Swoden, Dr. Ausdhech Stughe Maketial science ——> william p. Coblister > Whitin two elements vombine ‘tether fn such @ we Hot affer bond -fosmatto, H replecks He Propaa YL Inclividuod Cement firs an abbey. bu alter bond formation inctividusl demenk looses Heir extstance ts it cated & Gommpound - > Too materials will uumbiue together to form alloy only when wndltow a“ is satisfied Alley fortateg clomerd shout Wave semen crgiiabs truss e- RE ame Rotnaty, Bales london WD dig. te He alowse radu of bolt He maluals should be less than 16%. \2> Volaney 4 boty He wmakual should be same 2 Electro -wog odtvily & Elecronattinily Hf boll, Ihe tmalguat should be ysurparable [ ob elechon ablract eletonegabivily selt eho abbsae dlecronagtinily ] eleckona tity % Phase dango ts a plot ow Teuyp: wuposilon spare | size { dom Prue hagram slowly Ho stabi Lily of vauiout plores: @ Ne melting point ot onl alley ane known oly be looksg ak “He phate drag sam.Map cel Vaud Plas diagram 2 plLae —— Sugar + Loseh pulse + Loder — pedi 3 I ple 2 phae Lomponnl —> an ent (ov pound Citbbs_prave rule Classification of Prove dfegrait Bosed upor wo ¢ owpo nant Crs, eh) cre Bincay plore dag raw eal 7 wep, Aap c= 3 Fennahy plase dragrom 1o™, YL “8 | Temperaline avis (omergirg frome as yA wry) , Binaty Pare diag row q lyre d a cul a Meserials Hak ate completely soluble th Ligui in solicl sie: {so morplism™ — owy one plore lw eolid & Lequid Wye max badcton 4 wld (volte) mg ws Segued (wHr'e) Solrd sol wbrdily — one phase fu cold einer SSwere weele walla et Teuup? Cope well toast rt oni Cee Colt Cg ewe Oi Ov. by 100% Gy a Ty Mg + Ma = | — 0 ® Wyle t Wgle = Co On vwlarg o® wy => lever Rule > fever rule can be applied ody ry We two- plue region of Ho phase clagran KKLLK *PPPPPPRPPPPRPPPPPEULLROPRVIPLLSewewuvwwwww w SSSRSES SHY e > BSS 0 ffaiene ris mrndele one a Cacuse agle) raur Hak sepdates Laqued row & Called Liquid ut. > Avy Lie ow He plu? di He Hie wala ron Wh and any Line Hat seperay wrushy 206 vill volt phase i calhed cokes + h tote Mi {s cooked aq tu and Ni wr utia ts > A aro seuuple qd as shown qu dgere she poi aloug Lie a slovo! 3 Hine watcroshuceae wlll be tty ctitly abowe He Ligudia Lue so ev the lawp. to prise by Hye Liquid stevke - 4porr slow 4 dec eauieg solid phase shatke appears fr Ho waroshuctse ot many places: * > wu slorky decrcaste de Leu. frou pt b to pt C. fellovoneg tnclusios can be made by ever rule 4 As Me hempuatere deacases mass - fraction dy code phase keep on ee LY Tha mowment solrd nuclectes, pacentege ef nfckle Iu tt will be very lig. a He Jempeahue decease Perrontage of Ni fn solid keeps oh dlecennig and Qppsocha tovocrds HE overall courposftion Co > AL bugle Fomp. @ phenomenon called clif{urion oppeay " te Ho wletol th wld, atows from bWigh Loncenbtbnt, roves fowarde He Lavoe Loner steak 109, Bf ape afse Pn_lemp. crf wt pLoey ye> So bay He process ¢] differen Ni tefl olffive frm the contarto outward clivectios maakt He 2 4 Mi unfferua — Hurongiouk Hat solrd plaue S| Each solidifreation frout will have a pettcolar Odientahou a} cckout. He movement Henpoahue ¢ He sauple shit cleaeares below we solid Lie Uiffereng colrclefreatmu fouk wtlt frre together and He, eukre wrateral will Convert tuto soiled phase. Hu regtong where diff soledifraton -prouls oe fuitg begerhet Hag cone vefll be urlsmaberr ele onrenkelom ef atom Here regrors owecketd yunwakl are called oud JagHe of Hee oto prowk ak He que pouncliier quill be uronre- haya He bord (age easily bord cam bake Hak 5 He watow rar boundry, abo are cadld oct Largs energy leve| so akwsphare oxyaeh first attnck He free bond atour and wakual will be wdoded >, To pote: any vaskeoal fpshe rosa bounday Unteunuin is added fa Ho walral comin after reading oie — ahwos phoue ovygee Psoduces Ch203 foreign. element tt will be accumatated prevent Ohimnspheue Berg Ho ak Wee grasa bound thse CsPs oil Op fo come 10 worded yi He akows prank ak the gue bound Vaue thuese He wrroron ruritance. ss add. to SaeHe plasre: ih Care gd thon Ni Mt fs fenite phue dabsize, and yomiumr 16 forite phase stabilizer: ae SE yee 2 PPP PPPP APP PP PPP PUONORATY~wererew ewe ve deca provides fom lime antl ctosive pepey at compare pee fo chromium buk lWPP' He plencmenoh wed wold deloy appes wile welling ehedulen veel te Hae Heat atfeded rone CHAZ) Chhomiumn eH, carbo (+ub th wakerial) convents tuto atker wea vol jt Like a duck. so atte canon cosbide and fe sj wel di Hur is Wo CApmium oxide of He qruw boundug ey the heat ateded zone So afte, @ ceAtan Hime couosion of heat aged rone fc begin Hk pheno mency is catted weld al ' on fs an expendive maderial i Coaning Aud wisobility gop As deuemes melliol dep v ow deceamend 10 7 7Ni— Cuolng) | Mpeu wobvg i fie ef Ge i , slace Here tens Stuff ci nck Ce for He diffuaion gone place thee will be coucentalto aoe vin He Brat and of ges pounctia % qn fn He allay wrilbe less al TH OA be ceen Pr He place cfagram He lesser is He nt MZ Nowe fll be He melting pout: so upon ming.of, waadoual,dratls boun woteriol is welb ouk paodud Cros & proclucineg pofttle frachae hue phenomenon fs Coleg Kiurory Ploue ho sod, od “ype: _{ Fulevie fae vous PMataral Het he towaplel ely cowble tr Liquid stare but portly coluble th solfcl state Pb-Su sotatenitgs alleys equidas { 1a wwe Towel Sigutd quis icant gw) 230°C + golidau C2) f= satwus (2) we) : loo, Pb 18x 62, 9a, coe Su su— 627.Sn (Sos Sr wee (Edkeuic) Acton 182°C eee Wice wanllig webeate — nworient CF=0) C+O= FA+P ' eee C+\_ = bi Los etl = Fs 9 fonbinety plove 9 o+P ak eweche reaction.gold solution af an Ha tn lead ond max. lead at 163°C and Hats Joy bempenabere (aw pluse ts can be dissolved Pr tay Hu clenene sowd solubility clecneue by : > B phase fs solid solubility 4 i wor a lead cau be cliscolved fa th Coupled, Hels sord solubility abo deuene vi deacue th tunpaahae. wiiot solid solub Lit Mere zoe » > Phare dlegraw ot P 5 appease a pos at whitn Hue fs ho valet a Gud Sequad waves cliventloy- fuko two cli(fuak so lta Hae veachou fs colled eutectic TEACkDO - ; a owlerlte TeackDn fs tnvarrent became tt appears foro perbialad vowels rors ok kemp- ancl courpasttron So clegrexs q freedour fs Ze: Jina, ow We plse ollog « rawr which sepebsdy a= A g soled plas te eoue single soltd ple Solus wail QQ i feauiow a He plac prac fu alley 4 © Clue He wos fue Tk and ak 1B4°C- lead and tie wae wir 25% Hu le we au tke Pout A ak exh € ak peta mg = 62235 = 0-6} 2-1 * ot oF was S518 = 0-992 1- 62-18 a SELERLHEHSKKSHHSHWFHHLYTY 4 aod to tn and at 183%FF Lares Gut wikh 357 Hu YQ Clute Ho wass Fravion et PI and at \B2C Wig = S935. £2. one WN 99-18 39° rer! Mee MB 2 19. gay 99-18 a4 1% Gh M. SL Cludtae Hee ws and volume frauen ea proves plowk 1H 3% Ha odbey at tec ok thee tmp’ ion tn an be Aresoived Me Couaplelelas im lead ond 27 lead diolmein by Counplarely Ftoo4 = togeglec Pay = 1H 26Qiee war S838 , 63.0018 9@ 10 8B Ne & q Mp > 26-10 0: 285 eee : . lo fe 4-10 Bo 48 Oo , OF >. “oO. : wa, San Se wm Va MA/fa Mw aA a aes + AB H— 4+ 24 = poeie a fa Bae 10.96 o-149) 4 82 4 098 \-Ya> Vp 02g0gEnformakiow” pase Change sine Qe Cuitad shaven Ut cell sre cng Cary e ? weywifudrs) ——_¢ (0,000 - 120,000 hws ) Elechou wi Scope =>-Scannirg ‘wlechosy mivoscope (sem) / ( Transneisvion elechon widos cope cTeEm) Nye 4 feavtge Cotes es ete Diraple Chevag e flespand one Conf tte) C cluctile) >> x Pay claffenction inou pillel —> wrought i how C0 006% c) 1€ Steel —> we CO (002%) Allotwoplyy ot {ROW NIE $ bed Clenite) Y- re te) UL? Poin X- bee ( fewule)phue cage uaaear Hes > Lokenever any moleuvot undergoes © te ie Orgstal shuchiae shoud chauge. 01 viaene should be chad size of ant coll. bu im Core of Thom at ogc Hoe Is ho change fu phue and on wag wee propony one, disappear and Hue bmp fe called wie. potwk > Tee charachonsten ian due fo dl exist im diffvent phases ot def temp _'« called ablahveply- Pagaunagrene Quyuetil ——_ fphowaig ute oo dood BSS boo 4444 Colow full Colorless —= Pohounagnetic yrsterols ore Hrose ile ple Her is yondonm mmenkattoy Jf meget Liapelec of auttnc ond m mae aloud ae wot paired » clue to His alleys Hats vaakenio} wll edi bFl colour. Dawnaguee a ane pani q ceca Haein dipole vaowment will be 20n and cuth alloys will be @louiless. & > Don on cuth a& waka wlio come Hime ddan os podsuag nic and someHime ay cli maguac dependitg upon sla beap- and (evapoiton due to Hhis umnqud waberal itis Called forowaguere Healy dipole Womemet i ep omented te One chiredron. ° peepee T pg m OP i ppp4 anon di tb bbe dgd ud teewwewe we we ~~ - - | 7 a _ o 4 i a Br ounktfemomag ee waasoruals abou law ank paralle| alli ened wanguekie ee Ro mag nate CAakiferromagninG + Feroweguibr) J 6 66 rn) 6049 dodg Ln fim rete matual direction a dipole % Movement Ts pourbinakton a forromay wale ond ankiforo mag vetre ony Compound oxlibtt Hv7 tgee & bebaviony . Fe-c pave dager: 4-3 7.C To ae rset Tae =) Eybecttc veqcHoa lecdbusile ye Se A+ Fes Cc => Eurectrid redo) “oer BAC u—1 naa Pear like ae, Be SiOFe-C Plue dtagrosy / Fe- fe = w w \sast & bee _ 1aioe & Fee & Tompt stove 7 bee ‘ Tron wih OBL C is Ubifor! clishtbuted fir Hea walaoskudete! abowe 425° bul wher Ha Hump. Is hit below A257, since auskenile is not stable below Hise femperature Codbon wf Il dffuse from Ov iWeashtro site to anothe, and forms wtenose place dike shuenae of & and Fe, - trae wiaoshuchue 4s calred pans 8 @ Pesanlite fe wh a phase _it tea phase withate of oo and Fest ony ewtectoig — lecourpositiow voit] produce two pepassile _sivullaaily the ewedte cletowpost Hon aj_Siqutd_ ina. lend o Heeforention of eltma = 088 Mee? Ole { } } Fos (ead basile ’ mniy = 18S . wi gyse 04915 —_= ra secse peackton: Paik’. feb ceobesci oe aes y > Porilece Reackiony wane pole too elements < an allay Lavited a hosgo duffacnce tu Melis melee pork ove sully phase lead roan, Perfecto reackoun will apeor- ( fe- 13s, Cn assov) 3 SF Pron corbou dragrom fs cud a diag rom whae Huee favatierd reachvu appears sivauftenenisty . > Penlkedoid reackDn- Woolivg Sit So Sa => Paritedord Recto bn soled, solid solid AA We plue rag rosa. ane __eqwsbilonunn obfegrety => re a nC Zod lord Carbon Shee} 4 — 0-9 meslinmr Codbour sree} yoy Wye Carbon Hee} we aed ot O-6F Cc g-4-\ 7 Ww aA Vrs : pine bass Tonalin Cvenekenna) Fe PH REL EBB EHKEKESPuse inou- cadbou safer O Grey com_idon Eu puae {rou- carbo systems ik Me pecendsige of casbowy is su gitly yupag Wan 66%, a portion 5 He carbon will come ouk oy faBemomyflake form cabled grear come thon. thae matsuals ole used bo wnanufachne He vaoeltwesteds ft ts becawe groprtte pocket will ack of viilsraitov dou per- ® Welle _covt ont If He percentage ef Wibow fs shitty dus Hon 669 7 enhre cadhon th He maleuol tll appenr’ fu combi form cotled whfle coxt ihow @ Chilled wat show : Can iron of sue wueposition tr wlida worm fe freer ob grey but forced fo appess as while by xepid_woling. is called chilled cost TOU. Bott wolfe ard chilled Coe ido one exbemely boftHe fu nabre. so Hae mateucdls one nel used otivety iw any enpineenice applicator. Hue wmotevals aro wed to make ductile cast iden. © © sphavicol Cord 1204 (SG Thon) 14 Ha objedie he to produce, ductile cL, Sinai amaunt 4 wa Ce (cerium) is asldled in Ho tid ql KD @) makeriol - afler products clitied Cavt thon wmoalental is again heate| Sphenotd) www w BRB eYUYOe wow & +a fenrpernture shily less Han "s0°C and MH fs Eben cwoled vou slowly fr He furnace. so cotbon, vofll fue towards center and produces q combined fom catled sprerwids: Hee spheroicl ORe cluckilery otuge: nssiuur and caium acts Like a cakelyst mw He df funow proces & coibon- dust rr freatmenk 1f He coo brie pole cre Tite faslea we gee nodular — Coie thon: nuZ7 plete? Lf woebe 8. Gs. HO ioe Modwa oP wees) vegsdness Lolute Om tied Weduler cat (hou Ales of abaing oloanent on Fe-c spel ~> \etodeeven Liquid op soled prow wwe skene HL fs uot possible to obfutuae the - iuapeaily 4 sulphur fr inom 1s VOY daugerrud became alia peacking voi. tro Wt produce ihou culplride wlich gek acumuded ot Hae grote bound He inetlitg pote 4 nous sulphide (Ps) Ie ow go Upow worn work ino sulptcle will met out proclu diag acks at He gran pounder wollole leads bo biftHe ae Hats aS is coued (ate | os remove He ith etfeet of cubphid (oelwaleengence) is aolled TrHHe wakortal Mu afler cophovg «9 Produce “Rages ' NAHIS'E wuce He mellieg portMus fs ve byte go Here will wot be Oe het-shost uae planomenon gin d ggonrese. Sulpticle is low, diese mingenre Ho by ee Gg woteal. fullthet additou of mogohere Invene He sheng. 4 mraterted and with 27 Mu _imaledta| bewme exceplronally wer stroleg caLbed had field Steel Hadfield wee] wed ru lreavy duty applicalon, Uke — loulldogers Eppeck Si & Op” Steel C—> 0037 C409 —> rt heat : steel boil Seq Fe |e = 4 ies Stop —> Se neces SE On > TM prame skeel rom ikon one 02 is blow to flow Haergle Liquid (nom Hots Op, after oulanle wie C — produca CO, luk vince Has reactor is exolhearnyc ie nie afta some Hime Juqud pool Hans to boll tris phenumenou. ts cabled sskeauientl He pommenk we dep He flow ef Or, A pettion od Oo wlll be paged ta He steel: st fs add fo weave 0, tn sted upon adding si, Os will peort ott ard geodaced Ue, WUILh is sludge 4 Yo quantity 4 Si gp sue He removal ¢ 0 Is wmplae it Ts cabled _Hilledepsieal bast talen, qrankily q Gis cuca Hak removed ef vat panko} Hf casted gagged. 5° sonar in veeawe w w ew weevwvevvwvwvuvw ss Effect ef vi om Cow (200: 420-0 C- Qnvolank = %e + Les +P) BB+ 84.52 Y 1 é > oy We addition of sh C equivelat inaeaia and os a reulk Q Hot Brttie Fe-c cla gran SLOft towoads lett. so provident votll appeat at a wut Lowey Percentage § carbon when si added in Lrqutd (ron Graplfte vill dischadye from Hae waatedel ot ta ref lot wndflfon and sfnro Its clenuftes fe less, due to bouangy foe ft wma ome curgace & Liquid iron and sparkds Hf< phonemenon fs cated “ folk” Nokes- — Adus OMAR] (de wt Bunter 6°64.) eo Peete dc Tw” Goegy caw tow : became reir i impute th Gray cam cro es co) "a Development ef wrino-shuckae tu Fe-C sydlem: ® © AT Fes — Ewrestoid x ' Cy ave tro a Total perante, te HQ cast qorak “A oasr cs uvefoetest dathiourel | st PW aL at vatuosrudige when He kup ¢ He compte Te decrease to pothk & fonfie start appearing fe dose to jostle Hat oppesis bela He euestor] temp. “is called proeubectoig fenile: upon wouly deucauy ¢ He Lump frow. poink 6 toc follocoiieg tontuton Canmbe ~ & chawu Waites He lever Aue. Aid As He feomp. olereae wou fraction of Pr-n dene Inueasey. Al) Upon decaeang He emp. pucerdge of Colbon fh aushele( 7) Prueme and appsocher toward she ewlectoid courposftiog . ny >The wowemadt somple emp digty decane belovo Hoe qudectoid Wup Hen ausfente(r) pretat- « wR Hae gra ouvells tuko peaalite « é Me amount dj fesmile pragent_ fr fe pestle fs called « euectoid ferrite th the puconkage thor fe fu tee byporentucid — < tee wage Ho Orbe olifruence yu He wiuto-vhudare, € WIN be Hat at He | grad bound thee wit] « be pxo- tukerord — cementite - « . Colusa Ha t f proewelotd fonite,, Cubedord forwig < ang Sola} feite in wee ae O54. Carbon, < g Pm mp ma \e% rTpow = ier eeseieneteaeI o 0-4 - 0:02 W poate = GOR. ons G6} - 9-02 Wouledod a > Wttotate “Apes = OGs- 069 » Oebects tm makenio} i 4) Point defects © OO © OL2 _— eaberstabral defect : o° e626 » Vacan ce eotoncae Swot onal defect > ole feck © 0 0 © 00 6 p Win atom of He sume mateual go out of tes sfle & and occupy We inderead cueidtabio) oe fH Is called Fenkle defect oooo°o O46, 00080 00000 AWS Lovrbtnabion, et Hon + 000000 rien ° Avion if Meir fs vacany Pt fs ooo OM 0 0 0 ogo tolled Schottky clefeck caine © 20 oom 5 6 o ® * - s a ® z Awol Jou wiwitg in poles but rot Prom same locattanA) Sungate detects. <9 Gm und deft Sy PRHeQ) ‘ \ <> TH bounding Orv %° +o 2 a> Twin, bounday . Mtarmon fuage seo) - x) ° = (3 4) Stackivg tome jaa ° 8888 rain bo . eg ee ody goes did Line _detects : > Point and cwrtace defect can be rumored fromm wsteuo by procentigy luk Siva clefeck cant be remoeed - — Te waltuo) wit no qr bounday Voce Hep. ae Caled _super alle alley F When super alloys ome prutk im Hin seurog f+ fs called woutckar-bebe be EEE REEREKEESEFHEEEHHESEHHOUUSE a Soe AD dts locaton nye < Nt beck “feeol_mabenol ogg whi ae RU citp = ae Skew- olfs locaton —> Suet ey co ust peed Although yallliow af atfeloobow fll be present He He real masa) but to underttand tre concept lek Ws take Gun byjpobtabfead [dead material free fom ary atte Oia suafee 4, Hee wakeniol ts weshfleg to deform and One Ho oppo tie ph face SD% AeA a uniform predhye is appsied onme Hus promme exceed he c@talo value. Here will be 1 - but Hese Mipene will op ata cesta pots because oppowie Fare 1s vaksicled fo defowm - whenewer slip tops Hae appear a host Plane. ad ft can been seen te ciara ABCD Is Hak Lait’ Plane. sitpAnd ue AD me Ho bouncy between dipped end Cc antigped megron cated edge durlocattoo « Wredion sf clip ts vepresented by buper vedes and tt ws alacas appeak fa Hu direction 4 applied Load. in (me edge dit locaton loudgen veues he wf ll be Prependiiitar to dilocatoy Line and Pu cane 4 sud Lvfocahodsy buyer vedod will be Porotle) ts Listocatros) Line. movement 4 eye clilocativyy ate called tabaes and Movement ¢ Skerd dislocahey ig called (Deak | oliislocation, wrongs frome slip plane tog anorhe, skp plane —> ClPmwh Bub iv a veal wmaktial wd llioust t He lvlocabeg WII] be present witht He ren anol who ary type g Lead 8 app Ou He material a Gourponent Q Hod Lood appeon ox Shea Yo Wormal to Wa e AKlocation Line called ruled Creak ve wlan Wr Ye thuewe in quanti ata Cutan poivk cbfocaton begin to Mow in Ho waterial. 42 Yew ab Wich dilocaton loegta fo move Pe He watered ® called Ollically werolved heat Veh. He Woment dnlocahen begs bo _mbre th He maleral H Gmaponds 10 yeild pore and when she ciclocesny Sisel__ont 4 woddsol we 54 Hat Mabwrof bas dalled - Any mankedurgical attivily Hot cearel shdecale tu He _wovement of divlecaton will tauene He Bree _weatewe| LPPPPPPRPPRP PRP PP PPP AEP eeeYield_poink phenomenon Sa poiat plenrowenon i appeared tu Hanse cluctile ’ ‘wwe wewwrwrwe weal whae He wepeaily atour occupa He (uesthal oikes and Wak bo m a Sivtted cleqree Ex wild steel > Crtbou and wibejen one fue hed buk size 4 otbon atom fs wuda bigg void so conbon and ulkegen duffule Horoupte He aboure chute and wht be attratred jerome Hie dldlocation site en ride akmosphere calles] phere prdutes shear fret ic applied om He water eoke Ha tttre| akmosphoe impunibe te jAow er Hon Ho ruber tal and pmdaces Gabo atl vilbog cottrel_ okwusphers "Hane cottrel abs! fu Hae ov trou aout: Whur \oad chigutly Aoagen den ore required to br ug. Hae cuteenHion Jo He nao vfle Hak te why Upper and fumpi onee He duslocaHon Jumps geld powk appestt tHe walenial Jo Ho Hero site giuce Whee Ie ho Cottrel odaneph re reel vy gene, skewed Bre sudfrerent fo keep Hee UislocaHtou waving Hat ic why (ower geild potul and yoid porkPlenwmenon gppears [4 Ha taaterial > Upon unloadig He — wasentol spon Hee region sf works (hardens and neloading gga qeild pork Is nok appear gta because — Carbo — fs —_ sommeteeee x pienomenon) whee adse and distocalros 1s somewleie eke 5 After certarn tre period [ approximately 2 yous] Seperug upon alloy Couleak | Cand ny ogee ciffaae tn new Attocakon sile and (orm —Cotlve| akuaorplee agar SO eyed pore plenomennue WEIN reagpear iM the vaatoual r \ Fre lime poured after Wlade Yrelol pol plaromenon wappears Colle Swot gs duane > Cu wolling induehtes shin wolling & performed lo Wow Print — shot aging lime 0M tlw roberta > Mas plenouenon — choewl appeal (ae dium on Wart corbow deel becaute Carbon fe nol ony ¢ proaet af ditglocation ile bul olso oy tw olber rudavalt al sile so Ha Wome ditlocalioy fers to He now podhen Carbon is ahesdts Were and ey (er vw Coltee} clu plrae (arnt ty Sreegy wid me ohiam ) Mlogied / subi tedior a fubeganal 4 “ « bua 0, b hy suo dS E iyCQ C49 Oo Clie) EY jer OO evn ’ Arh) Pew on : Lapp ih y, Yee 7 ese)’ y > » eeeseeeeeveevevrere — Niteing prooduced loadey moterial Han ering a Wen capes atom occupied He tubeattatal vite’ Tk produc cauprentve share freld in Fad hort atom — Sualla we subtilubronal (wmapurily {reducer Feusile strane freds| hot atm and lage sre cules Hon input prduces toa prersite theote frelf te lack atom. hae ehradlw fret ueoka On obvtacble In Ha Mmovemtit- ot duslocabios, ano Hue maces Ho shorgih matesed Gv). “3{ Larger is Heo extenk dl strain fretg crested hy an fur punt olom mone will He iuyeie Ih trabhgHh @ Grom Refinement oh steve ; PU non ede Grate greater is Wa threat of uo vaokenel *] * Upou apedging to lood of Ho cutocabias) veathe He was bounday, cine obowms ow Ha oiher side ale omerted 109 Aiffak cvedto%) 60 Ha duslocaHtosy has to change His Wource Hate weg urne AiHonal shes 4 C in onvenkol “a ( ov \ {iva aon true : at ) wanhe Fre Lownie ose : ee . { » Avy Al olde” oe @) Age Wo entieg / Predpitalion baadenig [Al cul G + Adificvod bent \ AMO oN On yay Vota '> Any alley AL and copped. wil less oe : eG a dong. ak while Soy cu ian Ht is heated to Uusiform phase x appeme 1M Hae waigashuclelt aktea keeping He sample at His temperate fos some Hme # fs quenched to Yr) Femperakge as qrault Gat cu vofil freee ak fis location as time passes Cu will wome out % He uigoshucHae and form precipflate ef MoCu Hee pred pitete ceales, Gn obstacle Ru Hee movemenk of diclocHoa and Hese inneue Ht shengln @ maleuo] Hts plenomenos is called age hardening ov pesifiotion hardening —> As Hume passes further more & more preapitate will nucteod? and Hse cleuemes Me average olittance bokoeen precipitates so the chiclocakon -finds — moare Wo, ef obstaces Fu ths path ancl hence shengh fuarner (n Ceased —> Sire Cu ti Ho sample fo Pe et Lasited quantile so atte. come tme nuceaton will top and tee Losrespoads fo Ho pak chrongly of He canple . > Sivuutenenuly One more planouenoy Is taking place. In Ho mobaial Hot I suatler precipfhatey are Combi nig “legether ond forwlig bigger preupitele Huse inveaba We 4 clitente behoee He precipitakd $0 dislocaion wil) find lene, wo, of. obviacles ta its path: Lance dregs wh} 4° down and tee phenomenon is Comed — oxersgigAder quanedieg Ha sumple i He Jew. 7 , inaee and ogi] is performed ot elevated Fomap enodire toe called abdracal agivg. | Guano ix Hoe agieg Heuup vote qf wudeation i precipitate will ovo be Wigd ad bene wakeal will 7 beens wrong te lee be pored Wyo 0 Hoe Femme. role at Which smalle, precipitates are combing together al incceue: Huse will deceue the peok shenghh. Hall- Rake Equation : eee es 4 fa dav, grown chameles, Ko Lonthant : a Te ° boue sheath q martial OD [er | 2 Lung Area lyf ome gros (oy Plonomeler) = Exd Wate. Losdjeniid (strasn noadentsa ) Mee oce a Couprenive dernile- eevoSeeSSESESHSTTET BEE HCHO Hw 2— Bau cdayger etperr (tompresne thergln SoDMA 7808Frank feed sowce 7 Wi dslocakion Luc { a cau caer ‘ . back st@ey L— — Vpon wld rooting any motedol ho oy cislostions fu ia mokono} ingenes but how Muth difslocakton muctkplicakou Q@ makual wfll undergo it fs He popeaty 4 mobenial and Caml be daryad for eg Slee guundeyo dislocation pile-up Chleruively but aluninum doan't + Thae uno cistocaton Hod axe deloped pile up ak gram boundwes and cree a dislocation forest > Fulettaion behween two dislocation ale repusia fa nade _ Sb dislorcatiow forest Ureaks G back shecs fh He powmend- 5 4 Afilocokiou preseid wofintin the gratue $0 lager shewey ‘ are required bey He diilocdon wllen de grouy fo a tome out thee fncremsey the sheng @{ malental and a sure planomenon fs coed rh Iuadentig ond shea, Waadewsed ‘ > You uulondieg He wmakeriol fom He regron of wade, aaa a a velondiig n Hoo oppovile direction, bask shecses 4 Wow suppat He Wupvemeak A ¥Biclocoben SO IW Lpuaprestr'oa) guild poral will appeat premaradiliy His plunomenon is clled Boustigar edfeceo loaali otk. Meo. weadoy un g from ath badonreg ond again loadig - facades eee yeild Poiue 4 1 thye cre back von in He waheud| fodique Aeowrb Seen will 8° dbwn+ Cn neon Lagi duslorled oysta writ doe-ouk but fn reury trali zak 04) due to He fosmation Hj nwa caystaUa entire dislocation forest got che- uk mreuyshalli zai on will invewe the fabigue shrengh (dusty + fabtgue 9 veeeveny) Suaface hardens Psocess ) Shot blestig —> for haa waleia} (Steel ball bombardment” Cousk 2 a) Sand blow — fos eat cle (sand bowtoard met ) 3) shot pent —> for small tre ( Lamuner biog) natentof veonually —+ Core aemaint unagteded so fobegue Sherfe wmary same »peErewz~ryryryrwrew~e - - vor Srey ot @ 4 Svaface fendile sbrength froeay. ao 4 Lo Power law + Hollomon 2a” : > Guha 0? “[ "woos as Alois cate e49