Motor Starting

DIgSILENT GmbH

Introduction

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 Induction Machine Modeling

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V12 Induction Machine Model

(Type 2 Model)

Rs Xs

− jω t
U Xm Ur Ur'= e r
Ur Zrot

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 V12 Induction Machine Model
(Type 2 Model)

Single Cage Rotor:

RrA0 XrA0

RrA RrA1 RrA2

Ur' Ur'

XrA XrA1 XrA2

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V12 Induction Machine Model

(Type 2 Model)

Double Cage Rotor:

Xrm RrA0 XrA0

RrB RrA1 RrA2

Ur'

XrB XrA1 XrA2

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 Mechanical Equation

Differential Equation: Jω& = Te − Tm

Pn Pn
Rated Torque: Tn = =
ωn (1 − sn )ω 0

Using the Acceleration Time Constant:

J (1 − sn )ω 0
ω 0 n& = Tag n& = me − mm
Pn

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General Modeling Aspects

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 Stability/EMT

Different Network Models used:

Stability: V = jω L I I = jωCV

di dv
EMT: v=L i=C
dt dt

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RMS-Simulation
DIgSILENT

1.125 1.0E+3

8.0E+2
1.000

6.0E+2
0.875

4.0E+2

0.750
2.0E+2

0.625
0.0E+0

0.500 -2.0E+2
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 -1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989
415V Machines: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Total Reactive Power in kvar

1.25 1.50

1.00 1.20

0.75 0.90

0.50 0.60

0.25 0.30

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.30
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 1.00 3.50 6.00 8.50 [s] 11.00
Motor 315kW: Speed Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.

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 EMT-Simulation

DIgSILENT
1.125 1.0E+3

8.0E+2
1.000

6.0E+2
0.875

4.0E+2

0.750
2.0E+2

0.625
0.0E+0

0.500 -2.0E+2
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 -1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989
415V Machines: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Power Phasor, Reactive Part in kvar

1.25 1.50

1.00 1.20

0.75 0.90

0.50 0.60

0.25 0.30

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.30
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 1.00 3.50 6.00 8.50 [s] 11.00
Motor 315kW: Speed Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque

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Motor Starting Methods

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 Motor Start-up Methods

• Directly on-line
• Star-Delta Acceleration
• Variable Rotor-Resistance
• Variable-Tap Auto-Transformer
• Softstart (Power Electronics)

• Variable Speed Drive (with current converters, no synchronous connection

of motor and grid)

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Directly on-line start-up

Z’’n
IG’’ S rG
∆u = Z n'' I G'' = ki
V0 X’’ S n''

• Voltage dip due to subtransient (transient) reactance of motor

• High reactive currents during start-up

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 Directly on-line start-up

DIgSILENT
1.125 1.0E+3

8.0E+2
1.000

6.0E+2
0.875

4.0E+2

0.750
2.0E+2

0.625
0.0E+0

0.500 -2.0E+2
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 -1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989
415V Machines: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Total Reactive Power in kvar

1.25 1.50

1.00 1.20

0.75 0.90

0.50 0.60

0.25 0.30

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.30
-1.000 1.198 3.395 5.593 7.791 [s] 9.989 1.00 3.50 6.00 8.50 [s] 11.00
Motor 315kW: Speed Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.

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Methods for Reducing Startup-Current

• Variable-Tap Auto-Transformer Start-up -> Reducing motor voltage

• Softstart (Power Electronics) -> Reducing motor voltage

• Star-Delta Acceleration -> Increasing motor impedance

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 Methods for Reducing Startup-Current
Star-Delta Acceleration

DIgSILENT
1.000 625.00

500.00
0.975

375.00

0.950

250.00

0.925

125.00

0.900
0.00

0.875 -125.00
0.000 3.9995 7.9991 11.999 15.998 [s] 19.998 0.000 3.9995 7.9991 11.999 15.998 [s] 19.998
415V Machines: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Total Reactive Power in kvar

1.25 1.25

1.00 1.00

0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50

0.25 0.25

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.25
0.000 3.9995 7.9991 11.999 15.998 [s] 19.998 1.00 5.00 9.00 13.00 17.00 [s] 21.00
Motor 315kW: Speed Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.

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Methods for Reducing Startup-Current

Softstarter
DIgSILENT

1.25 250.00

1.00 200.00

0.75 150.00

0.50 100.00

0.25 50.00

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -50.00
0.00 1.997 3.994 5.990 7.987 [s] 9.984 0.00 1.997 3.994 5.990 7.987 [s] 9.984
415V Machines: Line-Ground Positive-Sequence Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. Motor 315kW: Reactive Power in kvar
Motor 315kW: Line-Ground Positive-Sequence Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.

4.00 1.50

1.20
3.00

0.90
2.00

0.60

1.00
0.30

0.00
0.00

-1.00 -0.30
0.00 1.997 3.994 5.990 7.987 [s] 9.984 2.13 22.13 42.13 62.13 82.13 102.13
Motor 315kW: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u. x-Axis: Motor 315kW: Slip in %
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.

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 Methods for Increasing Start-up Torque

Lifting the start-up torque by increasing the rotor resistance:

• Additional rotor impedance (slip-ring machines)

• Motor-design: Double cage induction machine

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Methods for Increasing Start-up Torque

Variable Rotor Resistance
DIgSILENT

1.50

Rotor Resistance
1.20

0.90

0.60

0.30

0.00

-0.30
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
x-Axis: Motor 315kW: Speed in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u.

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 Methods for Increasing Start-up Torque
Double Cage

DIgSILENT
1.50

1.20

Double Cage
0.90

0.60

Single Cage
Mechanical Torque
0.30

0.00

-0.30
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
x-Axis: Motor 315kW: Speed
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u. - Single Cage Machine
Motor 315kW: Electrical Torque in p.u. - Double Cage Machine
Motor 315kW: Mechanical Torque in p.u.

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