Energy Aspects

Agenda

• Environmental Burden: Energy

• Energy and industry
• Energy and automobile
• General approach to minimizing energy
use
Environmental Burden: Ranking

Consumer Consumer Scientific Government

perception perception (LCA) policy
1996 1991 (Netherlands)

Energy consumption 1 4 1 3
Water/recycling 2 5 4 2
Materials use 3 1 3 6
Packaging 4 2 5 5
Sustainability 5 6 N/A 1
Production processes 6 3 2 4

Source: A. Stevels, Stanford Ecodesign short course, 1999

 Incentives

The three incentives to encourage efficiency

and renewable energy are:

• Avoided emissions
• Conservation and renewable energy
reserve
• The reduced utilization provision
Source: EPA
Energy and Emission
Energy and Emission (cont.)
Energy and Industrial Ecology

• Tracking energy flows and transformation

is a fundamental approach of industrial
ecology

• Energy accounting is essential for

identifying and assessing environmental
consequences of industrial activities.
 Environmental Performance: Energy

• Quality of energy used per year or per unit of

product
• Quality of energy used per service or per
customer
• Quality of each type of energy used
• Quality of energy units saved due to energy
conservation

Source: International Organization for standardization, Annexes Testing

committee.(1996)
Energy Use in Industries

Source: U.S. DOE (1990)

Gaseous Species Emitted by Energy
Generation Processes
Energy Use in the Production of
Aluminum Cans
Energy Use for the Production of Metals
Analyzing Energy Use

 is the fraction of
output material from
primary production.

Schematic diagram of a metal processing system

using only virgin materials
Analyzing Energy Use (cont.)
 is the fraction of
output material from
primary production

 is the amount of the material

entering the process in the ore

 is the amount of the material

entering the process as
consumer scrap

Schematic diagram of a metal processing system

using both virgin materials and consumer scrap
Life Cycle of a Typical Automobile
Energy Consumption for Automobile
Life Cycle Energy Use for Various
Automobiles
 Checklist for Energy Analysis
For facility engineers

• Replace incandescent lighting with high-efficiency

fluorescent lighting
• Install an automatic lighting control system
• Check boilers and furnaces for leaks
• Utilize cogenerated heat and electricity from within the
facility or nearby
• Use waste heat
• Encourage good energy housekeeping
Checklist for Energy Analysis (Cont.)
For Process designer

• Minimize the use of energy-intensive process steps

• Optimize the use of heat exchangers and similar
devices to utilize otherwise wasted heat
• Use the maximum possible amount of recycled
material
• Utilize energy management approaches and
equipment
• Utilize energy variable speed motors and other
automated load control
Distribution of Input Energy for
a Midsize Automobile
Automobiles Energy Options

• Alternative carbon-based fuels

• Electric vehicles
• Hybrid-powered vehicles
• Fuel cell-powered vehicles
Schematic Diagram of a Fuel Cell
Reference: P.M. Eisenberger, Basic
Research Need for Vehicles of the Future
 Fuel Cells - Why

• Direct conversion of chemical to electrical

energy
• Environmental considerations:
» Clean power source
– Non toxic emissions
– Efficient
 Types of Fuel Cells
• Phosphoric acid
• Most commercially developed type of fuel
cell
- Generate electricity at more than 40%
efficiency
- Nearly 85% of steam this fuel cell produces
is used for cogeneration (compared to 30%
for the most efficient internal combustion
engine)
Types of Fuel Cells - Phosphoric Acid

• Operating temperatures are in the

range of 400 degrees F.
• These fuel cells also can be used in
larger vehicles, such as buses and
locomotives.
Types of Fuel Cells - Efficiencies
A. Phosphoric Acid 40% 400 F
B. Proton Exchange 200 F
C. Molten Carbonate 1200 F
D. Solid Oxide 60% 1800 F
E. Alkaline 70%
F. Others
(i)Direct Methanol 40% 150 F
(ii)Regenerative
Types of Fuel Cells - Emissions
Engine Type Water Vapor/mile Carbon Dioxide/mile

Gasoline Combustion 0.39 lb. 0.85 lb.

Fuel Cell Running on

Hydrogen from Gasoline 0.32 lb. 0.70 lb.

Fuel Cell Running on

Hydrogen from Methane 0.25 lb. 0.15 lb.

Fuel Cell Running on

Renewable Hydrogen 0.25 lb. 0.00 lb.
 General Approaches to Minimizing
Energy Use

• Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning (HVAC)

• Lighting
• On-site energy generation
• Energy housekeeping
Energy Efficiency of Light Source
On-site Energy Generation
 Energy Housekeeping
Make the existing industrial situation more
energy-efficient

e.g.
• More efficiently design computer
• Improve heat-transfer efficiency
• Employ point-of-use fluid heaters
 Energy Consumption in EU
• Strong pressure by the EU on national authorities to
bring energy consumption down
• Planning difficulties to build new generating plants
• Opposition to nuclear energy
• Dependence on imports of fuel
• Declaration of energy consumption on products for
sale e.g. refrigerators
• Reduction of stand-by energy, e.g. TVs,VCRs,
computers

Source: A. Stevels, Stanford Ecodesign short course, 1999

Energy Consumption in Japan
Targets

• Standard for standby power for all CE products=1

watt
• Energy reduction in operational modes
• 1/6 for TV, air conditioner
• 1/3 for refrigerator
• 1/2 for washing machine
Source: A. Stevels, Stanford Ecodesign short course, 1999
New Energy Technologies

• Solar power, photovoltaics

• Pulsed combustion
• Waste pyrolysis systems
• Waste to energy conversion
• Gasification and wet thermal oxidation
 Homework

1. Describe the primary considerations in recycling

economics.

2 Graphically illustrate the cost benefits of recycling

against the competition.

3 Compare the costs of new, reused and

remanufactured product. What is needed to improve
the status of reused product?

4 Discuss an example of successful remanufacture

effort.