new product

transfer putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole

Bloom’s Taxonomy Revised 6 create

Anderson, Lorin W. and Krathwohl, David R., et al. (2001)
A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: constructing inventing a product
Producing can require all 4 knowledge types 6
A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
(complete edition). New York, NY: Longman. 5
designing
Planning setting subgoals
All text quoted or paraphrased.

hypothesizing
devising a procedure for accomplishing some task increasing
cognitive complexity
4
hierarchy
Generating coming up with alternative hypotheses based on criteria 3
divergent thinking
2
quality
transfer judgments based on standards effectiveness 1

5
efficiency
low level of abstraction evaluate consistency

factual knowledge judging

detecting inconsistencies between product and external criteria
determining if a product has external consistency
Critiquing detecting appropriateness of a procedure for a given problem
verbal coordinating
labels and symbols nonverbal detecting detecting inconsistencies and fallacies within
knowledge terminology conventions or agreements within a discipline monitoring Checking determining internal consistency for a process or product
of arrived at through observation, experimentation, and discovery testing detecting the effectiveness of a procedure during implementation
specific details and elements events
includes approximations locations relationships
people transfer parts-to-whole relationships
amongst
4
dates
sources of information
etc.
analyze point of view
objectives
criticism bias
schemas deconstructing determining any underlying… values level of objective global educational instructional
mental models more complex and organized finding coherence Attributing intent scope broad moderate narrow
integrating fit time needed to learn one or more years weeks or months hours or days
conceptual knowledge outlining
parsing Organizing
determining how elements… function purpose or function
example of use
provide vision
plan a multiyear
design curriculum
plan units of
prepare lesson plans
plan daily activities,
structuring determining a coherent structure curriculum instruction experiences, and
discriminating exercises
connecting links between elements agreement and convenience distinguishing Differentiating distinguishing critical from noncritical elements
knowledge classifications and categories used to structure and systematize phenomena focusing uses larger context in determination
of interrelationships within categories disciplinary strategies selecting
principles and generalizations needn’t be related
abstractions that summarize observations meaningfully related transfer closely linked with procedural knowledge articulation
3
theories, models, and structures interrelationships within generalizations
most abstract of formulations clear
rounded
apply The student is able to cognitive process
noun
specific knowledge .
systematic no single, fixed answer verb
using applying a procedure to an unfamiliar task
Implementing techniques
conditionalized methods
carrying out fixed order
procedural knowledge Executing applying a procedure to a familiar task
skills
predetermined answer

algorithms
construction of meaning
produce fixed results transfer connection of new knowledge to prior knowledge

2
knowledge subject-specific skills and algorithms
of results are not predetermined
subject-specific techniques and methods based on consensus, agreement, or disciplinary norms
understand
indicative of disciplinary thinking using the model to determine how a change in one part affects others
criteria for determining when to use appropriate procedures constructing models including each major part in the system
systematization used by subject matter experts Explaining constructing a cause–effect model of a system objects
contrasting events
mapping detecting one-to-one correspondence between two… ideas
matching Comparing problems
concluding situations
metacognitive extrapolating
interpolating Inferring
finding a pattern in information
making comparisons
abstracting a concept or principle
drawing a logical conclusion
knowledge mnemonics for memory tasks
predicting
abstracting
general theme
abstracting… major points
context supplies an expectation of what is to be inferred

repetition summarizing generalizing Summarizing representing information

rehearsal strategies shallow processing paraphrasing determining that something belongs to a category specific instance
elaboration strategies deeper processing selecting the main idea categorizing detecting relevant features or patterns that fit both… concept or principle
organizational strategies transformation of material subsuming Classifying specific to general
strategic knowledge better comprehension and learning general to specific using features to select or construct specific instance
general strategies for problem solving and thinking illustrating identifying defining features of general concept or principle
can be used across… tasks instantiating Exemplifying finding a specific… example pictures to words
knowledge of cognitive tasks, including contextual and conditional knowledge subject matters clarifying illustration numbers to words
awareness of… differential demands of tasks paraphrasing words to words
cultural norms for accomplishing tasks representing Interpreting changing from one form of representation to another words to pictures
self-knowledge knowing what one doesn’t know translating words to numbers
awareness of… strengths musical notes to tones
weaknesses self-efficacy beliefs etc.
motivation beliefs about goals and reasons retention of presented material provides knowledge for use in more complex tasks

1
value and interest beliefs
remember
retrieving retrieving relevant information from long-term memory
Recalling based on a prompt

identifying locating knowledge in long-term memory that is consistent with presented material
Recognizing direct matching in familiar situation
 attitudes
emotions
beliefs determines engagement level

The New Taxonomy 6 self-system thinking memory model

Marzano, R.J. and Kendall, J.S. (2007) The New Taxonomy
of Educational Objectives (second edition). Thousand Oaks, identify importance to oneself satisfy… basic need
identify the underlying reasoning Importance personal goal
CA: Corwin Press. outside world
All text quoted or paraphrased. identify beliefs about ability to improve understanding to change situation need… resources
identify the underlying reasoning Efficacy situational ability temporary
uses for the taxonomy power lost
identify emotional response sensory memory encoded
1. Defining and classifying educational objectives. Emotional Response
2. Generating educational objectives. identify reasons
3. Framework for designing assessments. seat of consciousness
4. Framework for redesigning state and district-level standards— identify overall level of motivation
Overall Motivation working memory
more interpretable and useful to students.
5. Framework for curriculum design. processing
6. Framework for thinking skills curriculum.
pp. 14–15 executive control mindful thinking
permanent memory

5
retrieval
metacognition all knowledge

establish a goal identify clear end state

establish a plan for accomplishing a goal Specifying Goals strategic set milestones
plan resources
“what” declarative knowledge monitor progress towards a goal timelines
Process Monitoring
information hierarchical 6
cause–effect principles
determine the extent of self clarity
Monitoring Clarity system of more conscious
principles relational generalization correlational
concepts determine the extent of self accuracy
dispositional
intelligent behavior
human thought 5

process organizing ideas generalizations transfer to different situations Monitoring Accuracy flow of information 4 level of consciousness
application general characteristics hierarchy hierarchy
split details time sequences categories 3
classes aimed at a specific task
2

4
facts characteristics abstractions more automatic

vocabulary terms
knowledge utilization 1
structure object selection among based on criteria
how information is represented in memory agent use it to make decisions thoughtful identification of alternatives
propositional relationships locative make decisions about it Decision Making identify… obstacles to the goal
receiver evaluate… alternative ways to accomplish the goal
use it to solve problems accomplish a goal select… alternatives
acted upon by solve problems about it Problem Solving execute…
“how-to” procedural knowledge self system
metacognitive system use it to generate and test hypotheses phenomena make predictions based on principles
utility goals
mental procedures cognitive system generate and test hypotheses about it Experimenting generate and
test hypotheses
design prediction tests
evaluate validity of principles based on results
global objectives
educational objectives
specific… area of knowledge
mental operation
use it to conduct investigations for/ about… what is agreed upon instructional objectives
require conduct investigations about it Investigating past, present, future events what is known performance… conditions
controlled has subcomponents identify… areas of confusion criteria
execution processes macroprocedures complex provide an answer
generation of new information present an argument for proposed answer

3
can be skills tactics less variety in its products
automated useless if not automatic
algorithms highly specific
analysis
don’t vary in application determine… similarities
single rules identify important similarities and differences specify attributes or characteristics differences state with precision
single if–then production Matching
structure defining characteristics
if–then productions identify relative superordinate and subordinate categories identify… categories superordinate
Classifying subordinate
identical with grounds
information knowledge verbal mediation rehearsal identify errors in presentation or use judge validity warrants focus on pieces of information without assumptions specialization rule
phases of acquisition: cognitive stage detection and deletion of errors Analyzing Errors identify errors in reasoning backing seek… patterns unusualness rule
associative stage qualifiers explain… connections rule of large numbers
autonomous stage refined construct new generalizations or principles generate and shape an idea based on one or more cases regulation rule
minimal demands on working memory internalized Generalizing retroductive inductive tendency specific to general
check specific situation against generalization reasoning from…
identify logical consequences identify… applicable principles deductive tendency general to specific atemporal categorical
Specifying reasonable… conclusions synchronic classification associative
predictions diachronic cause–effect predictor
psychomotor procedures essential vs. nonessential
translation storing the critical features of information in permanent memory
temporal effector

processes complex combination procedures 2 comprehension

deletion…
skills simple combination procedures identify the basic structure mixture of new and old knowledge utilize macrorules generalization… acts on propositions
sets of foundational procedures in parallel identify critical rather than noncritical elements Integrating parsimonious create macrostructure construction…
foundational procedures the gist of information in a microstructure generalizing patterns
can be enhanced through instruction construct an accurate symbolic representation symbolic analog of macrostructure problem–solution patterns
storage differentiate critical and noncritical elements with representation Symbolizing translate macrostructure knowledge into symbolic imagery process–cause patterns
if–then production networks mental imagery sequence patterns
characteristic patterns
stages innate process permanent memory to working memory

1
similar to mental procedures
retrieval
from category type
validate correct statements about features production of related information default inferences
Recall elaborate… stated microstructure reasoned inferences
inferred
produce features
Recognition matching of prompt with information in permanent memory

mental and psychomotor procedures only

Execution