t omega); >> mag = max(abs(m(theta_opt,t,omega))) 6854 mag = Although the second result coincides well with the fist, it is not exactly the same. ‘To be sale, the sequence is therefore run several times, and the best solution is preserved. 322>> mnag_opt = mnag; mmag = [emag,zeros(1,9)]; >> for trial = 2:10; >> theta_init = 2epierand(N,1); >> theta = fminsearch (maxnage, theta_init, (1,t,omega) ; >> mmag(trial) = aax(abs(a(theta,t,omega))) >> if (amag(trial) ‘cheta_opt = theta’; mag opt = muag(trial); >> end >> end >> mnag, theta_opt neg = 6.6854 6.7069 6.6568 6.6421 6.7301 6.4845 6.5906 6.5294 6.5292 6.5888 ‘theta_opt = 2.7839 5.7162 5.1883 4.2864 8.1741 4.0850 2.2366 1.9871 1.6831 3.7462 ‘Thus, a good (but unlikely globally best) choice of phases is 6, [2.7839, 5.7162, 5.1883, 4.2464, 5.1741, 4.0850, 2.2366, 1.9871, 1.6831, 3.7463}. In this ease, the maxim in value of m(Q) is 6.4846, as shown in Figure 6.M-1D, >> plot (t,m(theta_opt,t omega), 7%); >> xlabel(t [sec]?); ylabel a(t) [volts] ); Figure S6.M-1b: Signal m(t) with log-spaced «, and optimized phases. (¢) For environments with 1/ noise, itis appropriate to have lower frequency com- ponents have greater strength than higher frequency components. One simple possibility is to adjust the magnitude of each sinusoidal component to matcl: ‘the noise power at that frequency. In this way, the signal-to-noise ratio is kept ‘constant for any frequency bin of the signa. m= fs (wat +n) ‘The constant k is selected to achieve the final desired signal power for the entire signal am(i). 323