CHEM 28.

1 HW

A.

How is H2O determination carried out for:

(1) Liquid samples (fruit juice/ milk)

- Karl Fischer Titration (KFT):
- bipotentiometric Karl-Fischer (KF) titration
(2) Food samples high in fat/ oil
- Automated KFT:
-

* Include general method + steps involved

B.

Differentiate these laboratory ovens:

(1) Convection/ atmospheric

-
(2) Forced draft
-
(3) Vacuum
-
(4) Infrared drying
-

Convection ovens are used for application such as drying, baking, sterilizing, pre-heating, and,
incubation. Forced convection ovens use a fan to circulate air around the inside of the chamber. Natural
convection relies on temperature differences within the oven, to transfer heat to samples. Vacuum
drying ovens introduce dry air into the chamber within a short time, which absorbs humidity and is
immediately extracted by the vacuum pump. Vacuum drying ovens are used for delicate drying
processes. (https://www.biocompare.com/Lab-Equipment/8150-Laboratory-Ovens/)

(https://laboratoryresource.com/?navaction=getitem&id=204)

C.

What are the methods used for determining H2O activity?

Bithermal equilibration

Vapor pressure manometer

Hair hygrometer

Isopeistic hygrometry
Psychometry

Dew point

Hygrometers

Freezing-point depression

REFERENCES (include at least 3 credible publications i.e. books or journal articles)

[1] Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J.; Crouch, S.R. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry,

9th ed.; Brooks/Cole: USA, 2014; pp 305-

308.

[2] Vandenabeele, P.; Edwards, H. G. M.; Moens, L. A Decade of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and
Archaeology. Chem. Rev. [Online] 2007, 107, 675-686. http://pubs.acs.org/cgibin/article.cgi/chr
eay/2007/107/i03/html/cr068036i.html (accessed Mar 19, 2007).

[3] National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology: Specialized Information
Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessed Aug 23, 2004).

Notes:

** [1] example for citing a book (indicate page(s); [2] example for citing an online journal article; [3]
example for citing a website