Chapter 2

Review of Related
Literature and
Studies
 Literature review
• an academic text that provides an overview of a
particular topic
• It helps identify what is known and not known about a
certain subject or study.
• It involves the use of higher-order thinking skills, such
as review, evaluation, and synthesis of several
scholarly works.
• Scholarly works include journal articles, professional
books, online sources, and specialized references.
 Why do Literature review?
• It establishes the relevance of the study.
• It further helps in establishing the research gap that the
study intends to fill.
• It provides important information about your topic and the
concepts related to it.
• It presents the contradictions between and among
previous literatures.
• It justifies the research methodology, as its effectiveness
may be determined by a survey of previous studies
relevant to your research.
• It presents and discusses your theoretical and conceptual
framework which are the backbone of the study.
 Review of Related Literature
• Literature reviewed should consider the
following factors:
– References should be as recent as possible,
at least five to ten tears from the present
date.
– A material may be quoted directly if the
idea it conveys is so perfectly stated and
controversial and not too long.
 Review of Related Literature
• Literature reviewed should consider the
following factors:
– Justification of the study or synthesis should be
included. The present study may be a
replication of another study. It should be
remembered that in spite of the similarities and
differences of the present study with other
studies, it is still necessary to find out if the
findings of the present body are also true in
other localities.
 Review of Related
Literature and
Studies

Related literature Related studies

Also called Collectively

Conceptual called Research
literature literature
 Related Literature
• Gathering literature related to the research is very
important to clarify the different variables being studied.
• Related literature removes any vagueness surrounding
concepts central to the study.
• The purpose of gathering adequate related literature is to
boost the confidence of the researcher.
• The researcher enriches his/her knowledge and
comprehension about the variables being studied. This
way, the researcher is able to satisfy any question that may
be raised by his/her colleagues, members of the panels
during the thesis or proposal defense, or even by readers.
 Related Literature
• The different variables used in the study are the focus of the
literature search.
• the title, statement of the problem, scope and delimitation,
as well as the paradigm of the study are the elements that
give the researcher an idea of the relevance of the
variables to his/her own investigation.
• The question on the number of materials to be gathered for
the literature review depends on the researcher’s
judgement.
 Related Literature
• Traditional practice tells that the review of related literature
is sub-divided into foreign and local publications or source
materials
• It is highly recommended that the researcher use the
different variables and sub-variables being studied as
subtitles in the review.
• The discussion of the variables must be arranged
according to how they are presented in the stamen of the
problem. This is very beneficial to the researcher and future
investigators planning to study similar problems as there is a
clear and logical organization of the variables under
investigation.
 Related Literature
• When the related literature is arranged systematically, the
construction of the research instrument, such as a
questionnaire, will be easier since the indicators are
presented logically and sequentially.
• Refereed journals also known as peer-reviewed journals,
are expert readers or peers who are recognized authorities
on the topic tasked to review the written works of
researchers to determine if they meet international
standards, that includes reliability and timeliness. Refereed
journals are published nationally and internationally.
 Ethical Standards in Writing the
Literature Review
• Writing your literature review does
not only entail your sources and
mentioning the ideas that they
contain. Writing the literature review
requires honesty, objectivity, and
other ethical principles observed in
scholarly work.
Major variable: Study habits

Sub-variable: Time spent studying; method

of studying; place of study
Indicators for method : Using books and other
of studying reference materials;
writing important terms and
phrases; memorizing
definitions; doing homework;
asking parents about
unclear concepts
 Related Studies
• Determining whether the research is objective and
empirically-based entails surveying previous studies that
involve similar variables.
• The researcher is reminded that despite the similarities, the
delimitation in terms of the sub-variables investigated or in
terms of focus and purpose vary.
• The review of related studies serves as the basis of analysis
of results because it enables the researcher to compare
and contrast his/her findings with those of past studies.
• Studies can be in a form of thesis, dissertation or journal
article among others.
 Related Studies
• The gathered studies are related to the
present research when:
– they use the same variables, sub-variables,
concepts or constructs; or
– they have the same subject or topic of study
 Ethical Standards in Writing the
Literature Review
• Report the findings in your cited studies objectively. Refrain
from distorting the findings of other research works.
• Avoid injecting editorial comments or manipulating the
ideas in a certain study just to make it support your own
claims.
• Always cite your sources as a way of acknowledging the
studies relevant to your own and practicing intellectual
honesty.
• Refrain from fabricating information or making up data and
reporting them as actual data from a certain research work.
• Avoid plagiarism.
Plagiarism
• refers to using ideas and
information created by
other people but without
attribution to them.
 5 levels of Plagiarism according to Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) In New Jersey
• Level 1 – is the gravest level of plagiarism. It involves copying a full
paper word for word, without acknowledging the source.
• Level 2 – involves lifting a large portion of a research work ( up to 50%)
without citing its source.
• Level 3 – involves copying specific portions of another work without
citing it. These portions may include sentences or paragraphs.
• Level 4 – involves not only the failure to cite another work used in a
certain study but also the failure to correctly paraphrase the portions of
this used work.
• level 5 – is the lowest level of plagiarism. It involves incorrectly citing a
certain source and copying heavily from it.
 Ways to Avoid Plagiarism
• Keep track of all your print and non-print sources. Always
file and label the sources you that you have gathered. Being
unable to keep track of your references might lead to the
failure of citing certain vital information to your research.
• Understand the context in which your sources were written.
Clearly understand what the points of your sources actually
mean, as this can affect how you paraphrase them.
• Jot down the ideas and important details from the sources.
Through this, you are able to make sense of your sources in
you own way. Avoid copying them word-for-word. You can
take your notes either manually or electronically. You may
keep these notes for future use as well.
Ways to Avoid Plagiarism
• Refrain from the practice of copy-and-
paste. Paraphrase and summarize sources
carefully and acknowledge them. This
applies in all stages of writing your
research paper.
• Always cite field-specific knowledge.
These are pieces of information that can
only be found within a particular field of
study.
References
• Barrot, J.S. 2017. Practical research 2 for senior high school.
Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing, Inc.
• Cristobal Jr, A.P. & Cristobal, M.C.D.(2017). Practical research 2
for senior high school. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing,
Inc.