You are on page 1of 176

===jZgbdKF;hg^Zj_gdh

AG:DB
IJ?IBG:GBY

QZklvi_j\Zy

Dgb]Z^eymqZsbokybihklmiZxsbo\\mau
DqblZl_eyf

WlZ dgb]Z h agZdZo ij_ibgZgby dhlhju_ ^hklZ\eyxl \Zf fgh]h


oehihl<g_cjZkkdZau\Z_lkydZdagZdb ij_ibgZgby ihfh]Zxl \ujZ`Zlv
fukebHgZmqblimgdlmZpbhgghc ]jZfhlghklb Hkh[_ggh \Z`gh ^ey \Zk
qlhdgb]Z^Z_l\hafh`ghklvmqblvky[_amqbl_ey
KZfZy\Z`gZy]eZ\Zdgb]b²©Ohly©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ªWlhimlv
hlagZgbyijZ\beZd\_jghihklZ\e_gghfmagZdm
Fgh]b_ba\Zkmki_ebm[_^blvkyqlhgbmihjgh_ih\lhj_gb_ijZ\be
gb[_kdhg_qgh_i_j_ibku\Zgb_g_]ZjZglbjmxlhlhrb[hd:qlh[ujmdZ
dZd [u kZfZ kh[hc klZ\beZ gm`guc agZd gZ gm`gh_ f_klh qlh[u
]jZfhlghklv©ijbjhkeZddhgqbdmi_jZª\fha]m^he`_gjZ[hlZlvlhqguc
b[ukljh^_ckl\mxsbcf_oZgbafDZdaZklZ\blvwlhlf_oZgbafjZ[hlZlv
b jZkkdZau\Z_l ]eZ\Z ©Ohly ©imlv b ^Ze_d b ^heh]ª ;m^_l eb f_oZgbaf
^_ckl\h\Zlv aZ\bkbl ij_`^_ \k_]h hl \Zk \uihegyy aZ^Zgby mqbl_kv bf
mijZ\eylv
G_dhlhju_ aZ^Zgby \u [m^_l_ \uihegylv ©\ mf_ª ;hevrbgkl\h `_
lj_[m_l j_Zevghc jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby >ey wlh]h g_
h[yaZl_evgh i_j_ibku\Zlv \k_ \ l_ljZ^v h[aZ\_^bl_kv ijhajZqghc
ie_gdhciheh`bl___gZl_dklkaZ^Zgb_fbjZkklZ\eycl_agZdb
JZkklZgh\dhc agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby jZ[hlZ g_ aZdZgqb\Z_lky
G_h[oh^bfh ijh\_jblv __ GZrZ dgb`dZ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv gZmqblvky
ijh\_jylv k_[y >ey wlh]h kms_kl\mxl hl\_lu dhlhju_ jZkiheh`_gu
q_j_a g_kdhevdh kljZgbp ihke_ dZ`^h]h aZ^Zgby ih^ aZ]heh\dhf
©Ijh\_jvl_k_[yª
L_f dlh ]hlh\blky \ \mau fu kh\_lm_f g_ hldeZ^u\Zlv jZ[hlm k
dgb]hcgZihke_^gb_g_^_ebi_j_^wdaZf_gZfbAZgbfZcl_kvihg_clZd`_
hl\_lkl\_gghdZdaZgbfZxlkykbg^b\b^mZevgufj_i_lblhjhfddhlhjhfm
\l_q_gb_^ebl_evgh]h\j_f_gbZddmjZlghijboh^ylgZmjhdb
@_eZ_f\Zfmki_oh\\jZkdjulbbk_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbb
3
Iho\Zevgh_keh\hagZdZfij_ibgZgby

AZf_qZl_evgucZg]ebckdbc^jZfZlmj];_jgZj^Rhm \ ij_^bkeh\bb d
k[hjgbdmk\hboiv_k]h\hjbeqlh_klviylv^_kylkihkh[h\kdZaZlvkeh\h^Z
b iylvkhl kihkh[h\ kdZaZlv keh\h g_l Z ^ey lh]h qlh[u gZibkZlv wlb
keh\Z_klvlhevdhh^bgkihkh[
Fh`gheb kh]eZkblvky k wlbf aZf_qZgb_f" Ih`Zemc fh`gh gh \k_
lZdb
>_ckl\bl_evghkihkh[h\ijhbag_klbkeh\h^Z`_kZfh_dhjhldh__klv
\_ebdh_fgh`_kl\hIjhbag_k_ggh_\Zfbg_lfh`_l[ulvkihdhcgufbeb
m]jh`ZxsbfaehjZ^gufbebh]hjq_ggufjZ^hklgufbebkdhj[guf<Zr
]hehkfh`_lijbwlhfa\mqZlvfy]dhbebl\_j^hB\k_]hwlh]hijbaZibkb
dhg_qgh g_ i_j_^Zrv B aZibku\Z_lky keh\h lhevdh h^gbf kihkh[hf ²
khklZ\eyxsbfb _]h [md\Zfb Gh <hl h^gh b lh `_ keh\h aZibkZggh_
g_kdhevdhjZa>Z>Z">Z">Z>Z>Z
Ijhbag_kbl_ \ mf_ wlb keh\Z fuke_ggh \kemrZcl_kv \ bo a\mqZgb_
<jy^ebhgbijha\mqZl^ey\Zkh^bgZdh\h

4
<Zf ykgh qlh ^Z k lhqdhc ² wlh kihdhcgh_ ^Z gh wlh kihdhckl\b_
fh`_l [ulv fm`_kl\_gguf j_rbl_evguf beb ]hjvdbf >Z k
\hijhkbl_evguf agZdhf ² wlh ^Z \ujZ`Zxs__ \hijhk khfg_gb_
g_^hmf_gb_ beb ijhkv[m qlhlh iha\heblv >Z k \hijhkbl_evguf b
\hkdebpZl_evguf agZdhf ² kbevgh_ g_^hmf_gb_ \ wlhf kemqZ_ ^Z"
fh`gh ©i_j_\_klbª dZd ©g_m`_eb"ª  k \hkdebpZl_evguf ² kbevgh_
qm\kl\h fh`_l[ulvjZ^hklvbeb]g_\ Kfgh]hlhqb_f² wlhg_m\_j_g
ghklv jZkl_jygghklv jZafure_gby dhlhjuf _s_ ljm^gh h[e_qvky \
keh\Zh]hjq_gb_jZahqZjh\Zgb_AZiylZyihke_^Zk\b^_l_evkl\m_lk_cqZk
[m^_l kdZaZgh h lhf qlh bf_ggh ih^l\_j`^Z_lky wlbf ^Z ^\h_lhqb_ ²
kb]gZelh]hqlhihke_^m_lh[tykg_gb_ihq_fmkdZaZgh^Z
AZibkZggu_ gZ [mfZ]_ keh\Z fh]ml \ujZablv ^Ze_dh g_ \k_ qlh
kh^_j`blky \ `b\hc j_qb qlh i_j_^Z_lky bglhgZpb_c iZmaZfb l_fihf
j_qb`_klZfbbfbfbdhcH^gZdh\jZkihjy`_gbbibrms_]hbqblZxs_]h
_klvg_lhevdhkeh\Zghb^hihegbl_evgu_kj_^kl\Z²agZdbij_ibgZgby
AgZdbij_ibgZgbyg__klvqlhlh\g_rg__ihklhjhgg__ihhlghr_gbx
d `b\hc ldZgb yaudZ hgb kZfb dZd [u ©\ujZklZxlª ba yaudZ ba
g_h[oh^bfhklb dZd fh`gh [he__ ihegh b lhqgh \ujZablv \ ibkvf_gghc
j_qbi_j_^Z\Z_fucbfbkfuke
Fukevh lhf qlhihklZgh\dZ agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby ^bdlm_lky kfukehf
l_dklZ \i_j\u_ \ujZ`_gZ hkgh\hiheh`gbdhf jmkkdhc ]jZffZlbdb F <
Ehfhghkh\ufibkZ\rbfqlh©agZdbklZ\ylkyihkbe_jZamfZª
Ijb ihfhsb agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby aZibkZggh_ keh\h \hkijbgbfZ_lky b
fuke_gghijhbaghkblkyqblZxsbf_kebg_iylvx^_kylvxbg_iylvxklZfb
kihkh[Zfblh\h\kydhfkemqZ_g_h^gbfZg_kdhevdbfbLZdbfh[jZahf
agZdb ij_ibgZgby ^Zxl \hafh`ghklv kdZaZlv \ ibkvf_gghc j_qb ]hjZa^h
[hevr_q_ffh`ghaZibkZlv[md\ZfbHgbihfh]Zxl\ujZablvjZaebqgu_
kfukeubhdjZrb\Zxsb_boqm\kl\ZAgZdbdZdbkeh\Z]h\hjylbfubo
qblZ_f\f_kl_khkeh\Zfb:bgh]^Z^Z`_b\f_klhkeh\
Ba\_kl_g nZdl lZdhc ©[_kkeh\_kghcª i_j_ibkdb NjZgpmakdbc
ibkZl_ev<bdlhj=x]haZdhgqb\jhfZg©Hl\_j`_ggu_ªihkeZe jmdhibkv
dgb]bba^Zl_ex D jmdhibkb hg ijbeh`be ibkvfh \ dhlhjhfg_ [ueh gb
h^gh]hkeh\ZZ[uelhevdhagZd©"ªBa^Zl_evlZd`_hl\_lbeibkvfhf[_a
keh\©ª
5
DZdh]jhfghkfukeh\h_bwfhpbhgZevgh_gZiheg_gb_wlbok\_jodhjhldbo
ibk_f Ibkvfh <bdlhjZ =x]h kh^_j`bl b lj_\h`gu_ \hijhku Gm dZd ?
IhgjZ\behkv eb" Fh`gh eb [m^_l wlh ba^Zlv"  b lhgdbc xfhj
iha\heyxsbcibkZl_exk^hklhbgkl\hfi_j_ghkblvkhklhygb_lj_\h`gh]h
h`b^Zgby Hl\_l ba^Zl_ey fh`_l bf_lv ijbf_jgh lZdh_ keh\_kgh_
\ujZ`_gb_
AZf_qZl_evgh<_ebdhe_ighWlhemqrZyjmdhibkvdhlhjmxydh]^Z
eb[h ^_j`Ze \ jmdZo Y __ g_f_^e_ggh ba^Zf : fh`_l [ulv ^Z`_ b
lZdh_ Hlebqgh Wlh fg_ ijbg_k_l bajy^guc ^hoh^ K ihfhsvx lZdhc
dgb]byihl_kgxk\hbodhgdmj_glh\gZdgb`ghfjugd_
B \kx wlm ]Zffm fuke_c b qm\kl\ hg \ujZabe h^gbf dhjhl_gvdbf
agZqdhf ©ª hdjZr_gguf h^gh\j_f_ggh b l_f `_ xfhjhf k dhlhjuf
khqbgbek\h_ibkvfhZ\lhj©Hl\_j`_gguoªIjbf_jghlZd`_ihklmiZ_l_
b \u dh]^Z `_eZy iho\Zeblv dh]hgb[m^v b k^_eZlv wlh \_k_eh
ih^gbfZ_l_d\_jom[hevrhciZe_pb]h\hjbl_©<hª
FZe_gvdZy wibklheyjgZy11 rmldZ jZau]jZggZy <bdlhjhf =x]h b _]h
ba^Zl_e_fhdZaZeZkvm^Zqghcihlhfmqlhh[ZmqZklgbdZi_j_ibkdbmf_eb
g_lhevdhklZ\blvghb©qblZlvªl_ohjhrhihgbfZlvagZdbij_ibgZgby
Ijb ihfhsb agZdh\ fh`gh \ujZablv g_ lhevdh lhl beb bghc kfuke
ghbhlghr_gb_ibrms_]hdlhfmhq_fb^_lj_qvLZd_keb\uibr_l_h
dhfgb[m^v qlh hg mfgbpZ \u^_eyy wlh keh\h dZ\uqdZfb kjZam
klZgh\blky ykgh qlh \u g_ m\_j_gu \ \ukhdbo mfkl\_gguo kihkh[ghklyo
wlh]hq_eh\_dZ
Wlb ijbf_ju ihdZau\Zxl gZkdhevdh h[h]ZsZ_l \hafh`ghklb
ibkvf_gghcj_qbohjhr__agZgb_imgdlmZpbb
Ibkvf_ggZy j_qv [_a agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby beb ijb g_ijZ\bevghf
g_iheghf g_lhqghf bo bkihevah\Zgbb hq_gv ljm^gZ ^ey ihgbfZgby <
gZqZe_ijhreh]h\_dZih^h[gu_ljm^ghklb\hagbdZeb^h\hevghqZklhlZd
dZd agZgb_ imgdlmZpbhgguo ijZ\be g_ kqblZehkv h[yaZl_evguf b
[hevrbgkl\h ibrmsbo klZ\beb agZdb ih k\h_fm mkfhlj_gbx AgZlhdZfb
imgdlmZpbb [ueb lhevdh ba^Zl_evkdb_ jZ[hlgbdb b bf ijboh^behkv
g_fZehfmqblvkykjmdhibkyfb^Z`_h[jZah\Zgg_crboZ\lhjh\LZdh^bg
ba ba^Zl_e_c ibkZe =_jp_gm qlh _]h agZdb ij_ibgZgby ² ©kmsb_ agZdb
ijbludZgbyªblhevdhaZljm^gyxlql_gb_
_____________________________
11Wibklheyjguc`Zgj²wlhi_j_ibkdZ.
6
?kebagZdijhims_gbebihklZ\e_gg_ijZ\bevghwlhfh`_lijb\_klb
d k_jv_aguf bkdZ`_gbyf kfukeZ H lZdbo bkdZ`_gbyo jZkkdZau\Zxl ^\Z
ohjhrhba\_klguo©imgdlmZpbhgguoZg_d^hlZªI_j\ucbagboih\_kl\m_l
himl_r_kl\_ggbd_dhlhjuc\fhf_glhiZkghklbfhebeky;h]mbh[_sZe\
kemqZ_ kiZk_gby ©ihklZ\blv klZlmx ahehlmx ibdm ^_j`Zsmxª H^gZdh
dh]^Z hiZkghklv fbgh\ZeZ iml_r_kl\_ggbdm g_ aZohl_ehkv
jZkdhr_eb\ZlvkygZklZlmxbaahehlZbhg^ZejZkihjy`_gb_©IhklZ\blv
klZlmxahehlmxibdm^_j`ZsmxªLZdbfh[jZahfhggbh^gbfkeh\hfg_
gZjmrb\ k\h_]h h[_sZgby i_j_ghkhf aZiylhc kbevgh khdjZlbe k\hb
jZkoh^u
>jm]hc©imgdlmZpbhggucZg_d^hlª]h\hjblhlhfqlh`bagvq_eh\_dZ
hdZaZeZkv \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl lh]h ]^_ [m^_l ihklZ\e_gZ aZiylZy \
ij_^eh`_gbb ©DZagblv g_evay ihfbeh\Zlvª beb ©DZagblv g_evay
ihfbeh\Zlvª : l_i_jv ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \ lZdhf ijbdZa_ agZd
ij_ibgZgby kemqZcgh beb mfure_ggh ijhims_g Lh]^Z wlhl ijbdZa
klZgh\blky^\mkfuke_ggufblhldlh_]hihemqblg_[m^_lagZlvdZd`_
_fm gZ^e_`bl ihklmiblv Kdhj__ \k_]h hg ihiulZ_lky m]Z^Zlv q_]h `_ \
^_ckl\bl_evghklbohl_ebl_dlhhl^Z\Ze
7
jZkihjy`_gb_ Bf_ggh lZdZy kblmZpby hibku\Z_lky \ bklhjbq_kdhf
jhfZg_ F >jxhgZ ©NjZgpmakdZy \heqbpZª < g_f jZkkdZau\Z_lky dZd
Zg]ebckdZydhjhe_\ZBaZ[_eeZb__\haex[e_ggucehj^Fhjlbf_jk\_j]eb
kij_klheZdhjheyW^mZj^Z II,g_ex[bfh]hfm`Zdhjhe_\uBaZ[_eeu?]h
aZlhqbeb\dj_ihklvb\ugm^bebhlj_qvkyhlij_klheZ\ihevamgZke_^gbdZ
H^gZdh kms_kl\h\ZeZ hiZkghklv qlh \hagbdg_l aZ]h\hj k p_evx
hk\h[h^blv dhjhey b ih^gylv fyl_` Ehj^m Fhjlbf_jm b dhjhe_\_
BaZ[_ee_ [ueh [u kihdhcg__ _keb [u W^mZj^Z II g_ [ueh \ `b\uo Gh
gbdlh g_ j_rbeky kh[kl\_gghjmqgh hl^Zlv ijbdZa h[ m[bckl\_ hkh[u
dhjhe_\kdhc djh\b ibkvf_gguc ijbdZa fh] ihiZklv g_ d l_f dhfm
ij_^gZagZqZeky beb ^Z`_ ihkem`blv hjm`b_f ijhlb\ dhjhe_\u Wlbfb
khfg_gbyfbFhjlbf_jih^_ebekykhk\hbf^jm]hf_ibkdhihfHje_lhghf
©Bgufbkeh\Zfbfbehj^²kdZaZe_ibkdhi —\uohlbl_ihkeZlvijbdZa
g_ ihkueZy _]hª Hje_lhg ^h\hevgh [ukljh j_rbe aZ^Zqm gZibkZ\ \
dZq_kl\_ ijbdZaZ h^gm kljhqdm iheZlugb [_a agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby Ba
aZibkb lZdbf h[jZahf hnhjfe_gghcg_evay [ueh j_rblv ^h[jh_ beb g_
^h[jh_^_ehm[blvW^mZj^Z
©?keb =hkih^v ih`_eZ_l ² aZf_lbe Hje_lhg ² lhl dlh ihemqbl
ibkvfh ihcf_l _]h kfuke Gh jZa\_ fh`gh[m^_l dh]hgb[m^v mij_dgmlv
aZlZdh_ibkvfh"ª
LZd dhjhev W^mZj^ ,, klZe `_jl\hc g_ lhevdh iheblbq_kdh]h gh b
]jZffZlbq_kdh]hdh\Zjkl\Z
:\hlqlhjZkkdZaZeDIZmklh\kdbc\dgb]_©AhehlZyjhaZª
IbkZl_ev:g^j_cKh[hevijbg_k\j_^Zdpbx]Za_lu©FhjydªjZkkdZa
bgl_j_kguc ih l_f_ gh gZi_qZlZgguc imlZgufb dZdbfblh
jZa^_j]Zggufb njZaZfb I_qZlZlv _]h \ lZdhf \b^_ [ueh g_\hafh`gh Z
mimkdZlv`ZevDhjj_dlhj;eZ]h\hiulgucba^Zl_evkdbcjZ[hlgbd\ayeky
ihijZ\blv jZkkdZa g_ \u[jhkb\ b g_ \ibkZ\ gb h^gh]h keh\Z B \hl
jmdhibkv\uijZ\e_gZ©Y ijhq_e jZkkdZa bhg_f_e Wlh[ueZijhajZqgZy
eblZy ijhaZ <k_ klZeh \uimdeuf ykguf Hl ij_`g_c kdhfdZgghklb b
keh\_kgh]hjZa[jh^Zg_hklZehkvbl_gbIjbwlhf^_ckl\bl_evghg_[ueh
\u[jhr_ghbebijb[Z\e_ghgbh^gh]hkeh\Z
²Wlhqm^h²kdZaZey²DZd\uwlhk^_eZeb"
— >ZijhklhjZkklZ\beijZ\bevgh\k_agZdbij_ibgZgbyMKh[heyk
gbfb nhjf_gguc dZ\Zj^Zd Hkh[_ggh lsZl_evgh y jZkklZ\be
lhqdbBZ[aZpuWlh\_ebdZy\_svfbeucfhc
8
?s_ Imrdbg ]h\hjbe h agZdZo ij_ibgZgby Hgb kms_kl\mxl qlh[u
\u^_eblv fukev ijb\_klb keh\Z \ ijZ\bevgh_ khhlghr_gb_ b ^Zlv njZa_
e_]dhklv b ijZ\bevgh_ a\mqZgb_ AgZdb ij_ibgZgby ² wlh dZd ghlgu_
agZdbHgbl\_j^h^_j`Zll_dklbg_^Zxl_fmjZkkuiZlvkyª
BlZd mf_gb_ klZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby ² g_hlt_fe_fZy qZklv
\eZ^_gbyibkvf_gghcj_qvxhghlZd`_\Z`ghdZd\Z`gh\hh[s_mf_gb_
\ujZ`Zlvk\hbfukeb\ibkvf_gghcnhjf_
Mf_gb_klZ\blvagZdb^Z_lkyg_e_]dhlZd`_dZdg_e_]dh^Z_lkyb\_kv
ijhp_kk ibkvf_ggh]h \ujZ`_gby k\hbo fuke_c Gh \Zf ykgh qlh gZrm
`bagvk_]h^gyg_\hafh`gh^Z`_ij_^klZ\blvk_[_[_aibkvf_gghcj_qb
Ibkvf_ggZyj_qv\hiehsZ_l\k_[_\k_q_f[h]ZlZ`bagv
hgZ ijbghkbl b gh\u_ agZgby b hiul fm^jhklb b ^h[juc ijb\_l
[ebadbo ex^_c gZoh^ysboky \ jZaemd_ k gZfb ;eZ]h^Zjy ibkvf_gghc
j_qb q_eh\_q_kdbc hiul g_ ijhiZ^Z_l Z dhiblky b i_j_^Z_lky ba
ihdhe_gby \ ihdhe_gb_ BgZq_ q_eh\_q_kdZy dmevlmjZ g_ fh]eZ [u
jZa\b\Zlvky
9
=eZ\Z I

Ohly©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ª
IjZ\beh — kZfhbgkljmdpby —lj_gbjh\dZ

Qlh gm`gh ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijbclb d imgdlmZpbhgghc ]jZfhlghklb"


I_j\h_ ² wlh a g Z l v  i j Z \ b e Z  GZ wlhf gZklZb\Ze _s_ < =
;_ebgkdbc ©H[s__ g_agZgb_ ijZ\be ² ibkZe hg ² l _ g_agZgb_
]jZffZlbdb \j_^bl yaudm gZjh^Z ^_eZy _]h g_hij_^_e_gguf b ih^qbgyy
_]h ijhba\hem ebqghklb lml \kydbc fheh^_p ]h\hjbl b ibr_l gZ k\hc
h[jZa_p<nhjfZoyaudZ^he`gh[ulv_^bgkl\h:wlh]h_^bgkl\Zfh`gh
^hklb]gmlv lhevdh kljh]bf bkke_^h\Zgb_f dZd ijZ\bevg__ ^he`gh
]h\hjblv beb ibkZlv lh beb ^jm]h_ Wlh bkdZgb_ ijZ\bevghklb ^he`gh
[ulv^h\_^_gh^hi_^ZglbafZ²^eymki_oZkZfh]hyaudZª
G_dhlhju_ ba \Zk \ ]em[bg_ ^mrb k wlbf g_ kh]eZkgu ijZ\beZ
ijZ\beZfb Z ]jZfhlghklv ]jZfhlghklvx fh`_l [ulv ^mfZ_l_ \u H^gb
ex^b²kqZkleb\qbdb²ibrml\k_]^Z]jZfhlghohlydZd[m^lh\h\k_g_
agZxlijZ\be^jm]b_\umqb\ZxlijZ\beZgZam[hdghwlhg_kiZkZ_lbohl
hrb[hd ©IjZ\beZlh y agZx ^Z qlh lhedm"ª ² `Zeh\ZeZkv gZf h^gZ
rdhevgbpZB^_ckl\bl_evghhgZagZeZijZ\beZ
LZd\q_f`_^_eh"
Ex^b dhlhju_ ibrml ]jZfhlgh \jh^_ [u g_ agZy ijZ\be gZ kZfhf
^_e_ bo agZxl Hgb fh]ml g_ ihfgblv bo keh\_kguo nhjfmebjh\hd g_
ih\lhjylv bo k_[_ ijb ibkvf_ gh hgb mf_xl ^ _ c k l \ h \ Z l v  g Z
h k g h \ Z g b b  i j Z \ b e  \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb : wlh ² kZfh_
]eZ\gh_
<kydZy ^_yl_evghklv q_eh\_dZ h[yaZl_evgh ijhl_dZ_l ih ijZ\beZf
h[jZ[hldZ ^_lZeb gZ klZgd_ \h`^_gb_ fZrbg mijZ\e_gb_ kZfhe_lhf
ihevah\Zgb_klbjZevghcfZrbghcb]jZ\ohdd_c >ey mki_rghklb ex[hc
lZdhc ^_yl_evghklb \Z`gh g_ lhevdh ©agZlvª ijZ\beZ l _ mf_lv bo
jZkkdZaZlvghbmf_lv^_ckl\h\Zlv\khhl\_lkl\bbkgbfb
IhdZ q_eh\_d _s_ g_ gZmqbeky ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k
ijZ\beZfb keh\_kgh_ agZgb_ _fm ihfh]Z_l Gh dZd lhevdh wlb ^_ckl\by
klZgh\ylky ijb\uqgufb \oh^yl \ djh\v b iehlv q_eh\_dZ hg fh`_l
iha\heblvk_[_jhkdhrv©aZ[ulvª
10
ijZ\beZg_ih\lhjylvbok_[_\ijhp_kk_jZ[hlugb\kemogb\mf_
H^gZdh ijb bamq_gbb imgdlmZpbb hl agZgby ijZ\be ^h lh]h kqZkleb\h]h
khklhygbydh]^ZjmdZklZ\blagZdbij_ibgZgbydZd[ukZfZkh[hcl_ih
h[jZaghfm \ujZ`_gbx h^gh]h mqbl_ey ©]jZfhlghklv ijbjZklZ_l d
dhgqbdmi_jZª©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ª
Q_eh\_d \umqb\rbc ijZ\beZ gh g_ mf_xsbc bo ijbf_gylv _s_ \
kZfhfgZqZe_imlb\_^ms_]hdh\eZ^_gbximgdlmZpb_c
>ey lh]h qlh[u ^_ckl\h\Zlv ih ijZ\bem gZ^h gZ hkgh\Zgbb wlh]h
ijZ\beZ ©ihkljhblvª oh^ jZkkm`^_gbb b aZibkZlv _]h \ \b^_ ko_fu
lZ[ebpu beb keh\_kghc bgkljmdpbb ^ey k_[y ² kZfhbgkljmdpbb LZdZy
bgkljmdpbybf__l fgh]hh[s_]h k bgkljmdpbyfb dhlhju_ ijbeZ]Zxlky d
ijb[hjZf beb ZiiZjZlZf lZdbf dZd l_e_\bahj jZ^bhijb_fgbd iue_khk
beb dbghdZf_jZ < bgkljmdpbb mdZau\Z_lky \k_ qlh gm`gh ^_eZlv dZdb_
hi_jZpbb ijhba\h^blv qlh[u ijb[hj jZ[hlZe Djhf_ lh]h h[yaZl_evgh
mdZau\Z_lkyihke_^h\Zl_evghklv\dhlhjhcwlhgZ^h^_eZlv
?kebk^_eZlvg_\k_qlhlj_[m_lky\bgkljmdpbbgbdZdhcZiiZjZlg_
klZg_l jZ[hlZlv Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \u iulZ_l_kv ih]h\hjblv ih
l_e_nhgmZ\lhfZlmg_gZ[jZ\ghf_jZ
?keb `_ \u ijhba\h^bl_ \k_ g_h[oh^bfu_ hi_jZpbb gh g_ \ lhc
ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb\dZdhcwlhmdZaZgh\bgkljmdpbblhlh`_gbq_]hg_
ihemqblky
<ZfgZijbf_jg_m^Zklkyih]h\hjblvihl_e_nhgmZ\lhfZlm_keb\u
kgZqZeZgZ[_j_l_ghf_jZihlhfkgbf_l_ljm[dmIhijh[mcl_ij_^klZ\blv
k_[_ kdhevdh dhfbq_kdbo b ljZ]bq_kdbo g_^hjZamf_gbc ijhbkoh^beh [u
\hdjm]_keb[uex^bijhimkdZebijbjZ[hl_gm`gu_hi_jZpbbbebimlZeb
boihjy^hd
:l_i_jvihkfhljbfdZdkhklZ\ey_lkykZfhbgkljmdpbydijbf_g_gbx
]jZffZlbq_kdbo ijZ\be AZf_lbf qlh ^ey __ kha^Zgby bgh]^Z [u\Z_l
gm`ghbkihevah\Zlvg_lhevdhlhqlhkh^_j`blky\^ZgghfijZ\be_ghb
lhqlh[uehbamq_ghjZgvr_
<Zf ba\_klgh qlh keh`guf ij_^eh`_gb_f gZau\Z_lky ij_^eh`_gb_
dhlhjh_ khklhbl ba ^\mo beb [he__ ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc h[t_^bg_gguo
kfukeh\hc p_ehklghklvx b bglhgZpbhgghc aZdhgq_gghklvx Wlh ijZ\beh
g_h[oh^bfhijbf_gylvijbjZ[hl_[md\ZevghkdZ`^ufij_^eh`_gb_f
11
DZd `_ _]h ijbf_gylv" Kljhbf oh^ jZkkm`^_gbb KgZqZeZ gZ^h
hij_^_eblv kdhevdh \ ij_^eh`_gbb ]jZffZlbq_kdbo hkgh\ ?keb h^gZ
agZqbl ij_^eh`_gb_ ijhklh_ _keb [hevr_ agZqbl keh`gh_
Khhl\_lkl\mxsmxkZfhbgkljmdpbxfh`ghihkljhblv\\b^_ko_fu

KZfhbgkljmdpby dhlhjmx fu k \Zfb k_cqZk khklZ\beb ijhklZ <


^Zevg_cr_fgZfijb^_lkykhklZ\eylvb[he__keh`gu_
>eym^h[kl\ZjZ[hlufh`ghk^_eZlvlZdqlh[u\h\j_fy\uiheg_gby
aZ^Zgbc[ueZ\hafh`ghklv\a]eygmlvgZbgkljmdpbxH^bgebl_jZlmjguc
]_jhc \_rZe kibkhd bghkljZgguo keh\ dhlhju_ hg ^he`_g [ue \umqblv
gZ^a_jdZevp_f^ey[jblvy
H^gZdhkZfhihk_[_mf_gb_khklZ\blvb^Z`_aZihfgblvbgkljmdpbx
_s_ g_ h[_ki_qb\Z_l ]jZfhlgh]h ibkvfZ >y^xrdZ Ih^`_j i_jkhgZ`
dgb]bZg]ebckdh]hibkZl_ey>`_jhfZD>`_jhfZ©Ljh_\h^ghceh^d_g_
kqblZykh[Zdbªfh]^Zlvex[hfmq_eh\_dmbgkljmdpbxhlhfdZd\[blv\
kl_gdm ]\ha^v qlh[u ih\_kblv gZ g_]h dZjlbgm H^gZdh dh]^Z hg
ijbgbfZekyaZ^_ehkZfhgqZs_ihiZ^Zefhehldhfihkh[kl\_ggufiZev
pZfq_fihreyid_]\ha^ylZdqlhbgkljmdpby²wlh_s_
12
g_ \k_ Mf_gb_ ijbf_gylv bgkljmdpbxgZ ijZdlbd_ ijboh^bl lhevdh
[eZ]h^Zjyl j _ g b j h \ d _ [eZ]h^ZjyihklhyggufmijZ`g_gbyf
BlZdagZgb_ijZ\beZ²khklZ\e_gb_bgkljmdpbbih_]hijbf_g_gbx
²lj_gbjh\dZ>hklZlhqgheb\k_]hwlh]hqlh[u©]jZfhlghklvijbjhkeZd
dhgqbdmi_jZª">hklZlhqghGhlhevdh
lh]^Z dh]^Z jZkklZ\ey_rv agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ ]hlh\hf l_dkl_
gZijbf_j \ mijZ`g_gbb ba mq_[gbdZ : _keb kha^Z_rv k\hc l_dkl ²
khqbg_gb_ibkvfh^g_\gbd"Lh]^ZagZdbij_ibgZgbyjh`^Zxlky\l_dkl_
\f_kl_khkeh\Zfb

©Ij_^qm\kl\b_ªagZdZij_ibgZgby

=jZfhlgu_ ex^b qZklh ]h\hjyl h qm\kl\_ yaudZ [eZ]h^Zjy dhlhjhfm


jmdZdZd[ukZfZkh[hcklZ\blgm`gucagZdgZgm`ghff_kl_QlhwlhaZ
qm\kl\h" B g_evay eb jZa\blv \ k_[_ wlm kihkh[ghklv ©qm\kl\h\Zlvª beb
^Z`_©ij_^qm\kl\h\ZlvªihklZgh\dmagZdZ"Ihijh[m_fjZah[jZlvky\wlhf
Mf_gb_ ©qm\kl\h\Zlvª agZd ij_`^_ \k_]h k\yaZgh kh kihkh[ghklvx
i j _ ^ m ] Z ^ u \ Z l v  l _ d k l  Wlh h^bg ba kZfuo [hevrbo k_dj_lh\
]jZfhlgh]hibkvfZ>Z\Zcl_jZkkfhljbfihih^jh[g__wlmkihkh[ghklv
IhgbfZgb_ qm`hc j_qb b kha^Zgb_ kh[kl\_gghc k\yaZgh k
m^b\bl_evghc q_eh\_q_kdhc kihkh[ghklvx ^ey h[hagZq_gby dhlhjhc
kha^Zg p_euc jy^ keh\ ij_^\b^_gb_ ij_^\hkobs_gb_ ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_
ij_^qm\kl\b_ mij_`^_gb_ ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ LZd qblZy ij_^eh`_gb_
dhlhjh_ gZqbgZ_lky k l_ fu ij_^m]Z^u\Z_f qlh kdhjh ihke_^m_l
dhlhju_ MkeurZ\ keh\Z ^ey lh]h fu ij_^\b^bf qlh[u Fgh]h
qbke_ggu_ l_ ^ey lh]h lZf ]^_ b l ^ ^Zxl gZf \hafh`ghklv
ij_^\hkobsZlv\dZdhclhkl_i_gbbfukevbbglhgZpbxb\ujZ`Zxsmx
wlm fukev kbglZdkbq_kdmx dhgkljmdpbx b ke_^h\Zl_evgh agZdb
ij_ibgZgbyLZdihkeh\Zf:odZdhcfh`gh[_ahrb[hqghij_^m]Z^Zlv
ij_^eh`_gb_ k \hkdebpZl_evghc bglhgZpb_c b aZjZg__ \gmlj_gg_
gZkljhblvkygZihklZgh\dm\hkdebpZl_evgh]hagZdZ \ dhgp_ij_^eh`_gby
< ^jm]bo kemqZyo fh`gh ih ^Zgguf keh\Zf [_ahrb[hqgh ij_^kdZaZlv
dhgdj_lguckfuke_s_g_aZibkZgguoGZijbf_j<ghy[j_\uiZei_j\uc
imrbklucBebKZfZybgl_j_kgZyhkh[_gghklv\g_rg_]h\b^Z`bjZnZ
²wlh_]h^ebggZy
13
Kihkh[kl\m_l eb mf_gb_ ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv l_dkl ]jZfhlghfm ibkvfm"
Ih`Zemc gb h^bg kqZkleb\uc h[eZ^Zl_ev iyl_jdb ih jmkkdhfm yaudm g_
kfh`_lhl\_lblv\ZfgZwlhl\hijhkQlhijhbkoh^bl\]heh\_ibrms_]h\
lhl fhf_gl dh]^Z _]h jmdZ dZd [u kZfZ kh[hc klZ\bl gZ f_klh gm`guc
agZd"Wlh]hg_kmf__lh[tykgblvgb rdhevgbd gb \ajhkeuc < _]h fha]m
\k_ kh\_jrZ_lky lZd [ukljh b ijb\uqgh qlh hg g_ hkhagZ_l dZd wlh
ijhbkoh^blQlh[uihgylvbhibkZlvwlh[ueihklZ\e_glZdhchiul
<ajhkeuf ]jZfhlguf ex^yf ij_^eZ]Zehkv gZibkZlv ^bdlZgl
Ijh\h^beky wlhl ^bdlZgl g_ kh\k_f h[uqguf kihkh[hf GZijbf_j
^bdlh\Zehkv >_j_\gy ]^_ ihke_ q_]h ^_eZeZkv iZmaZ Q_eh\_d
gZqZ\rbc ibkZlv wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ kjZam `_ klZ\be aZiylmx ihke_ keh\Z
^_j_\gy i_j_^ ]^_ GZ \hijhk ihq_fm hg wlh k^_eZe ibrmsbc hl\_qZe
ijbf_jgh lZd ih\b^bfhfm ihke_ keh\Z ]^_ [m^_l khh[s_gh qlhlh qlh
[ueh \ ^_j_\g_ ih hdhgqZgbb wlh]h khh[s_gby gZ^h [m^_l ihklZ\blv
\lhjmxaZiylmx Z^Zevr_ihc^_lj_qvhlhfdZdZywlh[ueZ^_j_\gy
Ex^b ihfgysb_ ]jZffZlbdm jZkkm`^Zeb lZd keh\hf ^_j_\gy
gZqbgZ_lky ]eZ\gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ keh\hf ]^_ ² ijb^Zlhqgh_
hij_^_ebl_evgh_dhlhjh_jZaju\Z_l]eZ\gh_Dh]^Zijb^Zlhqgh_dhgqblky
gZ^hihklZ\blvaZiylmxihlhfmqlh^Zevr_ihc^_lijh^he`_gb_]eZ\gh]h
\ dhlhjhf [m^_l kdZam_fh_ d ih^e_`Zs_fm ^_j_\gy b ijh^he`_gb_ oZ
jZdl_jbklbdb^_j_\gb
LZdbfh[jZahf_s_g_agZykh^_j`Zgbyij_^eh`_gbyibrmsbcm`_
ij_^m]Z^u\Z_l b _]h h[sbc kfuke b kbglZdkbq_kdmx kljmdlmjm b agZdb
ij_ibgZgby Lhevdh ih i_j\uf keh\Zf hg m`_ fh`_l khklZ\blv ko_fm
\dexqZxsmxbagZdb

14
B aZibku\Zy ^Zevr_ ij_^eh`_gb_ >_j_\gy ]^_ kdmqZe ?\]_gbb [ueZ
ij_e_klgucm]hehdhgm`_]hlh\dihklZgh\d_\lhjhcaZiylhcihke_keh\Z
?\]_gbc
?keb ]jZfhlghfm q_eh\_d ^bdlh\Zeb gZqZeh ij_^eh`_gby Dh]^Z
fZevqbrdb [jhkb\hgklZ\beaZiylmxi_j_^keh\hf[jhkb\ij_^\b^y
^__ijbqZklguc h[hjhl Djhf_ lh]h hg m`_ ^h]Z^u\Zeky qlh dh]^Z
fZevqbrdb[jhkb\qlhlhh^ghklZeb^_eZlvqlhlh^jm]h_ bebaZgyebkv
q_flh ^jm]bf  ijhbahreh qlhlh lj_lv_ LZdbf h[jZahf ibrmsbc m`_
ij_^m]Z^Ze \ kZfhf h[s_f \b^_ b kfukeh\mx b kbglZdkbq_kdmx
kljmdlmjmij_^eh`_gbyb©\jhkrb_ª\wlmkljmdlmjmagZdbij_ibgZgby
WlZkihkh[ghklvij_^m]Z^u\Zlv²\Z`g_crZykhklZ\gZyqZklvmf_gby
jZkklZ\eylv agZdb ih oh^m ibkvfZ g_ hldeZ^u\Zy wlh]h \Z`gh]h ^_eZ gZ
^Zevg_cr__h[^mfu\Zgb_ihke_aZibkb

IZfylvb]jZfhlghklv

Ke_^mxsbck_dj_l \_jghc jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ij_ibgZgby khklhbl \


kihkh[ghklba Z i h f b g Z l v  a Z i b k Z g g h _ .
<h\j_fyaZibkbgbh^ghij_^eh`_gb_djhf_kZfuodhjhl_gvdbog_
ijbkmlkl\m_l \ khagZgbb \k_ p_ebdhf k h^bgZdh\hc ykghklvx
AZibku\Z_fZynjZaZ^\b`_lkyq_j_akhagZgb_ibrms_]hdZdghqghcih_a^
q_j_ahk\_s_gguclmgg_evhlq_leb\h\b^gZlhevdhlZqZklvdhlhjZygZoh
^blky \ lmgg_e_ GZqZeh njZau dZd i_j\u_ \Z]hgu ih_a^Z m`_ mreh aZ
ij_^_eu hlq_leb\hc \b^bfhklb Z dhg_p _s_ g_ \t_oZe \ hk\_s_ggh_
ijhkljZgkl\h
Ibrmsbc q_eh\_d \ dZ`^uc ^Zgguc fhf_gl jZ[hlZ_l lhevdh k
©hlj_adhfª ij_^eh`_gby bf_y ijb wlhf g_ kh\k_f hlq_leb\uc ijh]gha
lh]h qlh ij_^klhbl gZibkZlv Hl lh]h gZkdhevdh ohjhrh q_eh\_d
ibrmsbc ^Zgguc ©hlj_ahdª ij_^eh`_gby ihfgbl aZibkZggh_ b
ij_^\hkobsZ_l lh qlh gZibr_l \h fgh]hf aZ\bkbl ijZ\bevghklv
kha^Z\Z_fh]h bf l_dklZ \ lhf qbke_ b ijZ\bevghklv jZkklZgh\db agZdh\
ij_ibgZgby
>himklbf qlh \u aZibkZeb LZf ]^_ ?keb \u kjZam ^h]Z^Zebkv
qlh k_cqZk ihke_^m_l ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ dhlhjh_ ©\debgblkyª \
]eZ\gh_ lh kjZam `_ ihklZ\bl_ aZiylmx i_j_^ ]^_ Ijh^he`Zy aZibkv
ij_^eh`_gby LZf ]^_ g_[h \klj_lbehkv k a_fe_c ]hjbahgl jh^beky
fheh^hc\u
15
^he`gu ihfgblv k\hx ^h]Z^dm ^h l_o ihj ihdZ g_ dhgqblky
ijb^Zlhqgh_ b hlf_lblv wlh kh[ulb_ ihklZgh\dhc aZiylhc i_j_^ keh\hf
]hjbahgl ij_^eh`_gb_ \aylh ba klbohl\hj_gby F : K\_leh\Z
©=hjbahglª 
G_^hq_lu ©k[hbª ij_^m]Z^u\Zgby b aZihfbgZgby g_ba[_`gh
ijb\h^yl d hrb[dZf <hl h[jZa_p lZdbo hrb[hd \ jZ[hl_ h^gh]h
rdhevgbdZ ² KZrb G < _]h l_ljZ^yo h[hkh[e_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby b
h[klhyl_evkl\Z\\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gbyijb^Zlhqgu_gZoh^ysb_ky\gmljb
]eZ\guog_\u^_eyebkvk^\moklhjhgZbf_eblhevdhh^gmaZiylmx²gZ
dhgp_GZijbf_jij_^eh`_gb_<^jm]\lhms_ev_]^_M`k\_jgmekyiZek
g_[Z Khdhe KZrZ gZibkZe [_a i_j\hc aZiylhc GZ \hijhk ij_ih^Z\Zl_ey
ihq_fmwlhijhbkoh^blfZevqbdhl\_lbe©Ylhevdhddhgpm^h]Z^u\Zxkv
qlh ibrm dZdhclh h[hjhl b lh]^Z m`_ g_ \kihfbgZx ijh i_j\mx
aZiylmxªMg_dhlhjuordhevgbdh\^_ehh[klhblbgZq_
hgb kjZam ^h]Z^u\Zxlky qlh ibrml h[hjhl beb ijb^Zlhqgh_
ij_^eh`_gb_ kjZam klZ\yl i_j\mx aZiylmx gh ih oh^m ibkvfZ aZ[u\Zxl
k\hx^h]Z^dmbh\lhjhcaZiylhcm`_g_\kihfbgZxlMlZdbordhevgbdh\
\ijb\_^_gghf\ur_ijbf_j_ba©I_kgbhKhdhe_ªF=hjvdh]hl_jy_lky
aZiylZyihke_keh\Zk\_jgmeky
BlZd \ kha^Zgbb ]jZfhlgh gZibkZggh]h l_dklZ \k_ \j_fy mqZkl\mxl
ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_baZihfbgZgb_

;ehdb

Qlh `_ bf_ggh \u ij_^m]Z^u\Z_l_ b aZihfbgZ_l_" Keh\Z"


Keh\hkhq_lZgby" < hl^_evguo kemqZyo wlh fh`_l [ulv b lZd gh dZd
ijZ\beh \u jZ[hlZ_l_ k p_eufb ]jmiiZfb keh\ Mkeh\bfky gZau\Zlv wlb
]jmiiu [ehdZfb kh]eZkgh ijZ\beZf hgb gm`^Zxlky \ \u^_e_gbb beb
hl^_e_gbb agZdZfb ij_ibgZgby LZd [ehdZfb y\eyxlky b ijhklu_ ij_^
eh`_gby\keh`ghfbh[hkh[e_ggu_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby
b\\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gby
IhkfhljbfgZijbf_jZodZdij_^eh`_gby^_eylkygZ[ehdb
DlhjZ[hlZ_lkex[h\vxlhl\ghkblihwabx\h\kydmxjZ[hlm.
G = Q_jgur_\kdbc  < wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb ^\Z [ehdZ H^bg ² lhl
\ghkbl ihwabx \h \kydmx jZ[hlm Dlh bf_ggh" GZ wlhl \hijhk hl\_qZ_l
^jm]hc[ehdDlhjZ[hlZ_lkex[h\vx
16
<k_lhq_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_dhaZj_gh_]h^mrhc`b\hx.
KYFZjrZd <wlhfij_^eh`_gbblh`_^\Z[ehdZ
H^bg ² \k_ lh haZj_gh _]h ^mrhc `b\hx : qlh wlh" >jm]hc [ehd
hl\_qZ_lq_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_d.
<h \lhjhf kemqZ_ jZa^_e_gb_ gZ [ehdb g_kdhevdh ljm^g__ q_f \
i_j\hflZddZdhgbg_ke_^mxl^jm]aZ^jm]hfZh^bg\lhj]Z_lky\^jm]hc
b jZkqe_gy_l _]h ihwlhfm ijboh^blky fuke_ggh \hkklZgZ\eb\Zlv i_j\uc
[ehddZdp_eh_

Dh]^Zmibrms_]hq_eh\_dZkihkh[ghklvfuke_gghh[t_^bgylvkeh\Z
\ [ehdb ^hklb]Z_l \ukhdh]h mjh\gy jZa\blby hg kjZam gZoh^bl bo \
j_q_\hf ihlhd_ gZijbf_j \_kv ^__ijbqZklguc h[hjhl Z g_ hl^_evgh
^__ijbqZklb_ b aZ\bkbfu_ hl g_]h keh\Z JZ[hlZ gZ hkgh\_ lZdh]h
jZa\blh]hmf_gbyklZgh\blky]hjZa^h[uklj__bwdhghfg__GZwlhfmjh\g_
ibrmsbcm`_g_ljZlbl\j_f_gbgZh[^mfu\Zgb_lh]h dZdb_ijZ\beZ hg
ijbf_gy_l
Fh`_l [ulv ^Z`_ g_ijhba\hevgh hibjZ_lky ibrmsbc gZ
hjb_glbjmxsb_keh\Z keh\Zih^kdZadb dhlhju_dZd[ukb]gZebabjmxlh
gZqZe_lh]hbebbgh]h[ehdZ
17
Kj_^bgbokhxaukhxagu_mdZaZl_evgu_keh\Zbjy^^jm]boGZgZk
jZ[hlZ_l p_eh_ ©]jZffZlbq_kdh_[xjh ijh]ghah\ª GZijbf_j _keb ohly
lZddZdbl^kem`Zlkb]gZehflh]hqlhfubf__f^_ehkijb^Zlhqguf
ij_^eh`_gb_f dhlhjh_ gm`gh hl^_eblv hl ]eZ\gh]h LZd ij_^kdZau\Z_l
qlhbkhhl\_lkl\mxsmxaZiylmx gZijbf_jlZd]em[hdqlhbeblZd
kbe_g qlh  Lhl ij_^kdZau\Z_l dhlhjuc Keh\Z lbiZ ih^gy\ beb
jZa]ey^u\Zy kb]gZebabjmxl h gZqZe_ ^__ijbqZklgh]h h[hjhlZ LZdb_
keh\Z dZd mjhgb\rbc b]jZxsbc himkdZ_fuc h[_sZxl ijbqZklguc
h[hjhl
?kebq_eh\_dgZmqbekymagZ\Zlvwlbkb]gZeu\h[s_fj_q_\hfihlhd_
©qblZlvªbodZdhohlgbdqblZ_lke_^ugZkg_]mlhhgm`_fh`_lg_ijhklh
\b^_lv[ehdbghbij_^\b^_lvboij_^qm\kl\h\Zlv

=jZfhlghklvgZ©dhgqbd_i_jZª
Dh]^Z mf_gb_ ij_^qm\kl\h\Zlv [ehdb b m^_j`b\Zlv bo \ iZfylb
\ujZ[Zlu\Z_lkykdeZ^u\Z_lkygZ^_`gZyhkgh\Z lhc ]jZfhlghklb dhlhjZy
©ijbjhkeZddhgqbdmi_jZª
>Z\Zcl_ihijh[m_fk\hbkbeu\ij_^m]Z^u\ZgbbK_cqZk\uijhql_l_
g_kdhevdhhlju\dh\ij_^eh`_gbcIhijh[mcl_kdZaZlvhdZ`^hfbagbo\
kZfhf h[s_f ko_fZlbq_kdhf \b^_ dZdh\ kfuke ^Zevg_cr_]h l_dklZ b \
dZdmx kbglZdkbq_kdmx dhgkljmdpbx wlhl kfuke [m^_l ©h^_lª JZ[hlZy k
ijbf_jZfb \u kgZqZeZ ihklZjZcl_kv k^_eZlv \k_ \hafh`gh_
kZfhklhyl_evghZihlhfijh\_jvl_k_[yihgZrbfhl\_lZf
;_a ohjhr_]h \eZ^_gby jh^guf yaudhf gb h^bg ba gZk g_ fh`_l
^\bgmlv \i_j_^ gb gZ rZ] gb Fh`gh h`b^Zlv qlh ^Zevr_ [m^ml
i_j_qbke_gul_h[eZklb`bagbdhlhju_g_evay^\bgmlv\i_j_^[_aagZgby
jh^gh]h yaudZ Ke_^h\Zl_evgh fh`gh ij_^m]Z^Zlv h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu
ij_^eh`_gby k ih\lhjyxsbfky khxahf gb f_`^m dhlhjufb ^he`gZ
klZ\blvkyaZiylZy
>_ckl\bl_evghij_^eh`_gb_dhgqZ_lkylZdgb gZmdm gb l_ogbdm gb
bkdmkkl\h
Dhkfh]hgby wlh <_jhylgh ^Zevr_ [m^_l ^Zgh hij_^_e_gb_
dhkfh]hgbb Ih\b^bfhfm \ wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb ih^e_`Zs__ b kdZam_fh_
\ujZ`_gu kms_kl\bl_evgufb \ bf_gbl_evghf iZ^_`_ Z ]eZ]hek\yadZ
hlkmlkl\m_lI_j_^wlh^he`ghklhylvlbj_
18
>_ckl\bl_evgh \k_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \u]ey^bl lZd Dhkfh]hgby ² wlh
gZmdZhijhbkoh`^_gbbbjZa\blbbg_[_kguol_e
G_[_kgZy f_oZgbdZ dhlhjmx A^_kv \_jhylgh ihc^_l j_qv h lhf
qlhdlhlhk^_eZe\jZa\blbbwlhcgZmdbWlh[m^_lkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_
\ dhlhjhf h^gh ijhklh_ jZkiheh`_gh \gmljb ^jm]h]h GZ^h ihklZ\blv
aZiylmxi_j_^dhlhjmxb^hdhgpZwlh]h[ehdZihfgblvhg_h[oh^bfhklb
\lhjhcaZiylhc
>_ckl\bl_evgh wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ \u]ey^bl lZd G_[_kgZy f_oZgbdZ
dhlhjmx kha^Zeb D_ie_j b Gvxlhg bamqZ_l aZdhgu \jZs_gby g_[_kguo
l_e
BlZd fu ihagZdhfbeb \Zk k \Z`g_crbf k_dj_lhf ]jZfhlghklb ²
ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_f Gh \u m`_ agZ_l_ qlh ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv g_^hklZlhqgh
GZ^h mf_lv aZihfgblv m]Z^Zgguc [ehd ^h l_o ihj ihdZ hg g_ [m^_l
©aZdjulª gm`guf agZdhf M h^gbo ex^_c wlh aZihfbgZgb_ ijhbkoh^bl
kZfhkh[hc^jm]bf^Z_lkyljm^g__
Fh`ghebjZa\blv\k_[_kihkh[ghklvaZihfbgZlv"B_kebfh`ghlh
dZd" Qlh[u gZclb hl\_lu gZ wlb \hijhku mq_gu_ bamqZeb b kjZ\gb\Zeb
jZ[hlmrdhevgbdh\mf_xsbob g_ mf_xsbo m^_j`b\Zlv \ iZfylb l_dkl
<hl qlh hgb h[gZjm`beb Ij_^eh`_gb_ hklZ_lky \ iZfylb m l_o dlh
©\b^blª_]hWlh^\hydh_\b^_gb_<hi_j\uoykgh_q_ldh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_
kljmdlmju ij_^eh`_gby l_ khklZ\eyxsbo _]h [ehdh\ bo qbkeZ b
\aZbfgh]h jZkiheh`_gby h^gbf keh\hf ©\b^_gb_ª ko_fu ij_^eh`_gby
<h\lhjuoij_^klZ\e_gb_lh]hqlhhibkZgh\ij_^eh`_gbb\\b^_`b\hc
dZjlbgu beb jy^Z `b\uo dZjlbg GZijbf_j ij_^eh`_gb_ DZrlZgdZ
ihpZjZiZeZ ^\_jv gZe_]eZ gZ g__ ]jm^vx b lhlqZk `_ ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ
kljZgguc ih^hajbl_evguc aZiZo aZihfbgZxl l_ dlh k h^ghc klhjhgu
kjZam ©\b^blª qlh wlh ijhklh_ jZkijhkljZg_ggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ k
h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbZk^jm]hcklhjhguij_^klZ\ey_lk_[_g_[hevrmx
ju`mxkh[ZdmgZe_]Zxsmx]jm^vxgZ^\_jvkeurbllbob_pZjZiZxsb_
a\mdbaZf_qZ_ldZdgZklhjh`beZkvDZrlZgdZhl ih^hajbl_evgh]h aZiZoZ
Mf_gb_©\b^_lvªl_dkl²wlhlh`_h^bgbak_dj_lh\]jZfhlgh]hibkvfZ
HlhfdZdjZa\blvkihkh[ghklv©\b^_lvªkljmdlmjmij_^eh`_gbyfu
_s_ [m^_f ]h\hjblv \ ke_^mxsbo ]eZ\Zo Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky kihkh[ghklb
kha^Z\Zlvh[jZau\\hh[jZ`_gbbhgZ^ZgZhlijbjh^udZ`^hfmq_eh\_dm
ghjZa\blZmex^_c\jZaghckl_i_gbMg_dhlhjuo\hkijbgbfZ_fucl_dkl
h`b\Z_l \ khagZgbb kZf kh[hc dZjlbgu djZkdb a\mdb b ^Z`_ aZiZob
\hagbdZ
19
xlg_ijhba\hevghb_kl_kl\_ggh\f_kl_k\hkijbgbfZ_fufbkeh\ZfbM
^jm]bo wlh]h kZfh kh[hc g_ ijhbkoh^bl b hgb jZ[hlZxl k l_dklhf g_
©\dexqZyª_]h`b\h_\b^_gb_bg_jZaebqZy\g_fh[jZah\dZd\dhfgZl_
]^_ g_ \dexq_g k\_l Gh q_eh\_d fh`_l mkbeb_f \heb ©\dexqblvª k\_l b
m\b^_lv gZoh^ysb_ky \ dhfgZl_ ij_^f_lu G_h[oh^bfhklv ©\dexqZlvª
\hh[jZ`_gb_ijbjZ[hl_kl_dklhfhq_gv\_ebdZWlhhlghkblkyg_lhevdhd
ibkvfm gh b d ql_gbx ex[hc ebl_jZlmju dZd om^h`_kl\_gghc lZd b
ihagZ\Zl_evghc
?keb kihkh[ghklv ij_^klZ\eylv k_[_ gZ hkgh\_ l_dklZ ajbl_evgu_ b
a\mdh\u_ h[jZau m q_eh\_dZ jZa\blZ keZ[h hg fh`_l __ jZa\blv
p_e_gZijZ\e_ggh jZ[hlZy gZ^ kh[hc ©QblZlv lZd qlh[u keh\Z
ij_\jZsZebkv \ dZjlbgu Z ]hehkZ ^_ckl\mxsbo ebp a\mqZeb b dZ`^Zy
kljZgbpZ h`b\ZeZ fh`gh gZmqblvky ² ]h\hjbl ibkZl_ev K Ev\h\
IhgZqZemijb^_lky^_eZlvkhagZl_evgh_mkbeb_
Dhg_qgh h[jZau klZgml \hagbdZlv \ \hh[jZ`_gbb g_ kjZam Z
bgh]^Z _^\Z \hagbdgm\ [m^ml mkdhevaZlv IhdZ \ujZ[hlZ_rv \ k_[_
ijb\uqdm \b^_lv \ keh\Zo dZjlbgm i_j\h_ \j_fy kbevgh mklZ_rv Gh
mkbeby \hagZ]jZ^ylky KljZgbpu dgb] h`b\ml jZkp\_lml djZkdZfb
gZihegylkya\mdZfbbaZiZoZfbª
Dh]^Z \u ijb\udg_l_ fuke_ggh ©h`b\eylvª l_dkl lh ihemqbl_
h]jhfguc \ub]jur ijb _]h aZihfbgZgbb b ke_^h\Zl_evgh ijb _]h
]jZfhlghcaZibkb
BlZd agZgb_ ijZ\be mf_gb_ ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k gbfb
kihkh[ghklv ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv aZihfbgZlv fuke_ggh ©h`b\eylvª l_dkl b
[ukljh gZoh^blv [ehdb \ ij_^eh`_gbb ² aZeh] mki_rgh]h h\eZ^_gby
imgdlmZpb_c
:qlhijhbkoh^blkl_fb,dlh,dZd]h\hjbeDml_cdbg\dhf_^bb>B
Nhg\babgZ©G_^hjhkevª©m[hyeky[_a^guij_fm^jhklbªbg_hk\hbe\k_]h
lh]h qlh g_h[oh^bfh ^ey ]jZfhlghc jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ ih oh^m
ibkvfZ"LZdb_ rdhevgbdb h[uqgh ibrml [_a agZdh\ Z bo jZkklZgh\dm
hklZ\eyxl gZ ihlhf ?keb \j_fy hklZ_lky hgb i_j_qblu\Zxl l_dkl
h[^mfu\Zxl _]h b klZ\yl qlh fh]ml ?keb `_ \j_f_gb \ h[j_a ² ^_eh
iehoh <ujmqblv fh`_l lhevdh kihkh[ bah[j_l_gguc \ klZju_ \j_f_gZ
h^gbfhkljhmfguf]bfgZabklhfdhlhjucgZibkZekhqbg_gb_[_aagZdh\\
dhgp_ bah[jZabe fgh`_kl\h aZiyluo lbj_ b ^\h_lhqbc Z ih^ gbfb
ih^ibkZe©FZjrihf_klZfª
20
=eZ\Z II

KZfu_e_]db_agZdbij_ibgZgby
Fukebqm\kl\ZbagZdb
<B>Zev\_ebdbckh[bjZl_evjmkkdbokeh\kha^Zl_evfgh]hlhfgh]h
©Lhedh\h]h keh\Zjy `b\h]h \_ebdhjmkkdh]h yaudZª kqblZe agZdb
ij_ibgZgby lZdbfb `_ iheghp_ggufb yaudh\ufb agZdZfb dZd [md\u
©AgZdhiheh`_gb_ ]jZfhlu ibkvfZ aZdexqZ_l \ k_[_ agZdb ibkvf_ggu_,
beb[md\ubagZdbij_ibgZgbyª²ibkZehgDZdh\h`_©]_h]jZnbq_kdh_
iheh`_gb_ªimgdlmZpbhgguoagZdh\" M gbo _klv ljb baex[e_gguo f_klZ
h[blZgby
I_j\h_ ² wlh dhg_p ij_^eh`_gby A^_kv ihk_ebebkv q_luj_ agZdZ
\hijhkbl_evguc \hkdebpZl_evguc lhqdZ b fgh]hlhqb_ <lhjh_ ²
]jZgbpZ f_`^m ijhklufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb \ khklZ\_ keh`gh]h AgZdh\
dhlhju_a^_kvh[blZxllh`_q_luj_aZiylZylhqdZkaZiylhc^\h_lhqb_b
lbj_ Lj_lv_ ²©ijhkljZgkl\hª \gmljb ijhklh]h ij_^eh`_gby A^_kv
fh`gh\klj_lblvg_lhevdhaZiylmx^\h_lhqb_

21
beb lbj_ gh b lZdb_ kjZ\gbl_evgh j_^db_ agZdb dZd dZ\uqdb kdh[db
fgh]hlhqb_
< wlhc ]eZ\_ j_qv ihc^_l h agZdZo dhlhju_ klZ\ylky \ dhgp_
ij_^eh`_gby Fgh]b_ ba \Zk g_ [Zemxl wlb agZdb \gbfZgb_f gZ^ gbfb
hkh[_gghg_ aZ^mfu\Zxlky bo ijbgylh kqblZlv e_]dbfb Ihkfhljbf lZd
ebwlh

Dlh g_ ijhdebgZe klZgpbhgguo kfhljbl_e_c dlh k gbfb g_


[jZgb\Zeky"Dlh\fbgmlm]g_\Zg_lj_[h\Zehlgbojhdh\hcdgb]b
^Z[u \ibkZlv \ hgmx k\hx [_kihe_agmx `Zeh[m gZ ijbl_kg_gb_
]jm[hklv b g_bkijZ\ghklv" Dlh g_ ihqblZ_l bo ba\_j]Zfb
q_eh\_q_kdh]h jh^Z jZ\gufb ihdhcguf ih^vyqbf beb ih djZcg_c
f_j_ fmjhfkdbf jZa[hcgbdZf" DZdh\Z ^he`ghklv k_]h ^bdlZlhjZ
dZdgZau\Z_l_]hrmleb\hdgyav<ya_fkdbc"G_gZklhysZyebdZlhj]Z"

Wlhl imrdbgkdbc l_dkl bkihevah\Zgguc \ dZq_kl\_ ^bdlZglZ


aZqZklmx g_ hkbeb\Zxl ^Z`_ \uimkdgbdb rdheu ohly agZdhfkl\h kh
agZdZfbdhgpZij_^eh`_gbyijhbkoh^bl\i_j\hfdeZkk_
<b^yijhims_gguc\hijhkbl_evgucbeb\hkdebpZl_evgucagZdqZklh
m^b\ey_rvky©BdZdf_gym]hjZa^behhrb[blvky\lZdhf e_]dhf kemqZ_"
IjhdeylZy g_\gbfZl_evghklvª H^gZdh [he_agv kbfilhfhf dhlhjhc
y\ey_lky ©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklvª d agZdZf dhgpZ ij_^eh`_gby ]hjZa^h
k_jv_ag__Ex^bkljZ^Zxsb_wlhc[he_agvxdZdijZ\behb\kh[kl\_gghc
ibkvf_gghc j_qb g_ ihevamxlky \hijhkbl_evgufb b \hkdebpZl_evgufb
agZdZfb gZibkZggu_ bfb l_dklu bglhgZpbhggh [_^gu fhghlhggu
H[uqghlZdhcq_eh\_dg_mf__lb\ujZabl_evghqblZlv\kemoh^ghh[jZagh
©[hjfhq_lª klbob \umq_ggu_ gZbamklv beb ©hl[ZjZ[Zgb\Z_lª bo dZd
kdhjh]h\hjdm Ijhlb\ lZdh]h ql_gby ijhl_klh\Ze _s_ : K =jb[h_^h\
Z\lhjnjZaudhlhjZyklZeZdjueZlhc
©QblZcg_lZddZdihghfZjvZkqm\kl\hfklhedhfkjZkklZgh\dhcª
Hldm^Z [_j_lky ©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklvª d \hijhkbl_evguf b
\hkdebpZl_evguf ij_^eh`_gbyf" Ij_`^_ \k_]h hl g_^hklZlhqgh]h
ijhgbdgh\_gby\kfukeibkvf_gghcj_qbghkbl_e_fdhlhjh]hy\eyxlkyb
agZdb <kihfgbl_ i_j_ibkdm <bdlhjZ =x]h k ba^Zl_e_f Wlhc i_j_ibkdb
g_ [ueh [u _keb [u ibkZl_ev b ba^Zl_ev g_ mf_eb ©qblZlvª agZdb
ij_ibgZgbyihgbfZlvaZdexq_gguc\gbokfuke
22
<hijhkbl_evguc b \hkdebpZl_evguc agZdb ihfh]Zxl \ujZ`Zlv
qm\kl\Z ©G_qm\kl\bl_evghklvª d wlbf agZdZf k\yaZgZ k hlkmlkl\b_f
wfhpbhgZevgh]h hldebdZ ©hlau\qb\hklbª gZ jZ^hklv ]hj_ ]g_\
\ujZ`_ggu_ Z\lhjhf <kihfgbf i_j\mx kljhnm klbohl\hj_gby F X
E_jfhglh\Z©;hjh^bghª

— KdZ`bdZ^y^y\_^vg_^Zjhf
Fhkd\ZkiZe_ggZyih`Zjhf
NjZgpmamhl^ZgZ"
<_^v[ueb`ko\Zldb[h_\u_
>Z]h\hjyl_s_dZdb_
G_^Zjhfihfgbl\kyJhkkby
Ijh^_gv;hjh^bgZ

?keb dlhlh ba \Zk aZibku\Zy wlb kljhdb ih iZfylb g_ klZ\bl
\hijhkbl_evguc b \hkdebpZl_evguc agZdb \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gbc Z wlh
kemqZ_lky ^hklZlhqgh qZklh  agZqbl ibrmsbc g_ \^mfZeky \ \hijhk
aZdexq_gguc \ klbohl\hjguo kljhqdZo E_jfhglh\Z g_ hlha\Zeky gZ
\ujZ`_ggu_\gboqm\kl\Z
Ke_^kl\b_f ©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklbª d kfukeh\hc b wfhpbhgZevghc
klhjhg_l_dklZy\ey_lky©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklvªdbglhgZpbb<f_kl_kl_f
bglhgZpbyijbkmlkl\m_l\ex[hcnhjf_j_qbb\mklghcb\ibkvf_gghc
?_ gm`gh lhevdh gZmqblvky ©keurZlvª hkhagZ\Zlv B lh]^Z l_dkl [m^_l
©a\mqZlvª \ \Zr_f khagZgbb H[ wlhf ibkZe ba\_klguc ikboheh] G B
@bgdbg ©Dh]^Z fu qblZ_f ih\_klb jhfZgu beb ^jZfZlbq_kdb_
ijhba\_^_gbyfu\gmlj_gg_keurbf]hehkZ^_ckl\mxsboebpbZ\lhjZ<
lhc f_j_ \ dZdhc wlb ijhba\_^_gby hlh[jZ`Zxl `bagv hgb ijhgbdgmlu
`b\hc bglhgZpb_cª BlZd \gbfZgb_ b \hkijbbfqb\hklv d kfukem
qm\kl\Zf b \ujZ`Zxs_c bo bglhgZpbb ² \hl qlh g_h[oh^bfh ^ey
ijZ\bevghcihklZgh\dbagZdh\ij_ibgZgby\dhgp_ij_^eh`_gby
Ijh\_jvl_ k_[y _klv eb m \Zk wlZ \hkijbbfqb\hklv" GZibrbl_ ih
iZfylb lh qlh \u emqr_ ihfgbl_ ihke_^gxx kljhnm ©JZafure_gbc m
iZjZ^gh]hih^t_a^ZªG:G_djZkh\Zbeb^\_kljhnubaklbohl\hj_gbyF
XE_jfhglh\Z©Kf_jlvihwlZªghg_kgZqZeZZkhkeh\Zm[bl

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 25).

?keb\k_gm`gu_agZdbgZf_kl_agZqbl^_eZg_lZdm`iehobGhg_
hq_gv]hj^bl_kv<ujZ[hlZeb\ev]hlguo
23
mkeh\byodh]^Z\Zr_\gbfZgb_m`_[uehh[jZs_ghgZgm`gu_agZdb
L_i_jv fu i_j_c^_f d ih^jh[ghfm jZa]h\hjm h \hijhkbl_evguo b
\hkdebpZl_evguoij_^eh`_gbyo

AgZdihegucaZ]Z^hd

©Qlh lZdh_ \hijhkbl_evguc agZd" ² ihrmlbe h^gZ`^u ihwl F :


K\_leh\²WlhkhklZjb\rbcky\hkdebpZl_evgucª
FuihgbfZ_f]em[hdbckfukeaZdexq_gguc\wlhcrmld_ghgbdZd
g_ fh`_f kh]eZkblvky k ij_^klZ\e_gb_f h \hijhkbl_evghf agZd_ dZd h
k]hj[e_gghf klZjbd_ <hijhkbl_evguc agZd \_qgh fheh^ b ihehg kbeu
ohlybkms_kl\m_lklhevdh`_kdhevdhkms_kl\m_lq_eh\_q_kl\h
Ex^bihklhygghaZ^Zxl^jm]^jm]mbkZfbk_[_fgh`_kl\h\hijhkh\
Wlh g_m^b\bl_evgh \hijhku ² ^\b]Zl_ev q_eh\_q_kdh]h ihagZgby
Q_eh\_dm ijbkmsZ ]em[hqZcrZy ihlj_[ghklv hldju\Zlv magZ\Zlv b
h[tykgylvg_ihgylgu_^eyg_]hk\hckl\Zby\e_gbyhdjm`Zxs_]hfbjZ
;hevr_ \k_]h aZ^Zxl \hijhkh\ fZe_gvdb_ ^_lb ^ey dhlhjuo \k_
hdjm`Zxs__bogh\hbaZ]Z^hqghG_kemqZcghibkZl_ev;@bldh\gZa\Ze
bo ©ihq_fmqdZfbª Hkljh b iuleb\h kijZrb\Zxl ih^jhkldb <kx `bagv
klZ\yl \hijhku b bsml hl\_lu gZ gbo mq_gu_ Ihklhyggh kijZrb\Zxl h
q_flh ^jm] ^jm]Z ex^b \ ih\k_^g_\ghf h[s_gbb \ [ulm <k_ wlh
fgh`_kl\h\hijhkh\fh`ghjZa^_eblvihkfukemgZq_luj_]jmiiu
I_j\Zy ]jmiiZ ² wlh \hijhku dhlhju_ aZ^Zxl dh]^Z ohlyl qlhlh
magZlv
Dlhijba\_a^Zobijbemg_
LZdiha^gh_^_lgZdhg_"
:KImrdbg

Q_cdhgvijbfqZekyaZiZe_gguc
BiZegZdZfgbm\hjhl"
FXE_jfhglh\

<lhjZy]jmiiZ²wlh\hijhkugZdhlhju_^Zxlml\_j^bl_evgucbeb
hljbpZl_evguchl\_l

DmfmrdZfg_kljZgghwlh
>ZjZ[hlZeZevlu\e_lh"
B:Djueh\
24
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 23.

=^_gZjh^lZfbklhgWok_j^_qguc
Qlh`_agZqbll\hcklhg[_kdhg_qguc"
Luijhkg_rvkyevbkiheg_gguckbe
Bevkm^_[ih\bgmykvaZdhgm
<k_qlhfh]lum`_kh\_jrbe²
Kha^Zei_kgxih^h[gmxklhgm
B^moh\ghgZ\_dbihqbe"
G:G_djZkh\

M[blDq_fml_i_jvju^Zgvy
Imkluoiho\Zeg_gm`gucohj
B`Zedbce_i_lhijZ\^Zgvy"
Km^v[uk\_jrbekyijb]h\hj
G_\uevki_j\ZlZdaeh[gh]gZeb
?]hk\h[h^guckf_euc^Zj
B^eyihl_objZa^m\Zeb
QmlvaZlZb\rbckyih`Zj"
FXE_jfhglh\

***
Bebfuom`_^jm]bomjh^bebkv"
Bebg_^jm`ghp\_ebdhehkbebkv"
G:G_djZkh\

Lj_lvy ]jmiiZ \hijhkh\ Zevl_jgZlb\gu_  lj_[m_l hl\_lZ gZ \u[hj


kijZrb\Zxsbc gZau\Z_l ^\Z ij_^f_lZ beb [hevr_  Z hl\_qZxsbc
^he`_g\u[jZlvqlhlhh^gh

<b^yl²fZe_gvdZylhqdZ
IhdZaZeZkv\^Ze_d_
LhebqmjdZlheb[hqdZ
Ijhieu\Z_lihj_d_"
:LL\Zj^h\kdbc

Q_l\_jlZy ]jmiiZ ² wlh \hijhku gZ dhlhju_ g_ h`b^Zxl hl\_lZ


Q_eh\_d aZ^Z_l bo dZd [u jZafureyy k kZfbf kh[hc \kihfgbl_
agZf_gblh_ ©;ulv beb g_ [ulv"ª ]eZ\gh]h ]_jhy ljZ]_^bb < R_dkibjZ
©=Zfe_lª beb`_ijb\e_dZyhkh[_g
25
gh_ \gbfZgb_ d lhfm h q_f b^_l j_qv LZdb_ \hijhku gZau\Zxlky
jblhjbq_kdbfb

M\b`mevh^jmavygZjh^g_m]g_l_gguc
BjZ[kl\hiZ^r__ihfZgbxpZjy
BgZ^hl_q_kl\hfk\h[h^uijhk\_s_gghc
<ahc^_lebgZdhg_pij_djZkgZyaZjy"
:KImrdbg

H<he]Zdheu[_evfhy
Ex[beebdlhl_[ydZdy"
G:G_djZkh\

KZfu_jZaghh[jZagu_\hijhkufh]ml\klj_lblvky\f_kl_©ih^h^ghc
djur_cª \ h^ghf b lhf `_ om^h`_kl\_gghf l_dkl_ Ihijh[mcl_
hij_^_eblv dZdb_ \hijhku bkihevah\Ze : K Imrdbg \ klbohl\hj_gbb
©P\_lhdª

P\_lhdaZkhorbc[_amoZgguc
AZ[uluc\dgb]_\b`my
B\hlm`_f_qlhxkljZgghc
>mrZgZihegbeZkvfhy
=^_p\_e"dh]^Z"dZdhc\_kghx"
26
B^he]hevp\_e"bkhj\Zgd_f²
Qm`hcagZdhfhcebjmdhx"
Biheh`_gkx^ZaZq_f"
GZiZfylvg_`gh]hevk\b^Zgvy
BebjZaemdbjhdh\hc
Bevh^bghdh]h]meygvy
<lbrbihe_c\l_gbe_kghc"
B`b\eblhlblZ`b\Zeb"
Bgugq_]^_bom]hehd"
Bebm`_hgbm\yeb
DZdk_cg_\_^hfucp\_lhd"

Dh]^Z \u gZmqbl_kv e_]dh hlghkblv \hijhk d lhc beb ^jm]hc


kfukeh\hc]jmii_\Zf[m^_le_]dh\u^_eylv\hijhkuihkfukem\ex[hf
l_dkl_

G_j_^dh \hijhkbl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby \dexqZxl Keh\Z


ki_pbZevgu_ \hijhkbl_evgu_ keh\Z dhlhju_ dhlhju_
kb]gZebabjmxl  \hijhk_ dlh qlh g_m`_eb jZa\_ eb b ihfh]Zxl
l^ kijZrb\Zlv
Fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb \ wlhc dgb]_ h keh\Zokb]gZeZo
hgb^Zxl\hafh`ghklv\dZdhclhkl_i_gbij_^m]Z^u\Zlv
bfukevbbglhgZpbxbagZdbij_ibgZgby
Ex^bdhlhju_gZmqbebkvqblZlvkb]gZeuyaudZlZd`_\gbfZl_evgh
dZd hohlgbd qblZ_l ke_^u a\_j_c b ilbp ijb \klj_q_ k lZdbf kb]gZehf
kjZamij_^m]Z^u\Zxl\hijhkbl_evgucoZjZdl_jij_^eh`_gby
Hkeh\Zodhlhju_ihfh]ZxlkijZrb\ZlvjZkkdZaZgh\klbohl\hj_gbb
KYFZjrZdZ

?klvmf_gyr_kl_jdZkem]
Ijh\hjguom^Zeuo
B\k_qlh\b`my\hdjm]²
<k_agZxyhlgbo
HgbihagZdmfh_fm
Y\eyxlky\gm`^_
Ah\mlboDZdbIhq_fm
DlhQlhDh]^Zb=^_

GZkZfhf^_e_wlbokeh\g_r_klvZ]hjZa^h[hevr_Ihijh[mcl_bo
\kihfgblv
<kemqZ_aZljm^g_gby\hkihevamcl_kvke_^mxs_cih^kdZadhc
27
GZah\bl_ keh\Z ihfh]Zxsb_ kijhkblv \ dZdhf f_kl_ qlhlh gZoh^blky
magZlv \ dZdh_ f_klh gZ^h ijhclb beb ijh_oZlv \uykgblv ba dZdh]h
]hjh^Z ijb_oZe q_eh\_d magZlv h \j_f_gb dZdh]hlh kh[ulby \uykgblv
ijbqbgmlh]hbebbgh]hy\e_gby
GZah\bl_ dhjhl_gvdh_ keh\h ihfh]Zxs__ aZ^Zlv \hijhk gZ dhlhjuc
hl\_qZxl^Zbebg_l
<kihfgbl_ keh\Z iha\heyxsb_ kijhkblv h `b\hf kms_kl\_ h
g_h^mr_\e_gghfij_^f_l_hqbke_ij_^f_lh\boihjy^dh\hfghf_j_ijb
kq_l_
GZah\bl_ keh\h ijb ihfhsb dhlhjh]h fh`gh magZlv h dZq_kl\_
ijh^_eZgghcjZ[hlu
<kihfgbl_ dZdb_ keh\Z ihfh]Zxl kijhkblv h ijbagZdZo ij_^f_lh\
boijbgZ^e_`ghklbdhfmgb[m^vhlhfkdZdhcp_evxqlhlh^_eZ_lky
:l_i_jvkZfh_ljm^gh_gZah\bl_keh\Z\ujZ`Zxsb_h^gh\j_f_ggh
\hijhkbm^b\e_gb_

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 41).

Bgh]^Z \hijhkbl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby kljhylky [_a \hijhkbl_evguo


keh\BomagZxlihkfukembbglhgZpbb

;_kihdhcgucagZd
BmagZdh\ ;_kdhg_q_g fbj q_eh\_q_kdbo qm\kl\ jZ^hklv ]g_\
[u\Z_l kljZoi_qZev<mklghcj_qbwlbqm\kl\Zi_j_^Zxlg_lhevdh
gZkljh_gb_ keh\Z gh b \ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ `_klu a\mqZgb_ ]hehkZ <
ibkvf_gghc j_qb ©ghkbl_e_fª kZfuo jZaghh[jZaguo qm\kl\
kem`bl\hkdebpZl_evgucagZd
GZrZj_qvfh`_l\ujZ`Zlvfgh]hohjhrboqm\kl\jZ^hklv]hj^hklv
lhj`_kl\h h^h[j_gb_ Mkeh\bfky gZau\Zlv ij_^eh`_gby \ujZ`Zxsb_
wlb qm\kl\Z ©jZ^hklgufbª Ijhqlbl_ ijbf_ju b ihijh[mcl_ hl\_lblv
k_[_dZdh_bf_gghbaqm\kl\\ujZ`_gh\dZ`^hfbagbo

IDjZkmcky]jZ^I_ljh\bklhc
G_dhe_[bfhdZdJhkkby
>Za^jZ\kl\mxlfmau^Za^jZ\kl\m_ljZamf
Lukhegp_k\ylh_]hjb
DZdwlZeZfiZ^Z[e_^g__l
Ij_^ykguf\hkoh^hfaZjb
LZdeh`gZyfm^jhklvf_jpZ_lble__l
28
Ij_^khegp_f[_kkf_jlgufmfZ
>Za^jZ\kl\m_lkhegp_^Zkdjh_lkylvfZ
>jmavyfhbij_djZk_ggZrkhxa
HgdZd^mrZg_jZa^_ebfb\_q_g
MjZFuehfbf]gmlkyr\_^u
HkeZ\gucqZkhkeZ\guc\b^
?s_gZihj²b\jZ][_`bl
:KImrdbg

,,=hjh^qm^guc]hjh^^j_\gbc
Lu\f_klbe\k\hbdhgpu
BihkZ^ub^_j_\gb
BiZeZlub^\hjpu
NG=ebgdZ

Dkh`Ze_gbx\gZr_cj_qbbgh]^Z\ujZ`Zxlkybg_^h[ju_qm\kl\Z
Lh]^Z\\hkdebpZl_evguoij_^eh`_gbyoa\mqZlg_m^h\e_l\hj_gb_mij_db
m]jhau gZkf_rdZ hkdhj[e_gb_ Wlh ©k_j^blu_ª ij_^eh`_gby Ijhqlbl_
ijbf_jubaihwabb:KImrdbgZbhij_^_ebl_dZdb_qm\kl\Z\ujZ`_gu
\gbo
>mjZqbgZluijhklhnbey
G_mf_elu\aylv\udmiZkju[db

:oluf_jadh_kl_deh
Wlh\j_rvlufg_gZaeh

B\ke_^jZa^Zeky]hehkrmfguc
©Dm^Zlu\blyavg_jZamfguc"
KlmiZcgZaZ^yg_rmqm
DZdjZagZoZeZijh]ehqmª

Gh\blyavagZf_gbluc
MkeurZ]jm[u_keh\Z
<hkdebdgmek\Z`ghklvxk_j^blhc
©FheqbimklZy]heh\Z
KeuoZeybklbgm[u\Zeh
Ohlveh[rbjhd^Zfha]mfZeh
Y_^m_^mg_k\bsm
:dZdgZ_^mg_kimsmª

<hkdebpZl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml \ujZ`Zlv lj_\h]m kljZo


ij_^mij_`^_gb_ h[ hiZkghklb ©a\Zlvª gZ ihfhsv Ihijh[mcl_
hij_^_eblvdZdb_qm\kl\Z\ujZ`_gu\ijbf_jZo
29
HkZ^ZijbklmiAeu_\hegu
DZd\hjue_aml\hdgZQ_egu
KjZa[_]Zkl_deZ[vxldhjfhc
 :KImrdbg

Wc[_j_]bl_kvLheklydb
Ijbrebihke_^gb_^_gvdb
XDHe_rZ

Moh^bl_[_]bl_kiZkZcl_ky
Wcih`Zjgu_[_]bl_
Ihfh]bl_ihfh]bl_
DBQmdh\kdbc

< \hkdebpZl_evguo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh`_l \ujZ`Zlvky lZd`_ b ]hj_


i_qZev kh`Ze_gb_ `Zeh[Z <kihfgbl_ kp_gm ba imrdbgkdhc ©KdZadb h
ahehlhfi_lmrd_ªpZjv>Z^hg\b^blk\hbof_jl\uokugh\_c\hgab\rbo
f_qb^jm]\^jm]Z

PZjvaZ\ue©Ho^_lb^_lb
=hj_fg_ihiZebkv\k_lb
H[ZgZrbkhdheZ
=hj_kf_jlvfhyijbreZª

?kebq_eh\_d\b^blqlhlhkljZggh_ g_h`b^Zggh_g_h[uqgh_ lh hg


\ujZ`Z_l kbevgh_ m^b\e_gb_ < lZdbo kemqZyo hg ijhbaghkbl
©m^b\e_ggu_ª ij_^eh`_gby Hkh[_ggh qZklh b kbevgh m^b\eyxlky ^_lb
Wlhohjhrh\ujZ`_gh\^_lkdhcihwabb<hlijbf_jlZdh]hij_^eh`_gby

:oihkfhljbl_klj_dhaZe_lblgZ\_jlhe_l_
: l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv dZdb_ qm\kl\Z \ujZ`_gu \ dZ`^hf
baijb\_^_gguoij_^eh`_gbc

,Qlhkemqbehkv"QlhaZdjbd"
²Wlhlhg_lmq_gbd
HgmiZekh[ju\Z
\j_dm²
Ihfh]bl_q_eh\_dm
>y^yKl_iZ\wlhljZa
MlhiZxs_]hkiZk
K<FboZedh\

,, <hevdZ Dhkluevdh\ gZr_e gZ ^g_ Fhkd\uj_db g_h[udgh\_gguc


]ebgyguckhkm^DeZ^DeZ^khklZjbg
30
gufb\_sZfbbf_xsbfbgZmqgh_agZq_gb_<hlwlha^hjh\h
Ih EBEZ]bgm

,,,©:oluh[`hjZ:oaeh^_cª²
Lml<ZkvdmIh\Zjmdhjy_l

IkZjbdjbqZl©:olbj_[ylZ\hjª

DZdboa\_j_cdZdbolZfilbpyg_\b^Ze
DZdb_[Z[hqdb[mdZrdb
Dhay\dbfmrdblZjZdZrdb
H^gbdZdbamfjm^^jm]b_dZddhjZee
B:Djueh\

<hkdebpZl_evgufbfh]ml[ulvg_lhevdh
ij_^eh`_gby\ujZ`Zxsb_qm\kl\Z<kihfgbfh
ij_^eh`_gbyodhlhju_gZau\Zxlky
ih[m^bl_evgufbhgb\ujZ`ZxlijbdZadhfZg
^mlj_[h\Zgb_bebijhkv[mGZijbf_j)
FheqbmklZeykemrZlv.

 B : Djueh\    Kfbemcky ]hkm^Zjugy ju[dZ : K Imrdbg  Wlb
ij_^eh`_gby fu fh`_f ^ey k_[y gZau\Zlv ij_^eh`_gbydhfZg^bjuª b
ij_^eh`_gby©ihijhrZcdbª
<ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo\u[_aljm^Zkfh`_l_bojZaebqblv
<klZgvihjZgvr_\klZgvihjZgvr_
\klZgvihjZgvr_
dh]^Z^\hjgbdbfZyqZlm\hjhl
Lum\b^brvlum\b^brv
dZd\_k_euc[ZjZ[Zgsbd
\jmdbiZehqdbde_gh\u_[_j_l

>Z\Zcl_\hkdebpZlv
^jm]^jm]hf
\hkobsZlvky
<ukhdhiZjguokeh\g_gZ^hhiZkZlvky
;Hdm^`Z\Z

,, GZrdeZkkaZgyeemqrb_f_klZ\i_j\hfjy^mihlhf\ aZe_ klZeh


l_fg_lv b gZqZeZkv dZjlbgZ Hldm^Z gb \havfbkv ihy\bebkv [_eu_
hnbp_ju bo [ueh hq_gv fgh]h b hgb gZqZeb klj_eylv b djZkgu_
klZeb aZsbsZlvky M f_gy ijyfh aZs_fbeh k_j^p_ y g_ \u^_j`Ze
\uo\Zlbek\hcibklhe_lbaZdjbqZeqlh[uehkbe©I_j\ucdeZkk
31
©<ªH]hgvªB\k_j_[ylZ^hklZebim]Zqbkijh[dZfbb^Z\Zc[ZoZlv
JZbkZ B\Zgh\gZ b ?e_gZ Kl_iZgh\gZ [_]Zeb ih jy^Zf b djbqZeb
©I_j_klZgvl_[_ah[jZagbqZlvIj_djZlbl_ª
>y^_gvdZ k eukbghc aZdjbqZe ©Mkihdhcl_ \Zr kmfZkr_^rbc ^hfª
Dh]^Z[_euog_klZeh\b^ghydjbdgme
©Ij_djZlblvh]hgvª
:\ihg_^_evgbddh]^Zfuijbreb\rdhemgZk\k_ofZevqbr_ddlh
[ue \ dbgh kh[jZeb \ [hevrhf aZe_ >bj_dlhj \klZe b kdZaZe
©K^Z\Zchjm`b_ª
Ih<X>jZ]mgkdhfm

<hkdebpZl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby mihlj_[eyxlky \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z


ex^b h[jZsZxlky ^jm] d ^jm]m ah\ml ^jm] ^jm]Z klZjZxlky ijb\e_qv d
k_[_ \gbfZgb_ ijb\_lkl\mxl dh]hgb[m^v a^hjh\Zxlky ijhsZxlky
\ukdZau\Zxl jZaebqgu_ ^h[ju_ ih`_eZgby Hij_^_ebl_ qlh \ujZ`_gh \
ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo
1.1. A^jZ\kl\mcie_fy
FeZ^h_g_agZdhfh_

IjhsZc`_fhj_G_aZ[m^m
L\h_clhj`_kl\_gghcdjZku

KdZ`bfg_dm^_kgbdex[bf_p[h]h\
Qlhk[m^_lky\`bagbkhfghx"

A^jZ\kl\mcdgyavlufhcij_djZkguc
Qlh`lulbodZd^_gvg_gZklguc"
:KImrdbg

,,Ijb^bl_dgZfHlm`Zkh\\hcgu
Ijb^bl_\fbjgu_h[tylvy
IhdZg_iha^gh²klZjucf_q\gh`gu
Lh\ZjbsbFuklZg_f[jZlvy
::;ehd

,,,A^jZ\kl\mc]hklvyabfZ
BKGbdblbg

,9Yex[exdh]^Zijb\klj_q_
FuagZdhfufbjh^guf
©K^h[jufmljhfª
©>h[juc\_q_jª
©>h[jhcghqbª²]h\hjbf
32
?kebdqZxbevdh[_^m
<^hf\hc^_f²
G_ex[hqlhev
IhdehgykvkdZaZlvkhk_^yf
©QZc^ZkZoZjª
©Oe_[^Zkhevª

>Z`_klZ_`mjZ\ebghc
Me_lZxs_chlgZk
Ihh[uqZyfklZjbgguf
Fudjbqbf
©<kqZkleb\ucqZkª
:YYrbg

Bgh]^Z \ ij_^eh`_gbyo \klj_qZxlky «<


©\hkdebpZl_evgu_ª keh\Z LZdb_ keh\Z ² kb]gZe d hk
ihklZgh\d_\hkdebpZl_evgh]hagZdZ<hlhgbZohcZcwc de
ZmhowoZ]ZmjZmnh]hm\uZcZcZc bp
Zl
_e
v
g
u_
ke
h\

>Z\Zcl_ jZa[_j_fky dh]^Z hgb mihlj_[eyxlky <kihfgbl_ dZdh_ ba
wlbokeh\\ujZ`Z_lkbevgmxjZ

33
^hklv lhj`_kl\h dZdb_ keh\Z ihfh]Zxl \ujZablv m^b\e_gb_ bkim]
h]hjq_gb_kh`Ze_gb_`Zeh[mgZ[hevbebmklZehklv
GZah\bl_keh\Zihfh]Zxsb_a\Zlvex^_cH^ghbagbobkihevam_lky
qlh[u hdebdgmlv q_eh\_dZ dhlhjh]h \u \b^bl_ ^jm]h_ ² qlh[u iha\Zlv
q_eh\_dZdhlhjh]h\ug_\b^bl_ gZijbf_j\e_km 
<kihfgbl_ dZdh_ keh\h \ujZ`Z_l h^gh\j_f_ggh m^b\e_gb_ b
\hkobs_gb_
GZah\bl_ f_`^hf_lb_ mihlj_[ey_fh_ qlh[u ijbklu^blv j_[_gdZ b
f_`^hf_lb_dhlhjh_bkihevam_lkyqlh[ukdZaZlvqlhlhaehjZ^gh_ \jh^_
IhiZeky 
Bgh]^Z \ dZq_kl\_ f_`^hf_lbc mihlj_[eyxlky bf_gZ
kms_kl\bl_evgu_DZjZme;Zlxrdbb ^j
©<hkdebpZl_evgufbª bgh]^Z fh]ml [ulv keh\Z k dhlhjufb fu m`_
klZedb\Zebkv dZd k \hijhkbl_evgufb dZdhc dZd qlh Wlb keh\Z dZd
Zdl_ju kihkh[gu b]jZlv jZagu_ jheb \ \hijhkbl_evguo ij_^eh`_gbyo
hgb ihfh]Zxl kijZrb\Zlv Z \ \hkdebpZl_evguo ihdZau\Zxl qlh
kh^_j`Zgb_ ij_^eh`_gby hdjZr_gh kbevguf qm\kl\hf GZijbf_j \
ij_^eh`_gbb DZd fu \Zk `^Zeb qm\kl\h h`b^Zgby `_eZgby \klj_qb
a\mqbl]hjZa^hkbevg__q_f\ij_^eh`_gbbFu\Zk`^Zeb<ke_^mxsbo
ijbf_jZo \u e_]dh aZf_lbl_ wlh mkbe_gb_ qm\kl\Z [eZ]h^Zjy
bkihevah\Zgbxkeh\dZdqlhbdZdhc

=hem[mrdZdZdohjhrZ
GmqlhaZr_cdZqlhaZ]eZadb
B:Djueh\

DZdhc[hevrhc\_l_j
HoDZdhc\bojv
GGFZl\__\Z

BlZdfu\klj_lbebkvkbgl_j_kgufyaudh\ufy\e_gb_fh^gbbl_`_
keh\Z fh]ml b]jZlv jZagu_ jheb b kem`blv kb]gZeZfb jZaguo agZdh\ \
dhgp_ij_^eh`_gbyIhwlhfmgZqZ\ibkZlvij_^eh`_gb_khkeh\ZdZdbeb
dZdh_ g_ gZkljZb\Zcl_kv Z\lhfZlbq_kdb gZ ihklZgh\dm \hijhkbl_evgh]h
agZdZ \ dhgp_ Z \^mfZcl_kv \ kfuke b ijhgbdgbl_ \ gZkljh_gb_
\ujZ`_ggh_\h\k_fij_^eh`_gbbp_ebdhf
34
IhklZ\bflhqdm
©Lhqdm ihklZ\blv e_]q_ \k_]hª ² gZ\_jgh_ ^mfZ_l_ \u b k
©e_]dhklvx \ fukeyo g_h[udgh\_gghcª klZ\bl_ __ qZklh ^Z`_ \f_klh
\hijhkbl_evgh]h b \hkdebpZl_evgh]h agZdZ IhklZ\blv lhqdm b \ kZfhf
^_e_g_ljm^ghghlhevdhlh]^Zdh]^Z\ZfaZjZg__ba\_klgh]^_dhgqZ_lky
ij_^eh`_gb_ =hjZa^h ljm^g__ _keb dhg_p ij_^eh`_gby gZ^h gZclb
Ihijh[mcl_ jZkklZ\blv lhqdb \ klbohl\hjghf l_dkl_ ba dgb]b : L
:jkbjbyb=F>fbljb_\hc©AZgbfZl_evgZy]jZffZlbdZª

«Dbk_evlZf\Zjylbaj_abgu
lZfrbgu^_eZxlba]ebgu
dbjibqlZf`]mlbafhehdZ
l\hjh]]hlh\ylbai_kdZ
kl_dehlZfieZ\ylba[_lhgZ
iehlbgukljhylbadZjlhgZ
h[eh`dblZfbaqm]mgZ
lZf\ZjylklZevbaihehlgZ
djhyljm[ZobbaieZklfZkku
ihkm^m^_eZxlbafykZdhle_lu
kljyiZxlbakZ`b
lZf\Zdkm^_eZxlbaijy`b
ijy^mllZfgbldbbakmdgZ
dhklxfurvxlbalhehdgZ
dbk_evlZf\Zjyl

M^Zehkveb\ZfihklZ\blvlhqdblZdqlh[ul_dklklZeihgylguf"

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 41).

L_i_jvdh]^Z\Zfyk_gwlhl©nhdmkklhqdZfbªihijh[mcl_ijh^_eZlv
_]hkZfbgZ^jm]bol_dklZo

?^yllZf\bedZfbdhfihl
lZfivxlbaqZr_d[ml_j[jh^
baoe_[ZkkujhflZfdhle_lu
bafykZk\_`_]hdhgn_lu
kgZqbgdhckeZ^dhckmiknZkhevx
\lZj_edZo\k_lZf\Zjylkkhevx

<j_d_lZfju[ZgZ[m]j_
fuqbldhjh\Z\dhgmj_
35
kh[ZdZeZ_lgZaZ[hj_
ih_lkbgbqdZ\dhjb^hj_
b]jZxl^_lbgZkl_g_
\bkbldZjlbgZgZhdg_
mahjubg_y\i_qmjd_
]hjyl^jh\Z\jmdZo^_\qmjdb
gZjy^gZylZfdmdeZ\de_ld_
jmqghcs_]heih_lkZen_ldb
lZfgZklhe_e_`Zldhgvdb
dabf_]hlh\yllZfhqdb
e_`Zl^ey[Z[mrdbl_ljZ^db
\k_]^Zkh^_j`Zlky\ihjy^d_

?keb \Zf m^Zehkv jZkklZ\blv lhqdb lZd qlh l_dkl klZe ihgylguf
agZqblfufh`_fkihdhcghdhgqblvwlm]eZ\mbihklZ\blvlhqdm
<hl fu k \Zfb b \kihfgbeb ©kZfu_ e_]db_ª agZdb ij_ibgZgby <u
^mfZ_l_qlhwlhg_lZdm`\Z`ghqlhwlhimklydb"GhgZ\klmibl_evguo
wdaZf_gZo aZ wlb ©imklydbª kgb`Zxl hp_gdb : dZd h[b^gh ih]hj_lv gZ
©imklydZoªEmqr_m`\k_jv_akgbfbiheZ^blv
36
=eZ\Z III

GZq_f^_j`blkyij_^eh`_gb_
<ihbkdZo]jZffZlbq_kdhchkgh\u

QblZy ij_^u^msmx ]eZ\m \u m[_^bebkv qlh jZkklZ\blv ^Z`_ kZfu_


e_]db_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby  g_ lZd m` e_]dh gZ^h
\^mfu\Zlvky \ kfuke l_dklZ Gh _s_ [he__ gZijy`_ggh ijboh^blky
jZ[hlZlvgZ^imgdlmZpb_c\k_j_^bg_ij_^eh`_gbyA^_kvgZ^h\uqe_gylv
fuke_ggh[ehdbbkdZlvbo]jZgbpu\khhl\_lkl\bbkijZ\beZfb\u[bjZlv
gm`gu_agZdbHklZgh\bfkyij_`^_\k_]hgZhkgh\guo[ehdZo²ijhkluo
ij_^eh`_gbyo\oh^ysbo\khklZ\keh`gh]h
Ba q_]h khklhbl lZdhc [ehd" ?]h k_j^p_\bghc y\ey_lky _^bgkl\h
kdZam_fh]h b ih^e_`Zs_]h ²] j Z f f Z l b q _ k d Z y  h k g h \ Z
ij_^eh`_gby <hdjm] g__ ]jmiibjmxlky \lhjhkl_i_ggu_ qe_gu
h[hkh[e_ggu_bg_h[hkh[e_ggu_

37
=jZffZlbq_kdZyhkgh\Z\_^_lk_[y\ij_^eh`_gbbdZd\hd_Zg_qm^hx^h
ju[Zdbl gZ dhlhjhf \k_ ^_j`blky ?keb \u gZmqbl_kv [ukljh gZoh^blv
]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u \Zf e_]dh [m^_l jZkklZ\eylv l_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby
dhlhju_©ihk_eyxlkyªf_`^mijhklufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\khklZ\_keh`gh]h\
wlhf kemqZ_ ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby klZgh\ylky qZklyfb keh`gh]h JZkkfhljbf
oh^jZkkm`^_gbc

BlZd _keb hkgh\Z h^gZ ij_^eh`_gb_ ijhklh_ ?keb ^\_ beb [hevr_
²keh`gh_
: \_ebdZ eb ij_fm^jhklv ² gZclb ]jZffZlbq_kdmx hkgh\m
ij_^eh`_gby" < g__ \oh^yl kdZam_fh_ b ih^e_`Zs__ ba\_klgu_ k
gZqZevghcrdheu©Wlhkh\k_fg_ljm^ghª²kdZ`mlfgh]b_ba\Zk
Ihkfhljbl_ lZd eb wlh <uibrbl_ ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u ba
ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbc

,<k_ihgylghklZjbdm
KlZjbdmqZkh\sbdm
Bahdhr_qdZj_agh]h
Kgh\Zkeurblky©dmdmª
K<FboZedh\
38
,,Ohaybgl\hcbfbebagZf_gbl
Bmg_]h]hkl_c[u\Z_l\^hf_fgh]h
BdZ`^ucmeu[Zykvghjh\bl
L_[yihr_jklb[ZjoZlghcihljh]Zlv
K:?k_gbg

,,,>_j_\gy]^_kdmqZe?\]_gbc
;ueZij_e_klgucm]hehd
G_fh]hgyf[Zhlohj_y
DZdfugb[bebkvhlebqblv
:KImrdbg

,9<_q_jIhe_H]hgvdb
>Zevgyy^hjh]Z
<<FZydh\kdbc

9H\jZ]]^_ijhl_dZeZj_dZ[uelZd]em[hdqlhj_[ylZg_fh]eb
\b^_lve_kZGZrex[bfuc]hjh^mdjZrZ_la_e_guciZjdIh^gy\rbc
f_qhlf_qZbih]b[g_l Ihkeh\bpZ

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 43).

?keb \u kijZ\bebkv k wlhc jZ[hlhc [_a hrb[hd fh`_l_ k iheguf


ijZ\hf kqblZlv k_[y fheh^phf <Zf ij_^hklZ\ey_lky \hafh`ghklv
ijhimklb\ \ wlhc ]eZ\_ k ²  gZqZlv qblZlv ©EmdZ\u_ª qe_gu
ij_^eh`_gbyª
?keb hrb[db [ueb g_ \iZ^Zcl_ \ mgugb_ hrb[db ² ©^_eh
`bl_ckdh_ª dZd kdZaZe [u DZjekhg dhlhjuc `b\_l gZ djur_ Hgb ^ey
lh]hbkms_kl\mxlqlh[uboij_h^he_\Zlv
M g_dhlhjuo ba \Zk \klj_qZxlky lZdb_ hrb[db ]^_lh g_ hdZaZehkv
ih^e_`Zs_]h]^_lh©ihl_jyehkvªkdZam_fh_]^_lh \f_klh ih^e_`Zs_]h
ih^q_jdgmlh^hiheg_gb_Z\dZdbolhkemqZyoaZ]jZffZlbq_kdmxhkgh\m
ij_^eh`_gbyijbgylukeh\Zg_bf_xsb_gbfZe_cr_]hhlghr_gby^jm]d
^jm]m
©LZd eb m` wlh kljZrgh"ª ² kijhkbl_ \u Dhg_qgh kf_jl_evghc
hiZkghklb lZdb_ hrb[db g_ lZyl Gh dh]^Z g_\_jgh gZc^_gZ
]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z ij_^eh`_gby g_evay ijZ\bevgh m\b^_lv [ehdb
Lh]^ZbihemqZ_lkyqlhijhklu_ij_^eh`_gbyhrb[hqghijbgbfZxlkyaZ
keh`gu_Z\keh`guog_ijZ\bevghhp_gb\Z_lkydheb
39
q_kl\h qZkl_c qlh ijb\h^bl d hrb[dZf \ ihklZgh\d_ agZdh\ bo
hdZau\Z_lky[hevr_bebf_gvr_q_fgm`ghIhke_^kl\bywlh]hhibkZgu\
klbohl\hj_gbbKYFZjrZdZhagZdZoij_ibgZgby

BaaZgZkdZjZxlkljh]h
=jZfhl__\fheh^uo²
L_odlhklZ\blkebrdhffgh]h
BebfZehaZiyluo

KZfuc gZ^_`guc imlv ijb ihbkd_ ]jZffZlbq_kdhc hkgh\u


ij_^eh`_gby lZdh\ kgZqZeZ gZ^h gZclb kdZam_fh_ ihlhf aZ^Zlv hl g_]h
^\hcghc\hijhkdlh"qlh"Keh\hdhlhjh_©hldebdg_lkyªgZwlhl\hijhk²
ih^e_`Zs__?keb\u[m^_l_aZ^Z\Zlv^\hcghc\hijhkg_k\yau\Zy_]hkh
kdZam_fuflhfh`_l_e_]dhihiZklv\eh\mrdmbijbgylvaZih^e_`Zs__
ijyfh_^hiheg_gb_
Ihijh[mcl_ ©g_ aZ[em^blvkyª f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b ^hiheg_gb_f \
ij_^eh`_gbyo JZgvr_ \k_o [_j_] m\b^_e xg]Z b NZkZ^ ^hfZ mdjZrZeb
dhehggu Ijhke_^bl_ aZ l_f dZd bf_ggh \u reb d ih^e_`Zs_fm b
ihcf_l_qlh\Zk©\_ehªkdZam_fh_BgZq_bg_fh`_l[ulvihlhfmqlh

40
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) Kf\hijhkgZk

JZa\_g_m`_eb

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

Dbk_evlZf\ZjylBaj_abgu
lZfrbgu^_eZxlBa]ebgu
dbjibqlZf`]mlBafhehdZ
l\hjh]]hlh\ylBai_kdZ
kl_dehlZfieZ\ylBa[_lhgZ
iehlbgukljhylBadZjlhgZ
h[eh`dblZfBaqm]mgZlZf
\ZjylklZevBaihehlgZ
djhyljm[ZobBaieZklfZkku
ihkm^m^_eZxlBafykZ
dhle_lukljyiZxlBakZ`b
lZf\Zdkm^_eZxlBaijy`b
ijy^mllZfgbldbBakmdgZ
dhklxfurvxlBalhehdgZ
dbk_evlZf\Zjyl

***

lhevdh ih^e_`Zs__ gZau\Z_l lhl ij_^f_l h dhlhjhf jZkkdZau\Z_l


kdZam_fh_
Wlh hq_gv ohjhrh h[tykgbeZ h^gZ fZe_gvdZy ^_\hqdZ dhlhjmx
kijhkbeb ©=^_ ih^e_`Zs__ \ ij_^eh`_gbb EbkbpZ \b^bl kuj — ebkbpZ
bebkuj?»
²Gmdhg_qghebkbpZ²hl\_lbeZ^_\hqdZ²Kujg_fh`_l\b^_lv
mg_]h]eZadh\g_lm
LZd qlh hlukdb\Zy ih^e_`Zs__ \ ij_^eh`_gbyo h xg]_ b h nZkZ^_
^hfZ\u^he`gu[uebjZkkm`^ZlvlZd
m\b^_e d l h "  q l h " ²  xg]Z AgZqbl xg]Z ² ih^e_`Zs__
MdjZrZebd l h " q l h " ² dhehggudhehggu²ih^e_`Zs__
GZc^bl_]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\u\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZoIhijh[mcl_
g_i_j_imlZlvih^e_`Zs__b^hiheg_gb_
41
1. JZkklhygb_ ij_h^he_\Z_l dhgv ij_iylkl\b_ ij_h^he_\Z_l \hey 2.
FZeZy e_gv [hevrh_ ]hj_ ijbghkbl 3. Bghc yaud f_^ ijbg_k_l
^jm]hc[_^mgZdebq_l 4.>_j_\hq_j\vbagmljblhqbl 5.DhjZ[_evgh_
^_eh dhjZ[_evsbd agZ_l 6. >\_jb ihjh`^Zxl kd\hagydb [helmgu
ihjh`^Zxl [_^u 7. Ohjhr__ g_ aZ[u\Z_lky ohjhr__ b \h^Z g_
mg_k_l
Ihkeh\bpu

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 43).

Fgh`_kl\hh[ebqbcih^e_`Zs_]h

JZkkfhljbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ij_^eh`_gby ih^e_`Zs__ \u^_e_gh


dmjkb\hf 

1MlhiZxsbco\ZlZ_lkyaZkhehfbgdm Ihkeh\bpZ
2. Ihevah\Zlvky j_amevlZlZfb ljm^Z lh\ZjbsZ [_kq_klgh < :
Kmohfebgkdbc   H^bg g_ ih^gbf_l ijhklh_ iylb\_jrdh\h_
[j_\gh < < FZydh\kdbc   Ihq_fm kemqbehkv wlh" < <
FZydh\kdbc Qlhkljykehkvml_lb<Zeb" K<FboZedh\ <k_
b^ml l_i_jv \ iZeZlu : K Imrdbg   <gh\v ©k_]h^gyª gZklZeh k
mljZ b m`_ g_ \_jg_lky ©\q_jZª K Y FZjrZd   AZkf_ylvky
^h[jufk\_leufkf_ohffh`_llhevdh]em[hdZy^h[jZy^mrZ G<
=h]hev

L_i_jv \Zf g_ljm^gh khh[jZablv dZdbfb qZklyfb j_qb fh`_l [ulv


\ujZ`_ghih^e_`Zs__<u[m^_l_ijZ\u_kebhl\_lbl_kZfufbjZagufb
_kebhgbhl\_qZxlgZ\hijhkudlh"qlh"aZ^Zggu_hlkdZam_fh]h
L_ dlh mimkdZ_l wlh ba \b^m jbkdmxl ©g_ magZlv ijb \klj_q_ª
[hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h ih^e_`Zsbo Z \ j_amevlZl_ g_ m\b^_lv [ehdb b
©ihl_jylvªg_dhlhju_agZdbij_ibgZgby
DZdb_ `_ bf_ggh ih^e_`Zsb_ qZs_ \k_]h g_ magZxlky ijb \klj_q_"
DZd ijZ\beh bfb hdZau\Zxlky f_klhbf_gby g_ hlghkysb_ky d jZajy^m
ebqguo \hijhkbl_evgu_ b hlghkbl_evgu_ dlh qlh  mdZaZl_evgu_ lZ
l_ lhl  hljbpZl_evgu_ gbdlh gbqlh  g_hij_^_e_ggu_ dlhlh
g_dlh  b l ^ LZdb_ ih^e_`Zsb_ e_]dh fh]ml \uiZklv ba ihey aj_gby
©ijhiZklvªZwlhkg_ba[_`ghklvx\_^_laZkh[hc©ihl_jxª
42
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

1)KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 38.<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uij_^eh`_gbc
ih^e_`Zs__\u^_e_ghdmjkb\hf

I. <k_ ihgylgh keurblky ©dmdmª II. Ohaybg b fbe b agZf_gbl


]hkl_c [u\Z_lfgh]h dZ`^uc ghjh\bl ihljh]Zlv ,,, >_j_\gy
[ueZij_e_klgucm]hehdkdmqZe?\]_gbcG_fh]hghlebqblv
fu [bebkv ,9 <_q_j ihe_ h]hgvdb ^hjh]Z V. 1. H\jZ]  [ue
]em[hd ijhl_dZeZ j_dZ; j_[ylZ g_ fh]eb \b^_lv  MdjZrZ_l
iZjd. 3. Ih^gy\rbcih]b[g_l

2)KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 41.<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uih^e_`Zs__\u^_e_gh
dmjkb\hf

1. Ij_h^he_\Z_ldhgvij_h^he_\Z_l\hey. 2. E_gvijbghkblYaud
ijbg_k_l^jm]hcgZdebq_lQ_j\vlhqblDhjZ[_evsbdagZ_l
6. >\_jb ihjh`^Zxl [helmgu ihjh`^Zxl  Ohjhr__ g_
aZ[u\Z_lky\h^Zg_mg_k_l

***

ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc \ khklZ\_ keh`gh]h b khhl\_lkl\_ggh


\u^_eyxsboboagZdh\
Qlh[u h]jZ^blv k_[y hl ih^h[guo ©ijhiZ`ª ihijh[mcl_ gZclb
]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\u\ke_^mxsbo^Zgguogb`_ij_^eh`_gbyo
WlhlfZevqbdex[blljm^
Wlhlqbklbl\Ze_gdb
<<FZydh\kdbc

2.  <k_djbqZl_fmkfhklZ
 <k_khk_^bagZxlgZk
K<FboZedh\

Lhllmjbkl[eZ]hihemqghi_j_ijZ\bekyq_j_aj_dmWlhlmiZe\\h^m
\f_kl_ k jxdaZdhf  <k_ `b\h_ lyg_lky d khegpm <k_ klboeh  Wlh
i_gb_ jZaghkbehkv ^Ze_dh^Ze_dh Wlh fg_ hq_gv gjZ\behkv  Qlh f_^
e_gghjZa]hjZ_lkylh`Zjq_]hjblOhjhrhkf__lky
43
lhldlhkf__lkyihke_^gbcDlhhohlbekygZhe_gylhlgZaZcpZg_
kfhljbl
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 45).
Hkh[_ggh qZklh ©ijhiZ^Zxlª l_ ih^e_`Zsb_ \ keh`guo
ij_^eh`_gbyodhlhju_©jZ[hlZxlªkhxagufbkeh\Zfbl_h^gh\j_f_ggh
b ijbkh_^bgyxl ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ d ]eZ\ghfm b y\eyxlky
ih^e_`Zsbfb <hl ijbf_j lZdhc ijhiZ`b :e_dk_c ;hqZjh\ ki_rbe \
ahhiZjdd[_]_fhlm Ghkbdmdhlhjuc [he_e A^_kvih^e_`Zs__\h\lhjhc
]jZffZlbq_kdhc hkgh\_ ² dhlhjuc [he_e ² g_j_^dh l_jy_lky Z
\u^_ey_lky eh`gZy hkgh\Z ² :e_dk_c ;hqZjh\ ki_rbe [he_e qlh fh`_l
ijb\_klbdihl_j_aZiylhci_j_^dhlhjuc
Ihijh[mcl_ [_a ihl_jv gZclb ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u \ ke_^mxsbo
ij_^eh`_gbyo

Lhldlhh[ma^Ze]g_\ih[_^bekbevgh]h\jZ]Z
2. Ebrvlhldlhghqvxi_j_ijZ\eyekyq_j_aj_dmhp_gblykguc^_gv
 ?klv g_[hevrZy ilbqdZ dhlhjZy fbjgh khkms_kl\m_l k
djhdh^behfHgZ\ude_\u\Z_lhklZldbibsbdhlhju_aZklj_\Zxlm
g_]hf_`^mam[h\
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 45).

Ih^e_`Zs__fh`_l[ulv\ujZ`_ghkhq_lZgb_fkeh\

:ldZqboZkih\Zjbohc
Kk\Zlv_c[Z[hc;Z[Zjbohc
HdhehpZjykb^yl
:KImrdbg

A^_kvih^e_`Zs__khklhblbak_fbkeh\hghaZgyeh^\_klbohl\hjgu_
kljhqdb
L_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ kZfhklhyl_evgh h[gZjm`blv lZdb_ ih^e_`Zsb_
Gh[m^vl_[^bl_evgu<ijbf_jZokdhlhjufb\uk_cqZk[m^_l_jZ[hlZlv
fgh]h©eh\mr_dª

Bljb^pZlv\blya_cij_djZkguo
Qj_^hcba\h^\uoh^ylykguo
:KImrdbg

>_kylvghq_cih^jy^
Hge_qblg_kqZklguoa\_jyl
DBQmdh\kdbc

:rd\Zemg_k\fhj_
>_kyldZ^\Zrexihd
GGFZl\__\Z
44
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 43.<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uih^e_`Zs__
\u^_e_ghdmjkb\hf

1. FZevqbdex[blWlhlqbklbl <k_djbqZl Khk_^bagZxl


Lmjbkli_j_ijZ\bekyWlhlmiZe@b\h_lyg_lky<k_klboeh
I_gb_jZaghkbehkvWlhgjZ\behkvQlhjZa]hjZ_lkylh]hjbl
Kf__lkylhl; dlhkf__lkyDlhhohlbekylhlg_kfhljbl

2 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uih^e_`Zs__\u^_e_gh
dmjkb\hf

1. Lhl ih[_^be dlh h[ma^Ze  Lhl hp_gbl dlh i_j_ijZ\eyeky 


?klv ilbqdZ dhlhjZy khkms_kl\m_l HgZ \ude_\u\Z_l dhlhju_
aZklj_\Zxl

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 44.<uibkZguih^e_`Zsb_

Ljb^pZlv\blya_cHgRd\ZeHgZLukyqb]eZalukyqb
eZ^hr_d>h`^b>_kylv^g_cYLjbdZieb

***

Hqdh\kihe^x`bgu
HgZk_[_^hklZeZ
B:Djueh\

F_gyhdjm`Zllukyqbm^b\e_gguo]eZa
Bijhlygmlkydhfg_lukyqbl_ieuoeZ^hr_d
HH>jba

>_kylv^g_creb^h`^bWlb^_kylv^g_clygmebkvhq_gv^he]h
Y m\b^_e gZ kl_de_ ljb dZieb ^h`^y  M iZiu ljb dZieb miZeb kh
reyiu <:E_\bg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 45).

G_[hevrh_hlklmie_gb_\aZsblmriZj]Zehd
<h \k_ \j_f_gZ b m \k_o gZjh^h\ rdhevgbdb b klm^_glu ^_eZxl
riZj]Zedb b bah[j_lZxl jZaebqgu_ kihkh[u ih^kdZahd B k lZdbf `_
mihjkl\hfohlvb[_aj_amevlZlghij_ih^Z\Zl_eb[hjxlkykwlbf:fug_
[hj_fkyfugZ\Zr_c
45
klhjhg_ b ohlbf \Zf ihfhqv Ihlhfm qlh g_mf_eh_ bkihevah\Zgb_
©kiZkZl_evguokj_^kl\ªfh`_l^Zlvh[jZlgucj_amevlZl
G_\_jbl_"<hl\Zf ijbf_j ba dgb]b D B Qmdh\kdh]h ©K_j_[jyguc
]_j[ª M ]_jhy dgb]b [ueZ Z[khexlgZy ]jZfhlghklv q_]h g_evay [ueh
kdZaZlv h _]h h^ghdeZkkgbdZo GZ^\b]Zeky ^bdlZgl dhlhjh]h h`b^Zeb k
m`Zkhf =_jhc j_rbe \ujmqblv k\h_]h lh\ZjbsZ Lbfhrm Hg ijb\yaZe d
k\h_fm[hlbgdm\_j_\hqguco\hklhl[mfZ`gh]haf_yZ^jm]hc_]hdhg_p
²dgh]_lh\ZjbsZ©>_jgmjZa²aZiylZy>\Z²\hkdebpZl_evgucLjb
²\hijhkbl_evgucQ_luj_²^\h_lhqb_Ihgye"ª²ihykgbehg
<u^mfdZ bf_eZ mki_o Ke_^mxsbc ©]jZfhl_cª ijhlygme
kb]gZebaZpbxhllbfhrbghcgh]bdk\h_cDg_fmijbkh_^bgbekylj_lbc
bkdhjhwlhl©l_e_nhgªho\Zlbeg_fZemxqZklvdeZkkZ
GZ ijhly`_gbb \k_]h ^bdlZglZ ]_jhc \hkihfbgZgbc ^_j]Ze ^_j]Ze b
^_j]Zegh]hclZdqlh^Z`_\]eZaZol_fg_ehbwlbkb]gZeui_j_^Z\Zebkv
^Zevr_hlh^gh]hmq_gbdZd^jm]hfm
B\hlijbf_jujZ[hlml_odlhihevah\Zekywlbfbih^kdZadZfb©<hl
^_gv dh]^Z ^h[e_klguc B]hjv \_^msbc" \hckdZ ba e_kh\ b [hehl m\b^_e
qlh\ihe_]^_"klhyeb\jZ]bih^gyehkv"aeh\_s__h[eZdhiueb"ª
B^Z`_lZd©<lhl^_gvdh]^Z^h[e_klgucB]hjv\_^msbc\hckdZba
e_kh\b[hehlm\b^_eqlh\ihe_]^_klhyeb\jZ]bih^gyehkvaeh\_s__
h[eZdhiu"ebhgkdZaZedZdkeZ^dhmf_j_lvaZhlqbagmª
>h]Z^Zebkveb\u\q_f[uehg_kh\_jr_gkl\hwlhcih^kdZadb"
=jZfhlguc fZevqbd ibkZe f_^e_ggh b ih^Z\Ze kb]gZeu \
khhl\_lkl\bb kh k\hbf l_fihf ibkvfZ ^jm]b_ ibkZeb [uklj__ gh g_
^mfZyZagZdbklZ\beblZf]^_boaZklZ\Zekb]gZe
Ijbf_jgh lZd \Zk fh`_l ih^\_klb b g_m^Zqgh khklZ\e_ggZy
riZj]ZedZ
RiZj]ZedZ ^Z_l iheh`bl_evguc wnn_dl ijb lj_o mkeh\byo <h
i_j\uogZ^hmf_lvkbkl_fZlbabjh\ZlvfZl_jbZebmeh`blv_]h\djZldmx
q_ldmxaZibkv<h\lhjuogZ^hmf_lvkhklZ\blvgZhkgh\ZgbbwlhcaZibkb
jZa\_jgmluc jZkkdZa <lj_lvbo emqrZy riZj]ZedZ g_ lZ dhlhjZy \
dZjfZg_ZlZdhlhjZy\]heh\_
46
H^bgbagZb[he__m^h[guo\b^h\riZj]Zedb²wlhlZ[ebpZ
K_cqZk fu ih^jh[g__ jZkkdZ`_f \Zf h khklZ\guo kdZam_fuo : ih
oh^mjZkkdZaZ[m^_fmqblvkykhklZ\eylvriZj]Zedm

<fbj_kdZam_fuo
DZdmxbgnhjfZpbx\ufh`_l_ba\e_qvbah^gh]h]eZ]heZ G_kh\k_f
gZijbf_jba]eZ]heZijhqblZeZ">hklZlhqghkms_kl\_ggmx<h ijhklh_
i_j\uokfukeh\mx e_dkbq_kdmx bf_gghijhqblZeZZg_miZeZ ijhklh_
bebg_aZfmjeudZeZ<h\lhjuo^_ckl\b_ijhbahreh\ijhrehf ]eZ]hevgh_
<lj_lvbowlhk^_eZeZhgZl_g_dlh`_gkdh]hjh^Zb^_ckl\b_ kdZam_fh_
kh\_jr_gh_xh^ghc
1  g_k_l gZ k_[_^hklZlhqgh
BlZd ]eZ]he \ ex[hfba lj_o gZdehg_gbc1
[hevrhc ]jma kfukeh\mx e_dkbq_kdmx  gZ]jmadm b ]jZffZlbq_kdmx ²
bgnhjfZpbx h \j_f_gb qbke_ ebp_ Z lZd`_ jh^_ _keb ]eZ]he klhbl \
ijhr_^r_f \j_f_gb Ihbklbg_ jmkkdbc ]eZ]he ² fZkl_j ih ih^gylbx
ly`_kl_c Gh \ ^jm]bo yaudZo fh`gh gZclb b g_ lZdh_ LZd \ yaud_
bg^_cp_\ie_f_gbgmldZ]eZ]hedjhf_\k_]hlh]hqlhkhh[sZ_lgZrg_k_l
bgnhjfZpbx h lhf \ukhdbc q_eh\_d beb gbadbc eukuc hg beb g_l b
kljZ^Z_lebgZjmr_gbyfbaj_gby
BlZd]eZ]he\ex[hfbalj_ogZdehg_gbc\jmkkdhfyaud_g_k_l^\_
gZ]jmadbkfukeh\mxb]jZffZlbq_kdmx
__________________________
11=eZ]hefh`_lklhylveb[h\g_hij_^_e_gghcnhjf_eb[h\h^ghfba
lj_o gZdehg_gbc baty\bl_evghf mkeh\ghf khkeZ]Zl_evghf  beb ih\_eb
l_evghf
=eZ]heu \ baty\bl_evghfgZdehg_gbbh[hagZqZxl ^_ckl\by dhlhju_
ijhbkoh^beb ijhbkoh^yl beb [m^ml ijhbkoh^blv gZ kZfhf ^_e_ baf_
gyxlkyih\j_f_gZfbfh]mlklhylv\gZklhys_fijhr_^r_fb [m^ms_f
\j_f_gb
=eZ]heu \ mkeh\ghf khkeZ]Zl_evghf  gZdehg_gbb h[hagZqZxl
^_ckl\by dhlhju_ j_Zevgh g_ ijhbkoh^yl gh fh]eb [u ijhbkoh^blv ijb
hij_^_e_gguomkeh\byo
=eZ]heu \ ih\_ebl_evghf gZdehg_gbb h[hagZqZxl ^_ckl\by
kh^_j`Zsb_ijbdZaZgb_bebijhkv[m
47
Dh]^Z hg aZgbfZ_l k\h_ f_klh \ ij_^eh`_gbb lh klZgh\blky
i j h k l u f  ] e Z ] h e v g u f  k d Z a m _ f u f  bkijZ\ey_lky k ^\mfy
gZ]jmadZfb
GZqbgZ_fkhklZ\eylvriZj]Zedm
DZdmxbgnhjfZpbx\ufh`_l_ba\e_qvba h^gh]h ]eZ]heZ gZijbf_j
ba]eZ]heZijhqblZeZ">hklZlhqghkms_kl\_ggmx<hi_j\uokfukeh\mx
e_dkbq_kdmx  bf_ggh ijhqblZeZ Z g_ miZeZ beb g_ aZfmjeudZeZ <h
\lhjuo^_ckl\b_ijhbahreh\ijhrehf<lj_lvbowlhk^_eZeZhgZl_
g_dlh`_gkdh]hjh^Zb^_ckl\b_kh\_jr_gh_xh^ghc

Ijhklh_]eZ]hevgh_kdZam_fh_g_\k_]^Ze_]dh^Z_lky\jmdb:\q_f
ijbqbguwlboljm^ghkl_c"
<hi_j\uo \ g_^hhp_gd_ lh]h qlh kdZam_fuf [u\Z_l ]eZ]he \
e x [ h f  g Z d e h g _ g b b  G_dhlhju_ ba \Zk e_]dh gZoh^yl \
ij_^eh`_gbb kdZam_fu_ lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb hgb \ujZ`_gu
]eZ]heZfb \ baty\bl_evghf gZdehg_gbb Z ijb \klj_q_ k ]eZ]hehf \
ih\_ebl_evghf gZdehg_gbb g_ \hkijbgbfZxl _]h dZd kdZam_fh_
GZijbf_j \klZ_l beb \klZe kqblZxlky kdZam_fufb Z \klZgv g_
kqblZ_lky
<h\lhjuo\g_magZ\Zgbb]eZ]heh\fZexlhd_klv[uedhlhju_lh`_
\uklmiZxl\jhebkdZam_fuo
Ihijh[mcl_ gZclb \ ^Zgguo ij_^eh`_gbyo ijhklu_ ]eZ]hevgu_
kdZam_fu_bh[tykgbl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

 Mf bf_c ohlv fZe_gvdbc ^Z k\hc F =hjvdbc   G_ kemrZcl_
gbdh]^Zl_odlh]h\hjbl^mjghh^jm]bobohjhrhh\Zk EGLheklhc 
AgZcwlhlieZf_gvkxguo^g_c
48
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 48.<uibkZgukdZam_fu_

Bf_cG_kemrZcl_]h\hjblAgZc`be;ue
klhyeh

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 49.<uibkZgukeh\Zihke_dhlhjuoklhylaZiylu_

1. Ih]h^bH[jhdIhkfhljb<e_kmL_[y

***

lZyky`be\]jm^bfh_c FXE_jfhglh\ ;ueihe^_gvbkhegp_


klhyehijyfhgZ^]heh\hc <<;bZgdb

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 49).

:l_i_jvjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbykZfhklhyl_evghG_©l_jycl_ª
kdZam_fuobaZiyluo

Ih]h^b\urexdl_[_\gmdZ;m^_ll_[_h[jhddhebaZohq_rv
IhkfhljbdZdhgoehihq_l=^_lh_klv_ev\e_kmih^_evx[_edZ
H[b^_edlhl_[ykdZ`b
:KImrdbg
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 49).

Dh]^Z fu fh`_f k m\_j_gghklvx kdZaZlv qlh fZexldZ [ue —


kZfhklhyl_evgh_kdZam_fh_"Lh]^Zdh]^Z_]hfh`ghaZf_gblvkbghgbfhf
GZijbf_j I_j_^ ^hfhf [ueb p\_lu gZoh^bebkv p\_lu jhkeb p\_lu 
?s_ijbf_j;ueZ`ZjZ@ZjZieueZGZ^Zq_[uehwlh <FZydh\kdbc 
AZf_gZ fh`_l \u]ey^_lv lZd KlhyeZ `ZjZ Ijhbahreh wlh Kemqbehkv
wlh
LZdZy aZf_gZ dZd eZdfmkh\Zy [mfZ`dZ ihdZau\Z_l qlh fZexldZ
]eZ]he²kZfhklhyl_evgh_kdZam_fh_

Bgh]^Z dh]^Z ]eZ]he jZ[hlZ_l \ ij_^eh`_gbb Lh`_


kdZam_fuf hg gb \ baty\bl_evghf gb \ mkeh\ghf gb \ ]eZ]hevgh_
ih\_ebl_evghf gZdehg_gbb \ h^bghqdm ^\mo gZ]jmahd kdZam_fh_
hkbeblvg_fh`_l ghg_ijhklh_
Ihijh[mcl_\uibkZlvkdZam_fu_gZijbf_jbalZdh]h ZkhklZ\gh_
l_dklZ

49
<h \j_fy wib^_fbb ]jbiiZ aZ[he_eb dblu dhlhju_ gZoh^bebkv gZ
dZebnhjgbckdhchd_Zgbq_kdhcklZgpbbKZg>b_]h
E_q_gb_ dblh\ bf__l fgh]h ljm^ghkl_c fhjkdb_ ]b]Zglu g_ mf_xl
iblvfbdklmjmbaeh`_qdbhgbg_kh]eZrZxlkykihdhcgh`^ZlvihdZ
\jZq ihklZ\bl bf ]hjqbqgbd Dblu g_ ih^ieu\Zxl d f_^k_klj_
dhlhjZy^_j`bl\jmdZorijbpki_gbpbeebghfZlZ[e_ldbZkibjbgZ
hgbg_`_eZxl]ehlZlv
<jZqb ^he]h ^mfZeb dZdmx ihfhsv fh]ml ijbgylv hl gbo wlb
h]jhfgu_ `b\hlgu_ b kdhjh \uoh^ gZr_eky Khljm^gbdb
hd_Zgheh]bq_kdhc klZgpbb klZeb ijylZlv e_dZjkl\h \ fZe_gvdbo
ju[hd dhlhjuo ex[yl ih_^Zlv dblu b dblu ih]ehsZeb e_dZjkl\h k
h]jhfgufm^h\hevkl\b_fKdhjh`b\hlgu_klZeb\ua^hjZ\eb\Zlv
Ba`mjgZeh\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 53).

Ijhkfhljbl_ \uibkZggu_ \Zfb khklZ\gu_ kdZam_fu_ b kdZ`bl_ \


dZdhcnhjf_klhyl]eZ]heug_kmsb_hkgh\gmxkfukeh\mxgZ]jmadm
?keb \ZrZ gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv b khh[jZabl_evghklv \Zf ihfh]eb \u
^h]Z^Zebkv q l h  h k g h \ g m x  k f u k e h \ m x  g Z ] j m a d m  g _ k m l
] e Z ] h e u  \  g _ h i j _ ^ _ e _ g g h c  n h j f _  bgh]^Z wlm nhjfm
gZau\Zxlb g n b g b l b \ 
: qlh ^_eZ_l ^jm]hc ]eZ]he" Hg ihfh]Z_l kdZam_fhfm [_j_l gZ k_[y
] j Z f f Z l b q _ k d m x  g Z ] j m a d m  b g_dhlhjmx qZklv kfukeh\hc ?fm
dZdihfhsgbdmb^ZghgZa\Zgb_\ k i h f h ] Z l _ e v g u c 
LZdbf h[jZahf k h k l Z \ g h _ ] e Z ] h e v g h _  k d Z a m _ f h _
h[t_^bgy_l ^\Z ]eZ]heZ ]eZ]he \ g_hij_^_e_gghc nhjf_ b
\kihfh]Zl_evguc]eZ]he
<uibrbl_]eZ]heu\oh^ysb_\khklZ\gh_]eZ]hevgh_kdZam_fh_\^\Z
klhe[bdZ \ i_j\uc klhe[bd \kihfh]Zl_evgu_ ]eZ]heu \h \lhjhc ²
]eZ]heu\g_hij_^_e_gghcnhjf_

,Mf__l\hegZ\^Ze_d_hla_feb
Kihdhcgh^_j`ZlvgZk_[_dhjZ[eb
Ylh`_ohl_egZ\heg_ihe_`Zlv
Ghfhj_g_fh`_lf_gym^_j`Zlv
<Hjeh\
50
,,H^gZiehoZy]jmrZfh`_lbkihjlblv\kxdhjabgmBohjhrbc
dhgvfuqZlvg_fh`_l
Ihkeh\bpu
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 53).

:l_i_jvihijh[mcl_\uibkZlvhkgh\ubake_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbc

 KlZy khjhd fh`_l aZ]gZlv he_gy  Q_eh\_d klj_fblky ih^gylvky
\\_jo \h^Z klj_fblky l_qv \gba  ?keb lu ihjmqbrv ^_eh
[_a^_evgbdm hg l_[y `_ mqblv gZqg_l  B hl fZehc hrb[db [_^Z
fh`_l ijbdexqblvky  Dlh ijb\ud dmlZlvky lhl ay[g_l 
Dheh^_agZyey]mrdZg_fh`_l]h\hjblvhg_[_KlZyfur_cfh`_l
bkdmkZlvlb]jZH^bg^mjZdaZ[jhkbldZf_gv\dheh^_pklhmfguo
g_ kmf_xl ^hklZlv  Qlh dhl ijh]ehlbe lh]h kZf e_\ \_jgmlv g_
kfh`_l
Ihkeh\bpu
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk

IhagZdhfvl_kv [he__ [ebadh k \kihfh]Zl_evgufb ]eZ]heZfb DZdmx


qZklv kfukeh\hc gZ]jmadb hgb g_kml" Qlh[u ihgylv wlh kgZqZeZ
\gbfZl_evghijhqlbl_gZa\ZgbydhehghdlZ[ebpu

GZqZehdhg_p Kihkh[ghklvbeb GZf_j_gb_ I_j_`b\Zgby


bebijh^he`_gb_ g_kihkh[ghklv `_eZgb_beb bfukeb
^_ckl\by kh\_jrblv g_`_eZgb_ ihih\h^m
^_ckl\b_ kh\_jrblv ^_ckl\by
^_ckl\b_
1
2
3
4

L_i_jv ijhqlbl_ kibkhd ]eZ]heh\ b ihijh[mcl_ kZfhklhyl_evgh


jZkij_^_eblvboihdhehgdZflZ[ebpu
@_eZlv ^mfZlv fhqv mf_lv gZqZlv klZlv `Z`^Zlv gZ^_ylvky
[hylvky dhgqblv kmf_lv jZamqblvky mobljblvky ijbgylvky
klZjZlvkyijh^he`blvklu^blvkykh[bjZlvkygZf_j_\Zlvkyj_rblv
imklblvkyij_djZlblv]hlh\blvkygZmqblvkyf_qlZlvohl_lv
51
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Bgh]^Z khklZ\gh_ ]eZ]hevgh_ kdZam_fh_ fh`_l h[oh^blvky b [_a


ihfhsb \kihfh]Zl_evgh]h ]eZ]heZ Lh]^Z \ _]h khklZ\ \oh^yl g_dhlhju_
djZldb_ ijbeZ]Zl_evgu_ dhlhju_ \iheg_ kijZ\eyxlky k jZ[hlhc
\kihfh]Zl_evgh]h]eZ]heZ
GZijbf_j ^he`_g ijb_oZlv \ugm`^_g mclb kihkh[_g jZ[hlZlv
]hlh\hlijZ\eylvkyh[yaZgy\blvkyjZ^\b^_lv

IjhqblZcl_l_dkl<uibrbl_baij_^eh`_gbckdZam_fu_

H[_avygu kihkh[gu ih^he]m kfhlj_lv dbghnbevfu h `b\hlguo


Nbevfuijhh[_avyghgb ]hlh\u kfhlj_lv p_eufb qZkZfb H^gZ`^u
ijb ^_fhgkljZpbb nbevfZ h `b\hlguo gZ wdjZg_ ihy\bebkv af_b b
h[_avygu lZd i_j_im]Zebkv qlh ex^b \ugm`^_gu [ueb ij_djZlblv
nbevfH^gZfZe_gvdZyh[_avygdZlZd[hyeZkvkfhlj_lvgZwdjZgqlh
hgZ ^Z`_ kijylZeZkv \ m]he ;_^gy`dZ [ueZ jZ^Z aZe_alv gZ jmdb d
i_j\hfm`_ih^hr_^r_fmq_eh\_dm
Ba`mjgZeh\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 55).

:l_i_jv\uibrbl_bal_dklZhkgh\uij_^eh`_gbc

I_j\hdeZkkgbd ^he`_g y\blvky \ rdhem gZ oh^meyo Hg \ugm`^_g


^_eZlv wlh \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb ijb_fZ \ rdhem E_ck_jZ \
Ehg^hg_Fu]hlh\uihgylvwlhlj_[h\Zgb_\rdhe_mqZlky[m^msb_
Zjlbklu pbjdZ Ijb ihklmie_gbb \h \lhjhc deZkk rdhevgbd h[yaZg
\hclb\rdhemgZjmdZo>bj_dlhj]hlh\ijbgylv\lj_lbcdeZkkl_o
dlhfh`_l\hclb\_]hdZ[bg_lihgZlygmlhfmdZgZlm
Ba`mjgZeh\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 55).

<uibrbl_ ba l_dklZ hkgh\u ij_^eh`_gbc MdZ`bl_ f_klh agZdh\


ij_ibgZgby

Ex^bgZqZebmqblvkykqblZlv\g_aZiZfylgu_\j_f_gZZmqbeZbokZfZ
`bagv>j_\gb_ex^b^he`gu[ueb^h[u\Zlvk_[_ibsmhohlhcHgb
kh[bjZebkv hohlblvky gZ djmigh]h a\_jy \k_f ie_f_g_f ihlhfm qlh
gbdlh g_ kfh] [u kijZ\blvky k gbf \ h^bghqdm Qlh[u ^h[uqZ g_
mreZex^b^he`gu[uebhdjm`blv`b\hlgh_kh\k_oklhjhg
52
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k
   KdZam_fu_ jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbc hl^_e_gu lhqdhc k aZiylhc.

AZ[he_ebgZoh^bebkvbf__l g_ mf_xl iblv g_ kh]eZrZxlky `^Zlv


ihklZ\bl g_ ih^ieu\Zxl ^_j`bl g_ `_eZxl ]ehlZlv ^mfZeb fh]ml
ijbgylv gZr_eky klZeb ijylZlv ex[yl ih_^Zlv ih]ehsZeb klZeb
\ua^hjZ\eb\Zlv

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 50.

,Mf__l ^_j`Zlv
ohl_e ihe_`Zlv
g_fh`_l m^_j`Zlv

,,Fh`_l bkihjlblv
G_fh`_l fuqZlv

3) KfaZ^ZgbygZk 51.

1. KlZy fh`_l aZ]gZlv  Q_eh\_d klj_fblky ih^gylvky \h^Z


klj_fblky l_qv  Lu ihjmqbrv hg mqblv gZqg_l  ;_^Z fh`_l
ijbdexqblvky  Dlh ijb\ud dmlZlvky lhl ay[g_l  Ey]mrdZ g_
fh`_l ]h\hjblv  KlZy fh`_l bkdmkZlv  H^bg ^mjZd aZ[jhkbl
klh mfguo g_ kmf_xl ^hklZlv  Dhl ijh]ehlbe e_\ \_jgmlv g_
kfh`_l

***

Lmlhgbg_fh]ebh[hclbkv[_akq_lZ>j_\gb_g_mf_ebkqblZlvijb
ihfhsb pbnj gh hgb fh]eb ihdZaZlv qbkeZ gZ iZevpZo jmd ?klv b
k_cqZk gZ a_fe_ ie_f_gZ dhlhju_ ijb kq_l_ g_ fh]ml h[hclbkv [_a
ihfhsbiZevp_\
Ba`mjgZeh\
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 57).

<uibrbl_ ba ^Zgguo keh\hkhq_lZgbc lhevdh l_ dhlhju_ \


ij_^eh`_gbbfh]ml[ulvkhklZ\gufb]eZ]hevgufbkdZam_fufb

I_j_klZermf_lv[m^mibkZlvij_djZlbermfgZqbgZxsbcbamqZlv
gZqZebamqZlvgbq_]hg_^he`_g^he
53
`_g ih^gylvky jZ^ \klj_q_ jZ^ ihfhqv [m^m ijbgbfZlv ]hlh\
ijbgylv

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Kh[_jbl_ ©jZkkuiZggu_ª ij_^eh`_gby b \u^_ebl_ bo hkgh\u


KhklZ\vl_bagbok\yagucl_dkl

R_dkibjZ\j_f_gZjhebbkihegylvh[uqZc\hfm`qbguaZij_sZe
[uebb]jZlv`_gsbgZfb\l_Zlj_`_gkdb_^he`gu
b \h\j_fy bgh]^Z gZqbgZeb g_ mki_\Zeb Zdl_ju rmf_lv gZqZlv
ki_dlZdevajbl_eb
ihlhfm qlh gZ ihl_ji_lv ]eZ\gZy ih[jblvky h^bg lh]^Z im[ebdm
]_jhbgy kp_gm ijhkbe g_ mki_eZ dhlhjuc ba Zdl_jh\ \uoh^be
g_fgh]h_s_b

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZ\_jgh_ dlhlh ba \Zk \u^_ebe hkgh\u h[uqZc aZij_sZe


b]jZlvbbh^bg ba Zdl_jh\ \uoh^be b ijhkbe ihl_ji_lv b k\_jb\ k\hx
jZ[hlm k hl\_lhf ijbr_e \ g_^hmf_gb_ >Z\Zcl_ jZa[_j_fky k wlbfb
ijbf_jZfb \f_kl_ =eZ]he aZij_sZe hlghkblky d ih^e_`Zs_fm h[uqZc Z
]eZ]he b]jZlv h[hagZqZ_l ^_ckl\b_ dhlhjh_ fh]eb kh\_jrZlv `_gsbgu
LhqghlZd`_h[klhbl^_ehb\h\lhjhfijbf_j_H^bgbaZdl_jh\\uoh^be
bijhkbeghihl_ji_lv^he`gZ[ueZim[ebdZL_i_jvgZ^__fky\k_fykgh
ihq_fm\wlboijbf_jZokdZam_fu_ijhklu_Zg_khklZ\gu_]eZ]hevgu_
: l_i_jv ihlj_gbjm_fky Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf \uibkZlv ba ij_^eh`_gbc
kdZam_fu_ Ihfgbl_ qlh wlh aZ^Zgb_ k eh\mrdhc dhlhjZy khklhbl \ lhf
qlhkdZam_fu_^Ze_dhg_\dZ`^hfij_^eh`_gbbkhklZ\gu_]eZ]hevgu_

Yijb]eZkbelh\ZjbsZihb]jZlvkhfghc\rZofZlu
2. GZ dZgbdmeu fu kh[jZebkv ih_oZlv d [Z[mrd_  K [hevrbf
ljm^hf hl_p aZklZ\be Xjm k_klv aZ mjhdb  OhaycdZ ihijhkbeZ
]hkl_c k_klv d klhem  DZdhc ih^jhklhd g_ f_qlZ_l ihe_l_lv \
dhkfhk[Ym]h\hjbehlpZdmiblvfg_nhlhZiiZjZl

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 4 gZk 57).

: l_i_jv ihkfhljbl_ dZd fh`gh meh`blv \ riZj]ZedmlZ[ebpm \k_


kZfh_]eZ\gh_qlhfumagZebhkhklZ\ghf]eZ]hevghfkdZam_fhf
54
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 51.Ghf_jZkhhl\_lkl\mxl]jZnZflZ[ebpu

 GZqZlv klZlv dhgqblv ijbgylvky ijh^he`blv imklblvky


ij_djZlblv Fhqvmf_lvkmf_lvgZmqblvkyjZamqblvky mobljblvky 
@_eZlv `Z`^Zlv f_qlZlv ohl_lv klZjZlvky kh[bjZlvky gZf_j_\Zlvky
j_rblv]hlh\blvky>mfZlvgZ^_ylvky[hylvkyklu^blvky

2) KfaZ^Zgb_ 2 gZk 52.KdZam_fu_jZaguoij_^eh`_gbchl^_e_gulhqdhck


aZiylhc

Kihkh[gu kfhlj_lv ]hlh\u kfhlj_lv ihy\bebkv i_j_im]Zebkv


\ugm`^_gu [ueb ij_djZlblv [hyeZkv kfhlj_lv kijylZeZkv [ueZ jZ^Z
aZe_alv

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 52.Hkgh\ujZaguoij_^eh`_gbcjZa^_e_gulhqdhck
aZiylhc

I_j\hdeZkkgbd ^he`_g y\blvky hg \ugm`^_g ^_eZlv fu ]hlh\u


ihgylv mqZlky Zjlbklu rdhevgbd h[yaZg \hclb^bj_dlhj ]hlh\ ijbgylv
dlhfh`_l\hclb

***

55
?s_h^gh >Z\Zcl_\kihfgbfi_k_gdm;Hdm^`Z\u
khklZ\gh_ H^bgkhe^ZlgZk\_l_`be
kdZam_fh_ DjZkb\ucbhl\Z`guc
ghg_ Ghhgb]jmrdhc^_lkdhc[ue
]eZ]hevgh_ <_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc
Zbf_ggh_ Qlh khh[sZ_lky h khe^Zl_ \ ihke_^gbo ^\mo kljhqdZo
qlh hg [ue beb qlh hg [ue b]jmrdhc" Qlh khe^Zl [ue beb
qlhkhe^Zl[ue[mfZ`guc?
Fu gZ^__fky qlh \uhl\_lbeb lZd h[ wlhfkhe^Zl_ khh[sZ_lky qlh
hg[ueb]jmrdhcqlhhg[ue[mfZ`guc
Keh\hkhq_lZgby [ue b]jmrdhc, [ue [mfZ`guc g_kml kfukeh\mx
gZ]jmadm\f_kl_h[t_^bgb\rbkv\kdZam_fh_dhlhjh_khklZ\e_ghba^\mo
beb lj_o [u\Z_l b [hevr_  keh\ ?kl_kl\_ggh qlh hgh gZau\Z_lky
khklZ\gufGh\hlebqb_hlkhklZ\gh]h]eZ]hevgh]hkdZam_fh]hhkgh\gmx
gZ]jmadmg_kmlbf_ggu_qZklbj_qbMHdm^`Z\uwlh\i_j\hfkemqZ_bfy
kms_kl\bl_evgh_ Z \h \lhjhf ² ijbeZ]Zl_evgh_ < wlhc jheb fh`_l
hdZaZlvkyex[ZyqZklvj_qbdhlhjZy\uklmiZ_l\jhebbf_gbkms_kl\b

56
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 52.

Ex^b gZqZeb mqblvky kqblZlv  \j_f_gZ Z mqbeZ `bagv Ex^b


^he`gu [ueb ^h[u\Zlv Hgb kh[bjZebkv hohlblvky  ie_f_g_f ihlhfm
qlh gbdlh g_ kfh] [u kijZ\blvky Qlh[u ^h[uqZ g_ mreZ ex^b ^he`gu
[ueb hdjm`blv Hgb g_ fh]eb h[hclbkv >j_\gb_ g_ mf_eb kqblZlv 
pbnjghhgbfh]ebihdZaZlv?klvie_f_gZdhlhju_g_fh]mlh[hclbkv

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 53.

I_j_klZermf_lvgZqZebamqZlv^he`_gih^gylvkyjZ^ihfhqv]hlh\
ijbgylv

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

<h\j_f_gZR_dkibjZh[uqZcaZij_sZe`_gsbgZfb]jZlv\l_Zlj_b
`_gkdb_ jheb ^he`gu [ueb bkihegylv fm`qbgu Bgh]^Z Zdl_ju g_
mki_\ZebgZqZlvki_dlZdev\h\j_fybajbl_ebgZqbgZebrmf_lvLh]^ZgZ
kp_gm \uoh^be h^bg ba Zdl_jh\ b ijhkbe im[ebdm ihl_ji_lv g_fgh]h
ihlhfmqlh]eZ\gZy]_jhbgy_s_g_mki_eZih[jblvky

4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 54.

Ijb]eZkbe  Kh[jZebkv ih_oZlv  AZklZ\be  IhijhkbeZ 


F_qlZ_lihe_l_lvM]h\hjbe
***

l_evgh]h beb ijhbahreZ hl bf_gb kms_kl\bl_evgh]h Z lZd`_ bfy


qbkebl_evgh_<wlhc`_jhebfh`_l\uklmiblvbijbqZklb_lZd dZdhgh
hnhjfe_ghdZdijbeZ]Zl_evgh_
DZd^_eylgZ]jmadmkeh\Z\wlbokdZam_fuo"
;ueg_k_l]jZffZlbq_kdmxgZ]jmadmAZlhkfukeh\hckh\k_fg_g_k_l
: bf_ggu_qZklb j_qb ²b kfukeh\mx b qZklv ]jZffZlbq_kdhc lZd dZd
mdZau\ZxlgZqbkehbjh^ih^e_`Zs_]h
Ihwlhfm kdZam_fh_ khklZ\e_ggh_ ba wlbo qZkl_c gZau\Z_lky
k h k l Z \ g u f  b f _ g g u f  k d Z a m _ f u f , Z _]h qZklb ² ] e Z ] h e 
k\yadZbbf_ggZyqZklv.
Ijh^he`Z_fkhklZ\eylvriZj]Zedm kfk 
57
<uibrbl_ ba keh\hkhq_lZgbc lhevdh l_ dhlhju_ \ ij_^eh`_gbb
fh]ml[ulvkhklZ\gufbbf_ggufbkdZam_fufb

AZ\ljZ ijb_^m [m^m ]hkl_f gZqZe ^mfZlv [ue aZ^mfqb\uf ohqm


^hfhcmg___klv_klvfh_gZb\ukr__^hklb`_gb_

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 61).

<_jg_fkydgZr_fm[mfZ`ghfmkhe^Zlbdmb\uibr_f\k_kdZam_fu_
ba kljhq_d dhlhju_ ijb\_^_gu gb`_ <hae_ dZ`^h]h kdZam_fh]h
gZibrbl_dZdh_hgh
Hgi_j_^_eZlvfbjohl_e
Qlh[[uekqZkleb\ufdZ`^uc
:kZfgZgblhqd_\bk_e
<_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc
;Hdm^`Z\Z

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 61).

<uibrbl_bal_dklZhkgh\uMdZ`bl_f_klhagZdh\ij_ibgZgby

< ^Ze_dmx^Ze_dmx ihjm jmqgu_ @b\hlgu_ [ueb @b\hlgufb


>bdbfbKh[ZdZ[ueZ^bdZybDhjh\Z[ueZ^bdZybH\pZ[ueZ^bdZyb
\k_hgb[ueb^bdb_ij_^bdb_Hgb^bdh[em`^Zebihfhdjuf>bdbf
E_kZf Gh kZfZy ^bdZy [ueZ >bdZy DhrdZ HgZ [jh^beZ ]^_ lhevdh
hgZohl_eZihlhfmqlhhgZ]meyeZkZfZihk_[_Q_eh\_dlh`_[ue^b
dbcHggbdh]^Zg_[ue[ujmqguf_keb[u_fmg_ihfh]eZ@_gsbgZ
IhJDbiebg]m
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 61).

HohlZaZkhklZ\gufbkdZam_fufbbf__lh^gm[hevrmxljm^ghklv_]h
qZklbfh]mlklhylvg_jy^hf_kebbojZa^_eyxl^jm]b_keh\ZHgbfh]ml
^Z`_hdZaZlvky\jZaguodhgpZoij_^eh`_gbyB^eylh]hqlh[u\ueh\blv
bo gm`gh ykghihgbfZlv qlhbf_ggh khh[sZ_lkyh ih^e_`Zs_f b dZdh_
keh\hkgbfkbglZdkbq_kdbk\yaZghIjb\_^_fijbf_ju
Hlebqbl_evghchkh[_gghklvxijhn_kkhjZ[ueZ_]hex[h\vd^_lyf
J_amevlZlhfwlhcex[\bd^_lyf[ueZkdZadZ©:ebkZ\KljZg_qm^_kª
58
B \ i_j\hf b \h \lhjhf ij_^eh`_gbb qZklb bf_ggh]h khklZ\gh]h
kdZam_fh]h [ueZ hkh[_gghklvx [ueZ j_amevlZlhf  hl^_e_gu ^jm] hl
^jm]Z
QZklbkhklZ\gh]hkdZam_fh]hfh]ml[ulvjZa^_e_gub[he__k_jv_aghc
ij_]jZ^hc ?keb \gmljv ij_^eh`_gby aZ[jZeZkv ©fZlj_rdZª lh qZklb
khklZ\gh]h kdZam_fh]h fh]ml hdZaZlvky ih jZagu_ __ klhjhgu GZijbf_j
lZdEmqrbfqlhgZoh^behkv\dhfgZl_[uefZd_liZjmkghcyolu
I_j_ibrbl_ ij_^eh`_gby jZkklZ\eyy agZdb ij_ibgZgby b
ih^q_jdb\Zyhkgh\u

I KZfufb hqZjh\Zl_evgufb kms_kl\Zfb k dhlhjufb fg_


ijboh^behkv \klj_qZlvky [ueb [_eho\hklu_ ]gm  I_j\uf qlh y
ihiulZeky k^_eZlv \ dZq_kl\_ ijb_fghc fZl_jb [ueh \kdZjfeb\Zgb_
q_luj_ogh\hjh`^_gguo_`Zl
Ih>`>Zjj_eem

,,K_^vfhcieZg_lhcdhlhjmxihk_lbeFZe_gvdbcijbgp[ueZA_fey
Ih:K_glWdaxi_jb
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 4 gZk 61).

Jhevk\yahdfh`_lb]jZlvg_lhevdh]eZ]he[ulvghb^jm]b_]eZ]heu
gZijbf_j ^_eZlvky klZlv klZgh\blvky y\eylvky kqblZlvky
dZaZlvky[u\ZlvgZau\ZlvkyhdZau\ZlvkyhklZlvky
Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\ij_^eh`_gbyoJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

1. < kheg_qgu_ hdly[jvkdb_ ^gb fu qZklh klZgh\bfky k\b^_l_eyfb


hk_gg_]h ihe_lZ iZmlbgu Wlb e_lysb_ gblb y\eyxlky kj_^kl\hf
i_j_^\b`_gby ih \ha^mom ^ey f_edbo iZmqdh\ Ba `mjgZeh\  
>\Z^pZlv iylv heh\ygguo khe^Zlbdh\ ijboh^bebkv ^jm] ^jm]m
jh^gufb [jZlvyfb = ; :g^_jk_g   Ijbgp_kkZ k^_eZeZkv
dhjhe_\hc q_f hgZ [ueZ hq_gv ^h\hevgZ = ; :g^_jk_g
Kg_`gZydhjhe_\Zm`_g_dZaZeZkvDZxe_^yghcl_i_jvhgZij_^
klZ\eyeZkv _fm kh\_jr_gkl\hf  <h \j_f_gZ I_ljZ , kZfhe_lhf
gZau\ZekyiZjhfdhlhjucoh^beihi_j_dj_dbihljhkm<ijhrehf
\_d_keh\h©kZfhe_lªklZehgZa\Zgb_fldZpdh]hq_eghdZZkdhgpZ
ijhreh]h klhe_lby hgh y\ey_lky gZbf_gh\Zgb_f e_lZl_evgh]h
ZiiZjZlZ
Ba`mjgZeh\
59
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

=eZ]heu dhlhju_ fu i_j_qbkebeb gZ k  \ jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbyo


fh]mlb]jZlvjZagu_jheb\h^gbo²ijhklh]h]eZ]hevgh]hkdZam_fh]h\
^jm]bo²]eZ]heZk\yadb\khklZ\ghfbf_gghfkdZam_fhf
<uibrbl_kdZam_fu_baij_^eh`_gbc

 <bkys__ \ m]em iZevlh \ kmf_jdZo ihdZaZehkv q_eh\_dhf  AZ


ih\hjhlhf ^hjh]b ihdZaZeky klZjuc ^hf  Ihke_ hle_lZ klZb gZ
[_j_]m hklZeky `mjZ\ev k ihehfZgguf djuehf  Hg hklZeky
h^bghdbf  KgZqZeZ FbrdZ k [hevrhc hklhjh`ghklvx klZgh\beky
gZoh^mebGhkh\j_f_g_fhgklZgh\bekym\_j_gg__
<x`ghf]hjh^_dZ`^mx\_kgm[u\Z_ldZjgZ\Ze
WlhlijZa^gbd[u\Z_lhq_gvdjZkhqgufKlZjrbc[jZlkem`be\h
nehl_RZeZrkem`begZ^_`gufm[_`bs_fhl^h`^y

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 6 gZk 61).

©Ihkljhcl_\iZjuª]eZ]heuk\yadbbbf_ggu_qZklb
KlZe[u\Z_lhklZekyhq_gvohjhrmq_guf^jm]hf
2. ;uey\ey_lky_klvgZr^he]aZgyljmdh\h^bl_e_f
3. HdZaZeky gZau\Z_lky [m^_l keZ\guf lh\Zjbs_f ©H]hg_dª
\ajhkeuf

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 65).

FZe_gvdZyih\_klvhkh\k_ffZe_gvdhf]eZ]he_[ulv,

dhlhjuc[u\Z_lg_ihoh`gZkZfh]hk_[y

DZd wlh lZd ² ]eZ]he g_ ihoh` gZ kZfh]h k_[y" Qlhlh g_ \_jblky
fh`_l_ kdZaZlv \u Gh fu m\_j_gu qlh \u kfh`_l_ _]h h[gZjm`blv
GZc^bl_ \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo b \uibrbl_ h^bg b lhl `_ ]eZ]he \
jZaguoh[ebqbyo
H[eZdZ[_]mlgZ^fhj_f
Dj_ig_l\_l_jau[vq_jg_c
;m^_l[mjy²fuihkihjbf
Bihfm`_kl\m_fkg_c
60
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 58.

;m^m]hkl_f[ueaZ^mfqb\uf_klvgZb\ukr__^hklb`_gb_

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 58.

Ohl_e i_j_^_eZlv khkl ]eZ]  [ue kqZkleb\uf khklbf  \bk_e


ijhkl]eZ] [ue[mfZ`guc khklbf 

3) Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k .
 

Jmqgu_ @b\hlgu_ [ueb @b\hlgufb >bdbfb Kh[ZdZ [ueZ ^bdZy b


Dhjh\Z [ueZ ^bdZy b H\pZ [ueZ ^bdZy b \k_ hgb [ueb ^bdb_ij_^bdb_
Hgb [em`^Zeb >bdZy DhrdZ [ueZ kZfZy ^bdZy HgZ [jh^beZ ]^_  hgZ
ohl_eZ ihlhfm qlh hgZ ]meyeZ Q_eh\_d lh`_ [ue ^bdbc Hg g_ [ue [u
jmqguf_keb[ug_ihfh]eZ`_gsbgZ

4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 59.<uibkZguhkgh\ubihdZaZghf_klhaZiyluo

1.1. ;_eho\hklu_ ]gm [ueb kms_kl\Zfb ijboh^behkv \klj_qZlvky


« kms_kl\Zfb k dhlhjufb « [ueb «  <kdZjfeb\Zgb_ [ueh
i_j\ufyihiulZekyk^_eZlvI_j\ufqlh «[ueh«,,A_fey[ueZ
ieZg_lhcFZe_gvdbcijbgpihk_lbe«ieZg_lhcdhlhjmx«[ueZ«

5) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 59.<uibkZguhkgh\umdZaZghf_klhagZdh\ij_ibgZgby

1. Fu klZgh\bfky k\b^_l_eyfb Gblb y\eyxlky kj_^kl\hf


i_j_^\b`_gby>\Z^pZlviylvkhe^Zlbdh\ijboh^bebkv[jZlvyfb
Ijbgp_kkZ k^_eZeZkv dhjhe_\hc q_f hgZ [ueZ ^h\hevgZ  Kg_`gZy
dhjhe_\Zg_ dZaZeZkv e_^yghc hgZij_^klZ\eyeZkv kh\_jr_gkl\hf 
IZjhf gZau\Zeky kZfhe_lhf « dhlhjuc oh^be Keh\h klZeh
gZa\Zgb_fZ«hghy\ey_lkygZbf_gh\Zgb_f

6) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 60.

1. IhdZaZehkv q_eh\_dhf  IhdZaZeky  HklZeky  HklZeky


h^bghdbf  KlZgh\beky  KlZgh\beky m\_j_gg__  ;u\Z_l 
;u\Z_ldjZkhqgufKem`beKem`bem[_`bs_f

***

61
LZfaZ^Zevxg_ih]h^u
?klv[eZ`_ggZykljZgZ
G_l_fg_xlg_[Zk\h^u
G_ijhoh^bllbrbgZ
GYaudh\

Dh]^Z\kl_iyoaZklZghfklZg
;jh^bebhj^udhq_\u_
;ueoZgHljhdboZgKujqZg
>\Z[jZlZ[Zlujbebob_
:GFZcdh\

?keb\u^h]Z^Zebkv\q_fkmlv^_eZlh\u\uibkZeb]eZ]heu [m^_l,
_klv b [ue Wlh h^bg b lhl `_ ]eZ]he dhlhjuc \ jZaguo \j_f_gZo
\u]ey^blihjZaghfm
Bgl_j_kgh qlh wlhl ]eZ]he g_ lhevdh baf_gy_lky \ jZaguo \j_f_gZo
^h g_magZ\Z_fhklb Hg b]jZ_l jZagu_ jheb \ jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbyo dZd
Zdl_j \ jZaguo ki_dlZdeyo \ h^ghf ² wlh ]eZ]hek\yadZ \ khklZ\ghf
]eZ]hevghfbkhklZ\ghfbf_gghfkdZam_fhf\^jm]hf²kZfhklhyl_evgh_
kdZam_fh_ijhklh_]eZ]hevgh_
DZd `_ bo jZaebqblv" <u ihfgbl_ qlh ]eZ]he [u\Z_l
kZfhklhyl_evguf kdZam_fuf _keb hg \ h^ghf ba lj_o gZdehg_gbc
kijZ\ey_lkyh^bgk^\mfygZ]jmadZfb
kfukeh\hcb]jZffZlbq_kdhcIhdZaZl_e_f_]h^\hcghc\ughkeb\hklb
y\ey_lky kihkh[ghklv d kbghgbfbq_kdhc aZf_g_ GZijbf_j ;m^m \_q_jhf
hq_gve_]dhaZf_gblvgZIjb^m\_q_jhfIhy\exkv\_q_jhfbl^?keb`_
]eZ]heg_kijZ\ey_lkykZfk^\mfygZ]jmadZfblhhgg_fh`_l\h^bghqdm
[ulv kdZam_fuf Z [u\Z_l lhevdh ]eZ]hehfk\yadhc <u wlh \b^_eb gZ
ijbf_j_[mfZ`gh]hkhe^ZlbdZdhlhjucg_ijhklh[ueZ[ue [mfZ`guc,
g_ijhklh[ueZ[ueb]jmrdhc
LZdqlh_keb]eZ]he[ueh^bgkijZ\ey_lkykhkfukeh\hcgZ]jmadhcl
_ khh[sZ_l h ih^e_`Zs_f \k_ g_h[oh^bfh_ lh wlh i j h k l h _
] e Z ] h e v g h _  k d Z a m _ f h _  Z _keb fh`_l khh[sZlv \k_ g_h[oh^bfh_
lhevdh\f_kl_k^jm]bfkeh\hflhwlh] e Z ] h e  k \ y a d Z 
DZd \u ^mfZ_l_ ihq_fm fu lZd k_jv_agh aZgbfZ_fky kh\k_f
fZe_gvdbf ]eZ]hehf" Bf_ggh ihlhfm qlh hg lZdhc fZe_gvdbc <u
qZkl_gvdhg_h[jZsZ_l_\gbfZgbygZfZexlhd[ulv[ue_klvdZd[m^lh
hgb\h\k_bg_]eZ]heug_kdZam_fu_:ihl_jy\boba\b^m\ul_jy_l_b
ihgbfZgb_
62
\k_c kbglZdkbq_kdhc dhgkljmdpbb qlh \_^_l d g_ijZ\bevghc
jZkklZgh\d_agZdh\:wlh\k\hxhq_j_^vg_ih\urZ_l\ZrborZgkh\gZ
wdaZf_gZo
Ba ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jh\ \uibrbl_ ]eZ]heu g_ ihoh`b_ gZ kZfbo
k_[yHij_^_ebl_dZdbfbkdZam_fufbhgby\eyxlky

?klv\hk_gbi_j\hgZqZevghc
DhjhldZygh^b\gZyihjZ²
<_kv^_gvklhbldZd[uojmklZevguc
Bemq_aZjgu\_q_jZ
NBLxlq_\

G_lbg_ih^qm`^ufg_[hk\h^hf
Bg_ih^aZsblhcqm`^uodjue²
Y[ueZlh]^ZkfhbfgZjh^hf
LZf]^_fhcgZjh^dg_kqZklvx[ue
:::ofZlh\Z

;m^mlahjbkf_gylvkyaZdZlZfb
;m^_lkhegp_dZlblvky\a_gbl²
MfbjZlvgZfkhe^ZlZfkhe^ZlZfb
<hkdj_kZlvgZf²h^_luf\]jZgbl
 ::=Zebq

?klv\j_fyijbjh^uhkh[h]hk\_lZ
G_ykgh]hkhegpZg_`g_cr_]haghy
HghgZau\Z_lky[Z[v_e_lh
B\ij_e_klbkihjblkkZfhx\_kghx
HN;_j]]hevp

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 65).

< hlju\d_ ba klbohl\hj_gby BhkbnZ ;jh^kdh]h gZr g_ ihoh`bc gZ


kZfh]h k_[y ]eZ]he \klj_qZ_lky b \ ijhklhf ]eZ]hevghf b \ khklZ\ghf
bf_gghfkdZam_fuo

IjhsZc
IhaZ[m^v
Bg_h[_kkm^v
:ibkvfZkh`]bdZdfhkl
>Z[m^_lfm`_kl\_ggufl\hcimlv
>Z[m^_lhgijyfbijhkl
63
64
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 60.

KlZemq_guf[u\Z_lhq_gvohjhrhklZeky^jm]hf
;ueaZgyly\ey_lkyjmdh\h^bl_e_f_klvgZr^he]
3. HdZaZeky keZ\guf lh\Zjbs_f gZau\Z_lky ©H]hg_dª [m^_l
\ajhkeuf

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 63.

1. ?klv;ueZ[ue;m^mlkf_gylvky[m^_ldZlblvky?klv.
Wlhijhklu_]eZ]hevgu_kdZam_fu_

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 63.

1. >Z [m^_l fm`_kl\_gguf ^Z [m^_l ijyf b ijhkl ² bf_ggu_


khklZ\gu_kdZam_fu_>Z[m^_l]hj_lv^Z[m^_l]j_lv>Z[m^ml
^Z[m^_l²ijhklu_]eZ]hevgu_kdZam_fu_

***
>Z[m^_l\hf]e_
>eyl_[y]hj_lv
A\_a^gZyfbrmjZ
>Z[m^_lgZ^_`^Z
EZ^hgb]j_lv
Ml\h_]hdhkljZ
>Z[m^mlf_l_eb
Kg_]Z^h`^b
B[_r_gucj_\h]gy
>Z[m^_lm^Zqml_[y\i_j_^b
;hevr_q_fmf_gy

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 65).

Gm\hlfubijhieuebq_j_al_fm©KdZam_fu_ª:wlh\ZfriZj]ZedZ
kf k   QblZy khihklZ\eycl_ __ fuke_ggh k l_fb agZgbyfb dhlhju_
hleh`bebkv\\Zr_c]heh\_?keb\uh[gZjm`bl_qlhg_mk\hbebq_]hlh
\_jgbl_kvdwlhfmjZa^_embih\lhjbl__]h

65
©EmdZ\u_ªqe_guij_^eh`_gby

Bgh]^Z kdZam_fuf ih^e_`Zsbf beb ^jm]bf qe_ghf ij_^eh`_gby


fh`_l hdZaZlvky mklhcqb\h_ g_jZaeh`bfh_ khq_lZgb_ keh\ dhlhjh_
gZau\Z_lky n j Z a _ h e h ] b a f h f  DZ`^uc ba \Zk gZ\_jgydZ agZ_l k
^_lkl\Zbmihlj_[ey_l\k\h_cj_qbg_fZehnjZa_heh]bafh\ih\_kblvghk
aZ^jZlvghkkehfy]heh\m[_aaZ^gbogh]bl^
NjZa_heh]bafu hq_gv \ujZabl_evgu Hgb qZklh ijhbaghkylky k
oblj_phc k emdZ\kl\hf Bo mihlj_[e_gb_ ^_eZ_l j_qv g_ lhevdh [he__
h[jZaghcghb\_k_ehchahjghc<umqblv`_bo\k_g_\hafh`ghiheguc
i_j_q_gvnjZa_heh]bafh\fh`_lkhklZ\blvlhekluclhfIhwlhfmihoh^m
jZ[hlu fu ijhklh g_fgh]h ihlj_gbjm_fky \ mf_gbb jZkihagZ\Zlv b
ihgbfZlvnjZa_heh]bafu
Ihijh[mcl_ ih^h[jZlv d dZ`^hfm ba njZa_heh]bafh\ i_j\h]h
klhe[bdZih^oh^ys__ihkfukemkeh\h\h\lhjhfklhe[bd_

, de_\Zlvghkhf g_h`b^Zggh


 dZdkg_]gZ]heh\m f_^e_ggh
 \ue_l_ehba]heh\u ^j_fZlv
 \qZkihqZcghceh`d_ aZ[ue

©Ihkljhcl_ \ iZjuª njZa_heh]bafu b ]eZ]heu bf_xsb_ lhl `_


kfuke

II. 1) ih\_kbeghk h[fZgu\Ze


2) ^_j`ZeyaudaZam[Zfb ijbmgue
3) \klZ\ey_liZedb\dhe_kZ ihfZedb\Ze
4) gZ^me]m[u ^h]hgye
5) imkdZeiuev\]eZaZ h[b^_eky
6) gZklmiZegZiyldb o\ZklZeky
7) \lbjZehqdb f_rZ_l
 am[gZam[g_ihiZ^Z_l ihgjZ\beky
9) k^_eZebafmobkehgZ gZ^h_eh
 \am[ZogZ\yaeh ij_m\_ebqbe
11) gZr_e^hjh]mdk_j^pm aZf_ja

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 69).

NjZa_heh]bafu fh]ml [ulv b ih^e_`Zsbfb b kdZam_fufb b


\lhjhkl_i_ggufbqe_gZfb
LZd dZd keh\Z \h njZa_heh]baf_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc _^bgh_ p_eh_
ijbjZa[hj_ij_^eh`_gbybih^e_`Zs__njZa_h
66
eh]baf b kdZam_fh_njZa_heh]baf hgb \u^_e_gu dmjkb\hf)
ih^q_jdb\Zxlkyp_ebdhf

1. Wlhl q_eh\_d g_ e_a_l aZ keh\hf \ dZjfZg  Hiylv gZqbgZ_lky
kdZadZ ijh [_eh]h [uqdZ  Gbdblm dZd \_ljhf k^meh k \_jZg^u
<DD_lebgkdZy

Bgh]^Z njZa_heh]bafhf [u\Z_l \ky ]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z p_ebdhf


< ^Zgguo keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbyo lZdb_ njZa_heh]bafu \u^_e_gu
dmjkb\hf

1. Mf_gy\_jhylghaZr_emfaZjZamfbygZibkZekh\k_fg_lhqlh
ohl_e :IQ_oh\ DZd]eygmehgqlh^_eZ_lkygZmebp_]eZaZ
mg_]hgZeh[ihe_aeb\ba]ohohldjbdb :KGh\bdh\Ijb[hc
 MIZ\eZk_j^p_aZf_jeh \hehku klZeb ^u[hf ijb wlhc fukeb
:NIbk_fkdbc

DZd \b^bf agZgb_ njZa_heh]bafh\ ihfh]Z_l gZoh^blv


]jZffZlbq_kdmxhkgh\mij_^eh`_gbyZagZqblb\_jghjZkklZ\eylvagZdb
ij_ibgZgby \ keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbyo dhlhju_ khklhyl ba ^\mo beb
g_kdhevdboijhkluo
Ihlj_gbjm_fky _s_ g_fgh]h \ ihbkdZo ©emdZ\uoª qe_gh\
ij_^eh`_gby

67
Hlju\db  ij_^eh`_gbc “ihl_jyeb ^jm] ^jm]Z”Ihfh]bl_ dZ`^hfm
gZclbk\hxiZjm

Hq_eh\_d_dhlhjuckbevgh]hjZkie_q
bkim]Zeky]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«k\ZebeZkv
Hlhfdlhhq_gv[ukljham[gZam[
m^bjZ_l]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«g_ihiZ^Z_l
Hq_eh\_d_^jh`Zs_fhliyldb
oheh^Z]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«k\_jdZxl
?kebq_eh\_dbkiulu\Z_l[hevrh_^mrZ\iyldb
h[e_]q_gb_lh]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«mreZ
?kebq_eh\_dihiZe\g_eh\dh_
iheh`_gb_lh]h\hjylqlhhgk[bekykgh]
?kebq_eh\_dmlhfbekyhloehihl
b[_]hlgblh]h\hjylqlhhg«k_e\dZehrm

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk

BkijZ\vl_i_j_imlZggu_njZa_heh]bafu

<jZlZjvgZr_cdhfZg^ug_m^Zjbe\dZehrm
<jZlZjvijhlb\gbdZk_eebphf\]jyav
FhcfeZ^rbc[jZlkh\k_fhl[bekyhlgh]
BaaZg_]hfuk_]h^gyk[bebkvkjmd

©EmdZ\u_ª qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml [ulv g_ lhevdh ]eZ\gufb gh b


\lhjhkl_i_ggufb Hkh[_gguc bgl_j_k k lhqdb aj_gby imgdlmZpbb
ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hch[klhyl_evkl\Z\ujZ`_ggu_njZa_heh]bafZfbkimkly
jmdZ\Z kehf ]heh\m keh`Z keh`b\  jmdb dZd \_ljhf k^meh b l ^ < hl
ebqb_hlihoh`bogZgbokjZ\gbl_evguob^__ijbqZklguoh[hjhlh\hgbg_
\u^_eyxlkyaZiylufbGZijbf_j\ij_^eh`_gbbKeh`b\\_sb\q_fh^Zg
iZkkZ`bj \ur_e ba dmi_ \u^_e_g aZiylhc ^__ijbqZklguc h[hjhl : \
ij_^eh`_gb_<k_ex^bdhlhju_h[kem`b\ZeblhidbdhleubfZrbgu g_
klhyeb keh`b\ jmdb : Gh\bdh\Ijb[hc  keh`b\ jmdb — njZa_heh]baf
hgaZiylhcg_\u^_ey_lky
< ij_^eh`_gbb B dm^jb bo [_eu dZd mlj_ggbc kg_] : K Imrdbg
ihklZ\e_gZaZiylZyi_j_^kjZ\gbl_evguªh[hjhlhfdZdmlj_ggbckg_]:\
ij_^eh`_gbbG_ijbkeZ\ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]hibkvfZgbdh]hg_ij_^mij_^b\
k\ZebekyhgdZdkg_]gZ]heh\m BKLmj]_g_\ h[klhyl_evkl\hdZdkg_gZ
]heh\maZiylhcg_\u^_ey_lkylZddZdhgh\ujZ`_ghnjZa_heh]bafhf
68
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

I de_\Zlvghkhf^j_fZlv
 dZdkg_]gZ]heh\mg_h`b^Zggh
3)\ue_l_ehba]heh\uaZ[ue
 \qZkihqZcghceh`d_f_^e_ggh

II.1)ih\_kbeghkijbmgue
2)^_j`ZeyaudaZam[ZfbihfZedb\Ze
3)\klZ\ey_liZedb\dhe_kZf_rZ_l
4)gZ^me]m[uh[b^_eky
5)imkdZeiuev\]eZaZo\ZklZeky
6)gZklmiZegZiyldb^h]hgye
7)\lbjZehqdbh[fZgu\Ze
8)am[gZam[g_ihiZ^Z_laZf_ja
9)k^_eZebafmobkehgZij_m\_ebqbe
 \am[ZogZ\yaehgZ^h_eh
11)gZr_e^hjh]mdk_j^pmihgjZ\beky

***

: l_i_jv ihlj_gbjmcl_kv Ijh\_jvl_ kmf__l_ eb \u gZclb


njZa_heh]bafu \ ij_^eh`_gbyo < kemqZ_ aZljm^g_gbc ihevamcl_kv
©RdhevgufnjZa_heh]bq_kdbfkeh\Zj_fjmkkdh]hyaudZª<I@mdh\Zb
: < @mdh\Z Ihfgbl_ qlh h[klhyl_evkl\Z q_f [u hgb gb [ueb
\ujZ`_gu ihqlb \k_]^Z hlghkylky d kdZam_fhfm Ihwlhfm jZkkfhlj_gb_
ij_^eh`_gbcgZqbgZcl_kihbkdh\]jZffZlbq_kdhchkgh\u
<^Zgguogb`_ij_^eh`_gbyogZc^bl_njZa_heh]bafu

JZkdju\jhlhgih^klZ\be_]hih^kljmx\h^u
=h\hjbehgeZ^ghbkdeZ^ghb\k_kemrZeb_]hjZkdju\jhl
AgZ_rvebluaZq_fyijbkdZdZekx^Zkehfy]heh\m\q_jZihmljm" B
KLmj]_g_\

IjhqblZcl_ ljb ij_^eh`_gby Ihq_fm \ i_j\hf ba gbo aZkmqb\ jmdZ\Z


\u^_e_ghaZiylufbk^\moklhjhg\h\lhjhf²aZiylZyklhbllhevdhi_j_^
wlbfbkeh\Zfb\lj_lv_f²\hh[s_g_klhbl"
,,Hl_phldjuedjZgbaZkmqb\jmdZ\ZklZefulv
jmdb
69
Lu^he`_g\uclb\ihe_aZkmqb\jmdZ\Zljm^blvky
Fu^he`guaZkmqb\jmdZ\Zijbgylvkyg_f_^e_gghaZkha^Zgb_gh\h]h
ijh_dlZ

IjhqblZcl_ ij_^eh`_gby GZc^bl_ \ujZ`_gby k khxahf dZd Ihq_fm


h^gbbagbo\u^_e_guaZiylufbZ^jm]b_²g_l"

,,,=eZaZm\heqbpuk\_lbebkvdZd^\Zh]hgvdZ :IQ_oh\ L_ly


GZlZrZ aZf_lbeZ qlh fu h[Z oh^bf dZd \ \h^m hims_ggu_ b klZeZ
m]h\Zjb\Zlv fZfm qlh[ fu k Fbrdhc hklZebkv _s_ ih`blv G G
Ghkh\   =mkZju \havfbl_ _]h >Z kdZaZlv gZr_fm e_dZjx qlh[ hg
i_j_\yaZe_fmjZgmb[_j_]_]hdZda_gbpmhdZ :KImrdbg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

IhklZjZcl_kv g_ i_j_imlZlv h[klhyl_evkl\Z \ujZ`_ggu_


kjZ\gbl_evgufb^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfbbnjZa_heh]bafZfb
YkdZdZeZkehfy]heh\mkebrdhfklh\_jklqlh[um\b^_lvkyk\Zfb
I : IeZ\bevsbdh\   Hgb iju]Zeb ih \_jldbf [j_\gZf jbkdmy
k\Zeblvkyghgbdlhg_k\Zeb\Zeky <DD_lebgkdZy JZa\_fukimkly
jmdZ\Z`b\_f" >BNhg\babg ?]h`_\dZ`^hfk_e_agZxldZdh[
emie_ggh]h : B Dmijbg   Y gZ^_yeky gZ wlb ljhibgdb dZd gZ
dZf_ggmx ]hjm y ^mfZe qlh gZklZg_l dZd \ :leZglbq_kdhf hd_Zg_
mf_j_gguc`Zjjh\gucbihklhygguc\_l_j B:=hgqZjh\ Gbdlh
g_kb^_ekeh`Zjmdb\k_]j_[eb <D:jk_gv_\ B\ZgI_ljh\bqg_
kZ^bl_kvgZk\h_]hex[bfh]hdhgvdZgZfg_dh]^Z

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZg_ihgylghfyaud_
H^gZ`^u ZdZ^_fbd E < S_j[Z ij_^eh`be klm^_glZf jZah[jZlv lZdh_
ij_^eh`_gb_=ehdZydma^jZrl_dh[m^eZgmeZ[hdjZbdmj^yqbl[hdj_gdZ
KgZqZeZ klm^_glu gbq_]h g_ ihgyeb Gh E_\ <eZ^bfbjh\bq ihdZaZe bf
qlh ba wlh]h ij_^eh`_gby fh`gh ba\e_qv fZkkm bgnhjfZpbb <hi_j\uo
\uykgblvdZdb_^_ckl\bykh\_jrZebkvl_gZclbkdZam_fu_>_ckl\by\
wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb h[hagZq_gu keh\Zfb [m^eZgmeZ b dmj^yqbl : dlh wlh
k^_eZeb^_eZ_l"²Dma^jZDZdZy"²=ehdZyWlhy\gh`b\h_kms_kl\h\
_^bgkl\_gghfqbke_`_gkdh]hjh^ZDma^jZ[hevrZy beb\ajhkeZy [hdj
\b^bfhlh`_aZlh[hdj_ghd²y\ghfZe_gvdh_`b\h_kms_kl\h
70
K[hdjhfhgZmijZ\beZkv©\h^bgijbk_klª²rl_dh[m^eZgmeZAZlhk
[hdj_gdhf\hablky²dmj^yqbl<kxwlmkfukeh\mxbgnhjfZpbxbakeh\
k dhjgyfb g_ kms_kl\mxsbfb \ jmkkdhf yaud_ fu ©ihq_jigmebª ba
kmnnbdkh\ b hdhgqZgbc keh\ Z lZd`_ ba kbglZdkbq_kdbo k\ya_c f_`^m
gbfbIj_^klZ\vl_k_[_qlhkms_kl\m_llZdhcyaud\dhlhjhfijbklZ\db
kmnnbdku b hdhgqZgby jmkkdb_ kbglZdkbk lh`_ jmkkdbc Z dhjgb \Zf
g_ba\_klgu >Z^bf wlhfm g_kms_kl\mxs_fm yaudm mkeh\gh_ gZa\Zgb_
©]ehdbcª Kmf__l_ eb \u jZa[bjZlv ij_^eh`_gby gZ ©]ehdhfª yaud_"
Ihijh[mcl_gZclbih^e_`Zs__bkdZam_fh_\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo

 Fheykguc [heh^bevgbd i_j_f_oZe dm\bpm  Ih fZe__ ijh\_dgmeb


i_j_lyxsb_ky [j_^heZ]b  <_e_gsbd mfZsbe i_j_dmiZxsmx
ijhmlx`bevgbpm

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

FugZ^__fkyqlhbgZ©]ehdhfªyaud_m\Zk\k_ihemqbehkvijZ\bevgh
71
=eZ\Z IV

Lbj_\gmljbij_^eh`_gby
F_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf

Ke_^ Ih^e_`Zs__ b kdZam_fh_ k\yaZgu l_kg_crbfb


bkq_agm\r_c ©jh^kl\_ggufbª hlghr_gbyfb ² kfukeh\ufb b
k\yadb ]jZffZlbq_kdbfb KdZam_fh_ ihlhfm b gZau\Z_lky
kdZam_fuf qlh hgh ©kdZau\Z_lª ² jZkkdZau\Z_l
khh[sZ_lhih^e_`Zs_fH[Z]eZ\guoqe_gZij_^eh`_gby
©^\b`mlky\h^ghcmijy`d_ªbg_kmlhkgh\ghckfuke_]h
Kms_kl\mxl eb dZdb_eb[h ljm^ghklb \h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo f_`^m
ih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf"Kms_kl\mxlBij_`^_\k_]h²ijbbf_gghf
khklZ\ghfkdZam_fhfHghdZd\uihfgbl_khklZ\e_ghba]eZ]heZk\yadbb
bf_gghc qZklb < jheb ]eZ]heZk\yadb h[udgh\_ggh \uklmiZ_l ]eZ]he
[ulv < bf_gghf khklZ\ghf kdZam_fhf hg ijbkmlkl\m_l qZs_ \k_]h \
ijhr_^r_f \j_f_gb GZijbf_j Hlebqbl_evghc hkh[_gghklvx
ijhn_kkhjZfZl_fZlbdb[ueZ_]hex[h\vd^_lyf
< gZklhys_f \j_f_gb ]eZ]hek\yadZ ihqlb \k_]^Z himkdZ_lky b
ih^e_`Zs__ hklZ_lky gZ_^bg_ k bf_gghc qZklvx GZijbf_j GZ^_`^Z ²
fhcdhfiZka_fghc Bai_kgb
Lhevdh \ hq_gv j_^dbo kemqZyo ]eZ]hek\yadZ [ulv mihlj_[ey_lky \
gZklhys_f \j_f_gb Wlh [u\Z_l \ dgb`ghc gZmqghc j_qb GZijbf_j
D\Z^jZl _klv jZ\ghklhjhggbc ijyfhm]hevgbd < h[uqghc j_qb ]eZ]he
k\yadZ[ulv\gZklhys_f\j_f_gbebrgbcg_gm`gucGbdhfmba\Zk^Z`_
\ ]heh\m g_ ijb^_l kdZaZlv qlhgb[m^v \jh^_ ©GZ^_`^Z _klv fhc dhfiZk
a_fghcªGh]eZ]hek\yadZg_\k_]^Zbkq_aZ_l[_kke_^ghBgh]^ZgZf_kl_
_]h bkq_agh\_gby hklZ_lky lbj_ Hgh klZ\blky f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b
kdZam_fuf : ljm^ghklb \hagbdZxl hllh]h qlh h ihklZgh\d_ wlh]h agZdZ
ij_ibgZgby ©]jZffZlbdZ gZ^\h_ kdZaZeZª \ h^gbo kemqZyo _]h klZ\blv
gm`ghZ\^jm]bog_l
?keb \u ohjhrh ihfgbl_ dh]^Z klZ\blky lbj_ f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b
kdZam_fufijbklmiZcl_dlj_gbjh\d_ kfkZ[ac 
?kebaZ[ueblhihkfhljbl_q_f\ujZ`_gu]eZ\gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby
\^Zgguoijbf_jZo
72
>h[jh_gZqZeh²iheh\bgZ^_eZ Ihkeh\bpZ
 K_fv ² aZ]Z^hqgh_ qbkeh  KZ^u kZ`Zlv ² `bagv mdjZrZlv
Ihkeh\bpZ G_mf_lvohjhrh\ujZ`Zlvk\hbofuke_c²g_^hklZlhd
D>Mrbgkdbc

GZ^__fky qlh \u \kihfgbeb hkgh\gh_ ijZ\beh h ihklZgh\d_ lbj_


L_i_jvihiulZcl_kvjZkklZ\blvagZdb\^Zgguoij_^eh`_gbyo

Ihfhqv[eb`g_fmba\_^ZlvjZ^hklv<k_^_kylviZevp_\g_fh]ml
[ulv h^bgZdh\hc ^ebgu  H^bg ^h[uluc hiul \Z`g__ k_fb fm^juo
ihmq_gbc  Ohl_lv agZqbl fhqv  Imklhc dhehk \k_]^Z d\_jom ghk
^_j_l  GZkdhjh ^_eZlv i_j_^_eu\Zlv  Klh ljmkh\ [m^ml `_jl\hc
h^gh]h ojZ[j_pZ  <_d ijh`blv \kydh_ i_j_`blv  M e`b gh]b
dhjhldbAZ\k_[jZlvkygbq_]hg_k^_eZlv
Ihkeh\bpu

,,  =em[hdZy j_qv lboZ agZxsbc q_eh\_d kdjhf_g  Mf h^_`^Z
dhlhjZy gbdh]^Z g_ baghkblky AgZgb_ jh^gbd dhlhjuc gbdh]^Z g_
bkq_jiZ_rv  Fgh]h a\_a^ mdjZr_gb_ g_[Z fgh]h agZgbc mdjZr_gb_
mfZAZ]hjhx_klv_s_]hjuaZfm^j_phf_klv_s_fm^j_p>jm`[Z
k ohjhrbf q_eh\_dhf emgguc k\_l ^jm`[Z k iehobf af_bguc y^ 
LmqZfkhegpZg_aZdjulv\hcg_fbjZg_ih[_^blv
Ihkeh\bpu

,,,Bfyl\h_ilbpZ\jmd_
Bfyl\h_ev^bgdZgZyaud_
H^gh_^bgkl\_ggh_^\b`_gb_]m[
73
Bfyl\h_iylv[md\1
FyqbdihcfZggucgZe_lm
K_j_[jyguc[m[_g_p\hjlm
FBP\_lZ_\Z

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd ijbklmiZcl_ d ql_gbx fZl_jbZeZ ih^


aZ]heh\dhf©Ke_^hklZ_lkyg_\k_]^Zª
?kebihklZgh\dZlbj_aZljm^gy_l\Zkijh^he`bl_lj_gbjh\dm

,<kljZgZo<hklhdZk[hevrbfm\Z`_gb_fhlghkylkydklZjbdZf;ulv
klZjbdhf [hevrZy q_klv GZa\Zlv dh]hgb[m^v klZjbdhf agZqbl hdZaZlv
_fmm\Z`_gb_,,;ulv\_`eb\ufh[yaZgghklvdZ`^h]hq_eh\_dZHq_gv
\Z`gh_ ijhy\e_gb_ \_`eb\hklb iha^hjh\Zlvky i_j\uf G_ hl\_qZlv gZ
ijb\_lkl\b_\_jog_\hkiblZgghklb,,, >_eh ibkZl_eyijhlb\hklhylv
kljZ^Zgbx \k_fb kbeZfb \k_f lZeZglhf >_eh om^h`gbdZ jh`^Zlv
jZ^hklv D = IZmklh\kdbc   =eZ\gZy aZ^ZqZ bkdmkkl\Z ih^gbfZlv \
ex^yoqm\kl\hkh[kl\_ggh]h^hklhbgkl\Z <DD_lebgkdZy

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Ke_^ KlZ\blv beb g_ klZ\blv lbj_ f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b


hklZ_lky kdZam_fuf ² wlh aZ\bkbl _s_ b hl keh\ dhlhju_ fh]ml
g_\k_]^Z klhylv i_j_^ kdZam_fuf ?keb gZ wlhc l_jjblhjbb
hdZau\Zxlky lZdb_ keh\Z dZd \hl beb wlh i_j_^ gbfb
h[yaZl_evghklZ\blkylbj_GZijbf_j >_j_\_gkdb_^_lb
² wlh hq_gv ex[hiulgu_ kms_kl\Z 2) F_edbc hk_ggbc
^h`^v²\hlkms__[_^kl\b_^eyju[heh\Z
H^gZdh _klv keh\Z dhlhju_ hlghkylky d lbj_ g_ijbyag_ggh b \ bo
ijbkmlkl\bbwlhlagZdg_klZ\blky
IjhqblZcl_ ke_^mxsb_ ijbf_ju b k^_eZcl_ \u\h^ i_j_^ dZdbfb
keh\Zfbf_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufg_klZ\blkylbj_

=heh\Z[_aagZgbcdZdnhgZjv[_ak\_qb Ihkeh\bpZ
Q_eh\_dg_mq_gucqlhlhihjg_lhq_guc Ihkeh\bpZ
________________________________________
1FP\_lZ_\ZibkZeZwlhklbohl\hj_gb_ijb^_j`b\ZykvklZjhchjnh]jZnbb;ehdt
74
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1)Kf.aZ^Zgb_gZk 68.

1. H q_eh\_d_ dhlhjuc kbevgh bkim]Zeky ]h\hjyl qlh m g_]h ^mrZ \


iyldbmreZ
2.lhfdlhhq_gv[ukljhm^bjZ_l]h\hjylqlhmg_]hiyldbk\_jdZxl
3.0 q_eh\_d_ ^jh`Zs_f hl oheh^Z ]h\hjyl qlh m g_]h am[ gZ am[ g_
ihiZ^Z_l
4.?kebq_eh\_dbkiulu\Z_l[hevrh_h[e_]q_gb_lh]h\hjylqlhmg_]h
]hjZkie_qk\ZebeZkv
5. ?keb q_eh\_d ihiZe \ g_eh\dh_ iheh`_gb_ lh ]h\hjyl qlh hg k_e \
dZehrm
6.?kebq_eh\_dmlhfbekyhloehihlb[_]hlgblh]h\hjylqlhhgk[beky
kgh]
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk²MdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

,NjZa_heh]bafu
,,>__ijbqZklguch[hjhl
NjZa_heh]bafuAZiylhc\h\lhjhfij_^eh`_gbbjZa^_e_gu
h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu\uclbljm^blvky.
,,,NjZa_heh]bafu
KjZ\gbl_evgu_h[hjhlu

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

1. Y kdZdZeZ kehfy ]heh\m k ebrdhf klh \_jkl qlh[u m\b^_lvky k


\Zfb I:IeZ\bevsbdh\ Hgbiju]Zebih\_jldbf[j_\gZf
jbkdmy k\Zeblvky gh gbdlh g_ k\Zeb\Zeky < D D_lebgkdZy  
JZa\_ fu kimkly jmdZ\Z `b\_f" > B Nhg\babg   ?]h `_ \
dZ`^hf k_e_ agZxl dZd h[emie_ggh]h : B Dmijbg   Y
gZ^_yeky gZ wlb ljhibgdb dZd gZ dZf_ggmx ]hjm y ^mfZe qlh
gZklZg_l dZd \ :leZglbq_kdhf hd_Zg_ mf_j_gguc `Zj jh\guc b
ihklhygguc\_l_j B:=hgqZjh\ Gbdlhg_kb^_ekeh`Zjmdb
\k_ ]j_[eb < D :jk_gv_\   B\Zg I_ljh\bq g_ kZ^bl_kv gZ
k\h_]hex[bfh]hdhgvdZ gZfg_dh]^Z

4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgu]eZ\gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby

 ;heh^bevgbd i_j_f_oZe  Ijh\_dgmeb [j_^heZ]b  <_e_gsbd


mfZsbe
***
75
;_j_adb\e_kmlhqgh^_\mrdb\kZjZnZgZo>_lkdb_
]eZa_gdb[m^lhp\_lu\ihe_K_j^p_g_dZf_gv(Ihkeh-
\bpZ Dmj]Zgu\kl_ibkeh\ghki_eu_Zj[mau F:Rhehoh\

Ihijh[mcl_jZkklZ\blvagZdb\ke_^mxsbo©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc

bgl_j_kgZyhkh[_gghklv`bjZnZwlh_]h^ebggZy
H]jhfgucdbl\h\k_g_?]hh]jhfgZyiZklvg_
hdjZkdZoZf_e_hgZwlhkj_^kl\h;uklju_gh]b
aZcpZ_]h_^bgkl\_ggh_Fgh]b_af_bkh\k_fg_
jZkkdZaZeqlh\medZgwlhhq_gvhiZkghklv
ihlhfmqlhghkhjh]wlh\_kvfZagZebqlhkehg
kZfuc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

BlZd klhedgm\rbkv k khklZ\guf bf_gguf kdZam_fuf \u ^he`gu


hij_^_eblv ijZ\bevgucimlv j_r_gby aZ^Zqbh ihklZgh\d_ lbj_ GZ wlhf
imlb[m^_lg_kdhevdhrZ]h\dZ`^ucbadhlhjuogZ^hh[^mfZlvWlhlimlv
bwlbrZ]bfh`ghbah[jZablv\\b^_ko_fu kfk 
H^gZdh keh\Z dZd [m^lh lhqgh keh\gh klhysb_ i_j_^ bf_gguf
khklZ\guf kdZam_fuf ij_^klZ\eyxl hiZkghklv b fh]ml kijh\hpbjh\Zlv
hrb[dmWlhijhbkoh^blbaaZlh]hqlhhgbg_j_^dhijbkh_^bgyxllZdb_
kbglZdkbq_kdb_ dhgkljmdpbb dhlhju_ \u^_eyxlky agZdZfb ij_ibgZgby
² kjZ\gbl_evgu_ h[hjhlu b ijb^Zlhqgu_ ij_^eh`_gby GZijbf_j \
ij_^eh`_gbb <ha^mo qbkl b k\_` dZd ihp_emc j_[_gdZ aZiylZy
h[yaZl_evgh gm`gZ Z \ ij_^eh`_gbyo ;ue e_k dZd khg b Kg_] dZd khg
aZiylmx klZ\blv gb \ dh_f kemqZ_ g_ ke_^m_l ihlhfm qlh \ i_j\hf
ij_^eh`_gbbhgZhl^_ey_lkjZ\gbl_evguch[hjhlZ\^jm]bog_lh[hjhlZ
<ij_^eh`_gbbH^m\Zgqbdkeh\gh`b\h_ahehlhaZiylZyg_gm`gZlZddZd
fubf__f^_ehkhkdZam_fuf<ij_^eh`_gbb=jhfijh]jhohlZeihg_[m
keh\gh dhe_kZ ih [meu`ghc fhklh\hc aZiylZy klZ\blky \ h[yaZl_evghf
ihjy^d_lZddZdwlhkjZ\gbl_evguch[hjhl
< ibkvf_gghc j_qb kjZ\gbl_evgu_ h[hjhlu b ijb^Zlhqgu_
ij_^eh`_gby k wlbfbkeh\Zfb \klj_qZxlky ]hjZa^hqZs_ q_f kdZam_fu_
ihwlhfmm\Zkh[jZam_lkymklhcqb\Zyijb\uqdZdihklZgh\d_aZiylhci_j_^
dZd qlh [m^lh b l i Wlb keh\Z dZd [u ©ijbly]b\Zxlª d k_[_ aZiylmx
Ijb
76
77
\klj_q_khkdZam_fufb©hkgZs_ggufbªlZdbfbkeh\Zfb
ijb\uqdZfh`_lkjZ[hlZlvijhlb\\Zkblh]^Z\u[_a^mfgh
ihklZ\bl_aZiylmxf_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufZwlh
g_^himklbfhIhwlhfmm\b^_\khxaudZdqlhlhqgh
keh\gh[m^lhdZd[m^lhk^_eZcl_hklZgh\dmb
aZ^mfZcl_kvqlhijbkh_^bg_ghwlbfbkeh\ZfbkjZ\gbl_evguc
h[hjhlijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_bebkdZam_fh_

<u[hjijZ\bevgh]himlbfh`ghbah[jZablvlZd

Ihijh[mcl_ihlj_gbjh\Zlvky\wlhfmf_gbb
,<_j[ex^g_agZ_lqlhhg]hj[ZlOjZ[jhklv[_amfZqlhdhjZ[ev
[_a ]jmaZ  LZ _^Z ohjhrZ qlh k\hbf ljm^hf aZjZ[hlZgZ  Q_eh\_d
g_mq_guc qlh lhihj g_lhq_guc  KlZ^h [_a iZklmoZ qlh kZ^ [_a
kZ^h\gbdZ  Lh qlh fZeh \Zjbehkv hklZ_lky kujuf  Mq_guc
[_a^_evgbd qlh lmqZ [_a ^h`^y  ?` kqblZ_l qlh m _]h kugZ r_jkldZ
fy]dZy  G_j_rbl_evguc q_eh\_d qlh g_aZdZe_gguc f_q  Jhl [_a
am[h\ qlh f_evgbpZ [_a `_jgh\h\  Iehohc ^jm] qlh ^ujy\Zy rm[Z
KdZaZggh_keh\hqlh\uims_ggZyklj_eZ
Ihkeh\bpu

IIL_i_jvEmgZ[ueZ\b^gZlZddZdhgZ[u\Z_l\b^gZ\l_e_kdhikA_feb
HgZ [ueZ dZdh]jhfguc k\_jdZxsbc djm] G_agZcdZ b kZf g_ agZe dZd
ijhbahc^_l ihkZ^dZ gZ Emgm Ihgqbd ohl_e qlhlh kdZaZlv gh yaud
keh\gh h^_j_\_g_e \h jlm Z ]heh\Z klZeZ dZd imklh_ \_^jh DZ`^uc
ohl_ek\hbfb]eZaZfbm\b^_lvdZdk\_lblky\l_fghl_emggucdZf_gv
IhGGGhkh\m
78
,,, =eZaZ m kh[Zdb dZd qZcgu_ qZrdb gh lu g_ [hcky G_ mki_e khe^Zl
hihfgblvkydZdkh[ZdZ\_jgmeZkvkijbgp_kkhc
Ih=;:g^_jk_gm
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

BlZd fu k \Zfb \kihfgbeb ijZ\beh h ihklZgh\d_ lbj_ f_`^m


ih^e_`Zsbf b kdZam_fuf \kihfgbeb b p_euc jy^ ^hiheg_gbc d wlhfm
ijZ\bemL_i_jvfukh[jZeb\f_kl_\k_kemqZbhdhlhjuoreZj_qv<ZrZ
aZ^ZqZ ² gbq_]h gb k q_f g_ i_j_imlZlv b ijZ\bevgh jZkklZ\blv agZdb
ij_ibgZgby

Dhj_gvmq_gby]hj_dZieh^u_]hkeZ^dbIjb\uqdZ\lhjZygZlmjZ
 G_aZdhgq_ggh_ ^_eh qlh dhgv h lj_o ih^dh\Zo  G_ bkijZ\blv
hrb[dm agZqbl kh\_jrblv gh\mx  I_rbc dhgghfm g_ lh\Zjbs  B
ohjhr__keh\hohjhrhh^bgjZa>eyfmjZ\vy^Z`_eh`dZ\h^uhd_Zg
IhiuldZg_iuldZJh^bgZfZlvqm`[bgZfZq_oZ
H^gZabfZgZjh^bg_emqr_klZ\_k_ggZqm`[bg_
DjmlZy]hjZfmq_gv_^eydhgydjmlhcq_eh\_dfmq_gv_^eyex^_c
>himklblvhrb[dmijhklmihdg_ijbagZlvhrb[dmij_klmie_gb_

Ihkeh\bpu
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

:_kebkdZam_fh_ijhiZeh

DZd \u m`_ m[_^bebkv bkq_agh\_gb_ ]eZ]heZk\yadb ijbqbgy_l


fgh`_kl\h oehihl Qlh[u j_rblv [ulv beb g_ [ulv lbj_ gZ f_kl_
©ijhiZ`bª gm`gh mq_klv fgh`_kl\h k_jv_aguo h[klhyl_evkl\ : qlh
ijhbkoh^bl_kebbkq_aZ_lg_k\yadZZkZfhkdZam_fh_"BebdZdhcgb[m^v
^jm]hcqe_gij_^eh`_gby"
Ij_^eh`_gb_ klZgh\blky g _ i h e g u f   GZijbf_j L_jdbg ² ^Zevr_
:\lhj — \ke_^ : L L\Zj^h\kdbc  A^_kv hlkmlkl\mxl kdZam_fu_ lbiZ
_^_l^\b`_lkybebhlijZ\ey_lkyIhq_fm`_hgbhlkmlkl\mxl"Bf_ggh
ihlhfm qlh hgb e_]dh \hkklZgZ\eb\Zxlky ih kfukem bo [_a ms_j[Z ^ey
ihgbfZgbyfh`ghhimklblv
HklZ_lkyebgZf_kl_©ijhiZ`bªke_^\\b^_lbj_"Bgh]^ZhklZ_lkyQlh
gm`ghqlh[u_]hijZ\bevghihklZ\blv"
79
Ljb \_sb gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv ohjhr__ ihgbfZgb_ kfukeZ qblZ_fh]h b
\hh[jZ`_gb_ GZ[ex^Zl_evghklv ² ^ey lh]h qlh[u aZf_lblv hlkmlkl\b_
keh\Z\ij_^eh`_gbbIjhgbdgh\_gb_\kfuke²qlh[uiheghklvxihgylv
ij_^eh`_gb_g_kfhljygZijhimkdkeh\<hh[jZ`_gb_²qlh[ufuke_ggh
©mkeurZlvªdZd a\mqbl ij_^eh`_gb_ k dZdhc bglhgZpb_c hgh
ijhbaghkblkygZdZdbokeh\Zo^_eZ_lkykfukeh\h_m^Zj_gb_bdZda\mqZl
wlb \u^_e_ggu_ ih kfukem keh\Z ?keb ]h\hjysbc q_eh\_d ohq_l
ijhbag_klb k hkh[uf agZq_gb_f l_ keh\Z dhlhju_ ke_^mxl aZ
ijhims_ggufb hg ^_eZ_l iZmam ih^q_jdb\Zxsmx agZqbl_evghklv
ihke_^mxsbokeh\<ujZablv__ijbibkvf_ihfh]Z_llbj_
H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_<ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyoijhims_gukdZam_fu_
bihklZ\e_gu\f_klhgbolbj_i_j_^kZfufbagZqbl_evgufbkeh\Zfb

 >_j_\h keZ\blky ieh^Zfb q_eh\_d ² ljm^Zfb  KlbjdZ hqbsZ_l


h^_`^mjZa]h\hj²k_j^p_<[_^_ojZgbfm`_kl\hZ\^h\hevkl\_
²kdjhfghklv

Ijhqlbl_\ujZabl_evgh \kemobeb ijh k_[y  ke_^mxsb_ klbohl\hjgu_


hlju\db aZf_lvl_ ]^_ \ gbo ijhims_gu keh\Z ©IjbkemrZcl_kvª d
iZmaZfJZkklZ\vl_\hlju\dZoagZdbij_ibgZgby

F_^vhldebdZ_lkyDhjhqdZoe_[Z
A\hghfOjmklhf
>_j_\h>h`^bd
Rmfhfa_e_gufE_i_lhf]jmklguf
(HH>jba
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZk\_l_\k_@mjZ\ev
GZ\k_ GZlhsbc
Ihoh`_DjZgih^t_fguc
Af_yDhlihehkZluc
GZj_f_rhd GZib`Zfm
Badh`bYgZl_[y
EmgZ :lu
GZdjm]euc]eZaGZfZfm
H]jhfguc
(JK_n
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
80
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

,Lbj_klZ\blky
Lbj_g_klZ\blky
,,  =em[hdZy j_qv lboZ agZxsbc q_eh\_d kdjhf_g  Mf ² h^_`^Z
dhlhjZy gbdh]^Z g_ baghkblky AgZgb_ ² jh^gbd dhlhjuc gbdh]^Z g_
bkq_jiZ_rvFgh]ha\_a^²mdjZr_gb_g_[Zfgh]hagZgbc²mdjZr_gb_mfZ
AZ]hjhx_klv_s_]hjuaZfm^j_phf_klv_s_fm^j_p>jm`[Zkohjhrbf
q_eh\_dhf²emgguck\_l^jm`[Zkiehobf²af_bgucy^LmqZfkhegpZg_
aZdjulv\hcg_fbjZg_ih[_^blv

III. Bfyl\h_²ilbpZ\jmd_
Bfyl\h_²ev^bgdZgZyaud_
H^gh_^bgkl\_ggh_^\b`_gb_]m[
Bfyl\h_²iylv[md\
FyqbdihcfZggucgZe_lm
K_j_[jyguc[m[_g_p\hjlm

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkJbfkdbfbpbnjZfbmdZaZgughf_jZl_dklh\

, Lbj_ \h \lhjhf b lj_lv_f ij_^eh`_gbyo ,, ,,, Lbj_ \h \k_o
ij_^eh`_gbyo

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

bgl_j_kgZyhkh[_gghklv`bjZnZ²wlh_]h^ebggZyH]jhfgucdbl
\h\k_g_?]hh]jhfgZyiZklvg_«hdjZkdZoZf_e_hgZ²wlhkj_^kl\h
 ;uklju_ gh]b aZcpZ ² _]h _^bgkl\_ggh_  Fgh]b_ af_b kh\k_f g_
«jZkkdZaZeqlh\medZg²wlhhq_gv«hiZkghklvihlhfmqlhghkhjh]²
wlh\_kvfZ …agZebqlhkehg²kZfuc

***

L_i_jvdh]^Z\Zfijb^_lkyibkZlvk\hckh[kl\_ggucl_dkl khqbg_gb_beb
ibkvfh  \u fh`_l_ ihevah\Zlvky _s_ h^gbf kj_^kl\hf \ujZabl_evghklb ²
lbj_ gZ f_kl_ ijhims_ggh]h keh\Z Hgh ihfh`_l \Zf i_j_^Zlv b iZmam b
agZqbl_evghklvke_^mxsboaZiZmahckeh\
81
JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\l_dklZo

 G_mf_euc gZ^__lky gZ ^jm]bo mf_euc gZ k_[y  IZ\ebg
h]ey^u\Z_lky gZ k\hc o\hkl q_eh\_d gZ k\hb ihklmidb  JZ[hlysbc
ijbghkblihevam\k_fe_gb\ucgbdhfm
JZ[hlmij_h^he_\Zxlmf_gb_fljm^ghklbkh]eZkb_f
=\ha^v[_j_`_lih^dh\mih^dh\ZdhgydhgvojZ[j_pZojZ[j_phlqbagm
 <_sv ohjhrZ gh\Zy Z ^jm] klZjuc  Kbeu fh]ml bkkydgmlv agZgby
gbdh]^ZDjZkhlZdhgy\[_]_djZkhlZq_eh\_dZ\ijZ\^_
Ihkeh\bpu

,,Ih^ZknZevlh\hcfhklh\hcFhkd\ue_`bl[jmkqZlZyfhklh\Zyih^g_c
[meu`gZy ih^ [meu`ghc [j_\_gqZlZy GZ h^ghc ba p_gljZevguo mebp
Fhkd\u f_ljhkljh_\pu h[gZjm`beb ©keh_guc ibjh]ª ba ^_\ylb
fhklh\uodhlhju_e_`Zlh^gZih^^jm]hc
,,, KZfh_ [hevrh_ [ex^h gZ k\_l_ `Zj_guc \_j[ex^ Wlh eZdhfkl\h
h[uqgh_ mdjZr_gb_ k\Z^_[gh]h ibjZ [_^mbgh\ >ey _]h ijb]hlh\e_gby
\Zj_gu_ycpZ lmrZlky \ ju[_ ju[Z \ \Zj_ghc dmjbp_ dmjbpZ \ `Zj_ghf
[ZjZg_Z[ZjZgaZi_dZ_lky\\_j[ex`v_clmr_
,9 M fgh]bo gZjh^h\ p\_lu bf_xl kbf\hebq_kdbc kfuke H^gb p\_lu
hebp_l\hjyxl kqZklv_ ^jm]b_ i_qZev G_dhlhju_ p\_lu k\yaZgu k
ihwlbq_kdbf ij_^klZ\e_gb_f h p_ehc kljZg_ OjbaZgl_fu \uau\Zxl \
\hh[jZ`_gbbYihgbxehlhkBg^bxZlxeviZgu=heeZg^bx
Ba]Za_l
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
82
=eZ\Z V

©B]jZffZlbdZimklbeZkv
kZjbnf_lbdhcieykZlvª
KbglZdkbq_kdbckq_l

Qlh[u ih oh^m ibkvfZ [ukljh ©meZ\eb\Zlvª ^_e_gb_ Ljm^gheb


ij_^eh`_gbc gZ hkgh\gu_ [ehdb gZ^h g_ lhevdh ©\b^_lvª kqblZlv
dZ`^uc [ehd gh b kjZam hij_^_eylv kdhevdh bo \ ^hiylb ?
ij_^eh`_gbb Ihwlhfm mf_gb_ hkms_kl\eylv
kbglZdkbq_kdbc ©kq_l \ mf_ª ² h^gh ba hkgh\guo
©khklZ\eyxsboª]jZfhlghklb©ijbjhkr_cddhgqbdmi_jZª
DZdkhkqblZlvkdhevdhijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\keh`ghf"DZd[m^lh[u
kh\k_fijhklhkdhevdh]jZffZlbq_kdbohkgh\klhevdhbij_^eh`_gbcGh
\ imgdlmZpbhgguo aZ^ZqZo kq_l ^h ^\mo lj_o beb iylb fh`_l hdZaZlvky
]hjZa^hljm^g__q_f\fZl_fZlbq_kdbo
Ihijh[mcl_ khkqblZlv dhebq_kl\h ij_^eh`_gbc \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo
l_dklu^Zgu[_aagZdh\ij_ibgZgby 

J_\_leba\_jv\e_km]emohf
Ljm[blebjh]]j_fbleb]jhf
Ih_leb^_\ZaZohefhf
GZ\kydbca\md
K\hchldebd\\ha^mo_imklhf
Jh^brvlu\^jm]
:KImrdbg

GZwlmdZjlbgmlZdkhegp_k\_lbeh
J_[_ghd[uelZdmfhjbl_evghfZe
DZd[m^lh\k_wlhdZjlhggh_[ueh
DZd[m^lh[u\^_lkdbcl_ZljyihiZe
G:G_djZkh\

DZdlhjZai_j_^lheihx
Khie_f_gguo]hj
MDZa[_dZkRZl]hjhx
;ue\_ebdbckihj
HggZkljhbl^ufguod_ebc
IhmklmiZf]hj
<]em[bg_l\hboms_ebc
83
AZ]j_fbllhihj
B`_e_agZyehiZlZ
<dZf_ggmx]jm^v
>h[u\Zyf_^vbaeZlh
<j_`_lkljZrgucimlv
M`ijhoh^yldZjZ\Zgu
Q_j_al_kdZeu
=^_ghkbebkvebrvlmfZgu
>ZpZjbhjeu
FXE_jfhglh\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

=jZffZlbq_kdbc kq_l \ mf_ lZd `_ dZd b fZl_fZlbq_kdbc lj_[m_l


lj_gbjh\db JZa\blv \ k_[_ kihkh[ghklv kqblZlv ij_^eh`_gby fh`gh
^\mfy imlyfb I_j\uc imlv ² kZfbf qblZlv ih dgb]_ b jZa[bjZlv
keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gby\_^vjZa[hj\i_j\mxhq_j_^vlj_[m_l\uykg_gby
ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ beb keh`gh_ Z _keb keh`gh_ lh kdhevdh \ g_f
ijhkluo <lhjhc imlv ² kq_l ij_^eh`_gbc \hkijbgbfZ_fuo gZ kemo
dh]^ZqblZ_ldlhlh^jm]hcWlhb_klvkh[kl\_gghkq_l\mf_
DZdh\u ij_bfms_kl\Z kq_lZ \ mf_" <k_ mf_gby dhlhju_ \u
ijbh[j_lZ_l_ jZ[hlZy k l_dklhf gZoh^ysbfky i_j_^ ]eZaZfb ohjhrb
lhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z \u jZkklZ\ey_l_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ mijZ`g_gbyo \
dhlhjuo hgb ki_pbZevgh ijhims_gu Gh agZqbl_evgh \Z`g__ gZmqblvky
]jZfhlgh aZibku\Zlv l_dkl khklZ\e_gguc \Zfb kZfhklhyl_evgh : d wlhc
]jZfhlghklb ]hjZa^h gZ^_`g__ ijb\h^bl bf_ggh kq_l \ mf_ Fuke_ggh
jZa[bjZy ij_^eh`_gb_ \u ihg_\he_ ^he`gu m^_j`b\Zlv _]h \ iZfylb ^h
l_oihjihdZg_kijZ\bl_kvkjZ[hlhc:lZdh_m^_j`Zgb_\iZfylbdZd\u
ihfgbl_ ² h^gh ba hkgh\guo mkeh\bc e_]dh]h b _kl_kl\_ggh]h ]jZfhl
gh]h ibkvfZ LZd qlh lj_gbjmykv \ kq_l_ ij_^eh`_gbc gZ kemo \u
jZa\b\Z_l_k\hxiZfylv²p_gg_cr__k\hckl\h^eyex[h]h^_eZdhlhjuf
\Zfijb^_lkyaZgbfZlvky\`bagb
Ihijh[mcl_ijh^_eZlvwlmjZ[hlmkhke_^mxsbfbij_^eh`_gbyfb

,Ghi_kgxbgmx
H^Zevg_ca_fe_
<habefhcijbyl_ev
Kkh[hx\k_^e_
 F:K\_leh\
84
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

,G_laZiyluo
 <_j[ex^ g_ agZ_l qlh hg ]hj[Zl  LZ _^Z ohjhrZ qlh k\hbf ljm^hf
aZjZ[hlZgZLhqlhfZeh\ZjbehkvhklZ_lkykujuf?`kqblZ_lqlhm_]h
kugZr_jkldZfy]dZy
,,L_i_jvEmgZ[ueZ\b^gZlZddZdhgZ[u\Z_l\b^gZ\l_e_kdhikA_feb
HgZ [ueZ dZd h]jhfguc k\_jdZxsbc djm] G_agZcdZ b kZf g_ agZe dZd
ijhbahc^_l ihkZ^dZ gZ Emgm Ihgqbd ohl_e qlhlh kdZaZlv gh yaud keh\gh
h^_j_\_g_e \h jlm Z ]heh\Z klZeZ dZd imklh_ \_^jh DZ`^uc ohl_e k\hbfb
]eZaZfbm\b^_lvdZdk\_lblky\l_fghl_emggucdZf_gv
 IhGGGhkh\m
,,, =eZaZ m kh[Zdb dZd qZcgu_ qZrdb gh lu g_ [hcky G_ mki_e khe^Zl
hihfgblvkydZdkh[ZdZ\_jgmeZkvkijbgp_kkhc
Ih=;:g^_jk_gm
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

Dhj_gvmq_gby]hj_dZieh^u_]hkeZ^dbIjb\uqdZ²\lhjZygZlmjZ
 G_aZdhgq_ggh_ ^_eh qlh dhgv h lj_o ih^dh\Zo  G_ bkijZ\blv hrb[dm ²
agZqbl kh\_jrblv gh\mx  I_rbc dhgghfm g_ lh\Zjbs  B ohjhr__ keh\h
ohjhrh h^bg jZa  >ey fmjZ\vy ^Z`_ eh`dZ \h^u ² hd_Zg  IhiuldZ g_
iuldZJh^bgZ²fZlvqm`[bgZ²fZq_oZH^gZabfZgZjh^bg_emqr_
klZ\_k_ggZqm`[bg_DjmlZy]hjZ²fmq_gv_^eydhgydjmlhcq_eh\_d²
fmq_gv_^eyex^_c >himklblv hrb[dm ² ijhklmihd g_ ijbagZlv hrb[dm
²ij_klmie_gb_
Ihkeh\bpu
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

F_^vhldebdZ_lkyDhjhqdZoe_[Z
A\hghfOjmklhf
>_j_\h²>h`^bd²
Rmfhfa_e_gufE_i_lhf]jmklguf
(HH>jba
***
85
,,BaEb\_jimevkdhc]Z\Zgb
<k_]^Zihq_l\_j]Zf
Km^Zmoh^yl\ieZ\Zgv_
D^Ze_dbf[_j_]Zf
<ur_eklhjh`baklhjh`db
Ih^f_lZ_lhg^hjh`db
KYFZjrZd
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

LZbgkl\_ggh_ >hdZdboij_^_eh\gZ^hjZa\b\Zlvk\h_mf_gb_kqblZlv
qbkehk_fv ij_^eh`_gby\mf_"Kdhevdh]jZffZlbq_kdbohkgh\gZ^h
\u^_eylvgZkemobi_j_kqblu\Zlv©h^gbffZohfª"
Mq_gu_^Z\ghh[jZlbeb\gbfZgb_gZkljZggh_ijbkljZklb_q_eh\_q_kl\Z
d qbkem k_fv Ihq_fm ex^yf m^h[g__ \k_]h qlh[u \ g_^_e_ [ueh k_fv
^g_c" Hlq_]h \her_[guc p\_lhd gZau\Zxl p\_lbdk_fbp\_lbd" Ihq_fm \
kdZadZomdhjhey[u\Z_lk_fv^hq_j_cZ\i_kg_²ml_sbk_f_jhaylv_\"
Ihq_fm wlh qbkeh lZd qZklh ih\lhjy_lky \ ihkeh\bpZo K_fv [_^ ² h^bg
hl\_l K_f_jh h^gh]h g_ `^ml M k_fb gyg_d ^bly [_a ]eZam AZ k_fv
\_jkldbk_eyoe_[Zlvbl^"
Kihkh[ghklv aZihfgblv kjZam ohly fh`_l [ulv b g_gZ^he]h
hij_^_e_ggh_ dhebq_kl\h dZdbogb[m^v ij_^f_lh\ ^ey jZaguo ex^_c
khklZ\ey_l“ l_ hl iylb ^h ^_\ylb_^bgbp >ey q_eh\_dZ _kl_kl\_ggh
jZ[hlZlv g_dhlhjh_ dhjhldh_  \j_fy \ mf_ k lZdbf dhebq_kl\hf
fZl_jbZeZIhwlhfm_keb\u^h[v_l_kvlh]hqlh[m^_l_ijZ\bevghkqblZlv
ijb \hkijbylbb gZ kemo iylv ² k_fv ij_^eh`_gbc \u jZah\v_l_ \ k_[_
ghjfZevguc _kl_kl\_gguc ^ey q_eh\_dZ h[t_f lZd gZau\Z_fhc
djZldh\j_f_gghciZfylb
: lZd dZd ijZdlbq_kdb \Zf j_^dh ijb^_lky ibkZlv hq_gv ^ebggu_
keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby \dexqZxsb_ [he__ iylb ijhkluo [m^_f kqblZlv
qlh ©gZ `bagvª \Zf \iheg_ o\Zlbl mf_gby kqblZlv ^h iylb fgh]b_
agZdhfu_gZfrdhevgbdbgZqbgZxlg_^hkqblu\Zlvij_^eh`_gbydh]^Zbo
[hevr_lj_o <ijhq_f_kebkq_lhdZ`_lky^ey\Zkm\e_dZl_evgufaZgylb
_f fh`gh \u[bjZlv keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby khklhysb_ ba [hevr_]h
dhebq_kl\Zijhkluo
?s_g_fgh]hihlj_gbjm_fky\kq_l_

,<k_qlhfh`_lkZfZygZbmfg_crZyfZrbgZ\eh`_gh\g__q_eh\_dhf
DZ`^Zy\uqbkebl_evgZyfZrbgZkha^Z_lky
86
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

GZk\_l_\k_ EmgZ² DhlihehkZluc²


GZ\k_ GZdjm]euc]eZa GZib`Zfm
Ihoh`_ H]jhfguc Y²gZl_[y
Af_y² @mjZ\ev² :lu²
GZj_f_rhd GZlhsbc GZfZfm
Badh`b DjZgih^t_fguc  JK_n

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

 G_mf_euc gZ^__lky gZ ^jm]bo mf_euc ² gZ k_[y  IZ\ebg
h]ey^u\Z_lky gZ k\hc o\hkl q_eh\_d — gZ k\hb ihklmidb  JZ[hlysbc
ijbghkbl ihevam \k_f e_gb\uc ² gbdhfm  JZ[hlm ij_h^he_\Zxl mf_gb_f
ljm^ghklb ² kh]eZkb_f  =\ha^v [_j_`_l ih^dh\m ih^dh\Z — dhgy
dhgv — ojZ[j_pZojZ[j_p ²hlqbagm<_svohjhrZgh\ZyZ^jm] — klZjuc
Kbeufh]mlbkkydgmlvagZgby²gbdh]^Z DjZkhlZdhgy²\[_]_djZkhlZ
q_eh\_dZ²\ijZ\^_
Ihkeh\bpu

II. Ih^ ZknZevlh\hc fhklh\hc Fhkd\u e_`bl [jmkqZlZy fhklh\Zy ih^


g_c ² [meu`gZy ih^ [meu`ghc ² [j_\_gqZlZy GZ h^ghc ba p_gljZevguo
mebp Fhkd\u f_ljhkljh_\pu h[gZjm`beb ©kehzguc ibjh]ª ba ^_\ylb
fhklh\uodhlhju_e_`Zlh^gZih^^jm]hc
,,,KZfh_[hevrh_[ex^hgZk\_l_ — `Zj_guc\_j[ex^WlheZdhfkl\h²
h[uqgh_mdjZr_gb_k\Z^_[gh]hibjZ[_^mbgh\>ey_]hijb]hlh\e_gby\Zj_gu_
ycpZlmrZlky\ju[_ju[Z — \\Zj_ghcdmjbp_dmjbpZ ²\`Zj_ghf[ZjZg_Z
[ZjZgaZi_dZ_lky\\_j[ex`v_clmr_
,9 M fgh]bo gZjh^h\ p\_lu bf_xl kbf\hebq_kdbc kfuke H^gb p\_lu
hebp_l\hjyxl kqZklv_ ^jm]b_ ² i_qZev G_dhlhju_ p\_lu k\yaZgu k
ihwlbq_kdbf ij_^klZ\e_gb_f h p_ehc kljZg_ OjbaZgl_fu \uau\Zxl \ \h
h[jZ`_gbbYihgbxehlhk² Bg^bxZlxeviZgu²=heeZg^bx
Ba]Za_l
***

87
^eylh]hqlh[uh[e_]qblvljm^q_eh\_dZkwdhghfblv\j_fy mkdhjblv
j_r_gb_ keh`guo aZ^Zq K_]h^gyrgb_ kZfhe_lu e_lZxl kh
k\_joa\mdh\ufbkdhjhklyfbih^gbfZxlky\ukhdh\g_[hblj_[mxlky
dhehkkZevgu_ jZkq_lu qlh[u hij_^_eblv dZd \_kv kZfhe_l _]h
hl^_evgu_ qZklb [m^ml \_klb k_[y ijb [hevrbo gZ]jmadZo <k_ wlh
jZkkqblZlv [_a ijbf_g_gby \uqbkebl_evghc l_ogbdb k_]h^gy
g_\hafh`gh

,, Ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_ \lhjZy ]jZfhlghklv Q_eh\_d mqblky ]jZfhl_


g_ ^ey lh]h ebrv qlh[u jZa[bjZlv \u\_kdb Dgb]b hldju\Zxl i_j_^
gbf h]jhfguc fbj dmevlmju B ijh]jZffbklkdZy ]jZfhlghklv
ihe_agZ g_ lhevdh ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijh\h^blv jZkq_lu hgZ ijb\b\Z_l
hkh[mx oZjZdl_jgmx ^ey \_dZ dhfivxl_jh\ dmevlmjm fure_gby
dhlhjZykihkh[gZk^_eZlvwnn_dlb\g__\kydmx^_yl_evghklvq_eh\_dZ
k\h_h[jZaghaZhkljblv_]hfukev ©GZmdZb`bagvª

,,,Bg^b\b^mZevgucdhfivxl_jfZrbgZdhlhjhcfh`_lihevah\Zlvky
dZ`^ucba\ZkWlhg_[hevrhcq_fh^Zgqbddhlhjucijbkh_^bgy_lkyd
h[uqghfm l_e_\bahjm d we_dljhZiiZjZlZf hg \dexqZ_l b \udexqZ_l
bo\aZ^Zggh_\j_fy©aZihfbgZ_lªl_i_j_^Zqbdhlhju_\ug_mki_eb
ihkfhlj_lv Ba]Za_l

: l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ ih^kqblZlv dhebq_kl\h qZkl_c b jZkklZ\blv agZdb \


ij_^eh`_gbyogZg_kms_kl\mxs_f©]ehdhfªyaud_

,9 Lboh fbkbdh\ klZy ]jmkl_eZ \h f]e_ a_e_gZ\db ojxsZeb ihjhc
?keb[Zg^Zfhklijhem`^Z_lij_^dhiZklb_lh\_evqbdbi_j_]j_lZxlqlh
hgh[\_g^Z_lf_g_e_fu<q_ibjhq_ebehi_gvybbo]Zj[h\u_lh\_klu
bjqZeb gZ \_j[_gqZluo g_kldZo Z \Zj]ZgmrdZ [ueZ g_fhdm^jZy b gb
dhfmhgZg_ehfgb\beZkv

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?kebih^e_`Zs__bebkdZam_fh_

g_hldebdgmehkv

DZdb_[u\Zxl Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ \u aZ^Zeb hl kdZam_fh]h \hijhku


ij_^eh`_gby dlh" qlh" Gh gb h^gh keh\h \ ij_^eh`_gbb g_
hldebdgmehkv gZ gbo LZdbo keh\ ijhklhgZijhklh g_
hdZaZehkvGZijbf_j
J_[ylZf g_ kb^_ehkv gZ f_kl_ >jm]hc kljZgguc
kemqZc\u

88
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZghdhebq_kl\hij_^eh`_gbc

1) 5. 2) 4. 3) 1; 2; 1; 2.

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZghdhebq_kl\hij_^eh`_gbc

I. 1. II. 1) 1; 2) 2.

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

I.2; 2; 4; 1.II. 1; 2; 1; 4. III. 2; 4. IV. 2; 3; 4.


***

bs_l_ kdZam_fh_ Z _]h g_l b \ ihfbg_ GZ f_kl_ lhevdh ih^e_`Zs__


gZijbf_j<hlfhy^_j_\gy
LZdb_ ij_^eh`_gby ]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z dhlhjuo khklhbl lhevdh ba
h^gh]h ]eZ\gh]h qe_gZ ih^e_`Zs_]h beb kdZam_fh]h  gZau\Zxlky
h^ghkhklZ\gufb
Hij_^_ebl_dZdb_bawlboij_^eh`_gbch^ghkhklZ\gu_

,H^gZeZklhqdZg_^_eZ_l\_kguIhke_^jZdbdmeZdZfbg_fZrml
Lhjhieb\ufex^yfg_o\ZlZ_lfm^jhklb>_ehfZkl_jZ[hblky
Ihkeh\bpu
,,  GZc^b k_[_ b^_Ze fm`_kl\Z b g_hlklmigh ke_^mc _fm
<:Kmohfebgkdbc GhqvL_fghlZF_jpZxsb_\^Ze_d_h]gb

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

BlZd \ ihbkdZo ih^e_`Zs_]h b kdZam_fh]h \u fh`_l_ \klj_lblvky k


ij_^eh`_gbyfb\dhlhjuog_hdZ`_lkylh]hbeb^jm]h]h²kh^ghkhklZ\gufb
ij_^eh`_gbyfb
JZ[hlZy k ij_^eh`_gbyfb lZdh]h jh^Z [m^vl_ gZq_dm Ijb hlkmlkl\bb
ih^e_`Zs_]hhq_gve_]dhijbgylvaZg_]h^hiheg_gb_
H^ghkhklZ\gu_ ij_^eh`_gby \ k\hx hq_j_^v ^_eylky gZ
kdZam_fhklgu_bih^e_`Zsgu_.
AZibrbl_dZ`^h_ij_^eh`_gb_\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu.

KdZam_fhklgu_ij_^eh`_gby Ih^e_`Zsgu_ij_^eh`_gby

1 2

89
IWfZe_\ucdj_klbd\i_lebp_
Bk_jhclm`mjdbkmdgh
DZdb_i_qZevgu_ebpZ
BdZdwlh[ueh^Z\gh
Kg_]Zkg_]Zkg_]Z
:ghqv^he]Z
Bg_jZklZxlgbdh]^Zkg_]Z
=<B\Zgh\

,,Ijh^he]h\Zlucbl\_j^uch\Ze
Q_jgh]hieZlvyjZkljm[u
XgZy[Z[mrdZDlhp_eh\Ze
<ZrbgZ^f_ggu_]m[u"
LhkdZihjh^bg_>Z\gh
JZah[eZq_ggZyfhjhdZ
Fg_kh\_jr_ggh\k_jZ\gh
=^_kh\_jr_gghh^bghdhc
;ulv«…
FBP\_lZ_\Z

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

IhagZdhfvl_kvkhriZj]Zedhcihh^ghkhklZ\gufij_^eh`_gbyf kflZ[e
gZ k   : l_i_jv jZa\_jg_f wlm riZj]Zedm \ jZkkdZa <_^v kfuke
bkihevah\Zgby riZj]Zehd \ lhf b khklhbl qlh[u gZ bo hkgh\_ kha^Zlv
kh[kl\_ggucjZa\_jgmlucjZkkdZa
Ih gZebqbx ]eZ\guo qe_gh\ ij_^eh`_gby ^_eylky gZ ^\mkhklZ\gu_ b
h^ghkhklZ\gu_ H^ghkhklZ\gu_ [u\Zxl kdZam_fhklgufb ]^_ _klv lhevdh
kdZam_fh_ b g_l ih^e_`Zs_]h b ih^e_`Zsgufb ]^_ gZh[hjhl _klv
ih^e_`Zs__bg_lkdZam_fh]h
KdZam_fhklgu_ij_^eh`_gby^_eylkygZ[_aebqgu_bebqgu_Z ebqgu_
²gZhij_^_e_gghebqgu_bg_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_
<i_j\mxhq_j_^vjZkkfhljbf[_aebqgu_

HgblZdb_ ?s_ gbdhfm g_ m^Z\Zehkv ih^h[jZlv ih^e_`Zsb_ d lZ


jZagu_wlb dbf kdZam_fuf dZd gZijbf_j jZkk\_eh \_q_j__l
[_aebqgu_ kf_jdZehkvohq_lkyMgboih^e_`Zsbog_lhevdhg_lgh
ij_^eh`_gby bg_fh`_l[ulvBlZdijbagZdb[_aebqgh]hij_^eh`_gby
lZdh\u

90
<b^uij_^eh`_gbc

>\mkhklZ\gu_ H^ghkhklZ\gu_ij_^eh`_gby
ij_^eh`_gby KdZam_fhklgu_ Ih^e_`Zsgu_
;_aebqgu_ Ebqgu_ GZau\gu_
Hij_^_e_ggh G_hij_^_e_ggh
ebqgu_ ebqgu_
?klv ?klv ?klv ?klvkdZam_fh_ ?klv
kdZam_fh_ kdZam_fh_ kdZam_fh_ b ih^e_`Zs__
b b b G_l b
?klv 2.G_lbg_ G_l ih^e_`Zs_]h G_l
ih^e_`Zs__ fh`_l[ulv ih^e_`Zs_]h b kdZam_fh]h
Ex[ex ih^e_`Zs_]h b <hdhgqZgbb Ghqv
hlqbagmy« KdZam_fh_ <hdhgqZgbb kdZam_fh]h lmfZg«
fh`_l[ulv kdZam_fh]h ©`b\_lª DjZkgZy
\ujZ`_gh ©`b\_lª g_hij_^_e_ggh_ iehsZ^v
 [_aebqguf hij_^_e_ggh_ ih^e_`Zs__
]eZ]hehf ih^e_`Zs__ ^_ckl\b_
Fg_ Ex[ex^ufhd \uihegy_ldlhlh
g_a^hjh\blky kiZe_gghc Hldjuebhdgh
 keh\Zfbg_l `gb\u« Dlhlh\uihegbe
g_[uehg_lm ^_ckl\b_fu\u
Ghg_lm hgbbl^
qm^_k«
 g_aZ\bkbfuf H[h[s_gghebqgu_
bgnbgblb\hf
;ulv[uqdmgZ Ex[brv Kheh\vy
\\_j_\hqd_ dZlZlvky± [Zkgyfbg_
 keh\hf ex[bbkZghqdb dhjfyl
khklhygby \hablv
<e_km[ueh
lboh
 ebqguf
]eZ]hehf\
[_aebqghf
agZq_gbb
IZog_lk_ghf
gZ^em]Zfb

?klvkdZam_fh_
b
G_lbg_fh`_l[ulvih^e_`Zs_]h

KdZam_fu_ m [_aebqgh]h ij_^eh`_gby [u\Zxl jZagufb Ihijh[mcl_


baf_gblv ih ebpZf ]eZ]heu jZkk\_eh \_q_j__l kf_jdZehkv ohq_lky G_
ihemqbehkv"?kl_kl\_gghwlh[_aebqgu_]eZ]heu
BlZd fu mklZgh\beb kdZam_fuf \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh]ml [ulv
[_aebqgu_]eZ]heu
91
FugZ^__fkyqlh\uohjhrhwlhihgyebb^Z`_kmf__l_gZclb[_aebqguc
]eZ]he\klbohl\hjghfl_dkl_gZ©]ehdhfªyaud_GZc^bl__]hb\uibrbl_

<ZjdZehkvOeb\db_rhjvdb
IujyebkvihgZ\_
BojxdhlZeba_exdb
DZdfxfabdb\fh\_
EDwjjheei_j>Hjeh\kdhc

:l_i_jvgZc^bl_[_aebqgu_]eZ]heu\ijbf_jZo

G_b^_lkybg__^_lky
Ihlhfmqlh]hehe_^bpZ
GhaZlh
HlebqghiZ^Z_lky
Ihq_fm`gbdlh
G_jZ^m_lky"
 <Hjeh\

Fg_b^hgug_
Ohq_lky]jualv
@Zjdhcjy[bgu
=hjvdmxdbklv
 FBP\_lZ_\Z

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?s_ h^gZ jZagh\b^ghklv kdZam_fh]h \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo ² wlh


keh\Zg_lbg_[uehGZijbf_j

GbdZdh]hg_lj_ahgZ
Mk_[y^_j`Zlv[bahgZ
 ;AZoh^_j

G_[ueh]\ha^y²
Ih^dh\ZijhiZeZ
G_[uehih^dh\u²
EhrZ^vaZojhfZeZ
 KYFZjrZd

Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\ij_^eh`_gbyo

 < ^h`^_\hc \h^_ g_l i_kdZ \ ihkeh\bpZo g_l e`b  G_l ilbpu
dhlhjhc g_ gm`gu djuevy g_l q_eh\_dZ dhlhjhfm g_ gm`_g fbj 
Dhfmljm^ex[lhfmmij_dZg_lG_lj_dbq_j_adhlhjmxg_[ueh
[ui_j_ijZ\uG_[ueh
92
[u lj_lv_]h ^\h_ [u ihfbjbebkv  =^_ g_l ^_j_\v_\ b iheugv
kqblZ_lky^_j_\hfG_[ueh[ukqZklvy^Zg_kqZklv_ihfh]eh
Ihkeh\bpu

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Ijh^he`bf agZdhfkl\h k l_kghc dhfiZgb_c kdZam_fuo [_aebqgh]h


ij_^eh`_gbyK_cqZki_j_^\Zfbihy\blkyg_aZ\bkbfucbgnbgblb\
<u ihfgbl_ qlh lZdh_ bgnbgblb\" Wlh g_hij_^_e_ggZy nhjfZ ]eZ]heZ
LZd \hl hdZau\Z_lky bgnbgblb\ \ [_aebqghf ij_^eh`_gbb fh`_l [ulv
kdZam_fufGZijbf_jG_^h]gZlvl_[_[_r_ghcljhcdb G:G_djZkh\ G_
[jh^blvg_fylv\dmklZo[Z]jyguoE_[_^ubg_bkdZlvke_^Z K:?k_gbg
<uibrbl_baijbf_jZ[_aebqgmxqZklvij_^eh`_gby

1. B^hlhc]emohcjZaemdb
Qlh[u\Z_lgZ\hcg_
JZkkdZaZlv_s_h^jm]_
Dh_qlhmki_lv[ufg_
 :LL\Zj^h\kdbc

Hk\bgkl\_
K\bgvbkdehggu_d[_kqbgkl\m
GZa_fe_dhg_qgh_klv
Ghm\_j_gyqlhk\bgkl\m
Q_eh\_q_kl\Zg_kt_klv
KYFZjrZd

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Ih^q_jdgbl_kdZam_fu_\ijbf_jZo
1. B[ulvgZ^a_fe_caZdZlZf
B[ulvgZ^a_fe_cjZkk\_lZf
M^h[jblv__khe^ZlZf
H^h[jblv__ihwlZf
B;jh^kdbc

2. ;ulv[ugZrbfkljZggbdZfih^jh^ghxdjur_x
?keb[agZlvfh]ebhgbqlhl\hjbehkvk=jbr_x
 G:G_djZkh\

3. Jh^blvky[ufg_ihaZdZam
Mkbg_]hfhjy\Djufm
:LL\Zj^h\kdbc
93
4. GZ\hcg_h^ghcfbgmldb
G_ijh`blv[_aijb[Zmldb
:LL\Zj^h\kdbc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Jhev kdZam_fuo \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh]ml b]jZlv keh\Z


h[hagZqZxsb_ khklhygb_ oheh^gh ljm^gh \_k_eh  Ih^q_jdgbl_ kdZam_fu_ \
ij_^eh`_gbyo

1. G_kdmqgh_c
Mk_fb[h]Zluj_c
:KImrdbg
2. L_iehgZkhegurd_<_kgZ
;_j_lk\hbijZ\Z
::N_l

3. Iehohq_eh\_dmdh]^Zhgh^bg
<<FZydh\kdbc

4. Hq_gvoheh^gh^_\qhgd_
;v_l^_\qhgdm^jh`v
J;_jg_

5. GZr^hfmkgme
GZmebp_l_fgh
<ukhdZya\_a^Z]ey^bl\hdgh
<Hjeh\

6. <]hjgbp_fh_ck\_leh
Wlhhlghqghca\_a^u
GFJm[ph\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

<uibrbl_[_aebqgmxqZklvij_^eh`_gbybaijbf_jZ
Bhllhc]ZjfhrdbklZjhc
QlhhklZeZkvkbjhlhc
DZdlh\^jm]l_ie__klZeh
GZ^hjh]_njhglh\hc
:LL\Zj^h\kdbc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Ijhqlbl_ klbohl\hj_gb_ B N :gg_gkdh]h JZkklZ\vl_ \ g_f agZdb


ij_ibgZgbyIh^q_jdgbl_[_aebqgu_qZklbkeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc
94
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc
1. 2, 3. II. 1, 2.

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkI_j\u_bapbnjh[hagZqZxl]jZnulZ[ebpu

²,,Fg_kh\_jr_ggh\k_jZ\gh]^_kh\_jr_gghh^bghdhc[ulv
 ² , WfZe_\uc dj_klbd \ i_lebp_ b k_jhc lm`mjdb kmdgh DZdb_
i_qZevgu_ebpZ Kg_]Zkg_]Zkg_]Z ,,  Ijh^he]h\Zlucb l\_j^uch\Ze
q_jgh]hieZlvyjZkljm[uLhkdZihjh^bg_

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

<ZjdZehkv
G_b^_lkybg__^_lkyIZ^Z_lkyOhq_lky]jualv

4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

G_lg_lG_lg_gm`gudjuevyg_lg_gm`_gfbjLjm^ex[g_l
 G_l g_ [ueh [u  G_ [ueh [u ^\h_ [u ihfbjbebkv  G_l iheugv
kqblZ_lky^_j_\hfG_[ueh[ug_kqZklv_ihfh]eh

5) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

B^hlhc]emohcjZaemdbjZkkdZaZlv_s_h^jm]_dh_qlhmki_lv[ufg_
Qlhk\bgkl\mq_eh\_q_kl\Zg_kt_klv

6) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

 ;ulv aZdZlZf [ulv jZkk\_lZf M^h[jblv H^h[jblv  ;ulv [u 
Jh^blvky[uG_ijh`blv

7) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgukdZam_fu_

1. G_kdmqghL_iehIehohOheh^ghL_fghK\_leh

***

Kj_^bfbjh\\f_jpZgbbk\_lbe
H^ghcA\_a^uyih\lhjyxbfy
G_ihlhfmqlh[y?_ex[be
:ihlhfmqlhylhfexkvk^jm]bfb
B_kebfg_khfg_gv_ly`_eh
95
YmG__h^ghcbsmhl\_lZ
G_ihlhfmqlhhlG__k\_leh
:ihlhfmqlhkG_cg_gZ^hk\_lZ

AZihfgbl_wlbkljhqdbbaZibrbl_ihiZfylbZihlhfijh\_jvl_k_[yih
dgb]_

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZibrbl_\hae_dZ`^h]hkeh\hkhq_lZgby\dZdh_ij_^eh`_gb_hghfh`_l
\hclb\^\mkhklZ\gh_bebh^ghkhklZ\gh_²[_aebqgh_
<hl lZd \h^h\hjhlhf aZdjm`beh ² [_aebqgh_ aZjuqZeh qm^h\bs_...
²^\mkhklZ\gh_

mg_kehl_q_gb_f
ihdZaZehkvkhhjm`_gb_
^_j_\haZdZqZehkv
\_ljhfih^gyeh\\ha^mo
^h`^_faZebeh

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
KdZam_fuf[_aebqgh]hij_^eh`_gbyfh`_l[ulvbebqguc]eZ]he_kebhg
b]jZ_ljhev[_aebqgh]hl_h^bg[_aih^e_`Zs_]h\ujZ`Z_l\_kvlhlkfuke
dhlhjuc^he`gZ\ujZablvhkgh\Zij_^eh`_gbyGZijbf_j
Am[Zklhcsmd_\mfijbreh
AZdhrZqv_ijbgylvkyj_f_keh
B:Djueh\

Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\ij_^eh`_gbyo

1. MjZ]Zghfih\Zebeh^_j_\h;_j_]ih^fu\Zeh\h^hc
AZ`]eh]jhahx^_j_\h
:[uehkheh\vbgh_
GZ^_j_\_]g_a^h
G:G_djZkh\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZibrbl_\hae_dZ`^h]hkeh\hkhq_lZgby\dZdh_ij_^eh`_gb_hghfh`_l
\hclb\^\mkhklZ\gh_beb\h^ghkhklZ\gh_²[_aebqgh_

af_yg_[m^_l
ms_gdZg_[ueh
96
g_klZehgbdZdh]hl_ji_gvy
g_lf_klZ
g_evayljh]Zlv
j_qdZg_[ueZ
g_[u\Zeh^gy[_a
fZeurg_klZe[u

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc

 ijb]j_abehkv qlh hgZ e_lbl \ukhdh\ukhdh d lhfm aZfdm dhlhjuc


fhlgme]heh\hcqlh[uk[jhkblvreyimghhgZbgl_j_kghb]jZlv
qlh y b ^mfZlv i_j_klZe ijh dZdb_lh lZf mjhdb Z hdZaZehkv qlh gbdZd
g_evay aZ[u\Zlv ijh k\hb ^_eZ ihlhfm qlh  ihcf_rv qlh `bagv
ebrbeZkv[uh^ghcbak\hbom^b\bl_evguodjZkhd_keb[ug_[ueh
h kh[Zd_  qlh _fm klZeh dZaZlvky [m^lh m g_]h  gZ ]eZ\gmx
]hjh^kdmx iehsZ^v dhlhjZy gZau\ZeZkv iehsZ^vx A\_a^u ijh_oZlv
hdZaZehkv  [ueZ lZdZy gba_gvdZy qlh ex^yf ijboh^behkv
ijhkgmeZkvb_cihdZaZehkvqlhhgZ

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

<uibrbl_[_aebqgu_qZklbkeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc

GZr_k\ys_ggh_j_f_keh
Kms_kl\m_llukyqbe_l
Kgbfb[_ak\_lZfbjmk\_leh
Gh_s_gbh^bgg_kdZaZeihwl
Qlhfm^jhklbg_lbklZjhklbg_l
:fh`_lbkf_jlbg_l
:::ofZlh\Z
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

:l_i_jvijh\_jvl_k\hxiZfylvi_j_qbkebl_ \k_ agZdhfu_ \Zf kihkh[u


\ujZ`_gby kdZam_fuo \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo Z ihlhf ijhdhgljhebjmcl_
k_[yihdgb`d_ kfk 
I_j_c^_fd^jm]bfkdZam_fhklgufij_^eh`_gbyfGZqg_fkhij_^_e_ggh
ebqguo
97
Qlh IjbagZdbh i j _ ^ _ e _ g g h  e b q g u o
hij_^_e_ggh]h ij_^eh`_gbclZdh\u
\hij_^_e_ggh ?klvkdZam_fh_
ebqguo b
ij_^eh`_gbyo G_lih^e_`Zs_]h
b
<hdhgqZgbbkdZam_fh]h©`b\_lªhij_^_e_ggh_
ih^e_`Zs__
Ihijh[mcl_ ih^h[jZlv ih^e_`Zsb_ d ke_^mxsbf ij_^eh`_gbyf   G_
i_qZevky 2) <uoh^bf\hldjulh_fhj_. 3) Ex[exwlmi_kgx4) Ohlbl_ihclb
\pbjd?
Fukh\_jr_gghm\_j_guqlh\uih^h[jZeblZddi_j\hfmij_^eh`_gbx
ludh\lhjhfm²fudlj_lv_fm²ybdq_l\_jlhfm²\u:qlh\Zfihfh]eh
gZclbhl\_lu"
Wlbhl\_luaZeh`_gu\kdZam_fh_²\_]hnhjfmb\uwlhihqm\kl\h\Zeb
< ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo ih^q_jdgbl_ hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ ij_^eh`_gby
bebhij_^_e_gghebqgu_qZklbkeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc

AZihfgbfhckh\_l
@Ze_lvhlhfg_gZ^h
Q_]hm`[hevr_g_l
KYFZjrZd

L_kg_ckZ^bl_kvmh]gy
:ygZqgmjZkkdZa
Imklv\ug_agZ_l_f_gy
:yg_agZx\Zk
;ZeeZ^uhJh[bg=m^_i_jBB\Zgh\kdh]h

Fhebl_kvgZghqvqlh[u\Zf
<^jm]g_ijhkgmlvkyagZf_gbluf
:::ofZlh\Z

?kebyaZ[he_x
d\jZqZfh[jZsZlvkyg_klZgm
H[jZsZxkvd^jmavyf
g_khqlbl_qlhwlh\[j_^m 
ihkl_ebl_fg_kl_iv
aZgZ\_kvl_fg_hdgZlmfZghf
\ba]heh\v_ihklZ\vl_
ghqgmxa\_a^m
Y<Kf_eydh\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
98
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
L_ie__klZeh

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
qlhhlG__k\_lehqlhkG_cg_gZ^hk\_lZ

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

;_aebqgu_ mg_keh l_q_gb_f \_ljhf ih^gyeh \ \ha^mo ^h`^_f aZebeh


HklZevgu_²^\mkhklZ\gu_

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

1. Ih\ZebehIh^fu\ZehAZ`]eh

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

>\mkhklZ\gu_ af_y g_ [m^_l j_qdZ g_ [ueZ fZeur g_ klZe [u.
HklZevgu_²[_aebqgu_

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

1. … ijb]j_abehkv qlh « aZfdm dhlhjuc «  « ]heh\hc qlh[u 


reyimgh« «b]jZlvqlh«mjhdbZhdZaZehkvqlh«^_eZihlhfmqlh
«  « ihcf_rv qlh « djZkhd _keb «   « h kh[Zd_ qlh « dZaZlvky
[m^lh 6. …iehsZ^vdhlhjZy«A\_a^uijh_oZlv« 7. …gba_gvdZyqlh
«ijhkgmeZkvb_cihdZaZehkvqlh«

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

Kgbfb[_ak\_lZfbjmk\_lehqlhfm^jhklbg_lbklZjhklbg_lZfh`_l
bkf_jlbg_l
***

: l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ ih^h[jZlv ih^e_`Zs__ d <g_hij_^_e_g


ij_^eh`_gbxGZmebp_ijh^Z\Zebfhjh`_gh_ ghebqguo
Ihemqbehkv" Kdhj__ \k_]h g_l <_^v \u g_ agZ_l_ dlh ij_^eh`_gbyo
ijh^Z\Zefhjh`_gh_B[he__lh]h\Zfg_[ueh\Z`ghdlh g_ba\_klghdlh
bf_ggh_]hijh^Z\Ze\Zf\Z`g__\k_]h[uekZfnZdllh]h ^_ckl\mxs__
qlh _]h ijh^Z\Zeb DZd \b^bl_ [u\Zxl ij_^eh`_gby ebph
dhlhju_ khh[sZxl qlh ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^beh beb
ijhbkoh^bl gh g_ ykgh beb g_ \Z`gh dlh ^_ckl\mxs__
ebphGZijbf_j H[ty\beblj_\h]m
2) P_gu hiylv ih\ukbeb < lZdbo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh`gh h[hclbkv [_a
ih^e_`Zs_]h
Wlbij_^eh`_gbygZau\Zxlkyg _ h i j _ ^ _ e _ g g h  e b q g u f b 
99
BoijbagZdblZdh\u
1. ?klvkdZam_fh_
b
2. G_lih^e_`Zs_]h
b
 < hdhgqZgbb kdZam_fh]h ©`b\_lª g_hij_^_e_ggh_ ih^e_`Zs__ l _
^_ckl\b_\uihegy_ldlhlh
Ijhqlbl_l_dklbhlf_lvl_agZdhfg_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ij_^eh`_gby

Fu \k_ agZ_f qlh khegp_ `_elh_ Z ijb aZdZl_ hgh [u\Z_l djZkguf Gh
bgh]^Z \b^_eb khegp_ ^jm]bo p\_lh\ < k_gly[j_  ]h^Z gZ^
g_dhlhjufb kljZgZfb ?\jhiu k\_lbeh khegp_ ]hem[h]h p\_lZ Wlh
ijhbahreh baaZ h]jhfgh]h ih`ZjZ \ e_kZo DZgZ^u < =b[jZelZjkdhf
ijheb\_ ex[h\Zebkv yjdh]hem[uf aZdZlhf Kbg__ khegp_ gZ[ex^Zeb \
]h^mihke_ba\_j`_gby\medZgZDjZdZlZm:\ ]h^m m\b^_eb gZ
g_[_ a_e_gh_ khegp_ Wlh ijhbahreh ihke_ ba\_j`_gby \medZgZ \ Bg
^bckdhfhd_Zg_
IhGGKeZ^dh\m
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZc^bl_ \ klbohl\hjghf l_dkl_ g_hij_^_e_gghebqgmx qZklv


ij_^eh`_gby
>eyq_eh\_dZgZpbhgZevghklv
bg_aZkem]Z
bg_\bgZ
?keb\kljZg_ml\_j`^ZxlbgZq_
agZqbl
g_kqZklgZywlhkljZgZ
JBJh`^_kl\_gkdbc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZibrbl_ \hae_ dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby _]h \b^ ih gZebqbx ]eZ\guo


qe_gh\?kebij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_gZibrbl_dZdh\u_]hqZklb

Hkf_ehfiZjg_[m^_lj_qv
Hga\ZekyJh[bg=m^
G_^ZjhfiZfylvkf_evqZdZ
<gZjh^_[_j_]ml
;ZeeZ^uhJh[bg=m^_i_jBB\Zgh\kdh]h
100
Fg_^ZebfhjkdmxjZdh\bgm
<g_cymkeurZejZkdZlu
FhjykhrdhevghcdZjlu
N=ZjkbyEhjdZ

?]haZjueb\rZja_fghc
:[uehgebrvkhe^Zl
<Hjeh\

G_^Z\Zcfg_gbq_]hgZiZfylv
AgZxydZdiZfylvdhjhldZ
:::ofZlh\Z
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Ke_^mxsbfb gZrbfb agZdhfpZfb [m^ml Dh]^Z^_ckl\b_


h [ h [ s _ g g h  e b q g u _ ij_^eh`_gby hlghkblkydh
Dlh kh\_jrZ_l ^_ckl\b_ \ ij_^eh`_gbyo Ba i_kgb \k_fex^yf
keh\Zg_\udbg_rvbKheh\vy[Zkgyfbg_dhjfyl" \hh[s_
Wlh^_ckl\b_fh`_lhlghkblvkydex[hfmq_eh\_dm
gZk\_l_dh\k_fex^yf\hh[s_
=eZ]heu \ h[h[s_gghebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo klhyl eb[h \h f ebp_
_^bgkl\_ggh]hqbkeZeb[h\febp_fgh`_kl\_ggh]hqbkeZ
GZah\_f^\ZijbagZdZh[h[s_gghebqguoij_^eh`_gbc
Wlh   bo ^_ckl\b_ hlghkblky dh \k_f ex^yf \hh[s_   bo kdZam_fu_
fh]ml [ulv \ujZ`_gu ]eZ]heZfb ]h ebpZ _^bgkl\_ggh]h qbkeZ b ]h ebpZ
fgh`_kl\_ggh]hqbkeZ
AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd
lZ[ebpu

>\mkhklZ\gu_ ;_aebqgu_ H[h[s_gghebqgu_

1
2
3

E[hfkl_gmg_ijhrb[_rvG_ljhau[_arbih\:ii_lblijboh^bl
\h\j_fy_^uE_`Zq_]hg_[vxl>he]ieZl_`hfdjZk_g>ufZ[_a
h]gyg_[u\Z_lKe_aZfb]hjxg_ihfh`_rv>\mfkf_jlyfg_[u\Zlv
Zh^ghcg_fbgh\ZlvIhke_^jZdbdmeZdZfbg_
101
fZrml  RbeZ \ f_rd_ g_ mlZbrv  Ih^ e_`Zqbc dZf_gv \h^Z g_
l_q_lIjheblmx\h^mg_kh[_j_rv

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Kh[_jbl_jZkkdZa ba ij_^eh`_gbc dhlhju_ihl_jyeb^jm] ^jm]Z >he`gh


ihemqblvkyq_luj_keh`guoij_^eh`_gby\dZ`^hfbadhlhjuoih^\_qZklb

HgaZf_lbe
ghhl\_lZgZh[uqgh_©Zeehªg_[ueh
>bj_dpbbahhiZjdZijbrehkvaZieZlblvrljZn
LZcgmfheqZeb\uol_e_nhgguo\uah\h\m^ZehkvjZa]Z^Zlv
h^ghfmfZeurm
<l_q_gb_g_kdhevdbog_^_ev\^hfZoZg]ebckdh]h]hjh^Z
Q_kl_jjZa^Z\Zebkvl_e_nhggu_a\hgdb
qlhh]jhfgZy`bjZnZeb`_ll_e_nhggu_ijh\h^Z
Zl_e_nhggZyk_lv[ueZi_j_g_k_gZih^Zevr_hlaZ]hgZk
`bjZnZfb
dhlhjuc]meye\ahhiZjd_

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

102
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

AZihfgbfhckh\_lL_kg_ckZ^bl_kvmh]gyFhebl_kvgZghqvD
\jZqZfh[jZsZlvkyg_klZgmH[jZsZxkvd^jmavyfg_khqlbl_ihkl_ebl_fg_
kl_ivaZgZ\_kvl_fg_hdgZlmfZghf\ba]heh\v_ihklZ\vl_ghqgmxa\_a^m

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgug_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ij_^eh`_gby

Gh bgh]^Z \b^_eb khegp_ ^jm]bo p\_lh\ < =b[jZelZjkdhf ijheb\_


ex[h\Zebkvyjdh]hem[ufaZdZlhfKbg__khegp_gZ[ex^Zeb\]h^mihke_
ba\_j`_gby\medZgZDjZdZlZm:\]h^mm\b^_ebgZg_[_a_e_gh_khegp_

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

?keb\kljZg_ml\_j`^ZxlbgZq_

4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

G_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_  G_^Zjhf iZfylv kf_evqZdZ \ gZjh^_ [_j_]ml.


2. Fg_ ^Zeb fhjkdmx jZdh\bgm. 3. ?]h aZjueb \ rZj a_fghc Hij_^_e_ggh
ebqgu_G_^Z\Zcfg_gbq_]hgZiZfylvHklZevgu_^\mkhklZ\gu_

5) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkI_j\ZypbnjZkhhl\_lkl\m_l]jZn_lZ[ebpu

1 — 3, 5, 11. 2 — 2, 6, 8. 3 — 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12.


***

I_j_c^_fdih^e_`Zsgufij_^eh`_gbyf<hlijbf_ju ba :_s__klv
klbohl\hj_gbyG:G_djZkh\ZKeZ\gZyhk_gvFhjhagu_ ghqb gZau\gu_
Ykgu_lbob_^gb. ij_^eh`_gby
HdZau\Z_lky b [_a kdZam_fh]h fh]ml ihemqblvky ij_^
eh`_gbyjbkmxsb_hlq_leb\mx\ujZabl_evgmxdZjlbgm
GZijbf_j @_eluc dZf_gv kbgyy l_gv `b\hibkgu_ lj_sbgu klZjuo
kl_g I_gb_ \^Zeb b _]h woh \ h\jZ]Zo Jugdb gZ k\Zyo ih^ l_glZfb b
h]jhfgufb ahglbdZfb ;e_kd hjm`by yjdh_ ieZlv_ ZjhfZl p\_lh\ b
a_e_gb K\bldb iZjmkh\ bo khg b djueZlh_ mljh a_e_gZy \h^Z kdZeu
^Zevhd_ZgZ :K=jbg
103
< wlbo ij_^eh`_gbyo \Z`gh g_ ^_ckl\b_ Z gZa\Zgb_ ij_^f_lZ K wlhc
jZ[hlhc ih^e_`Zs__ kijZ\ey_lky b [_a kdZam_fh]h =^_lh \gmljb lZdbo
ij_^eh`_gbc kdZam_fh_ \k_lZdb kdju\Z_lky b _]h fh`gh ba\e_qv Ijbf_jgh
lZd Klhbl keZ\gZy hk_gv Klhyl ykgu_ lbob_ ^gb Gh kdZam_fh_ ihgbfZ_l
qlhih^e_`Zs__kijZ\ey_lky[_ag_]hbg_\uoh^blgZi_j\ucieZg
LZdb_ij_^eh`_gbygZau\ZxlkygZau\gufbBoijbagZdblZdh\u
1. ?klvih^e_`Zs__
b
2. G_lkdZam_fh]h

Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\gZau\guoij_^eh`_gbyo
1.1. I_j_ijZ\Zi_j_ijZ\Z
;_j_]e_\uc[_j_]ijZ\uc
Kg_]r_jrZ\ucdjhfdZev^Z
Njhgl<hcgZ:\_q_j^b\guc
Ihiheyfimklufb^_l
:LL\Zj^h\kdbc

,,N_\jZev>hklZlvq_jgbebieZdZlv
IbkZlvhn_\jZe_gZ\aju^
IhdZ]jhohqmsZykeydhlv
<_kghxq_jghx]hjbl
;EIZkl_jgZd

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

L_i_jvhk\hb\rbkvkgZau\gufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\ukfh`_l_magZlvbo\
ij_^eh`_gbyogZg_kh\k_fihgylghfbeb^Z`_kh\k_fg_ihgylghfyaud_
Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\ugZau\guoij_^eh`_gbc\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo

1. KbyxsZy\hevaZ
@_eZ_fuoj_kgbp
BeZkdh\Zy^hevaZ
EZkdZxsbo^_kgbp
<Oe_[gbdh\

Jha]j_gvXjadb_ohf_cdb
Ijhk\_jl_eb\_kvljZ\Zk
:cZcyxl[jukdmgq_cdb
Ih^kdhjyqbcjuqb`Zk
EDwjjhee:ebkZ\AZa_jdZev_i_j:S_j[Zdh\Z
104
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

AZihfgbl_ q_l\_jhklbrb_ b aZibrbl_ _]h ih iZfylb Ih^q_jdgbl_ \ g_f


gZau\gu_ij_^eh`_gby

G_^\b`gucdZfurG_lj_i_s_lhkhdZ
=em[hdZylbrv;_a]eZ]hevghklvihdhy
Em]Zm[_]Zxl^Ze_dh^Ze_dh
<h\k_fmlhfe_gv_²]emoh_g_fh_
D>;Zevfhgl

<gZau\guoij_^eh`_gbyodhlhju_gZqlhlhmdZau\Zxlg_j_^db_]hklb
²qZklbpuwlhb\hl<kihfgbl_dZd\[Zkg_Djueh\Z©>_fvygh\ZmoZªkhk_^
>_fvygm]hsZekhk_^Znhdm
<hl e_sbd ihljhoZ \hl kl_jey^b dmkhq_d : \hl kljhqdZ ba klboh\
FZydh\kdh]hWlh\ZggZWlhkZ^
<ke_^mxsboijbf_jZoih^q_jdgbl_gZau\gu_ij_^eh`_gby

<hlfhy^_j_\gy
<hlfhc^hfjh^ghc
<hldZqmkvy\kZgdZo
Ih]hj_djmlhc
BKmjbdh\

<hlf_evgbpZHgZm`jZa\ZebeZkv
:KImrdbg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZau\gu_ij_^eh`_gbyfh]ml\oh^blvdZdqZklv\keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gby
I_j_^ \Zfb gZa\Zgby ]eZ\ ba dgb]b EvxbkZ DwjjheeZ ©:ebkZ \ KljZg_
qm^_kªdhlhjmxi_j_\_egZjmkkdbcyaudibkZl_ev;AZoh^_jIh^q_jdgbl_\
wlbogZa\ZgbyogZau\gu_qZklbJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

1. =eZ\Z gbdZdZy ba dhlhjhc l_f g_ f_g__ fh`gh dh_qlh magZlv
 =eZ\Z i_j\Zy \ dhlhjhc :ebkZ qmlv g_ ijh\ZebeZkv ih^ a_fex 
=eZ\Z \lhjZy \ dhlhjhc :ebkZ dmiZ_lky \ ke_aZo  =eZ\Z k_^vfZy \
dhlhjhcivxlqZcdZdg_ghjfZevgu_

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

:l_i_jvihlj_gbjm_fkygZ\k_\f_kl_GZc^bl_]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\u\
ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo
105
 Khj\Z\r__ky keh\h g_ ^h]hgbrv gZ kdZdmg_  K^_eZggh_ mljhf
ijh\_jyc\_q_jhfKf_ehklv]hjh^Z[_j_l>jmavyihagZxlky\[_^_
G_[hjh]Zfbg_ijhldgmlvDebgdebghf\urb[ZxlK_e_^dZkhebg_
[hblky Khev_^yl\h\k_ffbj_ H]hgv fZkehf g_ aZeb\Zxl  >\Z
f_^\_^y\h^ghc[_jeh]_g_m`b\mlky

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

L_i_jv gZc^bl_ h^ghkhklZ\gu_ ij_^eh`_gby \ khklZ\_ keh`guo b


h[tykgbl_ihklZgh\dmaZiyluo

;_j_]bkv\k_]hlh]hqlhg_h^h[jy_lkyl\h_xkh\_klvx EGLheklhc
 ?keb lu qlhgb[m^v ^_eZ_rv ^_eZc wlh ohjhrh E G Lheklhc  
K\h[h^guc ljm^ ² \hl lhqdZ hihju dhlhjmx lj_[h\Ze :jobf_^ qlh[u
i_j_\_jgmlvfbj F=hjvdbc IjZ\^Z²\ha^mo[_adhlhjh]h^urZlv
g_evay BKLmj]_g_\ Qlh[ugbkemqbehkvg_l_jyc[h^jhklb EG
Lheklhc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

G_j_^dh[hevrb_gZmqgu_klZlvbaZdZgqb\Zxlkyj_axf_²dhjhl_gvdbf
g_ [hevr_ iheh\bgu kljZgbpu baeh`_gb_f jZkkdZaZggh]h Ihijh[mcl_
khklZ\blv j_axf_ \Zr_]h jZkkdZaZ h[ h^ghkhklZ\guo ij_^eh`_gbyo Z ihlhf
k\_jvl_kgZrbf dklZlbj_axf_²wlhij_djZkgZyriZj]ZedZ 
<hlgZr_j_axf_
<k_ij_^eh`_gby^_eylkygZ^\mkhklZ\gu_\dhlhjuo_klvih^e_`Zs__b
kdZam_fh_bh^ghkhklZ\gu_\dhlhjuolhevdhh^bg]eZ\gucqe_g
H^ghkhklZ\gu_ ^_eylky gZ kdZam_fhklgu_ \ dhlhjuo _klv lhevdh
kdZam_fu_bih^e_`Zsgu_\dhlhjuogZebphlhevdhih^e_`Zsb_
KdZam_fhklgu_ ^_eylky gZ [_aebqgu_ hij_^_e_gghebqgu_,
g_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ b h[h[s_gghebqgu_ < [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo
ih^e_`Zs_]h g_l b [ulv g_ fh`_l M hij_^_e_gghebqguo ij_^eh`_gbc \
nhjf_ kdZam_fh]h ©`b\_lª hij_^_e_ggh_ ih^e_`Zs__ M g_hij_^_e_gghebq
guo ²g_hij_^_e_ggh_ >_ckl\by h[h[s_gghebqguo ij_^eh`_gbc fh]ml
hlghkblvkydex[hfmq_eh\_dmdh\k_fex^yf\hh[s_
Ih^e_`Zsgu_ ij_^eh`_gby ² wlh gZau\gu_ \ dhlhjuo _klv lhevdh
ih^e_`Zs__
106
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
< l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo g_^_ev \ ^hfZo Zg]ebckdh]h ]hjh^Z Q_kl_j
jZa^Z\Zebkvl_e_nhggu_a\hgdbghhl\_lZgZh[uqgh_ ©Zeehª g_ [ueh LZcgm
fheqZeb\uol_e_nhgguo\uah\h\m^ZehkvjZa]Z^Zlv h^ghfm fZeurm dhlhjuc
]meye \ ahhiZjd_ Hg aZf_lbe qlh h]jhfgZy `bjZnZ eb`_l l_e_nhggu_
ijh\h^Z >bj_dpbb ahhiZjdZ ijbrehkv aZieZlblv rljZn Z l_e_nhggZy k_lv
[ueZi_j_g_k_gZih^Zevr_hlaZ]hgZk`bjZnZfb

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
1.1. I_j_ijZ\Zi_j_ijZ\ZDjhfdZev^Znjhgl<hcgZ,,N_\jZev

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
1. <hevaZb^hevaZJha]j_gv

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
1. <hlfhy^_j_\gy<hlfhc^hfjh^ghc<hlf_evgbpZ

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
1. =eZ\Z gbdZdZy   =eZ\Z i_j\Zy   =eZ\Z \lhjZy   =eZ\Z
k_^vfZy

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
G_^h]hgbrvIjh\_jycKf_ehklv[_j_l>jmavyihagZxlkyG_
ijhldgmlv<urb[ZxlK_e_^dZg_[hblky?^ylG_aZeb\Zxl>\Z
f_^\_^yg_m`b\mlky

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
;_j_]bkv\k_]hlh]h>_eZcwlhohjhrhQlh[ui_j_\_jgmlvfbj
;_adhlhjh]h^urZlvg_evayG_l_jyc[h^jhklb
***

KbglZdkbq_kdb_©dZjebdbª
Qlh lZdh_ kbglZdkbq_kdbc ©dZjebdª" Wlh dhjhl_gvdh_ ij_^eh`_gb_
khklhys__ ba ^\molj_o keh\ KZfuf ©dZjebdh\ufª hdZau\Z_lky lZdh_
ij_^eh`_gb_ \ dhlhjhf wlb ^\Zljb keh\Z lh`_ dhjhl_gvdb_ GZijbf_j B y
lZf[uebf_^y
107
ibe :KImrdbg GZi_j\uc\a]ey^ljm^ghih\_jblvqlh©fZexldbªB
ylZf[uebf_^yibebf_xldZ`^Zyk\hxhkgh\my\eyxlkyij_^eh`_gbyfbb
khklZ\eyxl \^\h_f keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Ibrmsbc g_j_^dh h[fZgu\Z_lky
fZe_gvdbfb jZaf_jZfb ©dZjebdh\ª b g_ klZ\bl agZd ij_ibgZgby \ keh`ghf
ij_^eh`_gbbkhklhys_fba^\moih^h[guo©dhjhlur_dªLZdZyhrb[dZqZklh
\hagbdZ_lgZijbf_j\ij_^eh`_gbb<k_klboehb\k_fheqZl
?keb ©dZjebdh\h_ª ij_^eh`_gb_ ©aZ`Zlhª kj_^b g_kdhevdbo [he__
djmiguo _]h e_]dh g_ aZf_lblv qlh g_ba[_`gh \_^_l d ihl_j_ h^ghc^\mo
aZiyluo
GZkljhcl_kvih`ZemcklZgZihbkdb©aZl_jygguodZjebdh\ª
< ke_^mxs_f ij_^eh`_gbb jZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby b ih^q_jdgbl_
©dZjebdh\h_ªij_^eh`_gb_

KZ^ lygmeky lZd ^Ze_dh qlh ^Z`_ kZ^h\gbd g_ agZe ]^_ hg dhgqZ_lky b aZ
kZ^hfijhklbjZekyij_djZkguce_kk\ukhdbfb^_j_\vyfb

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

;hevrZyqZklvagZdhfuogZfrdhevgbdh\g_aZf_qZ_l©dZjebdZªg_\b^bl
]^_hgdhgqZ_lkybg_\u^_ey_l_]haZiylufb:\u"
E_]q_ \k_]h l_jyxlky kj_^b ©iheghf_ljZ`guoª ij_^eh`_gbc
h^ghkhklZ\gu_ b g_ihegu_ ©dZjebdbª GZijbf_j \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb
@ZevqlhfugZrebfZeh[_euo]jb[h\^\Zijhkluoij_^eh`_gbybi_j\h_ba
gbo²dhjhl_gvdh_\k_]hbah^gh]hkeh\Z²`Zev
< ke_^mxsbo ij_^eh`_gbyo gZc^bl_ b ih^q_jdgbl_ ©dZjebdh\ª AgZdb
ij_ibgZgbyg_jZkklZ\e_guqlh[uhgbg_[ueb^ey\Zkih^kdZadhcJZkklZ\vl_
bokZfbBf_cl_\\b^m©dZjebdbªfh]mlhdZaZlvkyb\gZqZe_b\k_j_^bg_b\
dhgp_keh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby

 Ba\_klgh qlh mqZklgbdb i_j\uo emgguo wdki_^bpbc ih^\_j]Zebkv ih


\ha\jZs_gbb ba dhkfhkZ fgh]h^g_\ghfm dZjZglbgm qlh[u g_ aZg_klb gZ
A_fex©emggu_fbdjh[uªh^gZdhgZEmg_gbdZdbofbdjh[h\g_hdZaZehkv
 Ex[hiulgh qlh \ ijhrehf \_d_ \h fgh]bo kljZgZo AZiZ^ghc ?\jhiu
gh\h]h^gbc >_^ Fhjha g_ [ue lZdbf \_k_euf ^h[jydhf dZdbf fu _]h
agZ_fl_i_jvKqblZ_lkyqlh\v_lgZfpuklZgh\ylkygZ]h^klZjr_\^_gv
Gh\h]h]h^ZZ^_gvbo^_ckl\bl_evgh]hjh`^_gbyg_
108
ijbgbfZ_lky \h \gbfZgb_  JZkkdZau\Zxl qlh \ klZjbgm _keb gZ Gh\uc
]h^gZmebp_ihy\eyekyljm[hqbklex^b[_`ZebaZgbfqlh[ubkiZqdZlvky
kZ`_clZddZdwlh^he`gh[uehijbg_klbkqZklv_<aZ^gbojy^Zoex^b
gZqZeb \klZ\Zlv qlh[u m\b^_lv qlh ijhbkoh^bl gZ kp_g_ D =
IZmklh\kdbc   G_ba\_klgh qlh _s_ jZkkdZaZe [u =e_[ KdZf_cdbg ijh
fhj_gh\wlh\j_fydgZfih^hr_e<heh^y GGGhkh\ DZaZehkvqlh
gZ a_e_gv kuiexlky jZaghp\_lgu_ ehkdmldb X D He_rZ   Qlh [ueh
^Zevr_kmqbl_e_flZgp_\g_ba\_klgh XDHe_rZ

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

JZ[hlZy kh ke_^mxsbfb ijbf_jZfb h[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ ]^_ bf_ggh


gZoh^ylky©dZjebdbªIh^q_jdgbl_bobjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

Mf_gb_hjb_glbjh\Zlvkyihkemomih^kdZau\Z_ldblZfdm^Zieulv
Dh]^ZgZg_[_\b^gua\_a^ui_j_e_lgu_ilbpuohjhrhagZxldm^Ze_l_lv
Gbdlh\^_lkl\_g_agZ_llhqghd_fhg[m^_ldh]^Z\ujZkl_lG_lj_db

109
q_j_adhlhjmxg_[ueh[ui_j_ijZ\ug_liheh`_gbybadhlhjh]hg_[ueh
[u\uoh^Z
Ihkeh\bpZ
,,<hl[_^Z\h\k_cdhehgg_
AZ\Zeys_cg_l]Zjfhgb
:LL\Zj^h\kdbc

Eh`v\k_]^Zhi_j_^bl
Bklbgmg_fgh`dh
Ghg_[hcl_kvih[_^bl
IjZ\^Z[hkhgh`dZ
KYFZjrZd
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Ijbmf_gbbij_^m]Z^u\Zlv\h[s_f\b^_kfukebkljmdlmjmij_^eh`_gby
fh`gh jZa]ey^_lv b ijZ\bevgh \u^_eblv ©dZjebdZª ^Z`_ \ ©hlj_ad_ª
ij_^eh`_gbyIhijh[mcl_k^_eZlvwlh\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo

«^hklZlhqghagZdhfuk<hevdhcqlh[uagZlvqlh
«bgl_j_kghb]jZlvqlhyb^mfZlvaZ[ueijhk\hb^_eZZhdZaZehkvqlh
gbdZdg_evayaZ[u\Zlvihlhfmqlh«
«[uem`_\ukhdhgZ^a_fe_cdh]^Z^_\hqdZijhkgmeZkvb_cihdZaZehkv
qlhhgZ«

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

©DZjebdª fh`_l ihl_jylvky g_ lhevdh kj_^b ©iheghf_ljZ`guoª


ij_^eh`_gbc ?keb keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ p_ebdhf khklZ\e_gh ba ©dZjebdh\ª
fh`gh g_qZyggh g_^h]ey^_lv dZdh]hgb[m^v ba gbo beb ijbgylv keh`gh_
ij_^eh`_gb_aZijhklh_
Mf__l_ eb \u h[jZsZlvky k iZjZfb ljhcdZfb b p_eufb lheiZfb
©dZjebdh\ª"G_imlZ_l_ebbokh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb"
JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

,  Qlh k \haZ miZeh lh ijhiZeh  Mk_j^guc q_eh\_d gZoh^bl e_gb\uc
l_jy_lQlhhlk_j^pZb^_llhk_j^p_g_aZ[m^_lDlhihl_jye^_gv]b
lhl gbq_]h g_ ihl_jye Dlh ihl_jye a^hjh\v_ lhl ihl_jye fgh]h_ Dlh
ihl_jyefm`_kl\hlhlihl_jye\k_DlhjZ[hlZ_llhldhjfblkyZdlhjmdb
keh`bllh]h]heh^]eh`_l
Ihkeh\bpu
110
,,  Ghqv lmfZg b gb a]b g_ \b^Zlv  JZkk\_eh b \k_ h`beh  <u
^h\hevgubgZfohjhrh<ahreZemgZbk\hbffy]dbfnhknhjbq_kdbf
k\_lhfhaZjbeZe_kGZklmibeZ\]mklbihghqZfklZehoheh^ghLmfZg
gZqZe dem[blvky b ih^gbfZlvky d\_jom  Mljh l_ieh_ b qmlvqmlv
fhjhkblIjbg_keb[md_lp\_lh\bihklZ\beb_]h\\ZamLbohbkbg_\Z
\bkbl f_`^m ^_j_\vyfb  DZ`^uc ba gZk gZ k\h_f dhjZ[e_ dZiblZg b
\_^_ldhjZ[evk\hbfkh[kl\_ggufiml_f

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

>Z\Zcl_ aZihfgbf ijZ\beh ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª g_


ijhfhj]Zcl_kbglZdkbq_kdh]h©dZjebdZª

KbglZdkbq_kdb_©\_ebdZguª

KbglZdkbq_kdb_ ©\_ebdZguª ² wlh hq_gv jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ ijhklu_


ij_^eh`_gbyGZijbf_j=hlh\u_ojmklysb_ihgqbdbkdZlu\Zebkvih`_eh[m
\ ysbd ihgqbdhijb_fgbdZ k aZ\b^ghc jZ\ghf_jghklvx qZkh\h]h f_oZgbafZ.
Ijb\klj_q_kij_^eh`_gb_flZdhc^ebgu\hagbdZ_lihqlbg_ij_h^hebfh_`_
eZgb_©\kZ^blvªdm^Zgb[m^vaZiylmxqZs_\k_]hlm^Z]^_

111
ijb ql_gbb \hagbdZ_l iZmaZ <hl lmllh hl \Zk ihlj_[m_lky ki_pbZevgZy
]jZffZlbq_kdZy\u^_j`dZb^bkpbiebgbjh\ZgghklvHklZgh\bl_jmdmdhlhjZy
lyg_lky ihklZ\blv aZiylmx b kijhkbl_ k_[y ijhklh_ wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ beb
keh`gh_"Kdhevdh\g_fhkgh\"
?keb ]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z h^gZ b ij_^eh`_gb_ ijhklh_ aZ^Zcl_ k_[_
\lhjhc \hijhk _klv eb a^_kv ki_pbZevgu_ ©ihdZaZgbyª d ihklZgh\d_ aZiylhc
\gmljb ij_^eh`_gby" Bf_xlky eb a^_kv h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu k h[h[sZxsbfb
keh\Zfbbeb[_agbo h[hkh[e_ggu_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby
keh\Z]jZffZlbq_kdbg_k\yaZggu_kij_^eh`_gb_f"?kebg_lgb\dh_f
kemqZ_ g_ klZ\vl_ aZiylmx ^Z`_ _keb hq_gv ohq_lky BgZq_ \u jbkdm_l_
jZaj_aZlv©\_ebdZgZªgZ^\_ZlhbgZljbqZklb
Lhevdh ]jZffZlbq_kdZy ^bkpbiebgbjh\Zgghklv ihfh`_l ba[_`Zlv kZfuo
jZkijhkljZg_gguo b kZfuo ©\t_^eb\uoª hrb[hd dhlhju_ gZau\Zxlky
ebrgbfbagZdZfb
BlZd _s_ h^gh ijZ\beh ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª g_
jZaj_aZcl_©\_ebdZgZª
:l_i_jvkgh\ZaZcf_fkykq_lhfij_^eh`_gbc\mf_;m^vl_\gbfZl_evgu
<Zf\klj_lylky©dZjebdbªb©\_ebdZguªAgZdbij_ibgZgbyjZkklZ\vl_kZfb

 <hed g_ \hkihevah\Zeky hldju\r_cky i_j_^ gbf \hafh`ghklvx


\hgablvk\hbkf_jlhghkgu_deudb\[_aaZsblgh_]hjeh\jZ]ZKZ[ey_]h
\rbjhdbo[e_klysbogh`gZoe_`ZeZf_`^m_]hdhe_gyfbIbklhe_lhq_gv
fbjghlhjqZebaaZr_edh\h]hq_jgh]hrZjnZgZ_]h[hdm XDHe_rZ
DZdlhevdhihy\beZkv:kkhev\k_kfhedeb\k_khkljZohfhlhrebhlg__
b hgZ hklZeZkv h^gZ kj_^v imklhlu aghcgh]h i_kdZ : K =jbg  
H^bgZdh\u_ ^hfZ klhyeb \ kl_ib r_j_g]Zfb \ ljbq_luj_ ebgbb gZ
fZl_fZlbq_kdblhqghfjZkklhygbb^jm]hl^jm]Z D=IZmklh\kdbc

,,<_kgZ[u\Z_l]^_a_fey
<_kgZ[u\Z_l]^_ljZ\Z
<_kgumdZfgy[ulvg_fh`_l

K`Z^ghklvx\khkZgu
<ljZ\ubaeZdb
Ihke_^gb_dZi_evdb
Ihq\_gghc\eZ]b
<:Khehmobg
112
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

]^_hgdhgqZ_lky«

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZguij_^eh`_gby©dZjebdbª

1. Ba\_klghAZiylu_i_j_^qlh, qlh[uh^gZdh
2Ex[hiulghAZiylu_i_j_^qlh dZdbf
3. KqblZ_lkyAZiylu_i_j_^qlhZ
4. JZkkdZau\ZxlAZiylu_i_j_^qlh _kebex^bqlh[ulZddZd
5. Qlh[um\b^_lvAZiylu_i_j_^qlh[uqlh
6. G_ba\_klghAZiylu_i_j_^qlh gh
7.DZaZehkvAZiylZyi_j_^qlh
8. G_ba\_klghAZiylZyi_j_^g_ba\_klgh

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIj_^eh`_gby©dZjebdbª\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf

I Mf_gb_ hjb_glbjh\Zlvky ih kemom ih^kdZau\Z_l dblZf dm^Z ieulv


Dh]^ZgZg_[_\b^gua\_a^ui_j_e_lgu_ilbpuohjhrhagZxldm^Ze_l_lv
Gbdlh\^_lkl\_g_agZ_llhqghd_fhg[m^_ldh]^Z\ujZkl_l 4. G_lj_db
q_j_adhlhjmxg_[ueh[ui_j_ijZ\ug_liheh`_gbybadhlhjh]hg_[ueh[u
\uoh^Z Ihkeh\bpZ

II.1. <hl[_^Z\h\k_cdhehgg_
AZ\Zeys_cg_l]Zjfhgb
:LL\Zj^h\kdbc

Eh`v\k_]^Zhi_j_^bl
Bklbgmg_fgh`dh
Ghg_[hcl_kvih[_^bl
IjZ\^Z[hkhgh`dZ
KYFZjrZd
4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIj_^eh`_gby©dZjebdbª\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf

1. …^hklZlhqghagZdhfuk<hevdhcqlh[uagZlvqlh«
 « bgl_j_kghb]jZlv qlh y b ^mfZlv aZ[ue ijh k\hb ^_eZ Z hdZaZehkv
qlhgbdZdg_evayaZ[u\Zlvihlhfmqlh ...
 « [ue m`_ \ukhdh gZ^ a_fe_c dh]^Z ^_\hqdZ ijhkgmeZkv b _c
ihdZaZehkvqlhhgZ …
***

113
,,,DlhH[_avyg\b^Zel_agZxl
DZd`Z^gh\k_hgbi_j_gbfZxl
B:Djueh\

,9DhevklZjmrdZ[m^vgZffZlv
LZdbklZg_f\_ebqZlv
DhebdjZkgZy^_\bpZ
;m^vgZffbeZyk_kljbpZ
:KImrdbg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

<u gZmqbebkv kqblZlv ij_^eh`_gby \ mf_ Gh qlh[u \_jgh jZkklZ\blv


agZdbij_ibgZgbyg_^hklZlhqghkhkqblZlvdhebq_kl\hijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\
khklZ\_keh`gh]hgZ^hijZ\bevghhij_^_eblv]jZgbpujZa^_eyxsb_bo

©=jZgbpZªb©ih]jZgbqgbdbª\ij_^eh`_gbb

G_gZjmrZcl_ Y ih^hr_e d dZebld_ k jZ^hklguf eZ_f gZ\klj_qm


]jZgbpm fg_ \u[_`Ze ;Zj[hk ©Qlh aZ q_imoZª ² hq_\b^gh
ih^mfZeb \u BaaZ q_]h `_ ihemqbeZkv wlZ q_imoZ"
Wlhl k_dj_limgdlmZpbb jZkdjulv g_ljm^gh baaZ lh]h
qlhkeh\Zh^gh]h

114
ijhklh]h ij_^eh`_gby ©aZ_oZebª gZ ©l_jjblhjbxª ^jm]h]h ijhklh]h
ij_^eh`_gby
©L_jjblhjbbªijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\keh`guohl^_eyxlky^jm]hl^jm]Z
]jZgbpZfb F_klh ]^_ gZoh^blky ]jZgbpZ ©gZagZqZ_lkyª kfukehf
aZdexq_gguf\ijhkluoij_^eh`_gbyo\oh^ysbo\khklZ\keh`gh]h<f_kl_kh
kfukehf ]jZgbp_c ©\_^Zxlª bglhgZpby b keh\Zhjb_glbju Mf_gb_ keurZlv
bglhgZpbxbmagZ\Zlvkeh\Zhjb_glbjuhq_gvihfh]Z_l\b^_lv]jZgbpmh^gZdh
wlbkimlgbdbkfukeZg_h[eZ^Zxlklhijhp_glghcgZ^_`ghklvxb\g_dhlhjuo
kemqZyofh]mlih^\_klbijbq_fbglhgZpbyih^\h^blqZklhZkeh\Zhjb_glbju
² lhevdh \ j_^dbo kemqZyo Hij_^_e_gb_ kfukeZ ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc \
keh`ghf²kZfucgZ^_`guckihkh[ijZ\bevghgZclb]jZgbpm
Jhev ©ih]jZgbqguo klhe[h\ª \ ij_^eh`_gbb \uihegyxl agZdb
ij_ibgZgby aZiylZy lhqdZ k aZiylhc ^\h_lhqb_ b lbj_ ?keb ©ih]jZgbqguc
klhe[ª hdZau\Z_lky g_ gZ f_kl_ b ©]jZgbpZª gZjmr_gZ fh`_l ihemqblvky
g_e_ihklvihoh`ZygZlmkdhlhjhcfugZqZebjZkkdZah©]jZgbpZoª
< ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo ihijh[mcl_ mkljZgblv lZdb_ g_e_ihklb
i_j_klZ\b\©ih]jZgbqgucklhe[ªgZf_klh

 Dh]^Z khj_\gh\Zgby hdhgqbebkv hl mklZehklb y k ljm^hf ^_j`Zeky gZ


gh]Zo  Klhyeh `Zjdh_ e_lh gZ ih^hdhggbd_ jZkp\_eb dZdlmku 
JZkimklbebkvebklvygZ^_j_\vyo\ljZ\_aZklj_dhlZebdmag_qbdbAZyp
aZ^jh`Ze hl kljZoZ ijyfh gZ g_]h r_e hohlgbd  Fu aZf_jeb k
bkim]Zgguf \ujZ`_gb_f ebpZ khk_^dbgZ kZoZjgbpZ miZeZ gZ ihe 
KZoZjgbpZ jZae_l_eZkv gZ dmkdb k `Zeh[guf a\hghf khk_^dZ g_ fh]eZ
mkihdhblvkyp_euc\_q_jGZZj_gmpbjdZ\ur_e^j_kkbjh\sbd\ukhdh
ih^gy\oh[hlaZgbfg_lhjhieb\hr_ekehg

L_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ kZfhklhyl_evgh gZclb ]jZgbpu b h[hagZqblv bo


gm`gufb agZdZfb ;m^vl_ \gbfZl_evgu < ijbf_jZo k dhlhjufb \Zf k_cqZk
ijb^_lkyjZ[hlZlv ^_ckl\m_l lZbgkl\_ggZy kbeZ dhlhjZy [m^_l ©ih^klj_dZlvª
\Zkdhrb[dZf
GZijbf_j
KlZ^Zrmfylbkheh\_c
M`i_e\[_afhe\bbghq_c
:KImrdbg
115
< wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb \Zf fh`_l aZohl_lvky ihklZ\blv aZiylmx gZ dhgp_
i_j\hc kljhqdb ihke_ keh\Z kheh\_c Lh]^Z ihemqblky qlh kheh\_c rmfbl
\f_kl_khklZ^ZfbZdlhi_e\[_afhe\bbghq_cg_ba\_klgh<Zfm^Zklkyba[_
`Zlvhrb[hd lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb \u gb gZh^gm fbgmlm g_ mimklbl_ ba
\gbfZgbykfukedZ`^h]hij_^eh`_gby\ijbf_jZo

1. ;hcpuihfbgZxlfbgm\rb_^gb
B[bl\u]^_\f_kl_jm[bebkvhgb
:KImrdbg

G_]gmlky\ukhdb_fZqlu
GZgbonex]_jZg_rmfyl
BfheqZ\hldjulu_exdb
Qm]mggu_imrdb]ey^yl
GhkiylmkZqb]j_gZ^_ju
<jZ\gbg_]^_Wev[Zrmfbl
FXE_jfhglh\
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

M^Zehkv eb \Zf kijZ\blvky k wlhc jZ[hlhc [_a hrb[hd" : _keb [ueb
hrb[db lh baaZ q_]h" KhagZ_fky qlh fu kha^Zeb \Zf ljm^gu_ mkeh\by
Ljm^ghklv i_j_^ dhlhjhc fu \Zk ihklZ\beb aZdexqZeZkv \ lhf qlh \Zf
ijbrehkv jZ[hlZlv g_ k ijhaZbq_kdbf l_dklhf Z kh klbohl\hjguf < wlhf
kemqZ_ bglhgZpby g_ ihfhsgbd Z \jZ`^_[gZy kbeZ dhlhjZy ©lhedZ_lª \Zk gZ
ihklZgh\dm agZdZ \ dhgp_ klbohl\hjghc kljhqdb \ lh \j_fy dZd ih kfukem
]jZgbpZgZoh^blky\gmljbkljhqdb
L_i_jvihijh[mcl_kijZ\blvkyk[he__ljm^gufbkemqZyfb

,Y\u]eygmel_fgZylmqZ\bk_eZ
GZ^gZrbfl_ZljhfdZdjZa
G:G_djZkh\

,,<^jm]k_j^blhih^djuevphf
I_kaZeZyeb^_\bpZ
<b^blgbsZyq_jgbpZ
Oh^blih^\hjm

Ij_^gbfrbjhdh
J_dZg_keZky[_^gucq_eg
Ihg_cklj_fbekyh^bghdh
116
E_kh\lZbgkl\_ggZyk_gv
Ki_qZevgufrmfhfh[gZ`ZeZkv
Eh`bekygZiheylmfZg
=mk_cdjbdeb\uodZjZ\Zg
Lygmekydx]mijb[eb`ZeZkv
>h\hevghkdmqgZyihjZ
Klhyeghy[jvm`m^\hjZ

Mfhjy\b^_e^m[a_e_guc
Ih^gbfkb^_ebdhlmq_guc
K\hbfg_kdZadb]h\hjbe
H^gmyihfgxkdZadmwlm
Ih\_^Zxl_i_jvyk\_lm
:KImrdbg
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

GZclb ]jZgbpm f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb g_j_^dh ihfh]Zxl Keh\Z±


keh\Zhjb_glbjuhdhlhjuofum`_]h\hjbebIjbkmlkl\b_lZdbo ih]jZgbq
keh\ mdZau\Z_l beb ij_^kdZau\Z_l ]jZgbpm ihwlhfm fu fh`_f gbdb
gZa\Zlvbokeh\Zfb©ih]jZgbqgbdZfbªMf_gb_magZ\Zlvboijb
\klj_q_ hq_gv ihfh]Z_l \b^_lv [ehdb ba dhlhjuo khklZ\e_gu
keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby < keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb keh\Z 
©ih]jZgbqgbdbª — wlhij_`^_\k_]hkhxaubkhxagu_keh\Z
Ih lhc jZ[hl_ dhlhjmx hgb \uihegyxl \ ij_^eh`_gbyo \k_o
©ih]jZgbqgbdh\ªm^h[ghjZa^_eblvgZljb]jmiiuDi_j\hc]jmii_fh`gh
hlg_klb khqbgbl_evgu_ khxau ²hgb kh_^bgyxl ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby \
keh`ghkhqbg_ggu_ Dh \lhjhc ² ih^qbgbl_evgu_ khxau d lj_lv_c ²
khxagu_keh\ZBih^qbgbl_evgu_khxaubkhxagu_keh\Zijbkh_^bgyxl
ijb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gby\keh`ghih^qbg_gghfij_^eh`_gbb
GZqg_f jZa]h\hj k k h q b g b l _ e v g u o  k h x a h \  <u ^he`gu [ulv k
gbfbagZdhfuIhklZjZcl_kv\kihfgblvbo

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

L_i_jv gZah\bl_ i h ^ q b g b l _ e v g u _  k h x a u . Djhf_ khxah\


©]jZgbpuª f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb fh]ml ©hojZgylvª k h x a g u _  k e h \ Z ,
dhlhju_ \ hlebqb_ hl khxah\ y\eyxlky qe_gZfb ij_^eh`_gby GZah\bl_
ba\_klgu_\Zfkhxagu_keh\Z

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
117
L_i_jv \u agZ_l_ ^hklZlhqgh qlh[u magZ\Zlv ©ih]jZgbqgbdh\ª kj_^b
^jm]bo keh\ Z wlh ihfh`_l \b^_lv ©]jZgbpmª ² f_klh ]^_ g_h[oh^bfZ
ihklZgh\dZ agZdZ ij_ibgZgby JZkihagZ\Zlv khxau b khxagu_ keh\Z \h \j_fy
ibkvfZ²h^ghba\Z`g_crboijZ\be©ohjhr_]himgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gbyª
<l_dkl_gZc^bl_khxaubkhxagu_keh\ZbjZkklZ\vl_ijhims_ggu_agZdb
ij_ibgZgby

G_h[oh^bfh agZlv fbj ^bdbo `b\hlguo lZd qlh[u g_ djbqZlv ©dZjZmeª
dh]^Z gZ imlb ih\klj_qZ_lky [_agh]Zy ys_jbpZ \_j_l_gbpZ qlh[u g_
rZjZoZlvky\klhjhgmm\b^_\\k\h_fkh[kl\_gghfh]hjh^_`Z[mGm`gh
ihfgblv h lhf qlh `bagv ^bdbo `b\hlguo \ ijbjh^_ g_e_]dZy hgb
kms_kl\mxl \ ihklhygghc [hjv[_ aZ k\h_ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ b jmdm ihfhsb
ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb bf fh`_l ijhlygmlv lhevdh q_eh\_d @b\hlgu_
kljZ^Zxl hl [he_ag_c klbobcguo [_^kl\bc dhlhju_ ij_^hl\jZlblv g_
fh]ml
IhBKhkgh\kdhfm
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Mf_gb_magZ\Zlv©ih]jZgbqgbdh\ª\kh_^bg_gbbkmf_gb_fij_^m]Z^u\Zlv
\h[s_f\b^_kfukeij_^eh`_gbyb\hiehsZxsmxwlhlkfukekljmdlmjm^Z_l
\Zf\hafh`ghklvihklZ\blvagZdb^Z`_\©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc
Ihijh[mcl_k^_eZlvwlhgZke_^mxsboijbf_jZo

 h[jZah\Zeky f_e dhlhjuf fu  \k_ wlh ke_`b\Zehkv b fZkkZ 
fhjkdh_^ghih^gyehkvbkehbf_eZjZkkdZaZebfgh]h_balh]hqlh
agZxlmq_gu_

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Lhl dlh hojZgy_l ]jZgbpm kh\k_f g_ h[yaZl_evgh ^he`_g gZoh^blvky


g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\hae_g__Hgfh`_lg_klbkem`[m]^_lhg_ih^Ze_dmKeh\Z
©ih]jZgbqgbdbª lh`_ fh]ml klhylv g_ lhevdh gZ kZfhc ©]jZgbp_ª f_`^m
ij_^eh`_gbyfb
Ihijh[mcl_ hl\_lblv gZ \hijhk ]^_ fh]ml hdZaZlvky ©ih]jZgbqgbdbª
ijhqblZ\ke_^mxsb_ijbf_ju

 Qlh[u ihqm\kl\h\Zlv h[Zygb_ Fhkd\u gZ^h ih[jh^blv ih __ klZjuf
i_j_medZf  ;mev\Zju mdjZrZxl ]hjh^ fZe_gvdb_ a_e_gu_ ^\hjbdb
lZd`_ijb^Zxl_fmij_e_klv
118
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

Qlhk\haZmiZehlhijhiZehMk_j^gucq_eh\_dgZoh^ble_gb\uc
l_jy_lQlhhlk_j^pZb^_llhk_j^p_g_aZ[m^_lDlhihl_jye^_gv]blhl
gbq_]h g_ ihl_jye Dlh ihl_jye a^hjh\v_ lhl ihl_jye fgh]h_ Dlh ihl_jye
fm`_kl\h lhl ihl_jye \k_  Dlh jZ[hlZ_l lhl dhjfblky Z dlh jmdb keh`bl
lh]h]heh^]eh`_l
Ihkeh\bpu

,,  Ghqv lmfZg b gb a]b g_ \b^Zlv  JZkk\_eh b \k_ h`beh  <u
^h\hevgu b gZf ohjhrh  <ahreZ emgZ b k\hbf fy]dbf nhknhjbq_kdbf
k\_lhfhaZjbeZe_kGZklmibeZ\]mklbihghqZfklZehoheh^ghLmfZggZ
qZe dem[blvky b ih^gbfZlvky d\_jom  Mljh l_ieh_ b qmlvqmlv fhjhkbl 
Ijbg_keb[md_lp\_lh\bihklZ\beb_]h\\ZamLbohbkbg_\Z\bkblf_`^m
^_j_\vyfbDZ`^ucbagZkgZk\h_fdhjZ[e_dZiblZgb\_^_ldhjZ[evk\hbf
kh[kl\_ggufiml_f

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZghdhebq_kl\hij_^eh`_gbc

I. 1) 1. 2) 1; 1. 3) 4. 4) 1. II. 1) 5. 2) 1. III. 3. IV. 3; 2.

***

<_k_eu_^_j_\yggu_kdmevilmjumdjZrZxl^_lkdmxiehsZ^dm\kd\_j_
hgb \klj_qZxlky lh`_  < gZqZe_ ijhki_dlZ klhbl [hevrh_ \ukhlgh_
a^Zgb_ m ih^gh`by dhlhjh]h ijbxlbeky aZl_ceb\uc fZe_gvdbc ^hfbd
K_cqZkilbpulZd`_hohlghihk_eyxlky\p_glj_]hjh^ZdZdhgb^_eZeb
wlhjZgvr_lhevdh\e_kZo

LZdbf h[jZahf ©ih]jZgbqgbdª fh`_l hdZaZlvky g_ lhevdh gZ ]jZgbp_


f_`^mijhklufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\oh^ysbfb\khklZ\keh`gh]hghb\gZqZe_
i_j\h]hij_^eh`_gbyb\gmljbh^gh]hbagbo b ^Z`_ hq_gv j_^dh  gZ dhgp_
ij_^eh`_gby
F_klh ]jZgbpu b khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h agZdZ \ lZdbo ij_^eh`_gbyo
hij_^_ey_lkyihkfukem
Ihijh[mcl_ jZkklZ\blv agZdb \ ©hlj_adZoª ij_^eh`_gbc hibjZykv gZ
ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_bokfukeZbkljmdlmju

119
 Dh]^Z gZ ^g_ fhjy hdZau\Z_lky dhjZ[ev hg q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy 
2. …_a^beg_lhevdh\:njbdm\Bg^bbhglh`_«ij_djZkghdZlZeky
gZdhgvdZogZeu`ZohglZd`_

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Dh]^Z ©]jZgbpZª b ©ih]jZgbqgbdª gZoh^ylky \ jZaguo f_klZo wlh fh`_l


ijb\_klb d ex[hiulghc hrb[d_ aZf_lb\ ©ih]jZgbqgbdZª khxa beb khxagh_
keh\h ibrmsbcki_rblihklZ\blvi_j_^gbfaZiylmxg_\^mfu\Zykv\kfuke
bg_h[jZsZy\gbfZgbygZ©]jZgbpmª
<lZdbokemqZyo\hagbdZ_lbkdZ`_gb_kfukeZbgh]^Zhq_gvaZ[Z\gh_<hl
g_kdhevdhlZdboijbf_jh\

 M f_gy [ueb bgkljmf_glu ^ey \uibeb\Zgby ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo y


k^_eZedjZkb\mxjZfhqdmYg_\umqbeijZ\behgZhkgh\Zgbbdhlhjh]h
j_rZeZkv aZ^ZqZ  Fu ba^Ze_dZ m\b^_eb gZr ^hf gZ djur_ dhlhjh]h
\_jl_ekynex]_jFuoh^bebgZwdkdmjkbx\l_q_gb_dhlhjhcyfgh]h_
magZe

GZ^__fkyqlh\ufuke_gghbkijZ\bebhrb[dbbjZ[hlZykZfhklhyl_evgh
kmf__l_boba[_`Zlv
Ihijh[mcl_jZkklZ\blvagZdbij_ibgZgby\©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc

 « khkm^ djurdZ dhlhjh]h   « j_dZ ih h[_ klhjhgu dhlhjhc
jhkeb« …  « h[hehqdZ ba ieZklfZkku gZagZq_gb_ dhlhjhc 
 « \ukhdbf aZ[hjhf \^hev dhlhjh]h   « [hevrb_ ^hfZ \ gb`gbo
wlZ`Zodhlhjuo «dZfg_fhldjulb_k\hckl\dhlhjh]h …

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

HiZkghklb Ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml kh_^bgylvky \ keh`gu_ ih


gZ]jZgbp_ jZaghfm eb[h bglhgZpb_c k ihfhsvx keh\Z
©ih]jZgbqgbdZªeb[hlhevdhbglhgZpb_c
Hij_^_ebl_ \ dZdhf ba ijbf_jh\ qZklb kh_^bg_gu bg
lhgZpb_c b ©ih]jZgbqgbdhfª \ dZdhf ² lhevdh bglhgZ
pb_c

,Imklv^h[juf[m^_lmfm\Zk
:k_j^p_mfguf[m^_l
KYFZjrZd
120
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

;hcpuihfbgZxlfbgm\rb_^gb
B[bl\u]^_\f_kl_jm[bebkvhgb
:KImrdbg

G_]gmlky\ukhdb_fZqlu
GZgbonex]_jZg_rmfyl
BfheqZ\hldjulu_exdb
Qm]mggu_imrdb]ey^yl«
GhkiylmkZqb]j_gZ^_ju
<jZ\gbg_]^_Wev[Zrmfbl
FXE_jfhglh\

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

,Y\u]eygmel_fgZylmqZ\bk_eZ
GZ^gZrbfl_ZljhfdZdjZa
G:G_djZkh\

,,<^jm]k_j^blhih^djuevphf
I_kaZeZyeb^_\bpZ
<b^blgbsZyq_jgbpZ
Oh^blih^\hjm

Ij_^gbfrbjhdh
J_dZg_keZky[_^gucq_eg
Ihg_cklj_fbekyh^bghdh

3. E_kh\lZbgkl\_ggZyk_gv
Ki_qZevgufrmfhfh[gZ`ZeZkv
Eh`bekygZiheylmfZg
=mk_cdjbdeb\uodZjZ\Zg
Lygmekydx]mijb[eb`ZeZkv
>h\hevghkdmqgZyihjZ
Klhyeghy[jvm`m^\hjZ

Mfhjy\b^_e^m[a_e_guc
Ih^gbfkb^_ebdhlmq_guc
K\hbfg_kdZadb]h\hjbe
H^gmyihfgxkdZadmwlm
Ih\_^Zxl_i_jvyk\_lm
:KImrdbg
***
121
,,BylZf[uebf_^yibe
Mfhjy\b^_e^m[a_e_guc
Ih^gbfkb^_ebdhlmq_guc
K\hbfg_kdZadb]h\hjbe

DZlylkyy^jZk\bsmlimeb
GZ\bkeboeZ^gu_rludb
:KImrdbg

DZdb_ `_ hiZkghklb ^ey q_eh\_dZ jZkklZ\eyxs_]h agZdb ij_ibgZgby


fh]ml\hagbdZlvgZ]jZgbp_"BdZdb_]jZgbpuhiZkg__l_dhlhju_hojZgyxlky
khxaZfbbkhxagufbkeh\Zfbbebl_\hae_dhlhjuobog_l"JZa[_j_fkyihih
jy^dm
?klvljb©hiZkguoªkhxaZbbeb^Z \agZq_gbbb HgbhiZkguihlhfm
qlh i_j_^ gbfb g_ \k_]^Z klZ\blky aZiylZy <k_ hklZevgu_ khxau b khxagu_
keh\Z h[_ki_qb\Zxl ihegmx [_ahiZkghklv =^_ [u hgb gb klhyeb \ gZqZe_
keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby gZ ]jZgbp_ f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb beb \gmljb gbo ²
kf_ehklZ\vl_aZiylmxgZ]jZgbp_ g_hrb[_l_kv
<hagbdZ_lebdZdZygb[m^vljm^ghklvkl_fbkeh`gufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\
dhlhjuo ijhklu_ kh_^bg_gu lhevdh ijb ihfhsb bglhgZpbb" ;_amkeh\gh <
wlboij_^eh`_gbyoklZ\blkybeb aZiylZy beb lhqdZ k aZiylhc beb^\h_lhqb_
beblbj_ihwlhfmhgbhiZkgu^eylh]hdlhg_agZ_limgdlmZpbhgguoijZ\beb
ijb\ud\kx^m[_a^mfghklZ\blvaZiylmx
<u\_^_fljbijZ\beZ©ohjhr_]himgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gbyª
  Ijb \klj_q_ k ex[uf ©ih]jZgbqgbdhfª djhf_ khxah\ b beb ^Z,
klZ\vl_aZiylmxkihdhcgh
 Ijb\klj_q_kkhxaZfbbbeb^ZaZ^mfZcl_kvgm`gZeba^_kvaZiylZy
  Ijb \klj_q_ kh keh`guf ij_^eh`_gb_f \ khklZ\_ dhlhjh]h ijhklu_
ij_^eh`_gby kh_^bg_gu lhevdh ijb ihfhsb bglhgZpbb \kihfgbl_ dZdhc
gm`ghklZ\blvagZdkh]eZkghimgdlmZpbhgghfmijZ\bem^\h_lhqb_lbj_lhqdm
kaZiylhcbebaZiylmx
BlZd\uohjhrhgZmqbebkvkqblZlvij_^eh`_gbyb[ulv[^bl_evgufbgZ
bo ©]jZgbpZoª Gh qlh[u hjb_glbjh\Zlvky \ `b\hf ihlhd_ ibkvf_gghc j_qb
gZ^hagZlvdZdjZkiheh`_gu\ij_^eh`_gbb_]hqZklb
122
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

Khqbgbl_evgu_khxau

Kh_^bgbl_evgu_ Ijhlb\bl_evgu_ JZa^_ebl_evgu_

b^Z \agZq_gbbb  Zgh^Z \ bebeb[h


gbgbbbg_ agZq_gbbgh aZlh bebbeb
lhevdhghbdZd h^gZdh eb[heb[h
lZdblh`_lZd`_ lhlhg_lh

g_lh

***

©=mkbªb©fZlj_rdbª

K_cqZk \u ijhql_l_ ^\Z ij_^eh`_gby dhlhju_ g_ Mkljh_guih


hlebqZxlky^jm]hl^jm]Zihkfukemgh©mkljh_guªih jZaghfm
jZaghfm Ihijh[mcl_h[tykgblvwlbjZaebqby

Dh]^ZkZ^behkvkhegp_iZjlby]_heh]h\m`_ih^oh^beZdj_d_
2. IZjlby]_heh]h\dh]^ZkZ^behkvkhegp_m`_ih^oh^beZdj_d_

©Mkljhckl\hª wlbo keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbc jZaebqZ_lky jZkiheh`_gb_f


\oh^ysbo \ gbo ijhkluo < i_j\hf ijbf_j_ ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby ke_^mxl
h^gh aZ ^jm]bf dZd ]mkb gZ ijh]med_ <h \lhjhf ijbf_j_ h^gh ij_^eh`_gb_
hdZaZehkv\gmljb^jm]h]hdZdfZlj_rdZ\fZlj_rd_
AZihfgbl_ Lh ij_^eh`_gb_ dhlhjh_ jZkiheh`_gh \gmljb ^jm]h]h
\u^_ey_lkyaZiylufbk^\moklhjhg
<hl \Zf _s_ h^gh ijZ\beh ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª ijb
jZ[hl_ kh keh`guf ij_^eh`_gb_f \uykgycl_ dZd jZkiheh`_gu \oh^ysb_ \
g_]h ijhklu_ ² h^gh aZ ^jm]bf beb h^gh \gmljb ^jm]h]h JZ[hlZlv k
©fZlj_rdZfbªljm^g__q_fk©]mkyfbª
Qlh[um\b^_lvij_^eh`_gbyb^msb_h^ghaZ^jm]bf^hklZlhqghgZclbbo
]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u b ]jZgbpu Djhf_ lh]h gZ^h ihfgblv qlh \
keh`ghkhqbg_gguoij_^
123
eh`_gbyo©]mkyoª qZklb g_ aZ\bkyl ^jm] hl ^jm]Z ]jZffZlbq_kdb b hl
h^ghcd^jm]hcg_evayihklZ\blv]jZffZlbq_kdbc\hijhk
Qlh[u m\b^_lv ©fZlj_rdbª gZ^h g_ lhevdh jZaebqZlv dZdZy ba gbo
©gZjm`gZyªZdZdZy©\gmlj_ggyyªghbfuke_ggh\hkkh_^bgblvjZajhag_ggu_
qZklbgZjm`gh]hij_^eh`_gby\_^bgh_kfukeh\h_b]jZffZlbq_kdh_p_eh_²
\_^bguc[ehdLZd\keh`ghfij_^eh`_gbbAgZgbydhlhju_g_ihihegyxlky
_`_^g_\gh m[u\Zxl k dZ`^uf ^g_f gZ^h m\b^_lv ^\Z ijhkluo AgZgby
m[u\ZxlkdZ`^uf^g_fbdhlhju_g_ihihegyxlky_`_^g_\gh.

124
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

Ih^qbgbl_evgu_khxau
Dh]^Z ihdZ _^\Z ebrv ebrv lhevdh dZd lhevdh ihlhfm qlh lZd dZd
hllh]hqlhb[hqlh[u^eylh]hqlh[u_kebdhebdZ[u_keb[udZd[m^lh
dZd[m^lhkeh\ghlZdqlhqlh
Khxagu_keh\Z
Dlh qlh dZdhc q_c dhlhjuc kdhevdh dZd dh]^Z ]^_ dm^Z hldm^Z
hlq_]hihq_fmaZq_f

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgukhxaubkhxagu_keh\Zi_j_^dhlhjufbklZ\blky
aZiylZy
Qlh[udh]^Zqlh[u
QlhbDhlhju_

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

«h[jZah\Zekyf_edhlhjuffu«\k_wlhke_`b\ZehkvbfZkkZ
«fhjkdh_^ghih^gyehkvbkehbf_eZ«jZkkdZaZebfgh]h_balh]hqlh
agZxlmq_gu_

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
 Dh]^Z gZ ^g_ fhjy hdZau\Z_lky dhjZ[ev hg q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy
«_a^beg_lhevdh\:njbdm\Bg^bbhglh`_«ij_djZkghdZlZekygZ
dhgvdZogZeu`ZohglZd`_ ...

***

Ihijh[mcl_ \u^_eblv ij_^eh`_gby \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo jZkklZ\vl_ \


gboagZdbij_ibgZgby

L_f m dh]h iZjd_l ihdjul eZdhf ^hklZlhqgh ijhl_j_lv _]h qmlv \eZ`ghc
ljyidhc Ebghe_mf ke_^m_l fulv ke_]dZ \eZ`ghc ]m[dhc dhlhjmx
kfZqb\Zxl kdbib^Zjhf Z ihlhf kjZam ihdjulv ©KZfh[e_kdhfª GZ
dmohgghf ihem _keb hg ihdjul iheb\bgbeoehjb^gufb iebldZfb qZklh
ihy\eyxlky l_fgu_ iylgZ <hkihevamcl_kv dZjZg^Zrghc j_abgdhc qlh[u
mgbqlh`blvboZihlhflZd`_gZg_kbl_©KZfh[e_kdª
Ba]Za_l
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
125
?keb \u k^_eZeb \k_ ijZ\bevgh qblZcl_ l_dkl ^Zevr_ kf aZ]heh\hd
©AZiylu_g_l_jycl_kvª 
?keb m \Zk [ueb hrb[db b \Zf ohq_lky ihlj_gbjh\Zlvky _s_ fu
ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zf^jm]h_aZ^Zgb_gZjZkklZgh\dmagZdh\ij_ibgZgby

>_lbdhlhju_`b\mlgZh^ghfbafZe_gvdbohkljh\h\Yihgbbbgh]^Zoh^yl
\rdhemgZoh^meyoKhk_^gbchkljh\]^_gZoh^blkyrdheZhl^_ey_lkyhl
bohkljh\Zg_]em[hdbfijheb\hfWlhlijheb\dh]^Z^he]hg_b^ml^h`^b
kbevghf_e__lihwlhfmg_\hafh`ghihevah\Zlvkyeh^dZfbB^_lbqlh[um
gbog_ijhiZ^ZebaZgylbyi_j_ijZ\eyxlkyq_j_aijheb\gZoh^meyoJ_[ylZ
dhlhju_ i_j_^\b]Zxlky lZdbf kihkh[hf hq_gv eh\dh ihemqZxl hl wlh]h
aZgylbyh]jhfgh_m^h\hevkl\b_
Ba]Za_l
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

AZiylu_g_ <klj_qZebkv eb m \Zk ljm^ghklb ijb \uiheg_gbb


l_jycl_kv aZ^Zgbc" ?keb g_l lh h[jZsZ_f \Zr_ \gbfZgb_ gZ h^bg
dh\Zjguc kemqZc G_dhlhju_ keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby
gZqbgZxlky keh\Zfb lZf ]^_,  lhl dlh l_
dhlhju_\k_qlhbl^
GZijbf_jLhldlh_oZegZeu`Zo\i_j_^b\k_omiZeLZflhll_\k_
—gZqZehi_j\h]hij_^eh`_gbywlhqZklv©gZjm`ghcfZlj_rdbª^Ze__kh
keh\ ]^_ dlh dhlhju_ qlh gZqbgZ_lky ©\gmlj_ggyy fZlj_rdZª GZ^h
hl^_eblvwlbkeh\Z^jm]hl^jm]ZaZiylufb
K_cqZk\uijhql_l_jy^ijbf_jh\kh^_j`Zsbowlmljm^ghklvIhijh[mcl_
jZkklZ\blv\gboijhims_ggu_agZdbij_ibgZgby

1. <_^vlhldlhgZlbjZeiZjd_l
Ex[bek\hxjZ[hlm
JK_n

2. <k_lhq_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_d
Ijbh[j_lZ_lg_qlhq_eh\_qv_
KYFZjrZd

L_dlhghqvxaZe_lZeb
DgZf\jZkdjulh_hdgh
Lj_i_lZebklj_dhlZeb
=^_lhkiyl^Z\guf^Z\gh
<>;_j_klh\
126
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

khkm^djurdZdhlhjh]hj_dZihh[_klhjhgudhlhjhcjhkeb
 « h[hehqdZ ba ieZklfZkku gZagZq_gb_ dhlhjhc   « \ukhdbf aZ[hjhf
\^hevdhlhjh]h«[hevrb_^hfZ\gb`gbowlZ`Zodhlhjuo«dZfg_f
hldjulb_k\hckl\dhlhjh]h ...

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIjb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gby\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf

L_f mdh]hiZjd_lihdjuleZdhf^hklZlhqghijhl_j_lv_]hqmlv\eZ`ghc
ljyidhcEbghe_mfke_^m_lfulvke_]dZ\eZ`ghc]m[dhcdhlhjmxkfZqb\Zxl
kdbib^ZjhfZihlhfkjZamihdjulv©KZfh[e_kdhfªGZdmohgghfihem_kebhg
ihdjul iheb\bgbeoehjb^gufb iebldZfb qZklh ihy\eyxlky l_fgu_ iylgZ
<hkihevamcl_kvdZjZg^Zrghcj_abgdhcqlh[umgbqlh`blvboZihlhflZd`_
gZg_kbl_©KZfh[e_kdª
Ba]Za_l
3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

>_lb dhlhju_ `b\ml gZ h^ghf ba fZe_gvdbo hkljh\h\ Yihgbb bgh]^Z
oh^yl\rdhemgZoh^meyoKhk_^gbchkljh\]^_gZoh^blkyrdheZhl^_ey_lky
hlbohkljh\Zg_]em[hdbfijheb\hfWlhlijheb\dh]^Z^he]hg_b^ml^h`^b
kbevghf_e__lihwlhfmg_\hafh`ghihevah\Zlvkyeh^dZfbB^_lbqlh[umgbo
g_ ijhiZ^Zeb aZgylby i_j_ijZ\eyxlky q_j_a ijheb\ gZ oh^meyo J_[ylZ
dhlhju_ i_j_^\b]Zxlky lZdbf kihkh[hf hq_gv eh\dh ihemqZxl hl wlh]h aZ
gylbyh]jhfgh_m^h\hevkl\b_
Ba]Za_l

***

3. WlhdZ`_lky^Ze_dh²
LZf]^_xghklv`beZfhy
F:K\_leh\

4. Bljhidbqlhiheaml
Kd\have_khl^hfZd^hfm
L_[yg_ijb\_^ml
Dq_fmgb[m^vom^hfm
J=j_c\a
127
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
>ebgZ hlj_adh\ ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª [u\Z_l kZfZy jZagZy jZagufb ih
jZaf_jm fh]ml [ulv b ©\gmlj_ggb_ fZlj_rdbª Ihwlhfm ijb jZ[hl_ k gbfb
gZ^hhjb_glbjh\ZlvkygZ\^mfqb\h_jZa^_e_gb_boihkfukem
Ihijh[mcl_ijZ\bevghjZa^_eblvagZdZfbij_ibgZgby©fZlj_rdbª

AZh]jZ^hckZ^Z
=^_p\_l_lrbih\gbd
@be\a_e_ghfrZeZr_
>_^mrdZkZ^h\gbd
(HH>jba
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

H^gZklZjZyZg]ebckdZykdZadZgZqbgZ_lkylZdbfij_^eh`_gb_f

>Z\guf^Z\gh
Dh]^Zdmjuibeb\bgh
:mldb`_\ZeblZ[Zd
BijbwlhfdjydZeb©djydª
@beZ[ueZgZk\_l_k\bgvyklj_fy
ihjhkylZfb

<uibrbl_ ba wlh]h ij_^eh`_gby ]eZ\gmx qZklv ² ©gZjm`gmx


fZlj_rdmª

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?keb ©\gmlj_ggyy fZlj_rdZª \u^_e_gZ lhevdh k h^ghc klhjhgu beb


\u^_e_gZ k ^\mo klhjhg gh g_ijZ\bevgh kfuke ij_^eh`_gbc gZjmrZ_lky b
fh]ml\hagbdgmlvkf_rgu_bg_e_iu_hrb[db
Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf gZ[hj ij_^eh`_gbc k lZdbfb hrb[dZfb Ihijh[mcl_ bo
bkijZ\blv

,  <Zky [_j_`gh iheh`be il_gqbdZ dhlhjuc miZe k ^_j_\Z h[jZlgh \
]g_a^hYgZdjue[Z[hqdmdhlhjZyhimklbeZkvgZp\_lhdeZ^hgyfbIh
\_q_jZfyjZa\e_dZek_klj_gdmdhlhjZy[he_eZql_gb_f\kemoK_klj_gdZ
kemrZeZ ijbdexq_gby LhfZ Khc_jZ dhlhju_ _c ihgjZ\bebkv k [hevrbf
bgl_j_khf  Dh]^Z Lhf Khc_j aZ[em^beky \ i_s_j_ m k_klj_gdb ^Z`_
ke_au\uklmibebgZ]eZaZo<^hf_]^_y`b\m\h\lhjgbdkhklhblky
128
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^ZgbygZk<uibkZguijb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gbydhlhju_\u^_eyxlky
aZiylufb

DlhgZlbjZeiZjd_l
Q_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_d
DlhghqvxaZe_lZebdgZf\jZkdjulh_hdghlj_i_lZebklj_dhlZeb
=^_xghklv`beZfhy
Qlhiheamlkd\have_khl^hfZd^hfm

2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZghijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_

=^_p\_l_lrbih\gbd

3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

>Z\guf^Z\gh`beZ[ueZgZk\_l_k\bgvyklj_fyihjhkylZfb

4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIhdZaZguhlj_adbij_^eh`_gbckhagZdZfbij_ibgZgby

,dhlhjucmiZek^_j_\ZdhlhjZyhimklbeZkvgZp\_lhd
 dhlhjZy [he_eZ    dhlhju_ _c ihgjZ\bebkv    \ i_s_j_ m
k_klj_gdb]^_y`b\m]^_fuqZklheh\bebju[m ...
II. 1. …dhlhjuc\uimklbebajmdfZevqbd gZ[_j_]mdhlhjhcklhbl
^_j_\gy  dhlhju_ ieZ\Zeb \ Zd\Zjbmf_    ih dhlhjhc ijhfqZeky
Z\lhfh[bev   k dhlhjuf y \q_jZ ihkkhjbeky [  dhlhjZy [_`ZeZ ih
dZfgyfdm^ZfuqZklhoh^bebaZ]jb[Zfb ...

kh[jZgb_ `bevph\  M j_db ]^_ fuqZklh eh\beb ju[m gZ himrd_ e_kZ
]hj_edhkl_j
,,<ha^mrgucrZjdhlhjuc\uimklbebajmdfZevqbdq_j_afbgmlm[uem`_
gZ^ \_jomrdhc ^_j_\Z  J_dZ gZ [_j_]m dhlhjhc klhbl ^_j_\gy \iZ^Z_l \
[hevrh_ ha_jh  AZ ^\b`_gbyfb ju[hd dhlhju_ ieZ\Zeb \ Zd\Zjbmf_
`Z^gufb ]eZaZfb ke_^beZ dhrdZ  Ih ^hjh]_ ih dhlhjhc ijhfqZeky
Z\lhfh[bev[hkbdhf[_`ZeFb
129
rdZ<ZkvdZkdhlhjufy\q_jZihkkhjbekyk\_k_eufebphf[_`Zefg_
gZ\klj_qm  Ih ^gm j_qmrdb dhlhjZy[_`ZeZihdZfgyf aZ^hf gZi_j_^
^\b]ZekyjZd<e_kmdm^ZfuqZklhoh^bebaZ]jb[Zfbjhkeb\ukhdb_
[_j_au

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Hrb[db \ ij_^eh`_gbyo©fZlj_rdZoª g_j_^dh ijhbkoh^yl baaZ ihl_jb


ih^e_`Zs_]h \gmljb ij_^eh`_gby b g_ijZ\bevgh]h h[t_^bg_gby kdZam_fh]h
\gmlj_gg_]h ij_^eh`_gby k ih^e_`Zsbf gZjm`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby \ h^gm
hkgh\m < ^Zgguo gb`_ ij_^eh`_gbyo hrb[hqgh h[t_^bg_ggu_ \
]jZffZlbq_kdmxhkgh\mih^e_`Zsb_bkdZam_fu_\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf

KlZjuc^m[qlhjhkgZdjZxjhsbrbjhdhjZkdbgmek\hb\_l\b>hf
dhlhjucklhyegZ[_j_]mfhjykem`behjb_glbjhf^eyju[Zqvboeh^hd

LZdZy ihl_jy ih^e_`Zs_]h ijb^Zlhqgh]h ij_^eh`_gby ijb\h^bl d


g_\hafh`ghklb m\b^_lv ^\Z [ehdZ b bo jZkiheh`_gb_ ^jm] \ ^jm]_ b
_kl_kl\_ggh h[hjZqb\Z_lky ihl_j_c agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby hl^_eyxsbo [ehdb
h^bghl ^jm]h]h Ihwlhfm ijb^_j`b\Zcl_kv ijZ\be ©DZ`^hfm kdZam_fhfm ²
k\h_ih^e_`Zs__ª©DZ`^hfmih^e_`Zs_fm²k\h_kdZam_fh_ª
Ihijh[mcl_ij_h^he_lvwlmljm^ghklv
< ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo gZc^bl_ ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u [_a ihl_jv b
jZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

K gZklmie_gb_f hk_ggbo oheh^h\ q_luj_ ]hjbeeu GvxChjdkdh]h


ahhiZjdZi_j_rebbaijhklhjghcde_ldb]^_hgbj_a\bebkve_lhf\l_kgh_
ihf_s_gb_ L_kghlZ dhlhjZy ihjh^beZ kdmdm ijb\_eZ d ^jZdZf f_`^m
`b\hlgufb H[kem`b\Zxsbc ]hjbee kem`bl_ev dhlhjuc [_a dhgpZ
mlbohfbjb\Ze `b\hlguo bkijh[h\Ze g_h[uqgh_ kj_^kl\h Hg mklZgh\be
i_j_^ de_ldhc ]^_ kb^_eb h[_avygu [hevrhc l_e_\bahj Lh]^Z kkhju
f_`^m]hjbeeZfbij_djZlbebkvihlhfmqlh`b\hlgu_qZkZfbg_hloh^beb
hlwdjZgZ
Ba]Za_l
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

JZ[hlZk©]mkyfbªb©fZlj_rdZfbªij_^ty\ey_lih\ur_ggu_lj_[h\Zgbyd
mf_gbxkqblZlv
130
Ihijh[mcl_ ihkqblZlv kdhevdh ij_^eh`_gbc \ dZ`^hf ba ke_^mxsbo
ijbf_jh\^\ZbebljbIhimlghjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

< dbghl_Zlj_ dm^Z ijbr_e <hevdZ k OhllZ[uq_f gZqbgZeky \_q_jgbc


k_Zgk >_lb dhlhju_ g_ ^hklb]eb r_klgZ^pZlbe_lg_]h \hajZklZ gZ wlhl
k_Zgk g_ ^himkdZebkv Lh]^Z Ohl]Z[uq qlhlh ijhr_ilZe gZ^ \hehkdhf
dhlhjuc hg \uj\Ze ba k\h_c [hjh^u b \_kgmrqZlh_ ebph <hevdb
ihdjuehkv jhkdhrghc jmkhc [hjh^hc < nhc_ dbghl_ZljZ dm^Z OhllZ[uq
ijh\_e <hevdm \hdjm] gbo klheibeky gZjh^ :^fbgbkljZlhj djbdgme
qlh[u \k_ jZahrebkv ihlhfm qlh [hjh^Zluc j_[_ghd kfmsZ_lky Lml \k_
dlh [ue \ [mn_l_ lh`_ ih[_`Zeb kfhlj_lv [hjh^Zlh]h j_[_gdZ Gbdlh g_
agZeq_f[u\k_dhgqbehkvgh\wlmfbgmlmijha\_g_ea\hghd

IhEBEZ]bgm
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Mki_o jZ[hlu k ij_^eh`_gbyfb gZa\Zggufb gZfb M]Z^Zcl_


©]mkyfbª b ©fZlj_rdZfbª \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb aZ\bkbl hl l_o ©]mk_cªb
mf_gbc h dhlhjuo ]h\hjbehkv \ gZqZe_ wlhc dgb]b mf_gbc ©fZlj_r_dª
ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv l_dkl b m^_j`b\Zlv _]h \ iZfylb AZibkZ\
gZqZeh ij_^eh`_gby \u \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ m`_ fh`_l_
ij_^\b^_lv qlh ihke_^m_l ©fZlj_rdZ \ fZlj_rd_ª HklZ_lky
ihklZ\blv aZiylmx \ gZqZe_ ©\gmlj_gg_c fZlj_rdbª b g_
aZ[ulvh\lhjhcaZiylhcdh]^Zwlhij_^eh`_gb_dhgqblky
Ijh\_jvl_gZkdhevdh\ukihkh[gudlZdhfmij_^m]Z^u\ZgbxHij_^_ebl_
ih ^Zgguf gZqZeZf dZd jZkiheh`_gu ij_^eh`_gby h^gh aZ ^jm]bf ©]mkbª
bebh^gh\gmljb^jm]h]h ©fZlj_rdbª 

 Ijhbahreh lh   Lh qlh ijhbahreh  Dh]^Z gZqZehkv  >_gv
dh]^ZgZqZehkv=^_dhgqZ_lkyLZf]^_dhgqZ_lky

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

<hhjm`b\rbkv wlbfb agZgbyfb ihijh[mcl_ jZkklZ\blv agZdb \


ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo

>ey lh]h qlh[u hlim]b\Zlv ilbp hl njmdlh\uo ^_j_\v_\ b ihk_\h\


Z\kljZebckdb_n_jf_jubkihevamxlieZklfZkkh
131
\uoyklj_[h\GZlhgdhce_kd_dhlhjZygZly]b\Z_lkyf_`^m^_j_\vyfbbeb
klhe[Zfb mdj_ieyxlky fZd_lu ilbp Dh]^Z ^m_l \_l_j wlb ieZklfZkkh\u_
©^\hcgbdbª \iheg_ ijZ\^hih^h[gh fZrml djuevyfb Fgh]b_ ilbpu
gbdh]^Zg_klZgmlbkdZlvibsmbebhl^uoZlvlZf]^_hgb\b^ylyklj_[Zba
aZ ijbjh^gh]h kljZoZ i_j_^ wlbf obsgbdhf H^gh]h ieZklfZkkh\h]h
yklj_[Z^hklZlhqghqlh[um[_j_qvmjh`Zchl\hjh[v_\kd\hjph\ihim]Z_\
gZiehsZ^b[he__h^gh]h]_dlZjZ
Ba]Za_l

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

IjhqblZcl_klbohl\hj_gb_<:E_\bgZ©>`h;beeªihkqblZcl_kdhevdh
\g_fijb^Zlhqguoij_^eh`_gbc

>`hgZlZg;bee >`hgZlZg;bee
dhlhjucm[be dhlhjuce_qbe
f_^\_^y yqf_gv
\Q_jghf[hjm gZe_\hf]eZam
>`hgZlZg;bee >`hgZlZg;bee
dhlhjucdmibe dhlhjucmqbe
\ijhrehf]h^m i_lvihghlZf
d_g]mjm dham
>`hgZlZg;bee >`hgZlZg;bee
dhlhjuckdhibe dhlhjucmieue
ijh[hd \Bg^bx
^\Zkmg^mdZ dl_lmrd_Ljhl
>`hgZlZg;bee lZd\hl
dhlhjucdhjfbe wlhlkZfuc>`h;bee
nbgbdZfb hq_gvex[be
[udZ dhfihl
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd qblZcl_ l_dkl ih^ aZ]heh\dhf ©Kd_e_l
ij_^eh`_gbyª?kebm\Zk_klvihlj_[ghklvihlj_gbjh\Zlvky_s_jZkklZ\vl_\
l_dkl_agZdbij_ibgZgby

DlhlhkdZaZeqlh\j_fy_^bgkl\_ggh_qlh[_jmlg_\^he]ZgZ\k_]^Z
G_ gZ^h aZ[u\Zlv qlh lhevdh l_ agZgby dhlhju_ ^h[ulu ljm^hf ^_eZxl
q_eh\_dZ Q_eh\_dhf ]hlh\yl _]h d h[s_kl\_gghfm ljm^m khagZl_evghfm
\u[hjmijhn_kkbb
FKfbjgh\Z
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
132
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uij_^eh`_gbc

Q_luj_ ]hjbeeu i_j_reb hgb j_a\bebkv L_kghlZ ijb\_eZ dhlhjZy


ihjh^beZ Kem`bl_ev bkijh[h\Ze dhlhjuc mlbohfbjb\Ze Hg mklZgh\be
kb^_ebh[_avyguKkhjuij_djZlbebkv`b\hlgu_g_hloh^beb

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIhke_dZ`^h]hkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby\kdh[dZomdZaZgh
dhebq_kl\hijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\oh^ysbo\_]hkhklZ\

< dbghl_Zlj_ dm^Z ijbr_e <hevdZ kOhllZ[uq_f gZqbgZeky \_q_jgbc


k_Zgk   >_lb dhlhju_ g_ ^hklb]eb r_klgZ^pZlbe_lg_]h \hajZklZ gZ wlhl
k_Zgkg_^himkdZebkv  Lh]^ZOhllZ[uqqlhlhijhr_ilZegZ^\hehkdhfdh
lhjuc hg \uj\Ze ba k\h_c [hjh^u b \_kgmrqZlh_ ebph <hevdb ihdjuehkv
jhkdhrghc jmkhc [hjh^hc   < nhc_ dbghl_ZljZ dm^Z OhllZ[uq ijh\_e
<hevdm \hdjm] gbo klheibeky gZjh^   :^fbgbkljZlhj djbdgme qlh[u \k_
jZahrebkv ihlhfm qlh [hjh^Zluc j_[_ghd kfmsZ_lky   Lml \k_ dlh [ue \
[mn_l_lh`_ih[_`Zebkfhlj_lv[hjh^Zlh]hj_[_gdZ  Gbdlhg_agZeq_f[u
\k_dhgqbehkvgh\wlmfbgmlmijha\_g_ea\hghd  

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkPbnjZmdZau\Z_lgZihjy^dh\ucghf_jij_^eh`_gby

©=mkbª²©FZlj_rdbª²

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

>ey lh]h qlh[u hlim]b\Zlv ilbp hl njmdlh\uo ^_j_\v_\ b ihk_\h\


Z\kljZebckdb_n_jf_jubkihevamxlieZklfZkkh\uoyklj_[h\GZlhgdhce_kd_
dhlhjZy gZly]b\Z_lky f_`^m ^_j_\vyfb beb klhe[Zfb mdj_ieyxlky fZd_lu
ilbpDh]^Z^m_l\_l_jwlbieZklfZkkh\u_©^\hcgbdbª\iheg_ijZ\^hih^h[gh
fZrmldjuevyfbFgh]b_ilbpugbdh]^Zg_klZgmlbkdZlvibsmbebhl^uoZlv
lZf ]^_ hgb \b^yl yklj_[Z baaZ ijbjh^gh]h kljZoZ i_j_^ wlbf obsgbdhf
H^gh]hieZklfZkkh\h]hyklj_[Z^hklZlhqghqlh[um[_j_qvmjh`Zchl\hjh[v_\
kd\hjph\ihim]Z_\gZiehsZ^b[he__h^gh]h]_dlZjZ Ba]Za_l

***
133
©Kd_e_lªij_^eh`_gby
KemqZehkv eb \Zf ^_j`Zlv \ jmdZo ^_lkdmx b]jmrdm dZe_c^hkdhi" E_]dh
\kljyob\Zy _]h \u gZ[ex^Z_l_ kf_gyxsb_ ^jm] ^jm]Z [_kdhg_qgh
jZaghh[jZagu_mahjuWlhkdZahqgh_jZaghh[jZab_kha^Z_lkyijbihfhsblj_o
ihehkhda_jdZeZb]hjklbjZaghp\_lguokl_deyr_dLh`_ijhbkoh^blb\yau
d_ Kdhevdh \ g_fij_^eh`_gbc" Fhjy ]Za_lguo klZl_c b p_eu_ hd_Zgu dgb]
Gh wlh [_kdhg_qgh_ fgh`_kl\h kljhblky ba h]jZgbq_ggh]h dhebq_kl\Z
we_f_glh\ \klmiZxsbo \ jZaebqgu_ dhf[bgZpbb AgZy wlb we_f_glu \u
[m^_l_ k\h[h^gh hjb_glbjh\Zlvky \ ex[hc ^j_fmq_c qZs_ keh`guo kbg
lZdkbq_kdbo dhgkljmdpbc b kfh`_l_ k^_eZlv mkeh\gh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ h^ghc ba
gbo
< i_j\mx hq_j_^v gZ^h \u^_eblv hkgh\ghc we_f_gl keh`guo
kbglZdkbq_kdbo dhgkljmdpbc Wlh ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ beb h^gZ qZklv
dhlhjZy \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb \uklmiZ_l \ dZq_kl\_ _]h qZklb Bah[jZabf
mkeh\ghqZklvij_^eh`_gby\\b^_ijyfhm]hevgbdZ<hllZd
Ba g_[hevrh]h qbkeZ dhf[bgZpbc lZdbo ©dbjibqbdh\ª fh`gh kha^Zlv
ko_fu kZfuo jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbc Ihkfhljbf dZd wlh ^_eZ_lky I_j_^ \Zfb
ij_^eh`_gb_

< AZiZ^ghc :njbd_ ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_ kdZahqgbdb ihevamxlky


nb]mjdZfbdZ`^Zynb]mjdZh[hagZqZ_lhij_^_e_ggmxkdZadmbi_j_[bjZy
ihh^ghcnb]mjd_jZkkdZaqbdg_[hblkyijhimklblvdZdmxeb[hbakdZahd
::E_hglv_\

KdhevdhqZkl_c\wlhfij_^eh`_gbb"LjbAgZqblgZko_f_^he`gh[ulv
ljbdbjibqbdZ:dZdbojZkiheh`blv">eywlh]h\hi_j\uogZ^hihgylvqlh
i_j_^gZfb©]mkbªbeb ©fZlj_rdbª <h\lhjuo \uykgblv dZdb_ a^_kv qZklb
lhevdh ]eZ\gu_ beb ]eZ\gu_ b ijb^Zlhqgu_ lh`_ <kihfgbf qlh ]eZ\gu_
qZklb g_ aZ\bkyl ^jm] hl ^jm]Z ]jZffZlbq_kdb b hl h^ghc d ^jm]hc g_evay
ihklZ\blv ]jZffZlbq_kdh]h \hijhkZ Z ijb^Zlhqgu_ qZklb aZ\bkyl hl ]eZ\guo
]jZffZlbq_kdbbhl]eZ\guodijb^Zlhqguffh`ghihklZ\blv\hijhk
<ij_^eh`_gbbhkdZahqgbdZoljbqZklbb\k_hgb]eZ\gu_bke_^mxl^jm]
aZ^jm]hfdZd©]mkbª<hllZd

134
GZ dZ`^hf ©dbjibqbd_ª \u klZ\bl_ ihjy^dh\uc ghf_j qZklb keh`gh]h
ij_^eh`_gbyQZkl_c©dbjibqbdh\ªbghf_jh\fh`_l[ulvkdhevdhm]h^gh
?keb ko_fZ keh`ghkhqbg_ggh]h ij_^eh`_gby jZkiheZ]Z_lky gZ h^ghc
ebgbb lh kh keh`ghih^qbg_ggufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb ^_eh h[klhbl bgZq_
]eZ\gu_qZklbgZoh^ylkygZ\_jomZijb^Zlhqgu_ih^gbfb<hllZd

QZklbij_^eh`_gbcfu\k_]^Zgmf_jm_fihihjy^dmGZijbf_j

?keb\_jblvmq_gufiylvfbgmlkf_oZkh\_jr_gghkgbfZxlmklZehklv
ihke_qZkZgZijy`_gghcjZ[hlu

3. Ex^b ohlyl agZlv gZkdhevdh [h]ZlZ bo A_fey bkdhiZ_fufb b


wg_j]_lbq_kdbfbj_kmjkZfb

KhklZ\vl_ko_fuij_^eh`_gbc

>hjh]h\h\j_fy\j_fy
<j_f_gbfgh]hbfZeh
>he]h_\j_fy²g_\j_fy
?kebhghfbgh\Zeh
KYFZjrZd

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

:dZd^he`gZ\u]ey^_lvgZko_f_©fZlj_rdZª"GZijbf_j
Jmkkdbc ]jZ`^Zgkdbc ZenZ\bl dhlhjuf fu ihevam_fky b \ gZklhys__
\j_fy[ue\\_^_gI_ljhf,Fuij_^eZ]Z_flZdhc\ZjbZgl

KhklZ\vl_ko_fukeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc
< dhgp_ ijhreh]h \_dZ jmdh\h^bl_eb fhkdh\kdbo l_Zljh\ bgh]^Z
ijb]eZrZeb ih`Zjguo gZ jheb klZlbklh\ H^gZ`^u \ h^ghf ba l_Zljh\
r_e ki_dlZdev ©Ob`bgZ ^y^b LhfZª \ dhlhjhf ih`Zjgu_ bah[jZ`Zeb
g_]jh\<
135
^jm]hfklZ\bebdhf_^bx]^_ih`Zjgu_bah[jZ`Zebq_jl_c<wlh\j_fy\
^jm]hfdhgp_Fhkd\ugZqZekykbevgucih`Zj:jlbkludhlhju_\ihiuoZo
g_ kgyeb ]jbfZ ihfqZebkv d f_klm ih`ZjZ <i_j_^b fqZeky djZkguc
^vy\he gZ djZkghf dhg_ aZ gbf gZ l_e_]_ g_kebkv djZkgu_ q_jlb k
ih`Zjgufb [Z]jZfb AZl_f ijhg_kky q_jguc ^vy\he gZ ahehlhf dhg_ hg
^_j`Ze \ jmdZo iueZxsbc nZd_e AZ gbf ijh]jhohlZeZ l_e_]Z \ dhlhjhc
kb^_eb q_jgu_ ^vy\heu \ f_^guo re_fZo Kdhjh q_jlb ihy\bebkv gZ
djur_ ]hjys_]h ^hfZ kj_^b yaudh\ ieZf_gb Dh]^Z lheiZ m\b^_eZ wlh
\hagbdeZ iZgbdZ =m[_jgZlhj dhlhjhfm lh`_ [ueh kljZrgh\Zlh aZij_lbe
ih`Zjguf\^Zevg_cr_fb]jZlv\l_Zlj_
Ba`mjgZeh\
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

I_j_c^_fd[he__ljm^gufkemqZyf<keh`ghih^qbg_gguoij_^eh`_gbyo
fh`_l [ulv fgh]h ijb^Zlhqguo qZkl_c b jZkiheh`_gu hgb [u\Zxl ih
jZaghfmHgbfh]mljZkiheZ]ZlvkylZd\lhjZyqZklvijbkh_^bgy_lkydi_j\hc
lj_lvydh\lhjhcq_l\_jlZydlj_lv_cbl^bhgblh`_b^mlh^gZaZ^jm]hc
dZd ©]mkbª lhevdh g_ ih ]hjbahglZeb Z ih \_jlbdZeb k\_jom \gba LZdh_
ih^qbg_gb_gZau\Z_lkyihke_^h\Zl_evguf<hldZdwlh\u]ey^bl

<hl^hf
Dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d
:wlhir_gbpZ
DhlhjZy\l_fghfqmeZg_ojZgblky
<^hf_dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d
:wlhkbgbpZ
DhlhjZyeh\dh\hjm_lir_gbpm
DhlhjZy\l_fghfqmeZg_ojZgblky
<^hf_dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d

< klbohl\hj_gbb K Y FZjrZdZ ^_\ylv keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbc b dZ`^h_


gZh^gmijb^ZlhqgmxqZklv[hevr_ij_^u^ms_]h
IhkqblZcl_ dhebq_kl\h qZkl_c \ ihke_^g_f ij_^eh`_gbb KhklZ\vl_ _]h
ko_fm
<hl^\Zi_lmoZ
Dhlhju_[m^yllh]hiZklmoZ
Dhlhjuc[jZgblkykdhjh\gbp_ckljh]hx
136
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
ijb^Zlhqguo
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
DlhlhkdZaZeqlh\j_fy²_^bgkl\_ggh_qlh[_jmlg_\^he]ZgZ\k_]^Z
G_gZ^haZ[u\Zlvqlhlhevdhl_agZgby dhlhju_ ^h[ulu ljm^hf ^_eZxl
q_eh\_dZ Q_eh\_dhf ]hlh\yl _]h d h[s_kl\_gghfm ljm^m khagZl_evghfm
\u[hjmijhn_kkbb FKfbjgh\Z
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
?BR
[, _keb
B
 Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k  Pbnju h[hagZqZxl ihjy^dh\uc ghf_j ij_^eh`_gbc \ l_dkl_
 L@   > I ]. 6, 7. >@@>I@ 
 Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k 
 qZkl_c Hgb jZkiheh`_gu ^jm] ih^ ^jm]hf
 Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k 

rrl\\agbbb
2. = I 1. 4.
, ]^_
?BB
ohlv >R@,
dh]^Z
DhlhjZy ^hbl dhjh\m [_ajh]mx Ey]gm\rmx klZjh]h ikZ [_a o\hklZ
Dhlhjuc aZ rb\hjhl lj_ie_l dhlZ Dhlhjuc im]Z_l b eh\bl kbgbpm
DhlhjZyeh\dh\hjm_lir_gbpmDhlhjZy\l_fghfqmeZg_ojZgblky<^hf_
dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d
137
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

KhklZ\vl_ ko_fu d ke_^mxsbf ij_^eh`_gbyf mdZ`bl_ gZ ko_fZo agZdb


ij_ibgZgby

<klZ_ldmi_pb^_ljZaghkqbd
GZ[bj`mlyg_lkyba\haqbd
Kdm\rbghfhol_gdZki_rbl
Ih^g_ckg_]mlj_ggbcojmklbl
:KImrdbg

LZf]^_dZimklgu_]jy^db
JmfyghcaZj_ciheb\Z_l\hkoh^
De_g_ghq_dfZe_gvdbcfZld_
A_e_gh_\ufykhk_l
K:?k_gbg

Bi_jvykljZmkZkdehg_ggu_
<fh_fdZqZxlkyfha]m
Bhqbkbgb_[_a^hggu_
P\_lmlgZ^Zevg_f[_j_]m
::;ehd

<hguc^_gvdh]^ZgZ^fbjhfgh\uf
;h]kdehgyeebphk\h_lh]^Z
Khegp_hklZgZ\eb\Zebkeh\hf
Keh\hfjZajmrZeb]hjh^Z
GK=mfbe_\

GZ^DZgZ^hcg_[hkbg_
F_`[_j_a^h`^bdhku_
Ohlvihoh`_gZJhkkbx
Lhevdh\k_`_g_Jhkkby
:=hjh^gbpdbc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

D]eZ\ghcqZklbfh`_lhlghkblvkyg_h^gZijb^ZlhqgZyqZklvZ^\_b^Z`_
[hevr_hgbfh]mlhlghkblvkydjZagufkeh\Zf\]eZ\ghcqZklbbebdh^ghfmb
lhfm`_
GZijbf_j

Dh]^Zi_qZevke_ahcg_\hevghc
Ijhfqblkyih]eZaZfl\hbf
Fg_\b^_lvbihgylvg_[hevgh
Qlhlug_kqZkleb\Zk^jm]bf
FXE_jfhglh\
138
LZdh_ ih^qbg_gb_ gZau\Z_lky i Z j Z e e _ e v g u f  : \hl dZd \u]ey^bl
ko_fZij_^eh`_gby\dhlhjhfijb^Zlhqgu_qZklbhlghkylky dh^ghfm b lhfm
`_keh\m\]eZ\ghc qZklb

B\k_fdZaZehkvqlhjZ^hklv[m^_l
Qlh\lbohc]Z\Zgb\k_dhjZ[eb
QlhgZqm`[bg_mklZeu_ex^b
K\_lemx`bagvk_[_h[j_eb
::;ehd

LZdh_ ih^qbg_gb_ gZau\Z_lky h ^ g h j h ^ g u f  ;u\Zxl ij_^eh`_gby \


dhlhjuo g_kdhevdh ]eZ\guo qZkl_c b m dZ`^hc k\hy ijb^ZlhqgZy qZklv <
kZfhfijhklhf kemqZ_wlh\u]ey^bllZd

GZfg_^Zghij_^m]Z^Zlv
DZdkeh\hgZr_hlah\_lky
BgZfkhqm\kl\b_^Z_lky
DZdgZf^Z_lky[eZ]h^Zlv
NBLxlq_\

Bgh]^Z h^gZ ba ]eZ\guo qZkl_c bf__l ijb^Zlhqgh_ Z ^jm]b_ g_l


GZijbf_j

Bg_\hafh`gh_\hafh`gh
>hjh]Z^Zevgyye_]dZ
Dh]^Z[e_kg_l\^Zeb^hjh`ghc
F]gh\_gguc\a]ey^baih^ieZldZ
Dh]^Za\_gbllhkdhchkljh`ghc
=emoZyi_kgyyfsbdZ
::;ehd

< dhf[bgbjh\Zggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ hohlgh \dexqZxlky ©fZlj_rdbª


gZijbf_jlZd

<^Ze_d_hl^hfZ\^h[jucqZk
<kihfgbfl_odlh\kihfbgZ_lgZk
:_s_dheb^hklZg_lkbe
IhaZ[m^_fl_odlhgZkaZ[ue
DY<Zgr_gdbg

;u\Z_l b lZdh_ ih^qbg_gb_ dh]^Z ijb^Zlhqgu_ qZklb bf_xl k\hb


ijb^Zlhqgu_ kh_^bg_ggu_ kihkh[hf h^ghjh^gh]h beb iZjZee_evgh]h
ih^qbg_gbyGZijbf_jlZd
139
M dh]h _klv ^\Z oe_[Z imklv M dh]h
ijh^Zkl h^bg qlh[u dmiblv
p\_lhd gZjpbkkZ b[h oe_[ ²
ibsZ ^ey l_eZ Z gZjpbkk ²
ibsZ^ey^mrb Ihkeh\bpZ

=h]hev \ nZglZklbq_kdhc ih


\_klb ©Ihjlj_lª ihdZaZe qlh
ahehlh ^hklZ\r__ky p_ghc qm
`bokljZ^Zgbcg_^Z_ljZ^hklb
gb l_f dlh _]h dhibl gb l_f
dlh_]hgZke_^m_l

Fuij_^eh`beb\Zfh^bgba\ZjbZglh\ko_f
Gh jZagu_ Z\lhju ^Zxl jZagu_ \ZjbZglu JZ[hlZcl_ lZd dZd \Zf
ijb\uqg__ Ih^jm`bl_kv kh ko_fZfb Wlh \Z`guc b hq_gv ihe_aguc \b^
mijZ`g_gbc Hgb iha\heyl hl\e_dZykv hl keh\ b kfukeh\ kjZam m\b^_lv
©kd_e_lª ij_^eh`_gby ² _]h kljmdlmjm ² b jZkklZ\blv agZdb e_]dh b ijZ
\bevgh

Kl_q_gb_khxah\
IjhqblZcl_ rmleb\h_ q_l\_jhklbrb_ He_]Z =jb]hjv_\Z [_a agZdh\
ij_ibgZgby bkdZ`bl_qlh\jZkklZgh\d_agZdh\dZ`_lky\Zfljm^guf

GZkdZl_jlv\h\j_fyh[_^Z
<uihealZdhclZjZdZg
Qlh_kebklZdZghfgZdjulvlZjZdZgZ
Lhhgm\_a_lklZdZg

I_j\uc\hijhkdhlhjucgZ^hj_rblvqlh[ujZah[jZlvky\wlhfkdhevdh
qZkl_c\wlhfij_^eh`_gbb"<u[_a ljm^Z fh`_l_ khkqblZlv a^_kv ljbqZklb
<lhjhc \hijhk q_f hgb kh_^bg_gu" <hl lmllh \u b fh`_l_ [ulv haZ^Zq_gu
Qlh" ?keb" Z ihq_fm bo ^\Z" Fh`_l [ulv ihlhfm qlh ^\_ jZagu_ qZklb
dZ`^Zykhk\hbfkhxahfjZkiheh`bebkvlZdbfh[jZahfqlhkhxauhdZaZebkv
jy^urdhf"Wlhihoh`_gZijZ\^mL_i_jvijhqblZcl_hl^_evghdZ`^mxqZklv
IhemqZ_lky\hlqlhh^gZ qZklv ² gZ kdZl_jlv \h \j_fy h[_^Z \uihea lZdhc
lZjZdZg ^jm]Zy ² qlh hg m\_a_l klZdZg lj_lvy ² _keb klZdZghf gZdjulv
lZjZdZgZBdZd`_jZkiheh`_guwlbqZklb"<lhjZyblj_lvy²dZd©fZlj_rdZª
\©fZlj_rd_ªWlhjZa]ey^_lvg_lZdlhijhklhH[uq
140
gZy ^_j_\yggZy fZlj_rdZ h^bgZdh\Z kh \k_o klhjhg Z a^_kv ©fZlj_rdZª
kh\k_f ^jm]Zy h^gZ klhjhgZ ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª kh\k_f lhg_gvdZy ² ba
h^gh]h dhjhl_gvdh]h keh\Z qlh Z ^jm]Zy ² kheb^guo jZaf_jh\ ba q_luj_o
keh\ B d wlhc fZe_gvdhc ©lhg_gvdhcª kl_gd_ ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª
ijbkehgbeZkv ©\gmlj_ggyy fZlj_rdZª lh`_ gZqbgZxsZyky khxahf <hl b
ihemqbehkv^\ZkhxaZjy^hf:dZdijbdZ`_l_[ulvkhagZdZfb"
Wlh aZ\bkbl hl lh]h dZd gZqbgZ_lky \lhjZy qZklv ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª
?keb hgZ gZqbgZ_lky kh keh\ lh beb lZd aZiylZy f_`^m ^\mfy khxaZfb g_
klZ\blky Z klZ\blky lhevdh i_j_^ i_j\uf Bgufb keh\Zfb _keb \lhjhc khxa
bf__l \lhjmx qZklv gZijbf_j _keb ² lh lh aZiylhc i_j_^ gbf g_ gZ^h <hl
lZd

FukeurZebqlh_kebkjZkl_gbyfbeZkdh\hjZa]h\Zjb\Zlvlhhgbemqr_
jZklml

< hklZevguo kemqZyo aZiylZy klZ\blky b i_j_^ i_j\uf khxahf b i_j_^


\lhjuff_`^mkhxaZfb<hllZd

GbdZd g_evay ij_^klZ\blv qlh ihdZ g_ ihy\beky q_eh\_d h[_avygZ [ueZ
\_gphfl\hj_gby ::E_hglv_\

>Z\Zcl_ihlj_gbjm_fky
JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \
khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu
Ij_^eh`_gbykaZiylhci_j_^ Ij_^eh`_gbykaZiylhclhevdhi_j_^
i_j\ufkhxahfbf_`^mkhxaZfb i_j\ufkhxahf
1
2

,  <k_ agZxl qlh dh]^Z \ :f_jbd_ ihe^_gv \h NjZgpbb khegp_ m`_
aZoh^bl  FZe_gvdbc ijbgp aZkuiZe f_gy \hijhkZfb gh dh]^Z y
kijZrb\Ze h q_fgb[m^v hg keh\gh b g_ keurZe  Qlh[u ^Zlv \Zf
ihgylb_hlhfdZd\_ebdZA_feykdZ`mebrvqlhihdZg_[uehbah[j_l_gh
we_dljbq_kl\h gZ \k_o r_klb dhglbg_glZo ijboh^behkv ^_j`Zlv p_emx
ZjfbxnhgZjsbdh\Kms_kl\mxlg_lhevdh[hevrb_ieZg_lughbkhlgb
lZdbo qlh _keb \u [m^_l_ jZa]ey^u\Zlv bo \ l_e_kdhi lh k ljm^hf
jZa]ey^bl_
:K_glWdaxi_jb

,,  =_jg_l g_hijh\_j`bfh ^hdZaZe qlh _keb [u m^Zehkv jZklhiblv
e_^yghciZgpbjv=j_geZg^bblh\?\jhim
141
\_jgmeky [u km[ljhibq_kdbc debfZl b gZklmibe ahehlhc \_d D =
IZmklh\kdbc   Kheg_qgu_ aZlf_gby [u\Zxl \kydbc jZa dh]^Z EmgZ
ijhoh^bllhqghf_`^mA_fe_cbKhegp_f<kydhfmihgylghqlh^eylh]h
qlh[u \b^_lv dZd Khegp_ ihkl_i_ggh aZdju\Z_lky Emghc gm`gh qlh[u \
wlhff_kl_[ueZykgZyih]h^Z D>hf[jh\kdbc

 M B\ZgZ Gbdbnhjh\bqZ gZijhlb\ lh]h rZjh\Zju \ lZdbo rbjhdbo


kdeZ^dZoqlh_keb[ujZa^mlvbolh\gbofh`gh[ueh[uihf_klblv\_kv
^\hjkZf[ZjZfbbkljh_gbyfb G<=h]hev

,,,GZwd\Zlhj_abfhc
;uelZdhcm`Zkgucaghc
Qlhdh]^ZgZklZehe_lh
G_aZf_lgh[uehwlh
K\bgvygZdZ`^h]h]ey^bldZdgZ\jZ]Z
BlZdijh`hjeb\h__k\bgh_jueh
Qlh_keb[u_s_k\bgv_jh]Z
HgZ[u\k_o\k\h_f_gx\dexqbeZ
<:E_\bg

,9Mq_gu_^mfZxlqlh_kebgZA_fexijbe_lylbghieZg_lyg_lh\iheg_
\hafh`gh qlh fu g_ kmf__f gZclb k gbfb dhglZdl  Ijb ih^]hlh\d_
=Z]ZjbgZdi_j\hfmdhkfbq_kdhfmihe_lm mq_gu__s_g_agZebdZddh]^Z
hghdZ`_lky\g_ijb\uqguomkeh\byohgkfh`_lijbkihkh[blvkydgbf
Bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZaZeb qlh _keb h[mqblv rbfiZga_ yaudm `_klh\ lh hgb
fh]mlh[sZlvkykex^vfb

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
IhjZ[hlZ_f kh ko_fZfb Ih^klZ\vl_ hdheh ghf_jZ dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby
ghf_jkhhl\_lkl\mxs_c_fmko_fu

142
Fg_gjZ\blkyqlh\u[hevgug_fghc
Fg_gjZ\blkyqlhy[hevgZg_\Zfb
Qlhgbdh]^Zly`_eucrZja_fghc
G_mieu\_lih^gZrbfbgh]Zfb
FBP\_lZ_\Z
HlhfdZdohjhrZijbjh^Z
G_qZklh]h\hjblgZjh^
Ih^wlhckbgvxg_[hk\h^Z
GZ^wlhc[e_^ghckbgvx\h^
KYFZjrZd
@^bf_gyby\_jgmkv
Lhevdhhq_gv`^b
@^bdh]^ZgZ\h^yl]jmklv
@_elu_^h`^b
@^bdh]^Zkg_]Zf_lml
@^bdh]^Z`ZjZ
@^bdh]^Z^jm]bog_`^ml
IhaZ[u\\q_jZ
DFKbfhgh\
B]hehk[uekeZ^hdbemq[uelhghd
Blhevdh\ukhdhmpZjkdbo\jZl
IjbqZklguclZcgZfieZdZej_[_ghd
Hlhfqlhgbdlhg_ijb^_lgZaZ^
::;ehd

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
<uibrbl_bal_dklZhlj_adbij_^eh`_gbckhagZdZfbij_ibgZgby

R\_cpZjkdbcmq_guc@ZgIbZ`_\kx`bagvihk\ylbebamq_gbxlh]hdZd
^mfZxl h[ hdjm`Zxs_f fbj_ fZe_gvdb_ ^_lb Hg klZedb\Zeky k l_f qlh
g_dhlhju_ ^_lb ^mfZxl [m^lh EmgZ ijh\h`Z_l bo ihlhfm qlh ex[hfm
b^ms_fm q_eh\_dm dZ`_lky qlh EmgZ ^\b`_lky ih g_[m \ lm `_ klhjhgm
Bgh]^Z dZdhcgb[m^v j_[_ghd \h \j_fy \_q_jg_c ijh]medb ki_pbZevgh
gZ[ex^Z_lhklZgh\blkyebEmgZ_kebhghklZgh\blkyb^_lebEmgZ^Zevr_
_keb hg ihr_e ^Zevr_ Mq_guc kijhkbe h^gh]h ba j_[yl aZ d_f ba gbo
ihc^_lEmgZ_kebhgbh[Zihc^ml\jZagu_klhjhguFZevqbdhl\_lbeqlh
kgZqZeZEmgZijh\h^bl\ajhkeh]hZihlhfihc^_laZfeZ^rbf
143
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?keb m \Zk \k_ \ ihjy^d_ ijhimklbl_ ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ ?keb [ueb


hrb[db ihlj_gbjmcl_kv _s_ <uibrbl_ hlj_adb ij_^eh`_gbc kh agZdZfb
ij_ibgZgby

=hjvdbchq_gvex[bedgb]bbqj_a\uqZcgh^hjh`bek\h_c[b[ebhl_dhc
gh]hlh\[uehl^Zlvp_gg_crmxbadgb]_kebkqblZeqlhhgZdhfmgb[m^v
g_h[oh^bfZ^eyjZ[hlu KYFZjrZd ?keb[u\^jm]gZa_fe_dZdbf
gb[m^v qm^hf bkq_aeh \k_ khl\hj_ggh_ hl_q_kl\_gghc dmevlmjhc Z
hklZebkv [u lhevdh klbob kha^Zggu_ \_ebdbfb jmkkdbfb ebjbdZfb fu b
lh]^ZagZeb[uqlhgZjh^]_gbZe_gbqlhkdZahqgh[h]ZlgZryaudh[eZ^Z
xsbc [_kqbke_ggufb keh\_kgufb djZkdZfb ^ey bah[jZ`_gby
keh`g_crboblhgqZcrboq_eh\_q_kdboqm\kl\ DBQmdh\kdbc Dlh
g_mf__lihevah\ZlvkykqZklv_fdh]^Zhghijboh^blg_^he`_g`Zeh\Zlvky
dh]^Zhghijhoh^bl FK_j\Zgl_k JZamf^Zgq_eh\_dm^eylh]hqlh[u
hgjZamfgh`beZg_^eylh]hqlh[uhg\b^_eqlhhg`b\_lg_jZamfgh <
= ;_ebgkdbc   G_dhlhju_ ]h\hjbeb gZf qlh keurZeb h ih^\h^ghf
]hjh^_^jm]b_]h\hjbebqlhwlh\ufuk_ebgbdZdh]h]hjh^Zg_lb\k_lZdb
fu gbq_]h hij_^_e_ggh]h g_ fh]eb magZlv ihdZ gZdhg_p \ Fma__
bah[jZabl_evguo bkdmkkl\ bf_gb ImrdbgZ fu g_ gZreb lhg_gvdmx dgb
`_qdm \ dhlhjhc [ueb hibkZgu jZa\Zebgu ^j_\g_]h ]j_q_kdh]h ]hjh^Z
himklb\r_]hky k\ur_ lukyqb e_l gZaZ^ gZ ^gh fhjy \ Djufm hdheh
;ZeZdeZ\u D>hf[jh\kdbc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

©Kh[jZeZkvdhfiZgbyagZdh\ij_ibgZgbyª

Ihijh[mcl_jZa^_eblvkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_gZkhklZ\eyxsb__]h[ehdb
Hj_rgbd dhlhjuc \ g_dhlhjuo f_klZo gZau\Z_lky e_sbghc wlh
rbjhdhebklguc dmklZjgbd Hgb \u]ey^yl lZd 1) Hj_rgbd ² wlh
rbjhdhebklguc dmklZjgbd 2) Dhlhjuc \ g_dhlhjuo f_klZo gZau\Z_lky
e_sbghc
Wlb[ehdbjZkiheh`_gu\ij_^eh`_gbyodZd©fZlj_rdZ\fZlj_rd_ª
H^gZdh\©gZjm`ghcfZlj_rd_ªf_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufklZ\blky
lbj_Qlh`_ijhbkoh^blkwlbfagZdhfij_ib
144
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkI_j\ZypbnjZ²]jZnZlZ[ebpu
1 — I. 1, 2, 3. II. 2. III. 1, 2. IV. 2.
2 — I. 4. II. 1, 3. IV. 1, 3.
,,<kydhfmihgylghqlh^eylh]hqlh[u\b^_lvdZdKhegp_ihkl_i_ggh
aZdju\Z_lkyEmghcgm`ghqlh[u\wlhff_kl_[ueZykgZyih]h^Z
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
1— 3); 2 — 1); 3 — 2); 4 — 4).
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
R\_cpZjkdbclh]hdZdHgk l_f qlh ^mfZxl [m^lh bo ihlhfm
qlh dZ`_lky qlh Bgh]^Z gZ[ex^Z_l hklZgh\blky eb EmgZ _keb hg
hklZgh\blky b^_l eb EmgZ ^Zevr_ _keb Mq_guc ba j_[yl aZ d_f ba gbo
ihc^_lEmgZ_kebFZevqbdhl\_lbeqlh\ajhkeh]hZihlhf
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
 [b[ebhl_dhcghdgb]_kebkqblZeqlh  dmevlmjhc Z hklZebkv
[u lhevdh klbob kha^Zggu_ fu  agZeb [u qlh yaud h[eZ^Zxsbc 
kqZklv_fdh]^Zhghijboh^blg_^he`_g`Zeh\Zlvkydh]^Zhghijhoh^bl
^eylh]hqlh[uZg_^eylh]hqlh[uhg\b^_eqlhgZfqlh]hjh^_
^jm]b_ ]h\hjbeb qlh g_l b \k_lZdb magZlv ihdZ gZdhg_p dgb`_qdm \
dhlhjhc]hjh^Zhimklb\r_]hky
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
, IlbqdZ dheb[jb dhlhjZy `b\_l \ X`ghc :f_jbd_ ² wlh kZfZy
fZe_gvdZy ilbqdZ gZ k\_l_ <_k __ ² g_kdhevdh ]jZffh\ H^gh ba
m^b\bl_evguo k\hckl\ wlhc djhr_qghc ilZrdb ^ebgZ dhlhjhc g_ ij_\urZ_l
^\Z^pZlb fbeebf_ljh\ ² hlf_gguc Zii_lbl KZf_p dheb[jb aZ dhlhjuf
gZ[ex^Zeb mq_gu_ aZ  qZkh\ ibe \h^m  jZaZ H[s__ dhebq_kl\h \h^u
dhlhjmxaZwlh\j_fy\uibeZlj_o]jZffh\ZyilbqdZ²]jZffh\
,,Hrb[dbdhlhju_g_bkijZ\eyxlky²\hlgZklhysb_hrb[dbLhldlh
ijZ\bevghmdZau\Z_lfhbhrb[db²fhcmqbl_evLhldlhijZ\bevghhlf_qZ_l
fhb\_jgu_ihklmidb² fhc^jm]Lhl dlh fg_ evklbl ² fhc \jZ] Ihkeh
\bpu
***
145
gZgby dh]^Z \ _]h ©`bag_gghf ijhkljZgkl\_ª ihy\ey_lky ©\gmlj_ggyy
fZlj_rdZª" AZiylZy b lbj_ hdZau\Zxlky jy^urdhf b gbqmlv g_ f_rZxl ^jm]
^jm]m<u]ey^blwlhlZdHj_rgbddhlhjuc\g_dhlhjuof_klZogZau\Z_lky
e_sbghc²rbjhdhebklgucdmklZjgbd
GZ^__fky qlh \u mki_rgh kijZ\bl_kv k ihklZgh\dhc ^\mo agZdh\
jy^urdhf

,IlbqdZdheb[jbdhlhjZy`b\_l\X`ghc:f_jbd_wlhkZfZyfZe_gvdZy
ilbqdZgZk\_l_<_k__g_kdhevdh]jZffh\H^ghbam^b\bl_evguok\hckl\
wlhc djhr_qghc ilZrdb ^ebgZ dhlhjhc g_ ij_\urZ_l ^\Z^pZlb
fbeebf_ljh\ hlf_gguc Zii_lbl KZf_p dheb[jb aZ dhlhjuf gZ[ex^Zeb
mq_gu_aZqZkh\ibe\h^mjZaZH[s__dhebq_kl\h\h^udhlhjmxaZ
wlh\j_fy\uibeZlj_o]jZffh\ZyilbqdZ]jZffh\
Ba`mjgZeh\
,, Hrb[db dhlhju_ g_ bkijZ\eyxlky \hl gZklhysb_ hrb[db Lhl dlh
ijZ\bevgh mdZau\Z_l gZ fhb hrb[db fhc mqbl_ev Lhl dlh ijZ\bevgh
hlf_qZ_lfhb\_jgu_ihklmidbfhc^jm]Lhldlhfg_evklblfhc\jZ]
Ihkeh\bpu
Ijh\_jvl_ k_[y kf hl\_l  gZ k  
=eZ\Z VI

I_j_^©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfb
bebJZkkdZauhaZ]Z^hqghcaZiylhc
=jZffZlbdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ
Kj_^b\k_okhxah\bkhxaguokeh\fu\u^_ebebljbb, ^Z \agZq_gbbb),
beb ijb \klj_q_ k dhlhjufb gZ^h [ulv hq_gv \gbfZl_evgufb Hkh[_ggh
hiZkguhgblh]^Zdh]^Zihy\eyxlky\h^bghqdm
Ijbwlhfkhxau^Z\agZq_gbbbbbeb\klj_qZxlkyg_hq_gvqZklhZkhxa
b ihbklbg_ \_a^_kms ?keb \u ihijh[m_l_ gZclb \ ex[hf l_dkl_ gZmqghf
im[ebpbklbq_kdhfbebom^h`_kl\_gghf kljZgbqdmgZdhlhjhcg_lgbh^gh]h
khxaZ b \Zf ijb^_lky ihljZlblv g_fZeh \j_f_gb ijbq_f \Zrb ihbkdb fh]ml
lZdbg_m\_gqZlvkymki_ohf
D\klj_q_k©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfbijbibkvf_g_h[oh^bfhhlghkblvkydZdd
kb]gZem©Hklhjh`ghG_lhjhibl_kvJZa[_jbl_kv\ij_^eh`_gbbª

147
Ihq_fmkj_^b^hjh]\ihbkdZok_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbbh^bghqghfmkhxambk
_]hijbyl_eyfb^Z \agZq_gbbb bbeb\u^_e_gZki_pbZevgZy©i_jkhgZevgZyª
^hjh]Z lh]^Z dZd hklZevgu_ khxau b khxagu_ keh\Z ^h\hevkl\mxlky h^ghc
^hjh]hcgZ\k_o"
<k_hklZevgu_khxaubkhxagu_keh\Zb^Z`_wlb©hiZkgu_ªkhxaudh]^Z
hgbih\lhjyxlkyfh`ghij_^klZ\blvk_[_\\b^_q_eh\_qdh\g_kmsboieZdZlu
kgZ^ibkvx
©Lj_[m_faZiylmxªBlhevdhbkijbyl_eyfb^_j`Zlky\klhjhg_Mgbo\
©jmdZoªkh\k_f^jm]b_ieZdZlu©Fu²hiZkgu_khxauª
H[ wlbo khxaZo ©]jZffZlbdZ gZ^\h_ kdZaZeZª gm`gZ i_j_^ gbfb aZiylZy
bebg_l<h^gbokemqZyogm`gZ\^jm]bog_l
< wlhc ]eZ\_ fu ki_pbZevgh kh[jZeb \k_ kemqZb \f_kl_ qlh[u \u fh]eb
hdbgmlvbo_^bguf\a]ey^hf>Z\Zcl_bok]jmiibjm_f
I_j\Zy ]jmiiZ ² wlh keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby < wlhc ]jmii_ k\hb
ijh[e_fu©[ulvbebg_[ulvªaZiylhci_j_^b
<lhjZy ]jmiiZ ² wlh ij_^eh`_gby k h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb
ih^e_`Zsbfb kdZam_fufb ^hiheg_gbyfb hij_^_e_gbyfb
h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb A^_kvk\hb©[ulvbebg_[ulvª

Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_
H[sbcB\Zg IjZ\beh h ihklZgh\d_ aZiylhc \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb
B\Zgh\bq hq_gv ijhklh_ aZiylZy g_ klZ\blky f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb
kh_^bg_ggufbh^bghqguf©hiZkgufªkhxahf_kebhgbbf_xl
dZdb_lhh[sb_]jZffZlbq_kdb_bkfukeh\u_we_f_glu
Gbdh]h ih\b^bfhfm g_ aZljm^gbl aZ^ZqZ jZa^_eblv gZ ijhklu_ lZdh_
keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Khegp_ aZdZlbehkv b ghqv ihke_^h\ZeZ aZ ^g_f ihqlb
[_aijhf_`mldZ<wlhfij_^eh`_gbb\udhg_qghihklZ\bl_aZiylmxi_j_^b
H^gZdhkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_g_\k_]^Z^_eblkygZijhklu_©[_ahklZldZª
GZijbf_jMB\ZgZB\Zgh\bqZ[hevrb_\ujZabl_evgu_]eZaZlZ[Zqgh]hp\_lZ
bjhlg_kdhevdhihoh`gZ[md\mb`bpm G<=h]hev I_j\h_ij_^eh`_gb_M
B\ZgZ B\Zgh\bqZ [hevrb_ \ujZabl_evgu_ ]eZaZ lZ[Zqgh]h p\_lZ H^gZdh lh
qlh hklZg_lky g_ fh`_l m^h\e_l\hjblv \Zk dZd iheghp_ggh_ \lhjh_
ij_^eh`_gb_bjhlg_kdhevdhihoh`gZ[md\mb`bpmMdh]h">ZmB\ZgZB\Z
148
gh\bqZ dhg_qgh >hiheg_gb_ m B\ZgZ B\Zgh\bqZ hlghkblky dh \lhjhfm
ij_^eh`_gbx lZd `_ dZd b d i_j\hfm ² hgh y\ey_lky ^ey gbo h[sbf
IhklZ\b\aZiylmxi_j_^b\uhl^_ebeb[uB\ZgZB\Zgh\bqZhl_]hjlZbq_c
jhl[ueihoh`gZ[md\mb`bpmhklZehkv[ug_ba\_klguf
Ihfgbl_ AZiylZy g_ klZ\blky f_`^m ijhklufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb \
khklZ\_ keh`ghkhqbg_ggh]h ij_^eh`_gby kh_^bg_ggh]h h^bghqguf
©hiZkgufªkhxahf_kebwlbqZklbbf_xlh[sbc\lhjhkl_i_ggucqe_g
Gh [m^vl_ hklhjh`gu Bgh]^Z fh`gh ijbgylv aZ h[sbc lZdhc
\lhjhkl_i_ggucqe_gdhlhjuc\^_ckl\bl_evghklbh[sbfg_y\ey_lky
JZa[_j_f ij_^eh`_gb_ M ijbqZeZ km_lylky fZljhku b lhj`_kl\_ggh
hlieu\Zxl \ fhj_ dhjZ[eb ?keb \u j_rbl_ qlh m ijbqZeZ ² h[sbc
\lhjhkl_i_ggucqe_glhihemqblkyqlhdhjZ[ebhlieu\Zxl\fhj_mijbqZeZ
Z gZ kZfhf ^_e_ \k_ h[klhbl g_ lZd fZljhku km_lylky m ijbqZeZ Z dhjZ[eb
hlieu\Zxl\fhj_hlg_]hH[s_]h\lhjhkl_i_ggh]hqe_gZa^_kvg_lbaZiylZy
ihijZ\maZgbfZ_lk\h_f_klh
Ihijh[mcl_ k mq_lhf wlbo agZgbc jZkklZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby \
ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo<ij_^eh`_gbyo]^__klvh[sb_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_gu
ih^q_jdgbl_bo
149
JZghmljhfkhegp__s_g_iZebehlZd`Zjdhbkfhjy\_yehk\_`_klvx
Hgi_ebhldZ`^h]ha\mdZ_]h]hehkZ\_yehq_flhjh^gufIm]Zq_\
^ZeagZdbf_gylhlqZkjZa\yaZebbhklZ\beb :KImrdbg <q_jZ\h
\j_fy]jhau^h`^vrmf_eb\_l_j[mr_\Ze  Kd\hav k_juc dZf_gv \h^Z
khqbeZkvb[ueh^mrgh\ms_ev_l_fghfbiZoeh]gbevx F=hjvdbc 
G_ r_\_eblky gb h^bg ebklhd \\_jom b lhevdh \gbam gZ g_keurbfhf
kd\hagyqd_ lj_i_s_l gZ iZmlbgd_ kmohc ebklbd F F Ijbr\bg  
Ihke_h[_^ZaZlygmehkvg_[hb[ue^h`^v FFIjbr\bg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

H[sb_^h`^b H[sbf fh`_l [ulv m ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc \ khklZ\_


keh`gh]h g_ lhevdh qe_g ij_^eh`_gby gh b p_eh_ ij_^
eh`_gb_ GZijbf_j ?keb [u g_ \uiZ^Zeb ^h`^b ^Z\gh [u
\ukhoeZ a_e_gv b a_fey e_`ZeZ [u \ky \ lj_sbgZo b fhjsb
gZoWlhkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_\dhlhjhf_klvh^gh
ijb^Zlhqgh__keb[ug_\uiZ^Zeb^h`^bijb^\mo]eZ\guoAZiylmxi_j_^bg_
klZ\bf ihlhfm qlh wlh ijb^Zlhqgh_ h^bgZdh\h hlghkblky d dZ`^hfm ba
]eZ\guoy\ey_lkyh[sbf^eygboIhklZ\b\aZiylmxi_j_^b\uhl^_ebeb[u
ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ hl \lhjh]h ]eZ\gh]h b [ueh [u g_ihgylgh ijb
dZdbomkeh\byoa_feye_`ZeZ[u\ky\lj_sbgZobfhjsbgZo

Ihfgbl_ AZiylZy g_ klZ\blky f_`^m ]eZ\gufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb


kh_^bg_ggufb h^bghqguf ©hiZkgufª khxahf _keb ]eZ\gu_ ij_^eh`_gby
bf_xlh[s__ijb^Zlhqgh_

Ihijh[mcl_ ijbf_gblv wlb agZgby gZ ijZdlbd_ Wlh ljm^gh A^_kv gZ^h
k_jv_agh\gbdZlv\kfukedZ`^h]hij_^eh`_gby
JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo

 <_l_j mlbo b ^h`^v i_j_klZe dh]^Z fu [ueb m`_ \ imlb  Fhjhau
klZeb keZ[__ b gZqZe iZ^Zlv f_edbc kg_`hd dhlhjuc hohlgbdb gZau\Zxl
ihjhr_cDZdlhevdhkhegp_gZqbgZ_l]j_lvihe_lg_fmgZfg_kb^blky
gZ f_kl_ b fu hlijZ\ey_fky iml_r_kl\h\Zlv  IhdZ kh[bjZebkv \
h[jZlguc imlv j_adh ihoheh^Zeh b ih^me kbevguc \_l_j  Gh _^\Z
<eZ^bfbj\u_oZeaZhdhebpm\ihe_dZdih^gyeky\_l_jbk^_eZeZkvlZdZy
f_l_ev
150
qlh hg gbq_]h g_ \a\b^_e : K Imrdbg   Dh]^Z gZqZeZkv ]jhaZ b]jZ
ij_djZlbeZkvb^_lbih[_`Zeb^hfhc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Ihijh[mcl_ jZah[jZlv ke_^mxs__ ij_^eh`_gb_ =Z\jbeZ =Z\jbeh\bq


ihkeZe ^_\qhgdm magZlv hl FZjvb =Z\jbeh\gu dZdh\h __ a^hjh\v_ b dZd hgZ
ihqb\ZeZ : K Imrdbg  < wlhf keh`ghih^qbg_gghf ij_^eh`_gbb ^\Z
ijb^Zlhqguo hlghkylky d h^ghfm ]eZ\ghfm dhlhjh_ y\ey_lky bo h[sbf
]jZffZlbq_kdbf b kfukeh\uf we_f_glhf IhklZ\b\ aZiylmx i_j_^ b \u
hlhj\Zeb[u]eZ\gh_b\lhjh_ijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gby^jm]hl^jm]Z
Ihfgbl_ AZiylZy g_ klZ\blky i_j_^ h^bghqguf ©hiZkgufª khxahf
f_`^m^\mfyijb^Zlhqgufbij_^eh`_gbyfb_keb]eZ\gh_ij_^eh`_gb_mgbo
h[s__.
Ihijh[mcl_jZkklZ\blvagZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo

Ihemqbebba\_klb_qlh<he]Z\klZeZbqlhq_j_ag__ihlygmebkvh[hau
 Ohly[jbqdZ g_keZkv \h \_kv ^mo b ^_j_\gy ^Z\gh kdjueZkv ba \b^Z hg
\k_ _s_ [_kihdhcgh h]ey^u\Zeky  DZd jZa \ lhl ^_gv dh]^Z ijh^Z\_p
^_lkdbo \ha^mrguo rZjh\ ijbe_l_e \h >\hj_p Lj_o Lheklydh\ b dh]^Z
]\Zj^_cpu bkdheheb dmdem gZke_^gbdZ Lmllb k l_lmrdhc =Zgbf_^
ijhbahreZ g_ijbylghklv X He_rZ   Ih djur_ \ueh`beb `_klv B
^hf ]hlh\ b djurZ _klv < FZydh\kdbc   >\hj B\ZgZ Gbdbnhjh\bqZ
ohly[ue\hae_^\hjZB\ZgZB\Zgh\bqZbfh`gh[uehi_j_e_alvbah^gh]h
\ ^jm]hc q_j_a ie_l_gv h^gZdh ` B\Zg B\Zgh\bq ihr_e mebp_x G <
=h]hev I_j_^jZkk\_lhfa\_a^u[_kke_^ghbkq_aZxlg_[hjZkqbsZ_lky
b f_^e_ggh \uieu\Z_l khegurdh  DZd lhevdh gZklZeZ \_kgZ b khegp_
ijb]j_eha_fexeZklhqdZijhklbeZkvk>xcfh\hqdhc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

BlZd _klv ljb \ZjbZglZ ©h[sghklbª dhlhju_ hlf_gyxl aZiylmx \


keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb i_j_^ h^bghqguf ©hiZkgufª khxahf gZebqb_ h[s_]h
\lhjhkl_i_ggh]h qe_gZ h[s_]h ijb^Zlhqgh]h ij_^eh`_gby beb h[s_]h
]eZ\gh]h?keb`_©hiZkgucªkhxaih\lhjy_lkyaZiylZyklZ\blkyh[yaZl_evghb
gbdZdZy©h[sghklvªhlwlh]hg_hk\h[h`^Z_l<hldZdwlh\u]ey^blFu\b^_eb
dZdihlbohgvdm]Zk\ieZg_lZjbbk\_lbdZddmihe_]h
151
152
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

KfaZ^Zgb_gZkH[sb_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_gu\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf
1. JZghmljhfkhegp__s_g_iZebehlZd`Zjdhbkfhjy\_yehk\_`_klvx
Hgi_ebhldZ`^h]ha\mdZ_]h]hehkZ\_yehq_flhjh^gufIm]Zq_\^Ze
agZd b f_gy lhlqZk jZa\yaZeb b hklZ\beb : K Imrdbg   <q_jZ \h \j_fy
]jhau^h`^vrmf_eb\_l_j[mr_\ZeKd\havk_jucdZf_gv\h^ZkhqbeZkvb
[ueh^mrgh\ms_ev_l_fghfbiZoeh]gbevx F=hjvdbc G_r_\_eblky
gbh^bgebklhd\\_jomblhevdh\gbamgZg_keurbfhfkd\hagyqd_lj_i_s_lgZ
iZmlbgd_ kmohc ebklbd F F Ijbr\bg   Ihke_ h[_^Z aZlygmehkv g_[h b
[ue^h`^v FFIjbr\bg
***

ij_\jZsZeky\ghqgh_g_[hbdZdaZ`b]ZebkvgZwlhfg_[_a\_a^ub
dZd\koh^beZEmgZ
Ihijh[mcl_ k mq_lhf wlh]h ijZ\beZ jZkklZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby \
ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo

 DZ`^uc agZ_l dZd e_]dh ih^gbfZlvky ih hkuiyf b dZd ljm^gh ih gbf
kimkdZlvky \gba  Ihebp_cf_ckl_j ij_^eh`be ]hklyf hdhgqblv \bkl
ihke_ aZ\ljZdZ b \k_ ihreb \ lm dhfgZlm hldm^Z g_krbcky aZiZo ^Z\gh
gZqbgZeijbylgufh[jZahfs_dhlZlvgha^jb]hkl_cbdm^Zm`_Kh[Zd_\bq
^Z\gh aZ]ey^u\Ze \ ^\_jv G < =h]hev   ;_^guc kfhljbl_ev g_
ihgbfZedZdbfh[jZahffh]hgkZfiha\heblvk\h_c>mg__oZlvk]mkZjhf
dZd gZreh gZ g_]h hke_ie_gb_ b qlh lh]^Z [ueh k _]h jZamfhf : K
Imrdbg   A^_kv dh]^Zlh [ueZ lZc]Z b rmf_eb \_l\bklu_ ^_j_\vy b
\h^bebkvf_^\_^b

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

: l_i_jv k mq_lhf jZkkfhlj_gguo ijZ\be khklZ\bf dZjlm ^hjh] ih


dhlhjuffuiml_r_kl\m_f\ihbkdZok_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbb kfk 

Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_ijhklh_
Fu jZkkfhlj_eb k \Zfb jZagu_ kemqZb ihklZgh\db ©;ulv
aZiylhc i_j_^ ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb \ keh`ghf beb
ij_^eh`_gbb Gh wlb khxau bkihevamxlky b \ ijhklhf g_[ulvª
ij_^eh`_gbbk\yau\Zy^jm]k

153
^jm]hf h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ©;ulv beb g_ [ulvª aZiylhc \ wlhf kemqZ_"
IjZ\beh dhlhjh_ gZ^h agZlv ^ey j_r_gby ihklZ\e_ggh]h \hijhkZ hq_gv
ijhklh_<hlhgh
AZiylZy f_`^m h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb g_ klZ\blky _keb hgb kh_^bg_gu
h^bghqguf©hiZkgufªkhxahf<hklZevguokemqZyohgZklZ\blkyGZijbf_j

<e_kmjhkebih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdb
<e_kmjhkebbih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdbbebkbqdbbkujh_`db
<e_kmjhkebih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdbbebkbqdbbkujh_`db
<e_kmjhkebih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdbebkbqdbbkujh_`db

IhdZ`_fwlbijZ\beZko_fZlbq_kdb AgZdhagZqZ_lh^ghjh^gucqe_g 
 b  bbbb
bbbbb
Ljm^gh eb wlh" < lZdhf ©qbklhf \b^_ª dZd wlh ihdZaZgh \ ijb\_^_gguo
\ur_ ijbf_jZo b gZ ko_fZo ih\b^bfhfm g_l H^gZdh \ j_Zevguo l_dklZo
\klj_qZxlky©ih^\h^gu_dZfgbªg_kdhevdhhkeh`gyxsb_^_eh

BglhgZpbhggu_ Ih^mfZcl_klZ\blkyebaZiylZy\ij_^eh`_gbb
b^jm]b_
©eh\mrdbª <_l_jihfhjx]mey_l
BdhjZ[ebdih^]hgy_l
:KImrdbg

Fgh]bf ba \Zk aZohq_lky ihklZ\blv aZiylmx i_j_^ b k i_j\h]h \a]ey^Z
fh`_l ihdZaZlvky qlh a^_kv ^\Z ij_^eh`_gby GZ^h k^_eZlv gZ^ kh[hc
g_dhlhjh_ mkbeb_ b h[^mfZlv lZd eb wlh ?keb kqblZlv kljhqdm b dhjZ[ebd
ih^]hgy_laZij_^eh`_gb_lhihemqblkyqlhdhjZ[ebdih^]hgy_l dh]hlh Gh
dhjZ[ebd gbdh]h g_ ih^]hgy_l Imrdbg jZkkdZau\Z_l kh\k_f h ^jm]hf \_l_j
]mey_l ih fhjx b ih^]hgy_l dhjZ[ebd Khxa b kh_^bgy_l g_ ijhklu_
ij_^eh`_gby\khklZ\_keh`gh]hZh^ghjh^gu_kdZam_fu_]mey_lbih^]hgy_l.
Qlh `_ ih^lZedb\Z_l \Zk d ihklZgh\d_ g_gm`ghc aZiylhc" Ij_`^_ \k_]h
bglhgZpby Bkke_^my ijbqbgu hrb[hd mq_gu_ mklZgh\beb qlh bglhgZpby
fh`_lg_lhev
154
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

<_l_jmlbob^h`^vi_j_klZedh]^Zfu[uebm`_\imlbFhjhau
klZebkeZ[__bgZqZeiZ^Zlvf_edbckg_`hddhlhjuchohlgbdbgZau\Zxl
ihjhr_cDZdlhevdhkhegp_gZqbgZ_l]j_lvihe_lg_fmgZfg_kb^blky
gZf_kl_bfuhlijZ\ey_fkyiml_r_kl\h\ZlvIhdZkh[bjZebkv\
h[jZlgucimlvj_adhihoheh^Zehbih^mekbevguc\_l_jGh_^\Z
<eZ^bfbj\u_oZeaZhdhebpm\ihe_dZdih^gyeky\_l_jbk^_eZeZkvlZdZy
f_l_evqlhhggbq_]hg_\a\b^_e :KImrdbg Dh]^ZgZqZeZkv]jhaZ
b]jZ ij_djZlbeZkvb^_lbih[_`Zeb^hfhc

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

Ihemqbebba\_klb_qlh<he]Z\klZeZbqlhq_j_ag__ihlygmebkvh[hau
 Ohly[jbqdZ g_keZkv \h \_kv ^mo b ^_j_\gy ^Z\gh kdjueZkv ba \b^Z hg \k_
_s_ [_kihdhcgh h]ey^u\Zeky  DZd jZa \ lhl ^_gv dh]^Z ijh^Z\_p ^_lkdbo
\ha^mrguo rZjh\ ijbe_l_e \h >\hj_p Lj_o Lheklydh\ b dh]^Z ]\Zj^_cpu
bkdheheb dmdem gZke_^gbdZ Lmllb k l_lmrdhc =Zgbf_^ ijhbahreZ
g_ijbylghklv X He_rZ   Ih djur_ \ueh`beb `_klv B ^hf ]hlh\ b
djurZ _klv < FZydh\kdbc   >\hj B\ZgZ Gbdbnhjh\bqZ ohly [ue \hae_
^\hjZ B\ZgZ B\Zgh\bqZ b fh`gh [ueh i_j_e_alv ba h^gh]h \ ^jm]hc q_j_a
ie_l_gv h^gZdh ` B\Zg B\Zgh\bq ihr_e mebp_x G < =h]hev   I_j_^
jZkk\_lhf a\_a^u [_kke_^gh bkq_aZxl g_[h jZkqbsZ_lky b f_^e_ggh
\uieu\Z_l khegurdh  DZd lhevdh gZklZeZ \_kgZ b khegp_ ijb]j_eh a_fex
eZklhqdZijhklbeZkvk>xcfh\hqdhc
***

dh ihfh]Zlv gh b ijh\hpbjh\Zlv hrb[db Qlh[u ijh\_jblv wlm fukev gZ


fZ]gblhnhg aZibkZeb ij_^eh`_gby kj_^b dhlhjuo [ueb ijhklu_ k
h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb b keh`gu_ :gZeba aZibkZgguo njZa ijb ihfhsb
ki_pbZevghc ZiiZjZlmju ihdZaZe qlh bglhgZpby ij_`^_ \k_]h iZmau b
eh]bq_kdb_m^Zj_gby  b\l_ob\^jm]boij_^eh`_gbyoh^bgZdh\ZyIhgylgh
ihq_fmlZdohq_lkyihklZ\blvg_gm`gmxaZiylmxQlh[uij_h^he_lvwlh
155
_kl_kl\_ggh_ `_eZgb_ gm`gh ijb \klj_q_ k ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb
hjb_glbjh\ZlvkygZkfukeh\hcbkbglZdkbq_kdbcZgZebaij_^eh`_gby
Bkdmr_gb_ihklZ\blvg_gm`gmxaZiylmxhkh[_ggh kbevgh \ l_o kemqZyo
dh]^Zh^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bg_ggu_©hiZkgufªkhxahfg_klhyljy^urdhf
ZjZa^_e_gu^jm]bfbkeh\ZfbQ_f[hevr_wlbokeh\l_fkbevg__bkdmr_gb_
JZkklZ\vl_ ijhims_ggu_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby <Zf \klj_lylky ijhklu_
ij_^eh`_gbykh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbbkeh`ghkhqbg_ggu_

?^_lk]jZfhlhc]hg_p
Bijb_oZegZdhg_p

EmgZ\hf]e_i_j_[_]ZeZ
Balmqb\lmqmbdmj]Zg
F]gh\_gguf[e_kdhfhaZjyeZ

@_gbob_cihdehgbebkv
Ihlbohgvdmm^Zebebkv
Bkh]eZkgh\k_hiylv
KlZeb`blv^Zih`b\Zlv
:KImrdbg

<hlh[a_fexpZjvklmdgmeiZedhx
B^m[h\ucihegZiheq_l\_jlb
Hg`_e_agufijh[behdhg_qgbdhf

Bmf_j_lvfuh[_sZeb
Bdeyl\m\_jghklbk^_j`Zeb
Fu\;hjh^bgkdbc[hc

;ueb\k_]hlh\u
AZmljZ[hcaZl_ylvgh\uc
B^hdhgpZklhylv
FXE_jfhglh\

7. Hljy^g_aZf_lbe
Ihl_jb[hcpZ
B©Y[ehqdhªi_kgx
>hi_e^hdhgpZ
F:K\_leh\
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
BlZdh^gZbak_jv_aguoljm^ghkl_c\h[s_gbbk©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfbijb
h^ghjh^guoqe_gZo²wlh
156
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
KfaZ^Zgb_gZk
 DZ`^uc agZ_l dZd e_]dh ih^gbfZlvky ih hkuiyf b dZd ljm^gh ih gbf
kimkdZlvky \gba  Ihebp_cf_ckl_j ij_^eh`be ]hklyf hdhgqblv \bkl ihke_
aZ\ljZdZ b \k_ ihreb \ lm dhfgZlm hldm^Z g_krbcky aZiZo ^Z\gh gZqbgZe
ijbylguf h[jZahf s_dhlZlv gha^jb ]hkl_c b dm^Z m`_ Kh[Zd_\bq ^Z\gh
aZ]ey^u\Ze \ ^\_jv G < =h]hev   ;_^guc kfhljbl_ev g_ ihgbfZe dZdbf
h[jZahffh]hgkZfiha\heblvk\h_c>mg__oZlvk]mkZjhfdZdgZrehgZg_]h
hke_ie_gb_bqlhlh]^Z[uehk_]hjZamfhf :KImrdbg A^_kvdh]^Zlh
[ueZlZc]Zbrmf_eb\_l\bklu_^_j_\vyb\h^bebkvf_^\_^b
***

hiZkghklvijbgylvijhklh_ij_^eh`_gb_aZkeh`gh_bihklZ\blvebrgxx
aZiylmx
>jm]mx hiZkghklv ihijh[mcl_ h[gZjm`blv kZfhklhyl_evgh Ihq_fm \
ij_^eh`_gbbF_l_ev[mr_\ZeZghqvxbmljhfb^g_faZiylZyi_j_^i_j\ufb
klZ\blky Z \ ij_^eh`_gbb F_l_ev [mr_\ZeZ b ghqvx b mljhf b ^g_f wlhc
aZiylhc g_l" Ihlhfm qlh aZiylZy klZ\blky f_`^m h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb Z g_
i_j_^gbfb
Ihijh[mcl_kijZ\blvkykwlhcljm^ghklvxjZkklZ\b\agZdbij_ibgZgby\
ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo

<^jm]aZgbf
Klj_euf]gh\_ggh_`m``Zgv_
Dhevqm]ba\hgbdjbdbj`Zgv_
Blhihlihihex]emohc
:KImrdbg

HgkhojZgbeb[e_kdeZamjguo]eZa
Ba\hgdbc^_lkdbckf_obj_qv`b\mx
B\_jm]hj^mx\ex^_c
FXE_jfhglh\

E_i_qmli_kgxgh\mx
BebiZ[e_^ghebklZy
B[_eZy[_j_ahgvdZ
Ka_e_ghxdhkhc
G:G_djZkh\
157
>jh[blkybie_s_lb[jua`_l\hegZ
Fg_\hqbkhe_ghx\eZ]hc
:DLheklhc

Dhehdhevqbda\hgdhieZq_l
Bohohq_lb\ba`bl
I:<ya_fkdbc

,,  Bg_c ih^he]m e_`Ze b gZ kdZlZo djur b m dheh^pZ b gZ i_jbeZo
[ZedhgZ b gZ ebkl\_  ;mjZg djmlbl r\ujy_l kg_]hf b \uk\bklu\Z_l b
aZeb\Z_lky`mldbf\h_f=em[hdh]em[hdhhljZ`Zebkv\ijm^mb[_j_]b
\_q_jg__g_[hbihehkdbh[eZdh\KeurZekyghqghcrmflZc]bbk\bkl
\_ljZ b lj_kd b kdjbi b ]jhohl iZ^Zxsbo ^_j_\v_\  >Ze_dh ihaZ^b
hklZebkv b fhj_ b kbg_xsb_ ]hju  E_lqbd \h^be kZfhe_l b \_johf b
gbahf b gZ^ \_jrbgZfb ]hj b ihkj_^b ms_ebc  Hg bkiulu\Ze `Zjm b
oheh^baghcb[mjb

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?s_h^gZ JZkkfhljbf^\Zij_^eh`_gby Abfhcbe_lhf^g_fbghqvx


ljm^ghklv \rlhjfbg_ih]h^m\uoh^yl\fhj_dhjZ[eb Jmkkdb_ibkZl_eb
b ihwlu ex[h\gh b [_j_`gh kh[bjZeb b aZibku\Zeb \ ^_j_\gyo b
k_eZogZjh^gu_i_kgbbkdZadb
GZ\_jgh_\uaZf_lbebqlh\lhfb^jm]hfijbf_j_khxabih\lhjy_lkygh
gbi_j_^h^gbfbakhxah\g_klZ\blkyaZiylZyAZf_lbebblhqlhwlhlkhxa\
dZ`^hf ba ijbf_jh\ kh_^bgy_l h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ihiZjgh h^gZdh \ i_j\hf
kemqZ_iZjuhl^_eyxlky^jm]hl^jm]ZaZiylufbZ\h\lhjhfg_lIhq_fm`_"
>_eh \ lhf qlh \ i_j\hf b \h \lhjhf ij_^eh`_gbyo iZju jZagu_ <
i_j\hfij_^eh`_gbb \k_ ljb iZju abfhc b e_lhf ^g_f b ghqvx \ rlhjf b
g_ih]h^m ²h[klhyl_evkl\Z\j_f_gbWlbiZjuh^ghjh^guihhlghr_gbx^jm]
d ^jm]m <h \lhjhf ij_^eh`_gbb dZjlbgZ bgZy I_j\Zy iZjZ ² ibkZl_eb b
ihwlu ² wlh ih^e_`Zsb_ <lhjZy ² ex[h\gh b [_j_`gh ² h[klhyl_evkl\Z
h[jZaZ^_ckl\byLj_lvy²kh[bjZebbaZibku\Zeb²kdZam_fu_q_l\_jlZy²\
^_j_\gyo b k_eZo ² h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_klZ iylZy ² i_kgb b kdZadb —
^hiheg_gby LZdbf h[jZahf \ i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb fu bf__f ^_eh k
h^ghjh^gufb iZjZfb b jZa^_ey_f bo aZiylufb dZd iheh`_gh jZa^_eylv
h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu<h\lhjhf
158
ij_^eh`_gbb iZju ih hlghr_gbx ^jm] d ^jm]m g_h^ghjh^gu bo lZd `_ g_
iheZ]Z_lkyjZa^_eylvaZiylufbdZdbex[u_^jm]b_g_h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu
Ihijh[mcl_ g_ i_j_imlZlv wlb kemqZb JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \
ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo

,  <^hev [_j_]Z fhjy b iZjZee_evgh _fm lygmebkv jy^Zfb [hehlZ b
^ebggu_ ha_jdb k `_elufb dm\rbgdZfb b [_eufb qZr_qdZfb ebebc 
Ih\kx^mjZa^Z\Zekyklmdlhihjh\bfhehldh\\ba]ibebjm[Zgdh\eya]b
]jhohlFheh^_`vi_eZi_kgbh<he]_bKl_gvd_JZabg_h^bdhfBjlur_
b ]jhaghf ;ZcdZe_  Hnbp_ju b fZljhku [ueb gZ\_jom b `Z^gh
\kfZljb\Zebkv \ ]em[bgm aZeb\Z  >jmavy kem`beb \ jZaguo ihedZo b
\klj_qZebkvj_^dhbkemqZcgh

,,KdZdhclhlZcghxhljZ^hc
=ey^_eygZeZamjvg_[_k
GZ^ZevlmfZggmxbe_k
K_]hijb\_leb\hcijhoeZ^hc
159
GZp_ivdmj]Zgh\bohefh\
GZ[e_kdbl_gv\hegbklhcgb\u
BKGbdblbg

Kfhljblkhegp_kg_[_k
B[e_klblb]hjbl
Ihiheyfbem]ZfjZaeb\Z_lky
K>>jh``bg

 >_j_\yggu_ eh^hqdb b [mfZ`gu_ dhjZ[ebdb \ukdZevau\Zeb ba jmd


fZevqbr_db^_\qhghdbieuebkihdhcghb\_ebq_kl\_gghihih\_joghklb
[hevrboem`bfZe_gvdboj_q_d
,,,  =jbg gZqZe ibkZlv b kha^Ze \ k\hbo dgb]Zo fbj \_k_euo b kf_euo
ex^_c b m^b\bl_evgu_ kh[ulby  < dZgmg ljm^gh]h b \_ebdh]h
^\Z^pZlh]h \_dZ fg_ \klj_lbeky fbeuc qm^Zd b ihwl :g^_jk_g b gZmqbe
f_gy\_j_\ih[_^mkhegpZgZ^fjZdhfb^h[jh]hq_eh\_q_kdh]hk_j^pZgZ^
aehf
D=IZmklh\kdbc
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?keb m \Zk \k_ [ueh \_jgh agZqbl \u gZmqbebkv jZaebqZlv kZfu_
©dZ\_jagu_ª kemqZb imgdlmZpbb ijb h^ghjh^guo qe_gZo ij_^eh`_gby
kh_^bg_gguokhxahfbWlh^Z_l\ZfijZ\hijhimklblv^Zevg_crb_aZ^Zgbyb
i_j_clbkjZamdfZl_jbZemih^aZ]heh\dhf©JZaghjZ[hqb_khxauª
?keb `_ _klv ihlj_[ghklv ihjZ[hlZlv _s_ i_j_c^bl_ d ke_^mxsbf
ijbf_jZf

,Ijb^hjh]_jZkl_ljhfZrdZ
Ehimobdhehdhevqbdp\_l
BiheugvbdjZkgZydZrdZ
:ljZ\uaZih\_^ghcg_l
::Kmjdh\

,,MguehxghrZ]ey^_e
GZhimkl_emxjZ\gbgm
B]jmklblZcgmxijbqbgm
Bklhedh\Zlvk_[_g_kf_e
:KImrdbg

Ij_^gbfe_i_qml\hegub[_]ml
B\gh\vijboh^ylbhkdZeu[vxl
FXE_jfhglh\
160
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

AZiylZy i_j_^ khxahf b g_ klZ\blky     AZiylZy i_j_^ khxahf b
klZ\blky

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfbbAZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^
\k_fbkhxaZfbbdjhf_i_j\h]h
,,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfbbAZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^
\k_fbkhxaZfbbdjhf_i_j\h]h

***

,,,<heo\ug_[hylkyfh]mqbo\eZ^ud
:dgy`_kdbc^Zjbfg_gm`_g
IjZ\^b\bk\h[h^_gbo\_sbcyaud
Bk\he_cg_[_kghx^jm`_g

<jZ`^mbie_gklZjbgguck\hc
Imklv\hegunbgkdb_aZ[m^ml
Bls_lghcaeh[hxg_[m^ml
Lj_\h`blv\_qguckhgI_ljZ
:KImrdbg

,9Dg_fmbilbpZg_e_lbl
Blb]jg_c^_lebrv\bohjvq_jguc
GZ^j_\hkf_jlbgZ[_`bl
Bfqblkyijhqvm`_le_l\hjguc
:KImrdbg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

< h^ghf ij_^eh`_gbb fh`_l hdZaZlvky fgh`_kl\h JZaghjZ[hqb_


JZaghjZ[hqb_ ©hiZkguoª khxah\ b m dZ`^h]h ba gbo ² khxau
k\hy jZ[hlZ k\hb khxau aZ^Zqb ©;ulv beb g_ [ulvª
aZiylhc i_j_^ dZ`^uf ba gbo aZ\bkbl hl oZjZdl_jZ
\uihegy_fhcbfbjZ[hlu
K_cqZk fu ij_^eh`bf \Zf ijbf_ju \ dhlhjuo kh[jZebkv khxau b
\uihegyxsb_jZagmxjZ[hlmJZkklZ\vl_g_^hklZxsb_agZdb

>jh[ykvhfjZqgu_kdZeu
Rmfylbi_gylky\Zeu
161
BgZ^hfghcdjbqZlhjeu
Bjhis_l[hj
B[e_smlkj_^v\hegbklhcf]eu
<_jrbgulhj
Hllhevkhj\ZekyjZah[\Ze
Bkly`dbf]jhohlhfmiZe
B\kxl_kgbgmf_`^mkdZe
AZ]hjh^be
BL_j_dZfh]msbc\Ze
HklZgh\be…
B^he]hijhj\Zgguch[\Ze
G_lZehc]jm^hxe_`Ze
BL_j_daehcih^gbf[_`Ze
Biuevx\h^
Brmfghci_ghchjhrZe
E_^yguck\h^
Bimlvihg_frbjhdbcr_e
BdhgvkdZdZeb\e_dky\he
Bk\h_]h\_j[ex^Z\_e
Kl_ighcdmi_p

Bk_j^p_[v_lky\mih_gv_
B^eyg_]h\hkdj_keb\gh\v
B[h`_kl\hb\^hogh\_gv_
B`bagvbke_aubex[h\v
:KImrdbg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?keb\u^himkdZebhrb[dbijh^he`bl_jZ[hlm

Bfgh]h^g_c
Ijhrehb^h[jZyjmdZ
I_qZevxljhgmeZkvp\_ldZ
B[uehg\kZ^i_j_g_k_g

Blhevdhqlha_fexjh^gmx
AZ\b^bl\hfjZd_ghqghf
Hiylv_]hk_j^p_lj_i_s_l
BhqbiueZxlh]g_f

<^jm]ihg_c
F_evdgmeZl_gvb^\moh]g_c
IjhfqZebkvbkdjubihlhf
DZdhclha\_jvh^gbfiju`dhf
162
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

AZiyluog_l 4, 5.
Ih\kx^mjZa^Z\Zekyklmdlhihjh\bfhehldh\\ba]ibebjm[Zgdh\eya]
b]jhohlFheh^_`vi_eZi_kgbh<he]_bKl_gvd_JZabg_h^bdhfBjlur_b
]jhaghf;ZcdZe_

,,KdZdhclhlZcghxhljZ^hc
=ey^_eygZeZamjvg_[_k
GZ^ZevlmfZggmxbe_k
K_]hijb\_leb\hcijhoeZ^hc
GZp_ivdmj]Zgh\bohefh\
GZ[e_kdbl_gv\hegbklhcgb\u
BKGbdblbg

Kfhljblkhegp_kg_[_k
B[e_klblb]hjbl
Ihiheyfbem]ZfjZaeb\Z_lky
K>>jh``bg
3.AZiyluog_l
,,,AZiyluog_l

***

BaqZsb\ukdhqbebe_]
B]jZygZ\agbqvgZi_khd
FXE_jfhglh\

II. Fhdgmlebklvy FhdjZy


Bp\_lu A_fey
Fhdgmlem`b B^Ze_dhhla_feb
Bahglu Fhdgml
FhdgmliZjdb <fhj_
Bihey DhjZ[eb
Fhdg_l <:E_\bg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

©Ihki_rZcf_^e_gghª

>j_\gb_jbfeyg_kqblZebqlhki_rblvgm`ghf_^e_ggh<jmkkdhfyaud_
wlZ`_fukev\ujZ`_gZihkeh\bpZfbIhki_rbrv²ex^_cgZkf_rbrvLbr_
_^_rv²^Zevr_[m^_rv
163
< gZr_c k \Zfb ]jZffZlbq_kdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb _klv b lZdb_ kemqZb
dh]^Z fh`gh ^_ckl\h\Zlv [ukljh b [_a dhe_[Zgbc b lZdb_ dh]^Z g_h[oh^bfZ
fm^jZy g_lhjhieb\hklv aZ\_sZggZy ^j_\gbfb jbfeygZfb KlZedb\Zykv,
gZijbf_j k khxagufb keh\Zfb \u ij_^\b^bl_ ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ b
fh`_l_ k e_]dbf k_j^p_f klZ\blv aZiylmx Gh ijZ\beZ ©ohjhr_]h
imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª lj_[mxl qlh[u ijb \klj_q_ k h^bghqgufb
©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb \u g_ lhjhibebkv G_j_^dh jmdZ hdZau\Z_lky [uklj__
fukebb\uklZ\bl_agZdg_ih^mfZ\BeblZd`_g_ih^mfZ\g_klZ\bl__]h:
qlh agZqbl \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ih^mfZlv" Wlh agZqbl ihgylv dZd mkljh_gh \k_
ij_^eh`_gb_ Z g_ lhevdh lhl ©dmkhq_dª dhlhjuc \u \ ^Zggh_ \j_fy ibr_l_
>himklbf qlh \u aZibkZeb Kf_rZebkv \ dmqm dhgb ex^b b aZeiu lukyqb
hjm^bc GZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ a^_kv h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu k h^bghqguf khxahf b:
dhgbex^bbaZeiu?keb\uih^^ZebkvwlhcbeexabbbhklZ\bebb[_aaZiylhc
\Zfijb^_lkyih`Ze_lvh[wlhf
Ij_^eh`_gb_\iheghf\b^_\u]ey^bllZd

Kf_rZebkv\dmqmdhgbex^b
BaZeiulukyqbhjm^bc
Kebebkv\ijhly`guc\hc
FXE_jfhglh\

?keb [u \u hklZ\beb wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ [_a aZiylhc ihemqbehkv [u qlh
aZeiu lukyqb hjm^bc kf_rZebkv \ dmqm k dhgyfb b ex^vfb AZiylZy
g_h[oh^bfZ[_ag__bkdZ`Z_lkykfuke
IjbqbgZ fgh]hqbke_gguo hrb[hd ijb \klj_q_ k ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb
khklhbl\lhfqlhwlbkhxauij_^ty\eyxlhq_gv\ukhdb_lj_[h\Zgbyd\Zr_fm
\gbfZgbxbiZfylbKh^ghcklhjhguj_rblv\hijhkhihklZgh\d_agZdZkjZam
g_evay Z k ^jm]hc ² ^h[bjZykv ^h dhgpZ ij_^eh`_gby gm`gh g_ lhevdh
ihfgblv h[ hklZ\e_gghf ihaZ^b ©hiZkghfª khxa_ gh h^gh\j_f_ggh _s_ b
jZaj_rZlvl_ijh[e_fudhlhju_g_k_lb^ms__^Zevr_ij_^eh`_gb_
>himklbf qlh \u aZibku\Z_l_ imrdbgkdbc l_dkl < _]h qm^_kghc [hjh^_
lZblkykbeZjhdh\Zyb<ugZklhjZ`b\Z_l_kvbgZkljZb\Z_l_kvgZihemq_gb_
bgnhjfZpbb dhlhjZy ihfh`_l \Zf j_rblv \hijhk h aZiylhc i_j_^ b Gh
^Zevr_ke_^m_lb\k_ gZ k\_l_ij_abjZy>__ijbqZklguch[hjhlGmqlh`_
_]h²\aZiylu_b\k_gZk\_l_ij_abjZy:i_j_^b"Hiylvg_ykghHiylv
h`b^Zgb_B\k_gZk\_l_
164
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfb,,,G_laZiyluoi_j_^b: II. 1;
,,,AZiylu_ihke_keh\e_lblg_c^_l: IV.
2) Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k
   MdZaZgu ghf_jZ l_dklh\ 

IAZiylu_i_j_^khxahfbklZ\ylky\h\k_okemqZyodjhf_^\mo

Rmfylbi_gylky\Zeu
BL_j_daehcih^gbf[_`Ze
Biuevx\h^
Brmfghci_ghchjhrZe
E_^yguck\h^

Bk_j^p_[v_lky\mih_gv_
B^eyg_]h\hkdj_keb\gh\v
B[h`_kl\hb\^hogh\_gv_
B`bagvbke_aubex[h\v
:KImrdbg

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfbb.
AZiylZyi_j_^khxahfbg_klZ\blky
AZiylZyi_j_^bklZ\blkydjhf_h^gh]hkemqZy

BaqZsb\ukdhqbebe_]

,,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^keh\Zfbfhdgml, fhdgmlfhdg_lZlZd`_i_j_^
ihke_^gbfkhxahfb.
***

ij_abjZy^hdhe_[hjh^Z<hll_[_bgZ²ijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_G_
aZ[ulv [u aZdjulv _]h aZiylhc ... ^hdhe_ [hjh^Z p_eZ baf_ggbd ² wlh
ke_^m_lgh\h_]eZ\gh_ij_^eh`_gb_lhkZfh_dhlhjh_ijbkh_^bg_ghkhxahfb,
b ² gZdhg_plh ² k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h g_h[oh^bfhklb ihklZ\blv i_j_^ b
aZiylmxAZibr_f

<_]hqm^_kghc[hjh^_
LZblkykbeZjhdh\Zy
B\k_gZk\_l_ij_abjZy
>hdhe_[hjh^Zp_eZ
Baf_ggbdg_kljZrblkyaeZ
165
M ImrdbgZ ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \u^_e_gh ^\mfy lbj_ Wlh
Z\lhjkdbcagZd
Ihkfhljbf gZ ijZdlbd_ \ dZdbo kemqZyo ijZ\beZ ©ohjhr_]h
imgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gbyªiha\heyxlgZfkjZamklZ\blvaZiylmxi_j_^bZ\
dZdbo lj_[mxl \u^_j`db b l_ji_gby M^h[g__ \k_]h ijhke_^blv wlh gZ
©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc>Z\Zcl_ihijh[m_fHnbp_jih^gyeibklhe_lb
J_rZ_l_kveb\ua^_kvl\_j^hkdZaZlvgm`gZaZiylZybebg_l"WlhaZ\bkbl
hl lh]h dZdh_ ijh^he`_gb_ ij_^eh`_gby ijbreh \Zf \ ]heh\m ?keb \u
ih^mfZebijbf_jghlZdHnbp_jih^gyeibklhe_lb\uklj_ebe²lhkdZ`_l_
qlh aZiylhc g_ gm`gh ?keb `_ \u ih^mfZeb ijbf_jgh lZd Hnbp_j ih^gye
ibklhe_lbjZa^Zeky\uklj_e²lhkdZ`_l_qlhaZiylZyg_h[oh^bfZ<dZdhf
`_ba^\mokemqZ_\\u[m^_l_ijZ\u"Gb\lhfbgb\^jm]hf<u[m^_l_ijZ\u
_kebij_^mkfhljbl_ h[Z \ZjbZglZb \ha^_j`bl_kv hl[ukljh]h j_r_gby A^_kv
fh`_l [ulv lhevdh h^bg ijZ\bevguc hl\_l gZ^h ih^h`^Zlv >jm]hc ijbf_j
agZeb \k_ b f_evgbd b khe^Zl b A^_kv kh\_jr_ggh ykguc kemqZc h^
ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bgyxlkyih\lhjyxsbfkykhxahfbFh`ghkf_ehklZ\blv
aZiylmx
Ijh^mfZcl_\dZdboba^Zgguoij_^eh`_gbcgZ^hkjZamklZ\blvaZiylmx
Z\dZdboke_^m_lih^h`^Zlv

 >hdlhj =ZkiZj b  A^_kv a\_g_eb kZfu_ djZkb\u_ `mdb b  b
\ajhkeu_b^_lbbFZevqbrdZkhj\Ze jhambIhcf_lb^hd_jb
Qlhlhs_edgmeha\ydgmehbHg_oZeihrbjhqZcrbfZknZevlh\uf
mebpZf b

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

: l_i_jv ihijh[m_f k^_eZlv lh `_ kZfh_ k ohjhrh agZdhfufb \Zf


l_dklZfb:KImrdbgZ?keb\ukmf__l_\kihfgblvbogZbamklv\ZrZjZ[hlZ
kbevghh[e_]qblky

I>\_jvlbohgvdhaZkdjbi_eZ
B ...

He_]mkf_ogmekyh^gZdhq_eh
B ...

Hlimklbehgju[dmahehlmx
B
166
Hdh\uly`db_iZ^ml
L_fgbpujmogmlb

Jhkkby\kijyg_lhlhkgZ
B ...

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

Fuk\Zfb\kihfgbeb\k_\hafh`gu_ljm^ghklbk\yaZggu_kihklZgh\dhc
aZiylhc i_j_^ ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb B \k_ bo h^gm aZ ^jm]hc h^he_eb \
q_klghf[hxGh\`bagbhgb\klj_qZxlkyg_h^gZaZ^jm]hcZ\kZfuojZaguo
khq_lZgbyo Ihwlhfm fu kh[jZeb \f_kl_ jZaghh[jZagu_ kemqZb qlh[u \u
fh]ebihijh[h\Zlvk\hbkbeu©ijhlb\\k_okjZamª
Ih^mfZcl_gm`gubebg_lagZdbij_ibgZgbyi_j_^khxaZfbbhklZevgu_
agZdbij_ibgZgbyjZkklZ\e_gu

IEx^bmfgu_bwg_j]bqgu_[hjxlky^hdhgpZZex^bimklu_bgbdm^Z
g_ ]h^gu_ ih^qbgyxlky [_a fZe_cr_c [hjv[u \k_f f_edbf kemqZcghklyf
k\h_]h [_kkfuke_ggh]h kms_kl\h\Zgby > B IbkZj_\   Imlv ^h[e_klb
kZfhhl\_j`_gby b \ukhdhc [hjv[u k gbadbf b \j_^guf k [_^kl\byfb b
ihjhdZfbg_aZdjulgbdhfmbgbdh]^Z
G=Q_jgur_\kdbc
,,=j_f_eZZlZdZbimeba\_g_eb
Bjh\ghkljhqbeime_f_l
B^_\mrdZgZrZijhoh^bl\rbg_eb
=hjys_cDZoh\dhcb^_l
F:K\_leh\

Reb^\Zijbyl_ey\_q_jg_xihjhc
B^_evgucjZa]h\hj\_ebf_`^mkh[hc
B:Djueh\

Djhldhkhegp_ebklvyijb]j_\Z_l
B^hjh`dbfy]db_\kZ^m
B:;mgbg

M`emgZ
<\_jomkbyeZbh^gZ
EbrvlmqdZdjZeZkyaZg_c
FXE_jfhglh\

<hlm`kg_]ihke_^gbc\ihe_lZ_l
L_ieuciZj\hkoh^blhla_feb
167
Bdm\rbgqbdkbgbcjZkp\_lZ_l
Bah\ml^jm]^jm]Z`mjZ\eb
:DLheklhc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?keb \uihegyy ij_^u^ms__ aZ^Zgb_ \u ^_eZeb hrb[db ijh^he`bl_


lj_gbjh\dm

<h^Zk[ueZbfhklh\Zy
HldjueZkvb?\]_gbcfhc
Ki_rbl^mrhxaZfbjZy
<gZ^_`^_kljZo_blhkd_
D_^\Zkfbjb\r_ckyj_d_

KqZkleb\ucimlvKebp_ckdh]hihjh]Z
LugZdhjZ[evi_j_rZ]gmermly
Bklhcihju\fhjyol\hy^hjh]Z
H\hegb[mjvex[bfh_^bly

Ijhfqblky]h^bk\Zfbkgh\Zy
BkihegblkyaZ\_lfhbof_qlZgbc
Ijhfqblky]h^byy\exkyd\Zf
:KImrdbg

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

?kebjy^hfk©hiZkgufªkhxahfklhbl^jm]hckhxa

Qlh\ufh`_l_kdZaZlvhnjZ]f_gl_ij_^eh`_gbyKhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx
[hjh^m b" GZ\_jgh_ \Zr_ jZkkm`^_gb_ [m^_l lZdbf ©A^_kv ]jZffZlbdZ
gZ^\h_ kdZaZeZ ?keb wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ k h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb b h^bghqguf
khxahf b lh aZiylhc g_ gZ^h ?keb [m^_l jy^ h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ k ih
\lhjyxsbfkykhxahfbaZiylZygm`gZi_j_^dZ`^ufkhxahf:fh`_l[ulv
a^_kv keh`ghkhqbg_ggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ < lZdhf kemqZ_ aZiylZy gm`gZ _keb
lhevdhmij_^eh`_gbcg_ldZdh]heb[hh[s_]hwe_f_glZª
L_i_jvijh^he`bfgZqZlh_ij_^eh`_gb_Khk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mb
dh]^Z Klhi Wlh g_h`b^Zgguc \ZjbZgl kjZam ihke_ khxaZ b,
ij_^kdZau\Zxs_]h lh eb h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu lh eb gh\h_ ij_^eh`_gb_
ihy\beky_s_h^bghjb_glbjmxsbc
168
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkPbnjZfbh[hagZq_gughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc

GZ^hih^h`^ZlvKlZ\bfaZiylmxkjZam

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

I>\_jvlbohgvdhaZkdjbi_eZ
B\k\_lebpm\oh^blpZjv

He_]mkf_ogmekyh^gZdhq_eh
B\ahjhfjZqbebky^mfhc

Hlimklbehgju[dmahehlmx
BkdZaZe_ceZkdh\h_keh\h

Hdh\uly`db_iZ^ml
L_fgbpujmogmlbk\h[h^Z
<Zkijbf_ljZ^hklghm\oh^Z
B[jZlvyf_q\Zfhl^Z^ml

Jhkkby\kijyg_lhlhkgZ
BgZh[ehfdZokZfh\eZklvy
GZibrmlgZrbbf_gZ
:KImrdbg

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZl_dklh\

G_gm`gZaZiylZyi_j_^ b: I,,Gm`guaZiylu_i_j_^b:
II. 1, 4, 5.
***
agZdij_^kdZau\Zxsbcijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_Ihoh`_gZlhqlhhgh
\oh^bl\ij_^u^ms__dZd©fZlj_rdZª\©fZlj_rdmª
?keb\ulZdih^mfZeblhhdZaZebkvijZ\u<hldZd\u]ey^blp_ebdhfwlh
ij_^eh`_gb_ Khk_^ ijbde_be \Zlgmx [hjh^m b dh]^Z ^_lb ijb[_`Zeb k
mebpuhgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ
L_i_jv jZa^_ebl_ wlh keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ gZ [ehdb ba dhlhjuo hgh
khklhbl
Khk_^ ijbde_be \Zlgmx [hjh^m ² i_j\uc [ehd dhlhjuc dZd [u
kijZrb\Z_lhlhfqlh[ueh^Zevr_
<lhjhc[ehd_fmhl\_qZ_lhgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ.
169
< k\hx hq_j_^v \lhjhc [ehd kijZrb\Z_l dh]^Z hgb m\b^_eb kh\k_f
gZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ"B_fmhl\_qZ_llj_lbc[ehddh]^Z^_lbijb[_`Zebk
mebpu
?s_jZaihkfhljbl_dZdjZkiheh`_glj_lbc[ehdbkq_]hhggZqbgZ_lky
DZd\b^bl_hgy\ey_lky©\gmlj_gg_cfZlj_rdhcªb^ms_ckjZam`_ihke_
khxaZ bb gZqbgZ_lky kh keh\Z dh]^Z <hlihq_fm b b dh]^Z hdZaZebkv jy^hf
H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_gZlhqlh©\gmlj_ggxxfZlj_rdmªfh`ghi_j_klZ\blvgb
q_]hg_baf_gyy\h\k_fij_^eh`_gbbKhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mb^_lb
m\b^_eb kh\k_f gZklhys_]h >_^Z FhjhaZ dh]^Z hgb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpu.
Ij_^eh`_gb_hklZehkvihkljh_gguf]jZfhlghbkfuke_]hkhojZgbeky
< lZdbo keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbyo dZ`^Zy qZklv hl^_ey_lky hl ^jm]hc
aZiylufb<hlbihemqZ_lkyqlhf_`^mkhxaZfbdhlhju_klhyljy^hfgm`gZ
aZiylZy
Gh \k_]^Z eb lZd [u\Z_l" >Z\Zcl_ baf_gbf kh\k_f qmlvqmlv gZr_
ij_^eh`_gb_ ^Z\ \lhjhfm hjb_glbjmxs_fm agZdm ² dh]^Z ² ^h[Z\hqgmx
qZklvlh: Khk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mbdh]^Z^_lbijb[_`Zebkmebpulh
hgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ.
170
Ihijh[mcl_ l_i_jv i_j_klZ\blv ©\gmlj_ggxx fZlj_rdmª DZd \b^bl_
wlh]hk^_eZlvg_evayf_rZ_lkeh\hlh.
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh_keb\lhjhcbakhxah\klhysbojy^hfbf__l^h[Z\hqgmx
qZklv \^ZgghfkemqZ_lh aZiylZyf_`^mgbfbg_klZ\blky
Ljm^ghklv ij_^eh`_gbc \ dhlhjuo khxau hdZaZebkv jy^hf g_ lhevdh \
ihklZgh\d_ aZiylhc f_`^m khxaZfb G_ lZdlh e_]dh j_rblv \hijhk h lhf
klZ\blvbebg_laZiylmxi_j_^i_j\ufbakhxah\klhysbojy^hf_kebi_j\uc
khxa b KjZ\gbl_ ij_^eh`_gby b ihijh[mcl_ h[tykgblv \ gbo agZdb ij_ib-
gZgbyi_j_^b.

 >_lb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpu b lZd dZd khk_^ ijbde_be \Zlgmx [hjh^m
m\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ
>_lbijb[_`ZebkmebpublZddZdkhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mhgb
m\b^_eb kh\k_f gZklhys_]h >_^Z FhjhaZ  >_lb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpu b
lZddZdkhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mlhhgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h
>_^ZFhjhaZ

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

BlZd\uihagZdhfbebkvkhkeh`gufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\dh
171
lhjuo ©hiZkgucª khxa b klhbl jy^hf k ^jm]bfb khxaZfb ² ih^
qbgbl_evgufbWlhh[uqghkhxaudh]^ZdZdlhevdh_kebohlyihdZlZddZd
b ^j Gh khxa b fh`_l hdZaZlvky jy^hf k mdZaZl_evgufb keh\Zfb beb
qZklbpZfb ijb wlhf ihemqZxlky khq_lZgby dhlhju_ e_]dh kimlZlv k ^\mfy
khxaZfb gZijbf_j b lZd b lh]^Z b ihwlhfm b ihlhfm b lhevdh b ebrv
Wlbkhq_lZgbyaZiylhcg_jZa^_eyxlky
Ihijh[mcl_ ba ^Zgguo ijbf_jh\ \u[jZlv lhevdh l_ \ dhlhjuo khxa b
klhbl jy^hf k dZdbfeb[h ^jm]bf khxahf ;m^vl_ \gbfZl_evgu < g_dhlhjuo
kemqZyo\ke_^aZbb^_lg_khxa

E_sbgkdbcih[_`ZeaZgbfbbdh]^Z[uem`_[ebadhhlrhkk_mkeurZe
^jm]hc\uklj_e G:Hkljh\kdbc
 KlZju_ ^_j_\vy ^Z\gh h[e_l_eb b lhevdh fheh^u_ hl^_evgu_ [_j_adb
khojZgyxl k\hb`_elh\Zlu_ ebklvy K L :dkZdh\   F_gy_lky ^_j_\gy
SbiZqb gh \ f_edhc j_qd_ lZd `_ f_kyp lhg_l b lZd `_ kbem _c ^Zxl
dexqb bivxl fZevqbrdb ba dh\rZ eZ^hg_c K I SbiZq_\   ?keb y
agZx qlh fh_ ml\_j`^_gb_ kijZ\_^eb\h y ij_ke_^mx _]h ^h ihke_^g_c
djZcghklbb_kebyg_kh[vxkvk^hjh]blhyq_klgucq_eh\_d NF>hk
lh_\kdbc

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 

:l_i_jvjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo

?]h[h]ZlZywg_j]byihklhygghbs_l\uoh^Zbdh]^Zg_l_cijbf_g_gby
\ ^_eZo hgZ jZajy`Z_lky ih imklydZf gh jZajy`Z_lky g_ij_f_ggh > :
NmjfZgh\
 Om^h`gbd k bgl_j_khf jbkh\Ze ]heh\m klZjbdZ b dh]^Z dhgqbe lh _]h
ihjZabehkoh^kl\hwlhc]heh\ukq_flhagZdhfufHg^Z\ghkb^bllmlb
dZd lhevdh y \ghrm qZcgbd k ^h[juf djbdhf [jhkZ_lky dh fg_ F F
Ijbr\bg   Y kb`m jy^hf k ju[heh\hf b ihdZ fu jZa]h\Zjb\Z_f _fm
ihiZ^Z_lky g_kdhevdh keZ\guo ju[bg  F_qbd g_ h]ey^u\Zeky b g_
keurZe ih]hgb gh hg agZe qlh ]hgylky aZ gbf b dh]^Z h^bg aZ ^jm]bf
ijha\mqZeb ljb \uklj_eZ _fm ihdZaZehkv qlh wlh klj_eyxl \ g_]h : :
NZ^__\

Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 
172
Ijh\_jvl_k_[y
 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

<h^Zk[ueZbfhklh\Zy
HldjueZkvb?\]_gbcfhc

KqZkleb\ucimlv
Kebp_ckdh]hihjh]Z
LugZdhjZ[evi_j_rZ]gmermly
Bklhcihju\fhjyol\hy^hjh]Z

Ijhfqblky]h^bk\Zfbkgh\Zy
BkihegblkyaZ\_lfhbof_qlZgbc
Ijhfqblky]h^byy\exkyd\Zf

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

< i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb g_l aZiylhc i_j_^ khxahf b dhlhjuc kh_^bgy_l
h^ghjh^gu_ kdZam_fu_ ijb[_`Zeb b m\b^_eb < hklZevguo ij_^eh`_gbyo b
kh_^bgy_lijhklu_ij_^eh`_gby\khklZ\_keh`gh]h

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgulhevdhl_ij_^eh`_gby\dhlhjuokhxauklhyl
jy^hf
E_sbgkdbcih[_`ZeaZgbfbb, dh]^Z[uem`_[ebadhhlrhkk_mkeurZe
^jm]hc \uklj_e G : Hkljh\kdbc   ?keb y agZx qlh fh_ ml\_j`^_gb_
kijZ\_^eb\h y ij_ke_^mx _]h ^h ihke_^g_c djZcghklb b _keb y g_ kh[vxkv k
^hjh]blhyq_klgucq_eh\_d NF>hklh_\kdbc

 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk

?]h[h]ZlZywg_j]byihklhygghbs_l\uoh^Zb, dh]^Zg_l_cijbf_g_gby
\ ^_eZo hgZ jZajy`Z_lky ih imklydZf gh jZajy`Z_lky g_ij_f_ggh > :
NmjfZgh\ Om^h`gbdkbgl_j_khfjbkh\Ze]heh\mklZjbdZb dh]^Zdhgqbe
lh _]hihjZabeh koh^kl\h wlhc ]heh\u k q_flh agZdhfuf  Hg ^Z\gh kb^bl
lml b, dZd lhevdh y \ghrm qZcgbd k ^h[juf djbdhf [jhkZ_lky dh fg_
FFIjbr\bg Ykb`mjy^hfkju[heh\hfb, ihdZfujZa]h\Zjb\Z_f_fm
ihiZ^Z_lky g_kdhevdh keZ\guo ju[bg  F_qbd g_ h]ey^u\Zeky b g_ keurZe
ih]hgbghhgagZeqlh]hgylkyaZgbfb, dh]^Zh^bgaZ^jm]bfijha\mqZebljb
\uklj_eZ_fmihdZaZehkvqlhwlhklj_eyxl\g_]h ::NZ^__\
***
173
AZdjulZ ihke_^gyy kljZgbpZ dgb]b GZ^__fky qlh \u gZmqbebkv
g_dhlhjuf ijZ\beZf ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª b klZeb emqr_
ibkZlvkZfbbihgbfZlvgZibkZggh_^jm]bfb
Ohq_lkyqlh[uihbkdbk_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbbg_ijhreb^ey\Zk[_kke_^gh
qlh[ubkq_aeZ\ZrZg_m\_j_gghklvijb\klj_q_khagZdZfbij_ibgZgbyb\uk
m^h\hevkl\b_f [u klZ\beb aZiylu_ lbj_ lhqdb \hijhkbl_evgu_ b \hkdeb
pZl_evgu_agZdb^_eZyk\hxibkvf_ggmxj_qvykghcb\ujZabl_evghc
H]eZ\e_gb_
DqblZl_eyf«……………………………….... 3
Iho\Zevgh_keh\hagZdZfij_ibgZgby«………….... 4
=eZ\Z,Ohly©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ª......…………. 10
IjZ\beh²kZfhbgkljmdpby²lj_gbjh\dZ«………....—
©Ij_^qm\kl\b_ªagZdZij_ibgZgby«……………...... 13
IZfylvb]jZfhlghklv«………………………. 15
;ehdb«……………………………………......... 16
=jZfhlghklvgZ©dhgqbd_i_jZª«………………....... 18
=eZ\Z,,KZfu_e_]db_agZdbij_ibgZgby………..... 21
Fukebqm\kl\ZbagZdb ...........…………………………...—
AgZdihegucaZ]Z^hd«……………………….......……24
;_kihdhcgucagZd«…………………………........... 28
IhklZ\bflhqdm«……………………………............ 35
=eZ\Z,,,GZq_f^_j`blkyij_^eh`_gb_...………..... 37
<ihbkdZo]jZffZlbq_kdhchkgh\u .....…………………...—
Fgh`_kl\hh[ebqbcih^e_`Zs_]h«………………....... 42
G_[hevrh_hlklmie_gb_\aZsblmriZj]Zehd«……..... 45
<fbj_kdZam_fuo«……………………………..... 47
FZe_gvdZyih\_klvhkh\k_ffZe_gvdhf]eZ]he_
[ulvdhlhjuc[u\Z_lg_ihoh`gZkZfh]hk_[y«…..... 60
©EmdZ\u_ªqe_guij_^eh`_gby«………………...... 66
GZg_ihgylghfyaud_«………………………....... 70
=eZ\Z,9Lbj_\gmljbij_^eh`_gby.....…………...... 72
F_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf ......……………….......—
:_kebkdZam_fh_ijhiZeh«…………………….... 79
=eZ\Z9©B]jZffZlbdZimklbeZkv
kZjbnf_lbdhcieykZlvª......………………………........ 83
KbglZdkbq_kdbckq_l ........……………………………....... —
?kebih^e_`Zs__bebkdZam_fh_g_hldebdgmehkv«…. 88
KbglZdkbq_kdb_©dZjebdbª«…………………….…107
KbglZdkbq_kdb_©\_ebdZguª«…………………......….111
©=jZgbpZªb©ih]jZgbqgbdbª\ij_^eh`_gbb«…….….114
©=mkbªb©fZlj_rdbª«………………………..….123
©Kd_e_lªij_^eh`_gby«………………………....….134
Kl_q_gb_khxah\«…………………………….....….140
©Kh[jZeZkvdhfiZgbyagZdh\ij_ibgZgbyª«………....…144
=eZ\Z9,I_j_^©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfbbeb
JZkkdZauhaZ]Z^hqghcaZiylhc«…………………147
=jZffZlbdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ .........………………………......—
Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_«…………………..…148
Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_ijhklh_«…………………….....….153
©Ihki_rZcf_^e_gghª«………………………….163
?kebjy^hfk©hiZkgufªkhxahf
klhbl^jm]hckhxa«…………………………..168

You might also like