Green Oriented Multi-Techno Link Adaptation
metrics for 5G Multi-Techno Heterogeneous
Networks
Isabelle Siaud
Orange Labs Network, Rennes, FRANCE
AWE/CREM department
E-mail : isabelle.siaud@orange.com
Abstract—The 5G technical requirements turned towards 1000
time End-to-End capacity increase with latency up to 1 ms and
constant network power consumption involve dedicated research
topics to fulfill such 5G challenges. Multi-RAT Heterogeneous
Network architectures will allow throughput increase in
considering multi-RAT interworking emulated by link
adaptation algorithms. This paper presents a novel Energy
Efficient CQI metric turned towards Green RAT selection
guarantying QoS and radio coverage in multi-RAT architectures.
Practical methods using original normalized propagation
parameters discriminating LOS/NLOS transmissions are
designed to evaluate the metric, denoted Green Link Budget
metric, using signaling frames and the available Channel State
Information. Results and gains of the Green Link Budget metric
are given in considering MiWEBA use cases covering mm-wave
and Wi-Fi phantom pico-cells in indoor and mixed outdoor
indoor deployment scenarios. This work has been initiated in the
METIS project and is currently pursued and optimized in the
MiWEBA project.
Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key
words)
I. INTRODUCTION
5G technical requirements [1] turned towards 1000 time
End-to-End capacity increase with latency reduction up to 1 ms
and constant network power consumption involve dedicated
research topics to fulfill such 5G challenges. Multi-RAT
Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) architectures will allow
throughput increase in considering multi-RAT interworking
emulated by link adaptation techniques following green criteria
spectrum extension in mm-wave bands and radio resource
management processing in order to limit multi-user
interference and guaranty QoS along with radio coverage [9].
These research topics have been addressed in the ICT-FP7
METIS project [2][3][4] turned towards new PHY waveforms
and multi-RAT architectures for 5G. The ICT-FP7 MiWEBA
project [5] inquiries into mm-wave overlay Heterogeneous
Networks (HetNet) potentialities in which mm-wave ultra-
broadband phantom cells are integrated into mobile cellular
networks and backhauling/fronthauling architectures [6][7][10]
leading to global 4G/5G throughput enhancements. MiWEBA
Multi-RAT architectures are studied in considering novel link
adaptation metrics to switch between RATs [9] following
recent Wi-Fi evolutions operating in 5GHz and 60 GHz RF
Anne-Marie Ulmer-Moll
Orange Labs Network, Rennes, FRANCE
RCS/W3A Department
E-mail: annemarie.ulmermoll@orange.com
bands and new C/U plane splitting architectures allowing
independent air interface management in accordance with
3GPP activities [11] to combine and prioritize interfaces
between macro and small cells deployments. For green
optimizations, activate U-plane modes thanks to C-plane
information exchanges between Main and Secondary NodeB
are developed. This point has been conjunctly addressed in the
Green Touch Consortium [13] and in MiWEBA [8]. In
particular, extended C/U plane architectures able to integrate,
typically mm-wave WLAN and LTE-A as well as Multi-
Techno Link Adaptation metrics to select the most green air
interface with moderate latency are ones of key technical
challenges of the MiWEBA project.
Flexible air interface mechanisms combined with link
adaptation techniques are a part of Multiple Interface
Management (MIM) processing in order to ensure seamless
connectivity in Multi-RAT HetNets with desired QoS and
QoE. The choice of metrics to perform the selection between
different air interfaces and their implementation is addressing
in the paper.
The section II reminds 3GPP spectrum efficient link
adaptation techniques for HetNets that are focused on
throughput maximization to select Transmission Modes (TM)
of the LTE-A interface [12]. This approach does not include
green criteria in TM selection. The section III of the paper
exposes the novel Energy Efficient (EE) link adaptation metric
denoted Green Link Budget (GLB) metric and details
assessments and implementation issues in multi-RAT
architectures. The part IV supplies gains of the GLB metric
upon 2 MiWEBA use cases [6] encompassing mm-wave Ultra
Wideband Band transmissions derived from the ECMA-368
standard [14] and Wi-Fi extensions for indoor and hot spot
deployment scenarios. The section V presents a platform under
construction implementing the GLB metric to optimize
network densification with green transmit power minimization.
Conclusions of this paper detail perspective of this work in the
MiWEBA project.
II. SPECTRUM EFFICIENT LINK ADAPTATION METRICS FOR
HETNET SCENARIOS
Different types of criteria may be encountered in
Transmission Mode (TM) selection related to Link Adaptation
(LA) mechanisms using the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
metric. LA processing in the 3GPP standard (Figure 1) and
[12] utilize a CQI feedback converted into a 4-bit CQI
parameter (CQI index) from a RSSI estimation at the User
Equipment (UE) to select the TM and the Modulation and
Coding Scheme (MCS) of a single air interface using Look Up
Table (LUT) supplying the required SNR to guaranty a Bit
Error Rate (BER) target for a given TM.
The UE uses dedicated pilot signals to estimate the RSSI
parameter and convert it into a 4-bit CQI word which is
forwarded to the Node B upon reverse link using CQICH
channel. The Node B converts the 4-bit CQI word into a RSSI
and uses Look Up Table (LUT) to select the most spectral
efficient (MCS) to transmit data in the next frame (Figure 1).
The highest possible data rate associated to the largest
modulation level is assigned to the received power level
(RSSI) as illustrated on Figure 1 and Figure 2. This algorithm
does not encounter Energy Efficiency criterion because
selected modes refer to throughput maximization carrying
forward with high required power levels.
Figure 1: 3GPP LA mechanism using CQI index and LUT
Figure 2: CQI value and modulation level correspondance, from [12]
The GLB CQI metric exposed in the paper takes into
consideration SE and EE criteria where the QoS fix the BER
and the data rate targets. Selected modes refer to normalized
link budget optimizations along ideal transmissions.
III. THE GREEN LINK BUDGET METRIC MODEL
The Multi-Technology Link Adaptation (MT-LA) metric,
denoted Green Link Budget (GLB) metric, is based on
normalized link budget assessments which is able to emphasize
several independent air interfaces ranging different multipath
sensitivity levels as well as different frequency and power
regulation situations. The multipath power sensitivity SM is the
minimum required received power level which guaranties the
QoS of the concerned transported service. Normalized
parameters with respect with idealistic cases allow a fair
comparison between independent interfaces highlighting
relative degradations due to the multipath channel.
A. The GLB metric model
The GLB metric is composed of 2 α and β sub-metrics.
The α-metric evaluates, in a dedicated deployment scenario,
2 relative degradation parameters estimated at the PHY/MAC
layer produced by the multipath and path-loss propagation
signature respectively. The Multipath Channel Margin (MCM)
parameter, expressed in dB, evaluates the exceeded Signal to
Noise Ratio (SNR) level which is compulsory to generate the
same BER/PER as in AWGN in relation with the nature of the
transported service (Figure 3). MCM may be alternatively
estimated in either considering the difference between the
multipath power sensitivity and the AWGN power sensitivity
or the SNR difference between multipath and idealistic case
(AWGN). MCM and multipath power sensitivity variables
expressed in dB and dBm respectively are detailed in the
equation below:
MCM = SNR MP − SNR AWGN = S M − S AWGN
S AWGN = SNR AWGN + 10 ⋅ Log ( kTB w ) + L 0
S M = SNR MP + 10 ⋅ Log ( kTB w ) + L 0 (1)
S M = SNR MP + NF + S ref + 10 ⋅ Log ( B w ) + L 0
S ref = 10 ⋅ Log ( kT ref B ref ) = − 114 dBm , B ref = 1MHz
SM is the multipath power sensitivity in a multipath context,
translating the required power level to transmit data with a
targeted BER related to a data rate D, SAWGN is the power
sensitivity under AWGN channel related to the same
transmission mode and data rate. Sref is the thermal noise
power with a reference noise temperature set to 290 K, k is the
Boltzmann constant, NF the noise figure related to the
temperature noise T, Bw, the efficient transmission bandwidth
and Lo describes the wired connectivity loss.
The Path-Loss channel Margin (PLM) measures, in dB, the
relative exceeded path-loss level due to obstacles and
obstructions with respect with the Free Space Path-Loss
configuration for a given distance range between the
transmitter and the receiver. PLMFS(d,fc) and PLFS(d,fc) are the
multipath and free space path-loss models respectively. PLM
may be either estimated in considering path loss variations or
the Available Received Power ARPMFS(d,fc) usually given by
the RSSI and idealistic Available Received Power ARPFS
(d,fc), or an equivalent ideal RSSI denoted RSSIi deduced
from the Emitted isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), the Free
space path loss model and RSSI values, as detailed in the
equation:
ARPMFS (d , fc) = EIRP + G − PLMFS (d , fc)
R
d (2)
ARPMFS (d , fc) = EIRP + G − PLFS (d 0 , fc) − 10 ⋅ n ⋅ Log10 ( ) − σ
R d0
ARP ( d , fc) = EIRP + G − PLFS ( d , fc)
FS R
The algebraic expression of MCM and PLM are given by: variations.
α = S M − S 0 + PL MFS ( d , fc ) − PL FS ( d , fc ) -55,0 α1=αMCM,1+αPLM,1
α minimisation α2=αMCM,2+αPLM,2
α = S M − S 0 + ARP MFS ( d , fc ) − ARP FS ( d , fc ) (3) -60,0 αPLM,2
1424 3 1 4 4 4 442 4 4 4 4 4 3
MCM PLM D Mbps, MP, techno 2,
-65,0
α = α MCM + α PLM β2
QoS MP, techno 1, NLOS
β adaptation
-70,0 αPLM,1 LOS AWGN techno 1 +2
The β-metric carries out a dynamic power control based on an

dBm
adjustment between the ARPMFS(d,fc) and the required power -75,0
αMCM,2
AI/TM β1
SM of the various candidate transmission modes and air selection
interfaces obtained with the α-metric. Selection is finalized -80,0 αMCM,1

with α-metric minimization and β-metric maximization before -85,0

power control management. d istance 0 2 4 6 8 10
ARP FPL(d,fc) ARP MFS(d,fc), NLOS
The algebraic expression of the β-metric is given by ARP MFS(d,fc),LOS
β = ARP MFS ( d , fc ) + G R − S M
(4) Figure 5. The {α,β} metric representation with LOS &NLOS links
β = EIRP + G R − α − S AWGN − PL FS ( d , fc )
The Figure 5 is in relation with the use case developed in
the section IV.A in which the user equipment may select 2
different Access Points (AP) to receive the service. LOS and
NLOS propagation conditions and the distance d(AP-UE)
differ with the considered AP. The GLB {α,β} metric is
evaluated for each TM/AI associated to AP1 and AP2
respectively supplying { α1,β1} and { α2,β2} metric variations.
The AP selection is the one giving the lowest degradation, ie
the minimum α-metric value and the largest β-metric value
before transmit power adjustment applied on the selected AP
performed by the α-metric. Distances may be different for
these 2 links.
B. Assessment methods of the GLB metric
Figure 3. The Multi-Path Channel Margin definition The proposed method to practically measure the {α,β}
metric, optimize β and refresh the selection is centered on the
-55,0 MCM and PLM estimation using signaling frames and PLCP
headers associated to each interface.
-60,0 α1=αMCM,1+αPLM,1
CQI metrics usually use RSSI elements and BER LUT
D Mbps, QoS
-65,0 supplying the correspondence between the QoS target and the
ARPMFS(d,fc) required Signal power to Noise ratio (SNR) to select a MCS in
-70,0 MP, techno 1, LOS AWGN techno 1
αPLM,1 a single Air Interface. The assessment method is similar in
dBm

-75,0 β1
providing, for each AI and TM, evolved LUT with LOS/NLOS
SM radio link identification. The problem is then to identify
-80,0 αMCM,1 LOS/NLOS propagation conditions deduced from Channel
SAWGN estimation process .
-85,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 MCM estimation as well as SM exploits normalized
distance
multipath propagation parameters with respect with PHY
ARP FPL(d, fc) ARP MFS(d,fc),LOS
system parameters to point out on pre-established BER LUT
α-metric =MCM+PLM β-metric = ARP(d,fc)-SM differentiating LOS/NLOS criterion and giving required power
levels to guaranty QoS given by BER/PER targets. The RSSI
Figure 4. The {α,β} metric representation for a single AI/TM
values may provide parameters used to evaluate PLM thanks to
The Figure 4 illustrates the {α,β} metric variations derived available distance information, known EIRP and antenna
from link budget assessments in a single Air Interface (AI) and characteristics given in PLCP headers of the concerned AI. In
a Transmission Mode (TM) denoted ‘techno 1’, with {α1,β1} addition, the Rice Factor value deduced from the RSSI power
distribution [15] may confirm the radio link obstruction degree.
The power sensitivity is usually giving in standards and may be
registered in dedicated table. The β-metric estimation may be
deduced from α-metric assessments as translated in the
equation (4). The synoptic of MCM, PLM and SM estimation is
illustrated on the Figure 6.
 B cy = ∆ f ycb ⇒ RH ( ∆ f ycb ) = y ⋅ RH ( ∆ f = 0 )
T SYM Bw (6)
O DS = , O FD =
σ DS ∆f ycb

An illustration is given in TABLE I in a mixed indoor

outdoor use case. Normalized propagation parameters are
evaluated upon the multi-rate filter Quasi Deterministic
propagation channel model [16] which simulates the
propagation channel within the PHY waveform of the system.
This model is considered at 60 GHz related to the ECMA-368
standard [14] transposed at 60 GHz and at 5 GHz in relation
with the IEEE802.11 ac/11n system [16]. Representative
measurements are used at 60 GHz with a LOS/NLOS
discrimination and a selection of reference TGac multipath
Figure 6: {α, β}metric and SM estimation procedure channel models [18], channel B and D describing LOS and
NLOS phantom cells respectively that are used here as inputs
Normalized propagation parameters are derived from the of the multi-rate filter Quasi Deterministic model.
equalization processing supplying Multipath Channel State
TABLE I. NORMALIZED PROPAGATION PARAMETERS
Information (CSI) at the receiver side. The RMS delay spread,
Multi-rate filter QD model Multi-rate filter QD
the coherence bandwidth with a correlation coefficient set to [16]. model [16] applied to TGn
0.5 and 0.9 are utilized to design normalized propagation 60 GHz ECMA-368 Channel Models.
parameters sensitive to LOS/NOS conditions able to point on standard 5GHz WLAN systems
appropriate BER look-up tables for any PHY layer systems. LOS OLOS NLOS LOS NLOS
Typical typical Atypical Channel D Channel E.
The normalized delay spread diversity order ODS is given Bw /BT 507/528 MHz 35.63/40 MHz
by the ratio of the transmission symbol period TSYM and the TSYM (ns) 312.42 4000
RMS delay spread σDSN =TSYM/σDS. The RMS delay spread σDS
ODS 132.38 45 26.3 80 40
supplies the average standard deviation of multipath weighted
by power probability γI of each echo i. OFD-0.5 4 8 14 12 24
OFD-0.9 13 54 221 91 91
The frequency diversity order OFD is the ratio of the σDS 2.36 6.94 11.9 50 100
transmission efficient bandwidth Bw of the PHY system and Βc-0.5 114 62.9 37.2 3.04 1.48
the coherence bandwidth ∆f ycb of the propagation channel. Βc-0.9 39.2 9.3 4 0.39 0.39
The coherence bandwidth ∆f ycb is the frequency spacing for d(Tx-Rx) m 8.0 8 .0 12 10-50 10-50

for positive frequency components, providing a y factor Normalized propagation parameters in the TABLE I
decrease of the normalized average correlation function highlight different values for LOS and NLOS situations. The
|RH(∆f)| magnitude of the channel with respect with no ODS decreases and the OFD increases with the obstruction level
of the radio link. The OFD-0.5 is almost doubled when passing
frequency deviation (∆f=0). of the channel is the frequency
from LOS to NLOS. Normalized values allow a fair
correlation of the propagation channel and ∆f ycb is the comparison between independent air interfaces.
coherence bandwidth with a correlation coefficient adjusted to The Power distribution within the time window of the
y. RMS delay spread is normalized with respect with the frame, allows a Rice factor estimation [15] deduced from the
transmission symbol duration TSYM. P(t) is the instantaneous RSSI distribution, leading to LOS/NOS refinements. Pre-
power of the propagation Channel Impulse Response (CIR).
established LUTs for each scenario and available AI (terminal
These parameters are expressed below: and BS) with LOS/NLOS separation are then used to extract
N SM values of every considered TM/AI modes.
h ( t ,τ ) = ∑ h (t ,τ
i =1
i
) ⋅ δ (τ − τ i (t ))
The PLM estimation is deduced from RSSI measurements
 h (t , τ i (t )  2
N
and calculation of the ideal RSSI by considering Free Space
γ i = E  , P ( t ) = ∑ h ( t ,τ i )
2
path Loss model in the theoretical equation of the RSSI and the
 P (t )  i =1
distance of the communication given in PLCP headers
 n 2

 ∑ τ i2 h (t , τ i (t ))
2
 n 2
  (5)
 ∑ τ i h (t ,τ i (t )) 
 i =1 −  i =1  
 
σ DS = E P (t )  P (t )  
   
   
 
  n 2
 
RH ( ∆ f ) = E  FFT τ  ∑ h (t ,τ i (t )) )  ( ∆ f ) 
  i = 1  
Figure 7: LOS/NLOS discrimination using power distribution
 IV. GLB METRIC PERFORMANCE IN MULTI-RAT SCENARIOS TABLE III. IEEE 802.11.AC AND 60 GHZ ECMA-368 LINK BUDGET
PARAMETERS
A. Test cases Data rate target IEEE802. ac/IEEE802.11n, NLOS ECMA-368
The GLB metric is evaluated in the context of pico-cell : At 60 GHz
80 Mbps LOS
Hot spots in Ultra Dense Urban area and large indoor areas
with a distance range up to 40 m. The transmitter and the MCS11n TM 4 4 26 10
receiver are able to communicate with IEEE802.11ac/n s and TM 16QAM ¾ 16QAM QPSK QPSK QPSK ½
MF-UWB OFDM interfaces operating respectively at 5 and 60 - Nss=1 ¾ - ¾ ¾
GHz. Nss=1 Nss=4 Nss=2
40 MHz 40 MHz 20 MHz 40 528 MHz
The multiple TM MIMO test case considers a UE MHz
equipment connected to a single AP able to deliver and receive SISO MIMO MIMO MIMO QPSK ½
different IEEE802.11 ac/n MIMO TM under NLOS conditions STBC SDM SDM TDS+FDS
delivering a data rate targeted to 80 Mbps. Spatial Division (1,2,4) (4,4,4) (2,2,4)
Data rate 81 81 78 81 80
Multiplex (SDM) MIMO modes are compared together with a (Mbps)
variable number of Spatial streams, MCS and bandwidth size Bw (MHz) 35.63 35.63 17.5 35.63 507.37
(20 or 40 MHz). STBC code is also integrated in the SNR (dB) 21.5 16 27.5 20 1.5
evaluation. MIMO Spatial Division Multiplexing NF + L0 (dB) 10+2.5 10+2.5 10+2.5 10+2.5 8 +2.5
SDM(NSS,NTX,NRX) represents the usual SDM technique SAWGN (dBm) -71.9 -71.9 -82.05 -78.8 -82.37
considering NSTS time spatial streams, NTX and NRX antennas -57.94 -64.94 -56.44 -68.44 -77.89
SM (dBm)
at the transmitter and receiver sides respectively. STBC (NSS, MCM (dB) 13.96 3.96 25.6 10.36 4.48
NTX NRX) refers to Alamouti code implementation with a
number of spatial stream (NSS =1) lower than the number {α,β} metric variations are detailed on the 2 test cases.
time-spatial stream (NSTS =2) Multiple TM MIMO test case, in order to compare
The multi-RAT UE AP selection test case considers a MIMO spatial stream increase versus bandwidth increase for
UE connected to 2 separate AP. One delivers 2 IEEE802.11 ac the IEEE802.11.ac technology, 2 transmission modes
TMs related to SISO transmission and MIMO STBC TM MCS11n,10 and MCS11n,26 (TABLE II) having the same
associated with the most outstanding TM selected in the modulation are considered. 4 spatial streams combined with a
multiple TM MIMO test case. The second AP generates 60 20 MHz bandwidth size are compared with to 2 spatial
GHz MB-UWB signals associated with the ECMA-368 streams with a 40 MHz bandwidth size.
standard with Time and frequency spreading processing [14].
B. Performance
Transmission modes of the IEEE802.11 ac and ECMA-
368 standards are described in the table III for large indoor
areas and outdoor pico-cell deployments.
The LOS/NLOS separation is mainly carried forward on
path-loss variations. New path-loss models for the
IEEE802.11 ac/n models are derived from [18] and
complementary measurements. At 60 GHz, measurements
have been carried in large indoor areas. Path-loss parameters
are reported in the table II.
The EIRP for the IEEE802.11 ac modes operating at 5.25
GHz, has been adjusted to 27 dBm and receiver antenna gains
set to 4 dB. For the 60 GHz transmission, the EIRP is set to 27
dBm and receiver antenna gains for sectoral and directive
antenna are set to 10 and 24 dB respectively.
TABLE II. PATH-LOSS MODELS
60 GHz 5 GHz
LOS NLOS LOS LOS NLOS
Tx-Rx, antenna 72°-60 72°-10° Omni
n 1.53 2.56 1.73 2.65 3.03
PL(d0, fc) (dB) 71.2 79.79 4.3 46.42 46.51
σp (dB) 3.92 5.04 1.6

Figure 8: α-metric variations on IEEE802.11n TM in NLOS

 Results show that it is more suitable to increase the
bandwidth size rather than doubling the number of spatial
stream to guarantee QoS, radio coverage and reduce the
transmit power level. The α-metric gain is then set to 12 dB at
a distance of 15m. STBC TM using Alamouti Code supplies
additional gain set to 2-3 dB.
β-metric translates quite similar gains associated to the
equation (4). Gains may be translated in Tx power
transmission gain or radio coverage extension as illustrated on
the Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.. At 15 m, the Tx
power transmission is set to 5 dB between the MCS11n,10 and
MCS11n,26 modes. Keeping constant the Tx-power, the radio
extension is doubled. STBC provides lower gain than SDM
(2,2,4) following higher SM level.
Gains of the multi-RAT UE AP selection test case (Figure 9)
considers 60 GHz ECMA-368 TM in LOS with 2 receiver
antenna diagrams reported on PLM variations (TABLE II) and
the IEEE802.11ac/n SISO and STBC MIMO modes in NLOS
conditions that are detailed in the Table III.
Figure 9: {α,β} metric variations for the test case #2
Results show that 60 GHz transmission is much better than
Wi-Fi modes when the distance is higher than 2 m, showing
that ECMA benefits from LOS conditions in the AI/TM
selection. α-metric gain lead 14 dB for an identical distance
D(AP-Rx) set to 15 m for the 2 AP. Wi-Fi SISO versus MIMO
TM highlight gains up to 7 dB at 20 m when considering
MIMO STBC(1,2,4) mode with an identical bandwidth size.
β-metric variations highlight Tx-power gain ranged from 10 to
20 dB when selecting LOS 60 Ghz radio link or a radio
coverage extension with the same Tx-Power. A higher
directive antenna evolves additional gains of 10 dB on the
selected AI/TM related to antenna gain variations reported on
the β-metric variations.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents the performance gain of a novel green
multi-RAT link adaptation metric, denoted Green Link budget
metric, for future 5G MT-HetNets architectures combining
mm-wave and Wi-Fi technologies for phantom cells with a
maximum radio coverage of 40 m. This metric, based on
normalized link budget parameters, allows a fair comparison
between independent interfaces and highlight benefits of mm-
wave phantom cells with gains ranged from 10 to 25 dB on Tx-
power level. The next step of the work will be to integrate
multi-user distribution in the GLB metric assessments in order
to evaluate multi-RAT end-to-End architectures.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been realized within the framework of the
ICT FP7 METIS project [2] and the STREP EU MiWEBA
project [5] as part of FP7 ICT-2013-EU-Japan supported by
FP7 in Europe and MIC in Japan.
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