AGGRAVATI

NGCI
RCUMSTANCE toplacet heauthorinsuchasituati
on wit
hout exceedi
ng the
as sit
uation as to deser
ve no ot
her l
imitpr
escr
ibedbyl
aw
I
fat
tendanttothecommi ssionofthecri
me: penalt
yt hant hatspecial
l
yprescri
bed
- ser vetoincr
easepenal t
y bylawf orsai
dcr i
me
- wi thout,howev er,exceedi
ng the maxi
mum oft
he penal
ty
providedbylawf ort
heof f
ense CANNOT be of
fsetby a mi
ti
gat
ing Maybecompensat
edbya
ci
rcumst
ance mi
ti
gati
ngci
rcumst
ance
BASI
S:greaterper
ver
sityoftheoffendermanif
estedinthecommissi
on
oft
hefel
onyshownby :(MPM- TPC) The cir
cumstance is actual
l
y an Onlyaff
ectsthepenal
tyto
- mot i
vati
ngpoweritsel
f INGREDI
ENT of t he cri
me whi ch beimposedandt hecri
me
- pl aceofcommi ssi
on
aff
ectsits nat
ure and makes the remainsthesame
- meansandway semployed
- t i
me off
ender l
i
ablefor a more seri
ous
- per sonalci
rcumstancesoft heoffender,oroftheof
fended cri
me.
party
MUSTBEALLEGEDi ntheinf
ormat
ion, Maybe proved ov
erthe
FOURKI
NDSOFAGGRAVATI
NGCI
RCUMSTANCES si
nce itis an i
ntegr
alpartoft he object
ionoft
hedefense
of
fense. I
f not
,it wi l
lonly be a
cangener
all
yappl
ytoal
lcr
imes GENERICAC.

WHENAGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCE
dwel
l
ing,
night
ti
me,
orr
eci
div
ism DOESNOTEFFECTOFINCREASI
NGPENALTY
GENERI
C
Whent
heaggrav
atingci
rcumstances:
a. consti
tut
eacrimespeciall
ypunishabl
ebyl
aw
ParagraphsNos.1,
2,3( dwel
li
ng)
,4,
5,6,
9,10, b. arei
ncludedbythelawindefini
ngacrime
14,18,19,and20,except"bymeansofmotor
vehicl
es," ACWHI
CHAREPERSONALTOTHEOFFENDERS

appl
yonl
ytopar
ti
cul
arcr
imes Aggr
avat
ingcir
cumst anceswhi chari
sefrom:(M-P-
O)
1. t hemor alatt
ribut
esoft heoff
ender
2. hi spri
vaterelati
onswi t
htheoffendedpar
ty
3. anyot herper sonalcause
I
gnominyincri
mesagai
nstchasti
tyorcruel
ty
SPECI
FIC andt
reacher
yincr
imesagai
nstpersons. Shal
lonlyser
vet
oaggr
avat
ethel
i
abi
l
ityast
owhom suchci
rcumst
ances
areat
tendant
.

ACWHICHDEPENDFORTHEI
RAPPLI
CATION
Par
agraphsNos.3(
exceptdwel
l
ing)
,15,16, UPONTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEOFFENDERS
17and21
Thosewhi
chconsi
st:(
MM)
changet
henat
ureoft
hecr
ime 1. inthemateri
alexecuti
onoftheact
2. inthemeansempl oyedtoaccompl
ishi
t

Wil
laggr
avat
ethel
i
abil
it
yofthosepersonsonl
ywhohadknowledgeof
Note:Art.248 enumerates the quali
fyi
ng t
hem att
heti
meoftheexecut
ionoft
heactorthei
rcooper
ati
ont
herei
n.
aggrav
ati
ngcir
cumstanceswhichqualifythe
ki
ll
ingofper
sontomurder.(
Par.11,
12, 13,16, ART.14.AGGRAVATI
NGCI
RCUMSTANCES
QUALI
FYI
NG 20,21)
Thef ollowi ngar eaggravatingci rcumst ances:
1.Thatadv antagebet akenbyt heof fenderofhi spubl icposi tion.
2.Thatt hecr imebecommi ttedi ncont emptorwi thinsul ttot hepubl i
c
(TRI
VIA:In generalsense kasipag may author ities.
namatay,homici
de,buti fmay presentna 3.Thatt heactbecommi tt
edwi thinsul tori ndisr egar doft her espect
quali
fyi
ngci
rcumstancenagi
gingmurdery
ung duet heof fendedpar tyonaccountofhi sr ank,age,orsex ,ort hati sbe
cri
me) commi ttedi nt hedwel li
ngoft heof fendedpar ty ,ifthel atterhasnot
givenpr ov ocation.
Thosethatmustofnecessi
tyaccompanythe 4.Thatt heactbecommi tt
edwi thabuseofconf i
denceorobv i
ous
commissionoft
hecrimeandist her
efor
enot ungr atef ulness.
consi
dered i
nincr
easing t
he penal
tyto be 5.Thatt hecr i
mebecommi ttedi nthepal aceoft heChi efExecut i
veori n
i
mposed. hispr esence, orwher epubl icaut hori
tiesar eengagedi nt hedi schar geof
I
NHERENT theirdut i
es, orinapl acededi cat edt or eli
gi ouswor ship.
6.Thatt hecr imebecommi t
tedi nt heni ghtt i
me,ori nanuni nhabi ted
place,orbyaband,whenev ersuchci r
cumst ancesmayf acilit
atet he
Evidentpremedit
ati
onisinher
entinrobber
y, commi ssionoft heof f
ense.
theft
,est
afa,adul
ter
yandconcubi
nage. Whenev ermor et hanthreear medmal efact orsshal lhav eact edt oget her
i
nt hecommi ssionofanof fense,i tshal lbedeemedt ohav ebeen
commi ttedbyaband.
7.Thatt hecr imebecommi ttedont heoccasi onofaconf lagration,
shipwr eck, earthquake,epidemi corot hercal ami tyormi sf ort
une.
GENERI
C AGGRAVATI
NG 8.Thatt hecr imebecommi t
tedwi t
ht heai dofar medmenorper sons
QUALI
FYI
NGAGGRAVATI
NGCI
RC. whoi nsur eoraf f
ordimpuni ty.
CI
RC.
9.Thatt heaccusedi sar ecidivist .
Togi
vet
hecr
imei
tspr
opernameand I
NCREASE PENALTY Ar eci divistisonewho,att het imeofhi st r
ialforonecr ime,shal lhav e
beenpr eviouslyconv ict
edbyf inaljudgmentofanot hercr imeembr aced
i
nt hesamet itl
eoft hi sCode. “Thatt
hecr i
mebecommi
tt
edi
ncont
emptoforwi
thi
nsul
ttot
hepubl
i
c
10.Thatt heof f
enderhasbeenpr ev i
ousl ypuni shedbyanof fenset o author
it
ies.
”
whicht hel aw at tachesanequalorgr eat erpenal tyorf ort woormor e
cri
mest owhi chi tat tachesal i
ghterpenal ty. REQUISI
TES:(E-
N- K-P)
11.Thatt hecr i
mebecommi t
tedinconsi derationofapr ice,rewar d,or 1. Thatt hepubl icauthori
tyisengagedint heexerciseofhi s
promi se. f
uncti
ons.
12.Thatt hecr imebecommi tt
edbymeansofi nundat i
on,f ir
e,poi son,
2. Thathewhoi sthusengagedintheexer
ciseofsaidf unct
ions
explosion,st randi ng ofa v esselori nt ernat i
onaldamage t her et o,
i
snottheper sonagainstwhom t
hecrimeiscommi tt
ed.
derailmentofal ocomot ive,orbyt heuseofanyot herar ti
ficeinv ol ving
greatwast eandr uin. 3. Theof fenderknowshi mtobeapublicaut
horit
y.
13.Thatt heactbecommi tt
edwi t
hev i
dencepr emedi tation. 4. Hispresencehasnotpr event
edtheoff
enderfrom commi tti
ng
14.Thatt hecr aft,fraudordi sguisebeempl oyed. t
hecri
mi nalact.
15.Thatadv antage be t aken ofsuper i
orst rengt h,ormeans be
empl oy edt oweakent hedef ense. PUBLI
CAUTHORI
TY
16.Thatt heactbecommi tt
edwi t
ht reacher y( alev osia) .
Ther eist reacher ywhent heof fendercommi tsanyoft hecr i
mesagai nst Apubl
i
cauthor
it
y,orapersoninaut
hori
tyisapubli
coff
icerwho
the per son,empl oy ing means,met hods,orf or ms i nt he execut ion - i sdir
ectl
yvest
edwi t
hjuri
sdi
cti
on
thereofwhi cht enddi rectl
yandspeci all
yt oi nsur ei tsexecut ion,wi thout - hast hepowertogov er
nandexecutethelaws
ri
skt ohi msel far isingf rom t hedef ensewhi cht heof fendedpar tymi ght
make. Canbeamay
or,
gov
ernor
,bar
angaycapt
ainorchai
rman.
17.Thatmeansbeempl oyedorci rcumst ancesbr oughtaboutwhi chadd
i
gnomi nyt othenat ur aleffectsoft heact .
18.Thatt hecr imebecommi ttedaf teranunl awf ul ent ry. NOT APPLICABLEwhencr i
mei scommi t
tedi nt hepresenceofan
Ther eisanunl awf ulent rywhenanent rancei sef fect edbyawaynot AGENTonly.
i
ntendedf ort hepur pose. - Agenti s(
1)anyper sonwho,bydirectpr ov
isi
onofl aw orby
19.Thatasameanst ot hecommi ssionofacr imeawal l,roof ,floor , el
ectionorbyappointmentbycompet entauthori
ty,ischarged
doororwi ndowt obebr oken. withthemai nt
enanceofpubl i
corderandt hepr otecti
onand
20.Thatt hecr i
mebecommi t
tedwi ththeai dofper sonsunderf i
fteen securit
yofli
feandpr oper
ty,
suchasbar ri
ocounci l
man, barri
o
yearsofageorbymeansofmot orv ehi cles,mot or i
zed wat ercr aft, poli
ceman and barangay leaderand ( 2)any per son who
air
shi ps,orot hersi mi larmeans.( AsamendedbyRA5438) . comest otheaidofpersonsinaut
hori
ty
21.Thatt hewr ongdonei nthecommi ssi onoft hecr imebedel iber atel y
augment edbycausi ngot herwr ongnotnecessar yf oritscommi ssi ons.
CrimeSHOULDNOTbecommi ttedagainstaPUBLI COFFI CER.Hence
theoff
endercommi tsdi
rectassault(Art
.148)withoutthisaggr
avat
ing
PARAGRAPH1
cir
cumstance,becausei
tisnotacr imecommi t
ted" incontemptofor
“
Thatadv
ant
agebet
akenbyt
heof
fenderofhi
spubl
i
cposi
ti
on” withi
nsult
"tohim,butacri
medi r
ectlycommitt
edagai nsthi
m

BASIS:t
hegreat
erperv
ersit
yoftheof
fender
,asshownbytheper
sonal KNOWLEDGEt hatapubli
caut
horit
yispresenti
sESSENTIAL.Lackof
cir
cumstanceoftheoffenderandal
sobyt hemeansusedtosecur
e knowledgeonthepartoft
heof
fenderi
ndi
catesl
ackofi
ntent
iont
oinsul
t
thecommissi
onofthecrime thepubli
caut
horit
y.

WHENI
STHI
SAPPLI
CABLE? PRESENCEofpubl icauthori
tyHASNOTPREVENTED of fenderfrom
committ
ingthecri
me.Anof f
ensemaybesai dtohav ebeencommi tted
- whentheper
soncommit
ti
ngthecri
meisapubl
i
cof
fi
cerwho i
ncontemptofapublicauthori
tywhenhi
spr esence,madeknownt ot he
t
akesadvant
ageofhi
spubl
icposi
ti
on
off
ender
,hasnotprevent
edthelatt
erf
rom commi tt
ingthecr
iminalact.
NOTE:The publ ic of
fi
cer must use hi sinfluence,pr estige or
ascendancywhi chhisof f
icegiveshi m asthemeansbywhi chhe PARAGRAPH3
real
iz
eshi spurpose.Theessenceoft hemat terispr esentedi nthe
i
nquiry, Thattheactbecommi tt
ed
 " Di
dt heaccusedabusehi sof f
iceinor dert ocommi tthe 1. wi thinsul
tori ndisregar
doft her espectduet heoff
ended
cri
me? " There must be pr oof that the accused t ook part
yonaccountofhi s(a)rank,
(b)age,or(c)sex;or
advantageofhispubli
cpositi
on. 2. t hatitbecommi t
tedi nthedwel l
i
ngoft heof f
endedpart
y,i
f
 I swear i
ngauniform materi
al? thelatt
erhasnotgi
v enprovocat
ion
-Itdepends.Whent heof fendedpar t
ywasawar eoft he
off
ender being a publ i
c offi
cer,wear ing a uni form is Whenal loft hefouraggravat
ingci
rcumstancesarepr
esentt
heycanbe
immaterial
. consideredsingleortogether
.
Ifal
lt hef ourcir
cumstancesar epresent
,theyhavet
heweightofone
Fai
l
urei
nof
fi
ci
aldut
iesi
stant
amountt
oabusi
ngofof
fi
ce.
aggravatingcir
cumstanceonl y
.
WHENI
STHI
SNOTAPPRECI
ATED?

- Whenapubl icoff
icercommi tsacommoncr i
meindependent
ofhisofficialfuncti
onsanddoesact sthatarenotconnected WHENI STHISACAPPLI
CABLE?
wit
ht hedut iesofhi soffi
ce,heshouldbepuni shedasa Thi
sparagr
aphisappl
icabl
eonlyi
ncri
mesagai
nst
:
pri
vateindiv i
dualwithoutthi
saggravati
ngcircumst
ance. 1. Persons
- Wheret akingadv antageofof f
ici
al-
posi
ti
oni smadebyl aw 2. Honor
anintegralel ementoft hecrime,suchasi nmalver
sati
onor
i
nf alsi
ficationofdocumentcommi tt
ed bypublicoffi
cers 1stREQUI
SITE
underAr t.171.
- Iftheaccused coul d haveperpetr
ated t
hecr i
mewi thout
occupyingpol i
cepositi
on. WHATI STHEMEANI NGOFWI THINSULTORDI SREGARD?
There mustbe evi
dence thati
nt he commission oft
he cr
ime,t
he
PARAGRAPH2 accuseddel
iber
atel
yintendedtooffendori
nsultthesexorageoft
he
of
fendedpar
ty. beguninthedwell
ing.(
USv s.Last
imosa)
- Dwelli
ng is aggr avati
ng i n abduct
ionori
l
legal
1.oft
her ankoft
heoffendedpar
ty detent
ion.(
U.S.v
s.Banila)
-Theremustbeadi f
ferencei
nthesoci
alcondi
ti
onoft
heof
fenderand
theof
fendedpart
y. - DWELLI NG MAY MEAN TEMPORARY DWELLI NG AND
SHOULDNOTBEUNDERSTOODASTHATOFADOMI CI
LE.
WHATDOESRANKMEAN? - Dwelli
ngisaggravati
ngwhenthehusbandkil
ledhi
sestranged
- r ef
erstoahi
ghsocialposi
ti
onorstandi
ng wif
ei nthehousesolel
yoccupi
edbyher.
- t hedesi
gnat
ionort
itl
eofdist
inct
ionconf
err
eduponanof
fi
cer - Ifacr i
meofadul t
eryiscommitted,dwel
l
ingisconsidered
aggravati
ngonthepartofthepar
amour .
2.oftheageoft heoffendedparty.
-appli
esincaseswher ethevict
imisoftenderageaswel lasofoldage DWELLI
NGI SNOTAGGRAVATI NGINTHEFOLLOWI NGCASES:
-Deli
berat
eintenttooffendorinsul
trequi
red. - Whenbot hoff
enderandof f
endedpar tyareoccupant soft he
Thecircumstanceofol dagecannotbeconsi deredaggrav
atngi
i nthe samehouseandt hisistr
ueev enifoffenderi saservantint he
absenceofev i
dencethatt heaccuseddeliber
atelyint
endedtooffendor house.
i
nsulttheageoft hev
ictim. - Whent herobberyi scommi t
tedbyt heuseoff orceupon
thi
ngs,dwelli
ngisnotaggrav at
ingbecausei tisinherent.
3.ofthesexoft heoffendedparty
. - I nthecr i
meoft respasstodwel l
ing,i
ti sinherentori ncl
uded
Thisreferstothef emalesex,nott
othemalesex. bylawindef i
ningthecri
me.
NOT aggr avating inthe absence ofevi
dence t
hatt
he accused - Whent heowneroft hedwel l
inggavesuf fi
cientandimmedi ate
deli
beratelyintendedt ooffendorinsul
tthesexofthevict
im or provocati
on.
manifestdisrespecttoherwomanhood. - Dwel li
ngnotaggr avati
nginadul t
erywhenpar amoural solives
ther
e.
Thisaggr
avati
ngci rcumst anceisnott obeconsideredint hefol
lowi
ng - ( Peoplevs.Ramol e)dwell
ingwasnotconsi der
edaggr av
ating
cases: becauset hevict
im wasamer ev i
sit
ori nthehousewher ehe
- Whent heof fenderactedwithpassi
onandobf uscation. waski l
l
ed.
- Whent hereexi stsar el
ati
onshipbetweent heoffendedpar t
y
andtheof fender. PARAGRAPH4
- Whent hecondi t
ionofbeingawomani si ndi
spensableinthe
commissionoft hecrime. Thattheactbecommit
tedwith
Thus,i
n( a)par ri
cide,(
b)rape,(
c)abduction,or(d)seducti
on, 1. abuseofconfi
dence,or
sexisnotaggr avati
ng. 2. obv i
ousungr
atef
ulness

4.Thatt
hecr
imebecommi
tt
edi
nthedwel
li
ngoft
heof
fendedpar
ty. 2aggr
avat
ingci
rcumst
ancesundert
hispar
agr
aph:

Whati
smeantbydwel l
ing? ABUSEOFCONFI
DENCE
- Dwel l
ingmustbeabui l
dingorstruct e,excl
ur usivelyusedfor
restandcomf ort
.Incl
udestempor ar
ydwelli
ng,dependenci
es, The abuse of conf
idence must be a means of faci
li
tat
ing the
footorst ai
rcaseandenclosur
eoft hehouse. commissi
onofthecrime,theculpr
itt
aki
ngadvant
ageoft heoffended
- A" combi nati
onhouseandst ore"oramar ketstallwheret
he par
ty'
sbeli
eft
hattheformerwoul
dnotabusesai
dconf
idence.
victi
m sleptisNOTadwel li
ng.

THEOFFENDEDPARTYMUSTNOTGI VEPROVOCATION
I
ft heoff
endedpartyi
sdeemedt ohavegiv
enprov
ocati
on,andthef
act
thatthecri
meiscommi tt
edinthedwell
i
ngoftheoff
endedpart
yisnot REQUI
SITES:
anaggravati
ngci
rcumstance.
ABUSEOFCONFI
DENCE OBVI
OUSUNGRATEFULNESS
Provocationispr esentwhen:
- Gi v
enbyt heowneroft hedwell
ing Thattheoff
endedpart
yhad Thattheoff
endedpart
yhad
- Suf f
icient,and tr
ustedtheoff
ender tr
ustedtheoff
ender
- I mmedi atetothecommi ssionoft
hecr i
me
NOTE:t hisistrueonl ywhent hereexi sacl
st oserelat
ionbet
weent
he Thattheoff
enderabusedsuch Thattheoff
enderabusedsuch
provocati
onandt hecommi ssionoft hecrimei nthedwelli
ngoft
he tr
ustbycommi t
ti
ngacr i
me tr
ustbycommi t
ti
ngacr i
me
personfrom whom t hepr ov
ocat ioncame. agai
nsttheoff
endedparty agai
nsttheoff
endedparty

- Itisnotnecessarythattheaccused shoul
d hav
eact ual
ly Thattheabuseofconfidence
Thatt
heactbecommi t
tedwi
th
enter
edthedwell
ingofthevi
cti
mt ocommi tt
heoffense;i
tis faci
l
itatedt
hecommi ssionof
obvi
ousungr
atef
ulness
enoughthatt
hev i
cti
m wasatt
ackedinsidehisownhouse. thecrime
(PEOPLEV.OMPAI D)
NOTE:
- Dwel l
i
ng washel d aggrav
ati
ng wheret hevi
cti
m who was (
1)Confi
dencemustbe
asleepinhishousewasshotasheopenedt hedoorofhi s Ungrat
efulnessmustbeobv
ious,
i
mmediateandper
sonal
house upon being call
ed and awakened by t
he accused. i
.e.
,manifestandcl
ear.
(Peoplevs.Tal
ay) (2)Bet
ray
alofconf
idencei
snot
aggrav
ati
ng.
- Dwelli
ngisaggravati
ng,eveniftheof fenderdi
dnotent erthe
upperpartofthehousewher ethev i
ctim was,butshotfrom
underthehouse.(Peoplevs.Bauti
sta) OBVI
OUSUNGRATEFULNESS
- Even ifthe kil
l
ing took place outside the dwell
i
ng,iti s
aggravat
ingprovi
dedt hatthecommi ssionoft hecri
mewas UNGRATEFULNESSMUSTBEOBVI
OUS,
I.
E.,
MANI
FESTANDCLEAR.
 I
tshouldappeart heaccusedt
hatt ookadvantageofthecir
cumstances
- theaccusedwhoki ll
edhi sf ather-
in-
law i
nwhosehousehe fort
hemor esuccessf
ulconsummati
onofhisplansandthatthecri
me
l
ivedandwhopar t
ial
l
ysuppor tedhim. mightbeperpetr
atedunmolest
edfortheaggravat
ingci
rcumstanceto
- the accused was l ivi
ng i nt he house oft he v ict
im who beappl
ied.
empl oyedhim asanov erseerandi nchargeofcar pentr
ywor k,
andhadf reeaccesst othehouseoft hevict
im whowasv er
y TheSupr emeCour tconsi
deredothert
estsfortheappli
cati
onoft he
kindtohi m,hisfamil
y,andwhohel pedhim solv
ehi sproblems aggrav
ati
ngci r
cumstancesunderthi
sparagr
aph.Theyareaggrav
at i
ng
- wher easecur i
tyguardki ll
edabankof fi
cerandr obbedt he when they are"especi
all
y soughtfor
"orwhen t he of
fender"took
bank. advant
aget her
eof
."
- wher et hevicti
m wassuddenl yat t
ackedwhi leint heactof
givi
ngt heassail
antstheirbreadandcof f
eeforbreakfast
. (
1)NI
GHTTI
ME
- Theci rcumstanceexistswhenav i
sit
orcommi tsrobberyor
theftinthehouseofhi shost . NIGHTTI
ME-t hatper
i knessbegi
odofdar nni
ngatendofduskand
endi
ngatdawn
Par5.-Thatthecri
mebecommitt
edint hepalaceoftheChi
efExecut
ive
orin his pr
esence,orwher
e publ
ic authori
ti
es ar
e engaged i
nt he Nightt
ime byand ofit
selfis notan aggrav ati
ng ci
rcumstance.It
di
schargeofthei
rduti
es,
ori
naplacededicatedtorel
i
giousworshi
p. becomessoonlywhenitisespeciall
ysoughtbyt heoff
ender
,ort aken
advantageofbyhimtof aci
l
itat
et hecommi ssionofthecrimeort o
PARAGRAPH5 PARAGRAPH2
i
nsurehisimmuni
tyf
rom capt
ure.

Publ
ic author
it
y i s in t
he Publ
ic aut
hor
it
y is in t
he THE COMMI SSI
ON OF THE CRI ME MUST BEGIN AND BE
per
for
manceofhisdut
y. per
for
manceofhisdut
y. ACCOMPLI SHED I
N THE NI
GHTTI
ME.Notaggr
avat
ing when cr
ime
beganatdayti
me.

t
hepublicauthor
it
ieswho ar
ei n the publ i
c aut hor
it
ies are Theoffensemustbeact
uall
ycommit
tedint
hedarknessoftheni
ght
.
t
he perf
ormance ofthei
rduties performi
ng thei
r dut ies Whent heplaceoft
hecrimeisil
l
uminat
edbyli
ght,night
ti
meisnot
mustbeint
heirof
fi
ce outsideofthei
roffi
ce. aggr
avati
ng.

(
2)UNI
NHABI
TEDPLACE
thepubl
i
cauthor
ityshoul
dnot
hemaybet
heof
fendedpar
ty.
betheoff
endedpart
y - onewher etherearenohousesatal l
,aplaceataconsi derabl
e
di
stancef r
om t own,orwher ethehousesar escatt
eredata
greatdi
stancef r
om eachother
- Anel ectoralpr eci
nctdur ingel ecti
ondayi sapl ace"where - not consi dered when t he place wher et he crime was
publi
c aut horit
ies are engaged i nt he discharge ofthei
r commi t
tedcoul dbeseenandt hevoiceoft hedeceasedcould
duti
es." beheardfrom anear byhouse
- Cemet eriesarenotdedi catedt othewor shipofGod. Thi
saggravati
ngcircumst anceshouldbedet er
mi ned:whethert here
- Thechur chi sapl acededi cat edtoreli
giouswor shi
p wasareasonablepossi bi
li
tyofthev i
cti
mr ecei
vingsomehel pint he
OFFENDERMUSTHAVEI NTENTI ONTOCOMMI TACRI MEWHEN pl
aceoft
hecommi ssionoft heoff
ense
HEENTEREDTHEPLACE.
- Theaggr avati
ngci rcumst ancet hatt hekil
lingwasdonei na Theof
fender
smustchooset heplaceasanai deit
her:
(EU-
I)
pl
ace dedi cated t o religious wor ship cannot be l egall
y 1. t oaneasyanduni nter
ruptedaccomplishmentofthei
rcri
minal
considered,wher et herei s no ev i
dence to show thatt he designs
defendanthadmur derinherhear twhensheent eredthechapel 2. t oinsureconceal
mentoft heoffense,
thathemightther
ebybe
onthef atalnight.(Peoplev s.Jaur i
gue,) bettersecur
edagainstdetect
ionandpunishment

PARAGRAPH6 I
tmustappeart
hatt
heaccusedsoughtthesol
it
udeoft
heplacewher
e
t
hecr
imewascommi t
ted,
inordert
obett
eratt
ainhi
spur
pose.
Thatt
hecri
mebecommi t
ted(
1)intheni
ghtt
ime,
or(2)i
nanuni
nhabit
ed
pl
ace,or(
3)byaband,wheneversuchci
rcumst
ancemayfaci
l
itat
ethe (
3)BAND
commissi
onoft
heof
fense.
WHATI
SABAND?
SHOULDTHESECIRCUMSTANCESBECONSI
DEREDASONEONLYOR - Whenev ermorethan3(f
ourabove)ar
medmalefact
orsshal
l
THREESEPARATELY?
eact
hav edtoget
herint
hecommi ssi
onofanof
fense,i
tshal
l
bedeemedtohavebeencommitt
edbyaband.
GENEREALRULE:Theyconsti
tut
eonlyoneaggr
avat
ingcir
cumstancei
f
t
heyconcuri
nthecommissi
onoffel
ony(Supr
emeCourtofSpai
n)
THEFOURARMEDMENMUSTACTTOGETHERI
NTHECOMMI
SSI
ON
OFTHECRI
ME.
EXCEPTI
ON:consider
edsepar at
elywhent heirel
ementsaredist
inct
ly
per
cei
vedandcansubsisti
ndependent
ly.(
SupremeCourtofSpai
n)
- ARMED MEN,ev eni ft hereare20per sons,butonly3ar e
armed,t hisaggr avati
ngci r
cumstancebyabandcannotbe
NI
GHTTI
ME,
UNINHABI
TEDPLACEORBAND
considered.
WHENAGGRAVATI
NG?(F-
E-T)
- "Stone"isincludedint het erm"arms."
- Ifoneoft hef ourarmedper sonsisapr i
ncipalbyinducement,
- tf
Wheni aci
li
tat
edthecommissionofthecri
me
theydonotf orm aband
- When especial
l
ysoughtf orbyt he of
fendertoi nsurethe
- NOT aggr av atngwhen f
i ourarmedper sons,who casuall
y
commissionofthecr
imeorforpurposeofimpunit
y
metanot hergr oupoft hreearmedper sonsi nanuninhabit
ed
- Whentheof endert
f ookadvant
aget her
eofforthepur poseof
placeatni ghtti
me,quar reledwiththelatterand,i
ntheheatof
i
mpuni
t y
.
anger,thet wogr oupsf oughtagainsteachot her
,resul
ti
ngin
thedeathofoneoft het hreewhichformedt heothergroup.
 - Appli
cableincr i
mesagai nstpr opertyoragainstpersonsorin  Ift
hereare4ar medmen,ai dofarmedmenisabsor
bedin
thecri
meofi ll
egal detent
ionort r
eason. employmentofaband.
- Notappli
cablet ocr i
mesagai nstchast i
ty  Ift
herear
e3ar medmenorl ess,
aidofar
medmenmaybethe
- Abuseofsuper i
orst r
engthanduseoff irearms,absorbedin aggrav
ati
ngcir
cumstance.
aggravat
ingcircumst anceof" byaband.
- Inthecri
meofbr igandage,whi chiscommi tt
edbymor ethan3 I
ncl
udesar
medwomen.
armed personsf orming a band ofr obber s(Art
.306) ,t
he
cir
cumstancet hatt hecri
mewascommi ttedbyabandshoul d PARAGRAPH9
notbeconsi deredasaggr av
at ing,becausei si
ti nherenti
nor
i
snecessaril
yi ncl
udedi ndenni ngt hecri
me. “
Thatt
heaccusedi
sar
eci
div
ist
.”

PARAGRAPH7 WHOI SARECI DI

VIST?
Arecidiv
istisonewho,attheti
meofhi st
ri
alf
oronecri
me,shal
lhave
“Thatthe cri
me be commit
ted on t
he occasi
on ofa conf
lagrat
ion, beenpreviousl
yconvi
ctedbyfi
nalj
udgmentofanot
hercr
imeembraced
shipwr
eck,eart
hquake,
epi
demicorot
hercalamit
yormisf
ort
une.” i
nt hesamet i
tl
eoftheRevi
sedPenalCode.

Theof
fendermustt
akeadv
ant
ageoft
hecal
ami
tyormi
sfor
tune. REQUISITES( T-
P-E-C)
1. Thattheof
fenderisontri
alforanof f
ense;
Ex
ampl
es: 2. Thathewaspr evi
ouslyconvict
edbyf i
naljudgmentofanot
her
1. afi
remanwhocommi t
srobberyinaburnedhouse cri
me;
2. thi
efwho st
eals per
sonalpr oper
tyf r
om the demol
i
shed 3. Thatboththefir
standt hesecondof fensesar eembr
acedin
housesi
mmediat
elyaf
teradestruct
ivet
yphoon thesameti
tleoftheCode;
4. Thattheof
fenderisconvict
edoft henewof fense.
PARAGRAPH8
"ATTHETI MEOFHI STRIALFORONECRI ME."
“
Thatt
hecr
imebecommi t
tedwit
htheai
dof - Notbe r estr
ict
ivel
y construed as t o mean t he dat
e of
1. armedmen,or arr
aignment
2. personswhoi
nsureoraff
ordi
mpuni
ty” - Iti
smeantt oincl
udeev ery
thingthatisdonei nthecourseof
REQUISI
TES(DI-
AR) thetri
al,f
rom arr
aignmentunt i
laft
ersent enceisannounced
bythejudgeinopencourt.(
Peoplev s.Lagarto,
supra)
1. Thatar med men direct
ly ori
ndi
rect
lyt ook par
ti nthe
commi ssi
onofthecr
ime PREVI
OUSLYCONVI
CTEDBYFI
NALJUDGMENT
2. Thattheaccusedavail
edhimsel
foftheiraidorrel
iedupon
them whenthecri
mewascommi t
ted Theaccusedwaspr osecut
edandt ri
edf ortheft
,estafaandr obber
y.
Judgment
sf or3offenseswerereadonthesameday .I
shear eci
div
ist
?
RULESAPPLI
CABLE - NO, becauset hej
udgmentinanyofthefirstt
woof f
enseswas
notyetf
inalwhenhewast ri
edforthethi
rdoffense.
GENERALRULE:
Thecasualpresenceofarmedmenneart
heplacewherethecri
mewas AJUDGMENTI NACRI MINALCASEBECOMESFI NAL
commi t
tedDOESNOTconst i
tut
eanaggr
avat
ingci
rcumstancewhenit 1. aft
erthelapseoftheper
iodforperf
ecti
nganappeal
appearsthattheaccuseddi
dnotavai
lhi
msel
foftheirai
dorrelyupon 2. whent hesentencehasbeenpar tial
l
yort ot
all
ysati
sfi
edor
them t
ocommi tt
hecri
me. serv
ed
3. theaccusedhaswaivedinwrit
inghisri
ghtt
oappeal
EXCEPTI
ONS: 4. theaccusedhasappli
edforprobat
ion
a. whenbot htheat tackingpart
yandt hepartyatt
ackedwere
equall
yarmed Sec.6ofRule122oft heRevi
sedRulesofCr
iminalPr
ocedur
eprovi
des
b. whent heaccusedaswel lasthosewhocooperat
edwithhi
m that"anappealmustbet akenwithi
n15day sfrom pr
omulgat
ionor
inthecommi ssi
onoft hecrimeact hesamepl
edundert anand noti
ceofthejudgmentoror
derappeal
edfr
om."
forthesamepur pose
EMBRACEDI
NTHESAMETI
TLEOFTHI
SCODE
Exampl
eof"
wit
htheai
dofar
medmen.
"
Exampl
es:
A,inordert ogetr i
dofherhusband, secur
edt heserv
icesofotherMoros - Robber
yandthef
t
bypromi singthem r ewardshadt hem killherhusband.Inaccordance - Homici
deandphysi
cal
inj
uri
es
withthepl an,theyar medthemselveswi thclubs,wenttothehouseof
thevict
im andcl ubbedhi
mt odeat hwhi l
eAhel dalight
edlamp.Aal so Whenoneoff
enseispuni
shabl
ebyanordi
nanceorspeci
all
aw andt
he
suppl
iedt hem wi t
hropewi t
hwhicht oti
eherhusband.I nthiscase,A ot
herbyRPC,
thetwooff
ensesareNOTembr
acedint
hesamet i
tl
eoft
he
commi tt
edpar ricide"wi
ththeai
dofar medmen. ” Code.

WI
THTHEAI
D Thereisr eci
divi
sm evenifthel apseoftimebetweent wofeloni
esis
BYABAND mor ethan10 y ear
s.Recidi
vism mustbet akeninto accountasan
OFARMEDMEN aggravat
ingcircumstancenomat terhow manyy ear
shav einterv
ened
betweenthefirstandsecondfeloni
es.
presenteveni
foneofthe requi
resthatmorethanthree
offendersmerel
yrel
i
edonthei
r armedmal efact
orsshal
lhave PARDON DOES NOT OBLITERATE THE FACT THAT THE ACCUSED
ai
d, foract
ual
aidisnot actedtogetheri
nthecommi ssi
on WAS A RECIDIVIST;butamnestyext i
ngui
shes the penal
tyand i
ts
necessary ofanof f
ense eff
ect
s.Ther
efore,par
dondoesnotpr eventaf or
merconv i
cti
onf
rom
bei
ngconsi
deredasanaggravat
ingci
rcumst ance.

NOTE: PARAGRAPH10
 PARAGRAPH11
“
Thattheoffenderhasbeenprevi
ouslypunishedforanof
fenset
owhich
t
helawattachesanequalorgreaterpenal
tyorfortwoormorecr
imesto Thatthecr
imebecommi
tt
edi
nconsi
der
ati
onofapr
ice,r
ewar
dor
whi
chitat
tachesal i
ght
erpenalt
y.” promi
se.

REQUI
SITES THEREMUSTBETWOORMOREPRI NCIPALS
1. t
heonewhogivesorof
fer
sthepriceorpromise(pri
nci
palby
1. Thattheaccusedisont rialf
oranof fense; i
nducement
)
2. Thathepr evi
ouslyser vedsent encef oranot heroffenseto 2. t
heonewhoaccept
sit(
pri
nci
palbydir
ectpar
ti
cipati
on)
whichthelawat achesanequalorgr
t eaterpenalt
y,orfortwo
ormor ecri
mest owhi chi tatachesl
t ighterpenal
tythanthat Theev i
dencemustshowthatoneoftheaccusedusedmoneyorother
forthenewoffense;and valuabl
econsi
derat
ionf
orthepurposeofinduci
nganot
hertoper
form
3. Thatheisconv i
ctedoft henewof fense. thedeed.

HASBEENPREVI
OUSLYPUNI
SHED  IF WITHOUT PREVI OUS PROMI SE itwas gi
ven v ol
untaril
y
aft
ert hecri
mehadbeencommi t
tedasanexpr essi
onofhi s
Meansthattheaccusedprevi yser
ousl v
edsent
enceforanot
heroffense appreciat
ion f
ort he sympathy and ai
d shown by ot her
orsent
encesforotherof
fensesbefor
ehist
ri
alf
orthenewoffense accused,itshouldnotbet akeni nt
oconsider
at i
onf ort he
purposeofincreasi
ngthepenalt
y.
2ND REQUI
SITEISPRESENTWHEN:( E-G-2)
1. whent hepenalt
yprovidedbylaw f
ortheprevi
ousoffenseis THEACAFFECTSNOTONLYTHEPERSONWHORECEIVEDTHEPRI
CE
equaltothatf
orthenewof f
ense; ORTHEREWARD,BUTALSOTHEPERSONWHOGAVEI
T.
2. whent hepenalt
yprovidedbylaw f
ortheprevi
ousoffenseis
great
er;or PARAGRAPH12
3. whent heaccusedser vedatleast2sentences,ev
eni fthe
penal
ti
espr ov
idedbylawforthecri
mesareli
ghter “Thatt hecr
imebecommi t
tedbymeansofi nundati
on,fi
re,poi
son,
explosi
on,stranding of a vesselor i
ntent
ionaldamage t her
eto,
I
TISTHEPENALTYATTACHEDTOTHEOFFENSE,NOTTHEPENALTY derail
mentofal ocomoti
ve,orbytheuseofanyot herar
ti
fi
ceinvol
vi
ng
ACTUALLYI
MPOSED. greatwasteandr ui
n.”

REI
TERACI
ON/HABI
TUALI
TY RECI
DIVI
SM THEOFFENDERMUSTUSETHECIRCUMSTANCESASAMEANSTO
ACCOMPLI
SHACRIMINALPURPOSETOBECONSIDEREDASAN
i
tisnecessar
ythattheoff
ender i
tisenought
hatAFINAL AGGRAVATI
NGCIRCUMSTANCE.
SHALLHAVESERVEDOUThi s JUDGMENThasbeenr ender
ed
sent
enceforthefi
rstof
fense i
nthefir
stof
fense 1. Bymeansoff i
re
- Whent herei snoact ualdesigntoki l
laper sonin
requi
rest
hatt
heof
fensesbe
thepreviousandsubsequent burningahouse,i tisplainarsonev enifaper sonis
i
ncludedi
nTHESAMETI TLE
offensesMUSTNOTbe kil
l
ed.
embr acedinthesametit
leofthe oftheCode
- Ont heot herhand,iftheoffenderhadthei ntenttoki
l
l
Code thev ict
im,bur nedt hehousewher et hel att
erwas,
andt hev i
cti
m diedasaconsequence,t hecrimeis
alwaystobetakenint
o mur der,quali
fiedbyt hecircumstancet hatthecrime
notal
waysanaggr
avat
ing consi
derati
oninfi
xi
ngt he wascommi tt
ed" bymeansoff i
re.
"
ci
rcumst
ance penal
tytobeimposedupon
theaccused 2. Bymeansofexplosi
on
- Ther eshouldbeani ntenttoki l
landexplosi
oni s
used byt he of
fendert o accompli
sh hi
scr i
minal
DI
FFERENTFORMSOFHABI
TUALI
TYORREPETI
TION purpose,i
tismur derifthev ict
im di
esasadi rect
consequencethereof.
1. RECIDI
VISM – Theoff
enderatt heti
meoft hetri
alforone
cr
imeshallhavebeenprev
iouslyconvi
ctedbyf
inalj
udgment 3. Bymeansofder ai
lmentoflocomot
ive
ofanot
hercri
meinthesamet i
tl
eintheRPC. - t hi
si swithoutprej
udi
cetot hecri
minall
i
abi
l
ityf
or
otherconsequencesofcr
iminalact
2. REITERACION –Theoff
enderhasbeenpr evi
ouslypuni
shed
foranoffensetowhi
chthelaw at
tachesanequalorgreat
er UnderArt.330,whichdefi
nesandpenal i
zesthecr i
meofdamaget o
penalt
yorfortwoormor
ecri
mest owhichitat
tachesali
ght
er meansofcommuni cati
on,derai
l
mentofcars,col
li
sionoracci
dentmust
penalt
y. resul
tfr
om damaget oarai
lway,t
elegr
aphort
elephoneli
nes.

3. HABITUALDELI NQUENCY( ART62)–Theof fenderwit

hina PARAGRAPH12 PARAGRAPH7
peri
od often yearsfrom the date ofhi srelease orlast
convi
cti
onoft hecri
mesofser iousorl essser iousphysical t
he cri
me i s commi tt
ed by thecri
mei scommi
tt
edont he
i
njur
ies,r
obber
y ,
thef
t,est
afaorfalsif
icat
ion,i
sf oundgui
ltyof means of any of such act
s occasi
on of a calami
ty or
anyofsaidcr
imesat hi
rdti
meorof tener. i
nvol
vi
nggreatwast
eorruin misfor
tune

4. QUASI -
RECIDIVISM -Anypersonwhoshal lcommi taf el
ony
after havi
ng been convict
ed by f i
naljudgment ,before PARAGRAPH13
beginningtoservesuchsentence,orwhi
l
eser v
ingthesame,
shallbe punished bythe maximum peri
od oft he penalt
y Thatt
heactbecommi
tt
edwi
thev
identpr
e-medi
tat
ion.
prescri
bedbylawf ort
henewf el
ony.
REQUI
SITES
 thi
nkanddeli
berat
eont hemeaningandtheconsequencesof
Theprosecuti
onmustpr ov e—( T-AM-SL) whathe planned to do,an int
erv
allong enough forhis
1. Thet imewhent heoffenderdeterminedtocommi tthecri
me; consci
enceandbetterjudgmenttoover
comehi sevildesi
re
2. Anactmani festlyindicat
ingthatthecul pri
thasclungtohis andscheme.
deter
mi nati
on; and
3. A suf fi
cientl apseoft imebet ween thedet er
minati
on and  WHEN VICTIMI SDIFFERENTFROM THATI NTENDED,PRE-
executi
on,toal l
ow himt or ef
lectupont heconsequencesof MEDITATION ISNOTAGGRAVATI NG.Ev i
dentpremedit
ati
on
hisactandt oal l
owhi sconsciencetoov ercometheresol
uti
on maynotbepr operl
ytaken int
o accountwhen theperson
ofhiswi l
l
. whom thedefendantproposedtokil
lwasdiff
erentfr
om the
onewhobecamehi svi
ctim
EVI
DENTPREMEDI TATI ONI MPLI ES:
- del i
berateplanningoft heact
I
T IS NOT NECESSARY THAT THERE I S A PLAN TO KI LL A
- bef oreexecutingi t
PARTICULARPERSON.Example:Thecriminali
ntentwhichwascarr
ied
outwastokil
lthef
ir
st2per
sonswhom t heaccusedshouldmeetatthe
ESSENCEOFPREMEDI TATION
pl
acewher eheint
endedtocommi tthecrime.Evidentpre-
medi
tat
ion
- t hattheexecuti
onoft hecrimi
nalactmustbepr ecededby
wasconsider
edagai
nstt
heaccused.
coolthought
- r efl
ecti
onupont heresol
uti
ontocarryoutt
hecr i
minalint
ent
Evi
dentpremedit
ationi
sinher
entinrobbery
.Butift
her
eisevi
dentpre-
duri
ng the space oft i
me suff
ici
entto arr
ive ata calm
medit
ati
onnotonl ytost
ealper
sonalproper
tybutal
sotoki
l
litshal
lbe
j
udgment
consi
der
edtoincreaset
hepenalt
y.

THEPREMEDI
TATI
ONMUSTBE"
EVI
DENT"
PARAGRAPH14
- accusedmedit
atedandr ef
lect
edonhi
sint
ent
ionbetweent
he
That(
1)cr
aft
,(2)f
raud,
or(
3)di
sgui
sebeempl
oyed.(
C-F-
D)
ti
mewhent hecrimewasconcei v
edbyhim andthetimeit
wasactual
lyperpetr
ated
Thecircumst
anceischar
act
eri
zedbyt
hei ntel
lectualorment
alr
ather
thanthephysi
calmeanstowhicht
hecri
mi nalresort
stocarr
youthis
Thedateand,ifpossi
ble,theti
mewhent heoff
enderdet
ermi
nedt o
desi
gn.
committ
hecrimeisessenti
al,
becausethel
apseofti
mefort
hepurpose
oft
hethi
rdrequi
sit
eiscomputedfrom t
hatdat
eandtime.
CRAFT
SECONDREQUI
SITEI
SNECESSARY,
andexi
stswhen:
- i
nvolvesintel
lectualtri
ckeryandcunningont hepar tofthe
accused
Aftert
heoffender shaddet ermi ned( concei ved)t ocommi tthecr ime,
- Chicaner
yresortedt obytheaccusedtoaidintheexecuti
onof
theymani
festl
yi ndicatedt hatt heycl ungt othei rdeterminati
on—( CPG-
hi
scr i
minaldesign.
SORR)
- employedasaschemei ntheexecut
ionofthecr
ime
a. Whent hecr imewascar efull
yplannedbyt heoffenders.
- Thereiscraftwher etheaccusedluresoutthevi
cti
mf rom hi
s
b. Whent heof fender spr eviouslypr epar ed themeanswhi ch
houseinordertobeki ll
ed
theyconsi der edadequat et ocarryitout .
c. Whenagr av ewaspr eparedatani solatedplacei nt hef i
eld
FRAUD
forther ecept i
onoft hebodyoft heper sonwhom t hecriminal s
i
ntendedt oki ll
- i
nsidi
ouswordsormachi
nat
ionsusedt
oinducethevi
cti
mt o
d. When t hedef endant smader epeat ed statement st hatt he
actinamannerwhi
chwouldenabl
etheoff
endertocar
ryout
hourofr eckoni ng oft he v i
ctim woul d arr
ive and ar med
hi
sdesign
themsel veswi thdeadl yweapons.
e. Whent hedef endantcommencedt oshar penhi sbol oont he
HAI
RLI
NEDI
STI ONBETWEENCRAFTANDFRAUD.
NCTI
afternoonpr ecedi ngt heni ghtoft hecr ime.
f. When t he def endant ,accor di
ng t o his own conf ession,3
FRAUD CRAFT
ti
mesat t
empt edt ot aket hel i
feoft hedeceasedi nor dert o
be abl et o mar ryhi s wi dow,wi th whom he wasi nl ov e. Ther
eist
ri
cker
y Ther
eist
ri
cker
y
(Peoplev s.Ducusi n,53Phi l
.280)
g. Wher et heaccusedr epeat edlypl ott
edt hecommi ssionoft he Thereisadi
recti
nducementby Otherwise, the act of t he
mur derov eraper iodofsev eralweeksand,onatl easttwo i
nsidi
ouswor
dsormachinati
ons accused done in ordernotto
occasions, madepr eli
mi naryeffor t
st ocarryitout. arouse t he suspi
cion of t
he
vi
ctim consti
tut
escraft
.
THEPREMEDI ONMUSTBEBASEDUPONEXTERNALACTSAND
TATI
NOTPRESUMEDFROM MERELAPSEOFTI
ME;
Accused gained entr
anceinv i
cti
m'shouse.Bypr et
ending t
heyhad
MERE THREATS WI THOUT SECOND REQUISI
TE I
S NOT EVI
DENT pacif
icint
entions(tobuychickens)indesi
ri
ngt oenterArgeni
o'
shome,
PREMEDITATI
ON.Exist
enceofi
ll
-f
eel
i
ngorgrudgeal
onei
snotpr
oofof theyall
ayedhissuspici
ons.Theygainedentr
anceintothehousewithhi
s
evi
dentpr
emedi
tat
ion. consentthr
ought r
icker
yordeceit.(
Peoplevs.Sali
l
ing)

SUFFI
CIENTLAPSEOFTI
ME DI
SGUI
SE

- wheretheaccusedhadhad3day s’t
imet omedi
tat
euponthe - r
esor
ti
ngt
oanydev
icet
oconceal
ident
it
y
cri
mewhi chheintendedtocommi t
,andwasnotpromptedby
theimpul
seofthemoment Thepurposeoft heof f
enderi
nusinganydevicemustbet oconcealhi
s
- 3hoursorlessconsider
edsuff
ici
entlapseoft
ime i
dent
ity
.
- t hedefendanthadhisf acebl
ackenedinorderthatheshould
WHYISI
TREQUI
RED? notber ecogni
zedattheti
mehecommi tted
- Theoff
endermusthav
eanoppor
tuni
tyt
ocool
l
yandser
enel
y - t he defendantcovered hisface wit
h handkerchi
efbefore
 commi
tt
ingt
hecr
ime
Theaggr
avat
ingci
rcumst
anceofbyabandi
sabsor
bedi
ntr
eacher
y.
I
finspi
teoft
heuseofhandker
chi
eft
ocovertheirf
aces,
thecul
pri
tswer
e
r
ecogni
zedbythev
ict
im,di
sgui
sewasnotconsider
edaggrav
ati
ng. MEANSEMPLOYEDTOWEAKENDEFENSE

PARAGRAPH15 Appl
icabl
eonlytocr
imesagainstpersons
- Thi scir
cumstanceisappli
cableonl
ytocri
mesagainstper
sons,
That(1)advant
agebetaken ofsuper
iorst
rengt
h,or(
2)meansbe andsometi
mesagai nstpersonandpropert
y,suchasrobber
y
employedt
oweakent
hedefense. wit
hphysi
cali
njur
iesorhomi ci
de.

ADVANTAGEOFSUPERI
ORSTRENGTH I
ll
ust
rat
ivecases
 One,st ruggl
ingwi thanot her,suddenl yt hr
owsacl oakovert he
- t
ousepur poselyexcessi
veforceoutofpropor
ti
ont
othe headofhi sopponentandwhi leint hissit
uat
ionhewoundsor
meansofdefenseavai
labl
etotheper
sonat
tacked ki
ll
shim.
 Exi stswhent heof fender ,who hadt heint
enti
ont o kil
lt he
THEREMUSTBEEVI DENCETHATTHEACCUSEDWEREPHYSI CALLY vi
ctim,made t he deceased i ntoxi
cated,ther
eby mat eriall
y
STRONGERANDTHATTHEYABUSEDSUCHSUPERI ORI
TY.(ASS-
NOP) weakeningthelatter'
sr esisti
ngpower .
1. dependsont heage,sizeandstrengt
hoftheparti
es  BUT,i finhisintoxicatedst ateitwasi mpossibl
eforthev icti
m
2. wheneverthereisanot ori
ousinequal
it
yoff or
cesbetweent he toputupanysor tofr esistanceatt het i
mehewasat tacked,
vi
cti
m andtheaggr essor tr
eachery may be consi dered.( Peopl evs.Ducusin) The
3. when weapon used i s outofpr oport
ion t
ot he defense aggravati
ngcircumst anceofempl oyingmeanst oweakent he
avai
labl
etotheof f
endedpar t
y defenseisabsor bedbyt r
eacher y
.

I
LLUSTRATIVECASES PARAGRAPH16
a. Ast r
ongmanhasi l
l-
tr
eatedachild,
anol dordecrepitper
son,
oroneweakenedbydi sease,orwher eaper son'
sphy si
cal Thatt
heactbecommi
tt
edwi
tht
reacher
y(al
evosi
a)
str
engt h has been overcome by t he use of dr ugs or
i
ntoxicants. WHATCONSTI
TUTESTREACHERY?
b. Wher ethev i
cti
m whodiedwasani nnocentandt enderbaby,
barel
y6mont hsold,andthewoundedchi l
drenwer eaged5 Therei
st reacherywhentheof f
endercommi tsanyofthecr i
mesagai
nst
and12y ear
sold theperson,employi
ngmeans, methodsorformsintheexecutiont
her
eof
c. Anat tackmadebyamanwi t
hadeadl yweaponuponan which:
unarmed and def enseless woman const it
utes t he a. di rectl
yandspecial
lytendtoinsur
eitsexecut
ion
cir
cumst anceofabuseoft hatsuperi
orit
ywhi chhissexand b. wi t
houtriskto himselfarisi
ngfrom thedef ensewhichthe
theweaponusedi ntheactaf f
ordedhim, andfrom whichthe off
endedpart
ymi ghtmake
womanwasunabl etodefendherself
REQUI
SITES
NOADVANTAGEOFSUPERI ORSTRENGTH
 Onewhoat tacksanot herwi t
hpassionandobf uscat i
on 1. Thatatthetimeoftheattack,t
hevicti
m wasnotinaposi
ti
on
 Whenaquar relaroseunexpect edlyandt hef atalbl ow was todefendhi
msel f
str
uckatat imewhent heaggressorandhi sv ictim wer e 2. Thattheoffenderconsci
ouslyadoptedthepart
icul
armeans,
engagedagai nsteachot herasmant oman.( U.S.v s.Badines, methodorform ofatt
ackemployedbyhi m
4Phil.594,595)
 Whent heattackwasmadeont hev i
cti
m alternately,ther
ei s RULESREGARDI
NGTREACHERY
noabuseofsuper iorstrength
 Noabuseofsuper i
orst rengt
hinpar r
ici
deagai nstt hewi fe. Thi
sci
rcumst
ancei
sappl
i
cabl
eonl
ytocr
imesagai
nstper
sons.
Abuse ofsuper i
orst rengthi sinherenti nt he cr i
me of
parri
cidewher ethehusband ki l
l
st hewi fe.I tisgener ally MEANS,
METHODSORFORMS
acceptedt hatt hehusbandi sphy si
call
yst rongert hant he NEEDNOTI
NSUREACCOMPLI
SHMENTOFCRI
ME
wife.
- Itis notnecessar
yt hatt he means,met hods or for
ms
 Whentherei
sanal l
egati
onoftr
eacher
y employed in the executi
on of t he cri
me i nsure its
 Coer
cionandfor
cibleabduct
ion accompli
shment,asthel aw says,"t
oi nsur
ei tsexecuti
on"
only
ABUSEOFSUPERI
OR - doesnotdependuponther esul
tthereofbutupont hemeans
BYABAND i
tsel
f,i
nconnect
ionwit
ht heaggressor'
spurposeinemploying
STRENGTH
i
t
thetakingadvant
agebyt he
committedbymor ethan3
culpri
tsofthei
rcol
lecti
ve THEMODEOFATTACKMUSTBECONSCI OUSLYADOPTED
armedmal ef
actorsregar
dless
strengthtoover
powertheir - The accused must make some pr eparat
ion to kil
lt he
ofthecomparativestr
engthof
relat
ivel
yweakervict
im or deceasedinsuchamannerast oi nsuret heexecuti
onoft he
thevi
cti
m orvicti
ms
victi
ms cri
meort omakeitimpossibl
eorhar df orthepersonattacked
todefendhi
mselforretal
i
ate.
- Themodeofat tackmustbet houghtofbyt heoffender,and
Abuseofsuper iori
tyabsor bsbyaband.I ft
reacher yabsorbsabuseof mustnotspri
ngfrom theunexpectedtur nofevents
superi
ori
tyandbandt heni tisreasonablet
oholdt hatbandshouldnotbe
tr
eatedseparatelyanddi stinctfrom abuseofsuper i
orstr
ength.Thetwo TREACHERYCANNOTBEPRESUMED
ci
rcumstanceshav et hesameessencewhi chi st heutil
izat
ionofthe
combined strength oft he assailantsto overpowert he vict
im and Treacher
y may notbe simpl
y deduced f
rom presumpti
on as i
tis
consummat ethekill
ing. necessar
ythatt
heexist
enceofthi
scircumstanceshoul
dbeprovenas
f
ull
yast hecri
mei t
selfi
nor
dert
oaggr
avat
ethel
i
abi
l
ityorpenal
ty - I
tmustbeshownt hatthet
reacherousactswer
epresentand
i
ncurr
edbythecul
pri
t. pr
ecededt
hecommencementoft heattackwhi
chcausedthe
i
njur
ycompl
ainedof.(
U.S.v
s.Balagtas)
WHENCANTREACHERYNOTBECONSI
DERED?
SUMMARYOFTHERULES
Whent herei
snothing i
nther ecor
dt o show thattheaccused had
pondereduponthemodeormet hodtoinsuret heki
l
li
ngofthedeceased 1. When t he aggression is conti
nuous,t r
eachery mustbe
orr emov eordi
mini
shanyr isktohimselft hatmightar
isefrom the presenti nt hebeginningoftheassaul t
.(Peopl
ev s.Canete,
defensethatt
hedeceasedmightmake. supra)
2. Whent heassaul twasnotcont nuous,i
i nthattherewasan
ATTACKSSHOWI
NGI
NTENTI
ONTOELI
MINATERI
SK i
nterruption,iti
ssuf fi
cientt
hattreacher
ywaspr esentatthe
momentt hefat
albl
owwasgi ven.(U.
S.vs.Bal
uyotsupr
, a)
a. Victi
m asleep
Treacheryatt
endswher
ethev
ict
im wasst
abbedwhi
l
ehewas ABUSEOF MEANSEMPLOYED
asleep. TREACHERY SUPERIOR TOWEAKENTHE
STRENGTH DEFENSE
b. Vict
im hal
f-awakeorj ustawakened
Evenifthedeceasedwasal readyawakewhentheaggressi
on Means, methodsor Theoffender Theof fender ,
li
kein
commenced,andev eni ftherewasl i
ght,t
hevict
im wassti
ll formsofat t
ackare DOESNOT treachery,empl oys
downonhi sback, st
illdr
owsy ,andunarmed.Hewasunaware empl oyedbythe employmeans, meansbutt he
ofthedefendant'
sintenti
on. offendertomakeit methodsor meansempl oyed
i
mpossi bleorhar
dfor for
msofat tack; onlymat eriall
y
c. Vi
cti
m grappli
ngorbeinghel
d theof f
endedpart
yto heonlytakes weakenst he
Tr
eacheryispresentwheretheassai
l
antst abbedt hevict
im putupanysor tof advantageofhis resist
ingpowerof
whi
lethelat
terwasgrappl
ingwit
hanother
,thusr ender
inghim resist
ance. superi
or theof f
endedpar t
y.
pr
acti
cal
lyhelpl
essandunablet
oputupanydef ense. str
ength.

d. At
tackedf
rom behi
nd
Treacher
y,evidentpr
emeditat
ion and use ofsuper
iorst
rengt
h ar
e
1. Withaf irear
m.Treacher
yattendedthecri
me,the absorbedint
reasonbyki
ll
ings.
accusedhav i
ngshotthevi
cti
mf r
om behi
ndwit
hout
TREACHERYABSORBS
warning.
a. Abuseofsuperiorstr
engt
h
2. Withabladedweapon. Ast hest
abbingwasfrom
b. Aidofarmedmen
behi
nd,doneinasuddenandunexpect edmanner
c. Band
whil
ethedeceasedwassi
tt
ingandhisheaddownon d. Meanst oweakent hedef
ense
hi
shands. e. Nightt
ime
f. Craft
3. Othermodes ofar med attack.The vict
im was g. Ageandsex
suddenl
y stabbed by the assai
lant wi
thout any h. murderbypoisoning
warni
ng.Al
thoughhewasar medwi t
hagun,hewas
nevergi
venanoppor tuni
tytowar dofftheassault TREACHERYDOESNOTABSORBS
duetoit
ssuddenness.
 Dwell
i
ng
 Treacherydoesnotconnot etheelementofsurpr
iseal
one.  Passi
onorobf
uscat
ion
 Mer esuddenandunexpect edattackdoesnotnecessari
lygive
ri
set otreachery.
 Whent heaccusedgav et hedeceasedachancet opr epare,
therewasnot reachery
. PARAGRAPH17
 Not reacherywher etheatt
ackispr ecededbyawarni
ng.
 Call
ingat t
entionofv i
cti
m notnecessar i
l
yawarni
ng. Thatmeansbeempl oyedorci
rcumstancesbr
oughtaboutwhi
chadd
 Not reacherywher eshooti
ngisprecededbyheateddiscussion i
gnominyt
othenat
uraleff
ect
softheact.

 Ther
eist
reacher
yinki
l
li
ngachi
l
d. WHATI
SIGNOMI
NY?

INTENTTOKI LLI SNOTNECESSARYI NMURDERWI THTREACHERY. I

gnominyi
sacircumst
anceper
tai
ningtot hemoralor ,whi
der chadds
Thus,onewhost ruckanotherwi
ththefistfrom behi
nd, t
hebl owlandi
ng di
sgr
aceandobl
oquytothemat
eri
alinj
urycausedbyt
hecrime.
ont hebackpar tofthehead,causingt helat
tertofallbackwar ds,hi
s
headstri
kingtheasphaltpavementwhichcauseddeat hr esult
ingfr
om a APPLICABLETOCRI MES:
fract
ureoftheskull,
isguil
tyofmurderal t
houghhedi dnoti ntendtoki
ll - agai nstchasti
ty
thedeceased. - l essseriousphysi
calinj
uri
es
- l i
ghtorgr avecoerci
on
ATTACKFROM BEHI NDI SNOTALWAYSALEVOSI A. - mur der
Themerefactthatt
heattackwasi nfl
i
ctedwhent hevict
im hadhisback - t he means empl oyed orthe ci
rcumst
ances br
oughtabout
tur
nedwillnotinit
selfconsti
tutealevosi
a.I
tmustappeart hatsuch mustt endt omaket heeff
ectsofthecri
memor ehumil
iat
ing
modeofattackwasconsciouslyadoptedandthequest i
onofrisktothe ortoputt heoff
endedpartytoshame
off
endermustbetakenintoaccount.(
Peoplevs.Baldos)
Noi
gnomi
nywhenamaniskil
ledi
nthepresenceofhiswi
fe.
MUSTTREACHERYBEPRESENTI NTHEBEGI NNINGOFTHEASSAULT? - becausenomeanswasempl oy
ednordi danycir
cumstance
- I tdependsupont
heci
rcumst
ancesofthecase. sur
roundt
heacttendi
ngtomaket heeff
ectsofthecri
me
 mor
ehumi
l
iat
ing unl
awf
ull
ydet
ainedt
her
ein.

PARAGRAPH18 PARAGRAPH20

Thatt
hecr
imebecommi
tt
edaf
teranunl
awf
ulent
ry. Thatt
hecri
mehecommitt
ed(1)wi
ththeaidofpersonsunder15years
ofage,or(2)bymeansofmotorvehi
cles,ai
rshi
ps,orothersi
mi l
ar
MEANI
NGOFUNLAWFULENTRY means.

- Thereisanunl awfulentr
ywhenanent rancei
seffect
edbya TWODIFFERENTAGGRAVATI NGCIRCUMSTANCESI NPARAGRAPH20
waynoti nt
endedforthepurpose. 1. Wi t
htheai
dofpersonsunderf
if
teenyear
sofage
- Toeffectentr
ance,notforescape. 2. Bymeansofmot orv ehi
cl
es,motor
izedwat
ercr
aft
,ai
rshi
p,or
- Unlawfulentr
ymustbeameanst oef
fectent
ranceandnot ot
hersi
mil
armeans
forescape
WI
THTHEAI
DOFPERSONSUNDER15YEARSOFAGE
Example:
Theactofenteri
ngthroughthewindow,whichisnott
hepr
operpl
ace AcausedB,aboy14y earsold,tocli
mbt hewal lofthehouseofC,t o
forent
rancei
ntothehouse,const
it
utesunl
awful
entr
y. enterthesamet hroughitswindow,andoncei nsi
de,totake,asinfactB
took,clothesandot herpersonalpropert
yi nthehouseofC.ThenB
Ist
hereunlawfulent
ryifthedoorisbrokenandt
her
eaf
termadean threw them tothegr oundwher eA pickedt hem up.Theaggr avati
ng
ent
rythr
uthebrokendoor? cir
cumst ancethatthecr i
mewascommi ttedwiththeaidofaper son
- No, i
twil
lbecoveredbypar
agr
aph19. underfift
eenyearsofageshoul dbetakenintoaccountagainstA.

BYMEANSOFMOTORVEHI
CLES
Dwelli
ngandunl awf
ulentrytakensepar
atelyinmurderscommi t
tedin
a dwelli
ng.When t he accused gai
ned access tothe dwell
ing by
Useofmot orvehi
cleisaggravat
ingwheret
heaccusedusedthemotor
cl
imbing through t
he window and once i nsi
de,mur der
ed certai
n
vehi
cleingoi
ngt otheplaceoft hecri
me,i
ncarr
yingawaytheeff
ects
personsinthedwell
ing,t
herewere2aggrav at
ingci
rcumstanceswhich
ther
eof,
andinfaci
li
tat
ingthei
rescape.
att
endedthecommi ssionofthecrimes—( 1)dwell
i
ngand( 2)unlawful
entry
Note:I
fthemotorvehi
clewasusedonlyinf
aci
l
itat
ingt
heescape,i
t
shoul
dnotbeanaggr
avati
ngci
rcumst
ance.
Unlawfulentr
yisnotaggravat
ingintr
espasstodwell
ing.
Trespasstodwelli
ngiscommi tt
edwhenapr ivat
eindiv
idualshal
lent
er
OROTHERSI
MILARMEANS
thedwelli
ngofanotheragai
nstthelat
ter
'swi
ll
andmaybecommi t
tedby
meansofv iol
ence.
The expressi
on should be under
stood as r
efer
ri
ng t
o MOTORI
ZED
vehi
clesorotheref
fi
cientmeansoft r
anspor
tat
ionsimi
l
artoaut
omobi
l
e
PARAGRAPH19
orai
rplane.
Thatasameanstothecommi
ssi
onofacr
ime,awal
l
,roof
,fl
oor
,door
,
Thus,i
ft hecul
prit
,befor
ecommitt
ingandaf
tercommitt
ingt
hecrime,
orwindowbebr
oken.
rodei
nabi cycl
eandescaped,
ther
eisnoaggr
avati
ngci
rcumst
ance.But
i
tisaggravat
ingifheusedamotor
cycl
e.
TheSupr
emeCour
tcal
l
edi
t"t
heaggr
avat
ingci
rcumst
anceoff
orci
ble
ent
ry.
"
PARAGRAPH21

Thatt
hewrongdoneinthecommissi
onoft hecri
mebedeli
ber
atel
y
augment
edbycausi
ngot
herwr
ongnotnecessar
yfori
tscommi
ssi
on.
ASAMEANSTOTHECOMMI
SSI
ONOFACRI
ME
REQUI
SITES
- i
tisnotnecessar
yt hatt
heoffendershoul
dhaveenteredthe
bui
ldi
ng
1. Thatthei njur
ycausedbedel i
berat
elyi
ncreasedbycausi
ng
- whataggr
avatest
hel i
abi
li
tyoftheoff
enderist
hebreakingof
otherwrong;
apartofthebuil
dingasameanst othecommi ssi
onoft he
2. Thattheot herwrongbeunnecessar
yfortheexecut
ionoft
he
cri
me
purposeoft heof
fender
.
Tobeconsider
edasanaggr avati
ngci
rcumst
ance:
CRUELTY
a. br eaki
ng t he doormustbe ut i
li
zed as a means tot he
commi ssionofthecrime
Ther
eiscr uel
tywhentheculpri
tenjoysanddeli
ghtsinmakinghis
b. t heoffenderresor
tedtoanyofsai
dmeanstoenterthehouse
vi
cti
m suff
erslowl
yandgr adual
l
y,causinghi
m unnecessar
yphy
sical
pai
nintheconsummat
ionofthecri
minalact
.
Wher
ebr
eaki
ngofdoororwi
ndowi
slawf
ul.

UnderRul e113,Sec.11( Rev i

sedRul esofCr iminalPr ocedur e).— An Forcruelt
yt obeaggravat
ing,i
tisessent
ialthatt
hewrongdonewas
offi
cer,inor dertomakeanar r
est,ei t
herbyv irtueofawar rant ,or i
ntended t o pr
olong the suffer
ing of the vi
cti
m,causi
ng hi
m
withoutawar r
antaspr ovidedi nSection5,maybr eaki ntoanybui lding unnecessarymoralandphy
sical
pain
orenclosurewher et hepersont obearr estedisorisr easonabl ybeliev ed
tobe, i
fhei srefusedadmi ttancethereto, aft
erannounci nghisaut hor it
y - Vict
im’sphysi
calsuff
eri
ngintendedbyt
heoff
ender
andpur pose.  I
tcannotbepresumed
Rule126,Sec.7( Rev i
sedRul esofCr imi nalProcedur e).-Theof fi
cer ,i
f  Plur
ali
tyofwoundsalonedoesnotshowcruel
ty
ref
usedadmi tt
ancet othepl aceofdirect edsearchaf tergiv i
ngnot iceof  Nocr uel
tywhenot herwrongwasdoneaf t
erthevict
im was
hispurposeandaut hori
ty,maybr eakopenanyout erori nnerdooror dead
windowofahouseoranypar tofahouseorany thingt hereintoexecut e - ther
emustbeposi ti
veprooft hatt
hewoundsfoundont he
thewar rantorliberatehimsel foranyper sonlawf ull
yai dinghi m when bodyoft hevict
im werei nf
li
ctedwhil
ehewasst il
lali
vein
 or
derunnecessar
il
ytopr
olongphy
sical
suf
fer
ing

I
GNOMI
NYv
s.CRUELTY

I
gnomi
ny(
par
.17) i
nvol
vesmor
alsuf
fer
ing

Cr
uel
ty(
par
.21) r
efer
stophy
sical
suf
fer
ing

Amongt heaggr avatingci rcumst ancespecul iart ocer t

ainf eloniesar e
thef
oll
owing:
1. Thatt heof fense( violationofdomi cil
e)becommi ttedi nt he
night t
ime, ori fanypaper soref fect snotconst i
tutingev i
dence
ofacr imebenotr eturnedi mmedi atelyaftert hesear chmade
byt heof fender .(Ar t.128, par.2)
2. Thatt hecr ime( int errupt i
onofr eli
giouswor ship)shal lhav e
beencommi ttedwi thv iolenceort hreat s.(
Ar t.132, par .2)
3. Thatt heassaul t(di rectassaul t)iscommi tt
edwi t
haweapon,
orwhent heof fenderi sapubl i
cof f
icerorempl oy ee,orwhen
theof fenderl ay shandsuponaper soni naut hor i
ty.( Art.148)
4. I ft he cr ime ( sl
av ery)be commi tted f ort he pur pose of
assigni ng t heof f ended par tyt o some i mmor alt raffi
c,t he
penal tyshal lbei mposedi ni t
smaxi mum per iod.( Ar t
.272, par.
2)
5. I fthet hreat( grav et hreats)bemadei nwr it
ingort hrougha
mi ddleman,t hepenal tyshal lbei mposed i ni t
smaxi mum
per i
od.( Ar t.282)
6. I fther obber ywi hv
t i
olenceagai nstori nti
mi dat i
onofper sons
(exceptr obber ywi thhomi cide,orr obber ywi thr ape,et c.)is
commi tt
edi nanuni nhabi tedpl aceorbyaband, etc. ,
7. onast reet ,road,hi ghway ,oral l
ey ,andt hei ntimi dat i
oni s
madewi tht heuseofaf irearm, theof f
endershal lbepuni shed
byt hemaxi mum per i
odoft hepr operpenal t
ies.( Art.295)
8. I fther obber ywi tht heuseoff orceupont hings( Ar t.299)i s
commi tt
edi nanuni nhabi tedpl aceandbyaband,i tshallbe
puni shed byt he maxi mum per iod oft he penal typr ovi
ded
therefor .(Ar t.300)