1.

Point of Presence (POP)

 Access point from one place to the rest of the Internet
 Unique IP address
 Growth is directly proportional to the number of POPs.
 Includes routers, digital/analog call aggregators, servers, and frequently frame relays or ATM switches.

2. Frame Relay
 Packet-switching telecommunication service
 Cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent (non-periodic) traffic between LANs and WANs
 Discontinued
 Puts data in variable-size unit (frame) and leaves any necessary error correction (retransmission of data) up to the
endpoints, speeding up overall data transmission

3. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

 Dedicated-connection switching technology that organizes digital data into 53-byte cell units and transmits them over
a physical medium
 Easily implemented by hardware
 Faster processing and switch speeds are possible. Pre-specified bit rates are either 100s of Mbps. Speeds on ATM
networks can reach 10 Gbps

4. Network Switch
 A device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port
 In LAN, it knows where to send each incoming message frame by looking at the physical device address (MAC Addess)
 Maintains tables that match each MAC address to the port from which the MAC address has been received. If a frame’s
MAC address is unknown, it is flooded to all ports in the switching domain

5. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

 Refers to any of several protocols used in 2G and 3G wireless communications
 Form of multiplexing, allowing numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the available
bandwidth. Normally 1.23 MHz wide.
 Used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) systems
 Employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology.

6. IP Transit
 Service of allowing network traffic to cross a computer network
 Used to connect a smaller ISP to the larger Internet

7. Cloud Computing
 General term for the delivery of hosted services over the internet.
 Enables companies to consume a compute resource, such as a virtual machine (VM), storage or an application, as a
utility -- just like electricity
 On-demand delivery of compute power, database storage, applications, and other IT resources through a cloud
services platform via the internet with pay-as-you-go pricing.

8. Data Centers
 Facilities that centralizes an organization’s IT operations and equipment, as well as where it stores, manages, and
disseminates its data
 Data centers house a network’s most critical systems and are vital to the continuity of daily operations
  The location and white space (usable space available for IT equipment), providing round-the-clock access to
information makes data centers some of the most energy-consuming facilities in the world. A high emphasis is placed
on design to optimize white space and environmental control to keep equipment within manufacturer-specified
temperature/humidity range
 Support infrastructure equipment contribute to securely sustaining the highest level of availability possible. The
Uptime Institute defined four tiers data centers can fall under, with availability ranging from 99.671% to 99.995%.
Some components for supporting infrastructure include UPS, HVAC, and security systems.

9. TIA-942 Standard
 The ANSI/TIA-942 is a quality standard for data centers
 The topology presented in the standard is applicable to any size data center and covers all physical infrastructure
including, but not limited to, site location, architectural, electrical, mechanical, fire safety, telecommunication,
security and other requirements.