CHEMISTRY MODULESS oro Pate ® Lee yee * VE=ls© 0 @ Fes Sore) © Jon - Dvprle s BR POGL 7 Way] goes | cos ee / ee pH Bsionvd \ A er aot = Wh enan ae Noa o F * ht Oa, argencent (mach yolom) Pants = woterendin (cently, oP) of “ ee AND REVIEW CENTER Unit oa i/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., Quezon City oe (woes % uplinktutorial@yahoo.com L MATTER —* Mixbyre (D> DEFINITION: MATTER is anything that has mass and ‘occupies space. (yume) _ MASS is the amount of matter contained - isan object. Mu is the amount of space ‘occupied by matter. Temperature A. PROPERTIES -mass per unit volume n> 1, PHASES OF MATTER SOLID seannfe -ratio of the density of a sample and the density of a reference substance (usually ~ definite shape and volume ~ incompressible o Ze, & (cusually have low temperature water). aula Psample_ 1 4 SG = ———_ ~ uguiD Preference Ss QS eee sient spaced APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY Bpescbacersre out deste volume -fatio between the weights of equal incompressible - usually have low to high temperature volumes of a sample and w: ee | SGapparent =e a Worater, - spaced apart ‘TRUE SPECIFI iC GRAVI Y - indefinite shape and indefinite volume -ratio between the weights in a vacuum of - compressible - usually have high temperature equal volumes of a sample and water. cgi VY sacl ‘i true = yy me Vater ha PHASE CHANGES Specific gravities can be used to ‘SOLID TO LIQUID ~ Melting/Liquefaction détermine whether a sample would LIQUID TO SOLID — Freezing/Solidification float on another substance. If the SG LIQUID TO GAS - Evaporation of that sample, taken with the other ASTID QUID g Condensation substance as the reference, isiless! GAS TO SOLID - Deposition P SOLID TO GAS - Sublimation than\1) it will float. For example, the SG of helium in air is 0.139, 1 ‘ UPlink Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights Reserved |Bos he ee raked AyDved Reel a 3. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES “properties that does not depend on ‘amount of matter in a substance the Boiling, Freezing, | -conditions at Melting Points | which matter changes from one phase to another Density mass per unit volume Buoyancy -ability to float Duetility ability to be drawn out unto wires Malleability ~ability to be hammered into sheets Hasticity ~ability to return to its original shape after being deformed Viscosity ~ability to resist flow 4. EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES — = properties that depend on the amount of matter in a substance -amount of matter present ina substance ‘Mass ~space occupied by an object Volume amount of energy stored inan object Energy -measure of disorder of a thermodynamic system Entropy the total charge of the particles of an object. Electrical Charge B. TYPES OF MATTER 5. PURE SUBSTANCES made of only one kind of substance i ELEMENTS : = made of only one kind of atom a. Non-Metals - the number of 5 valence electrons is close to completing the octet rule; accepts — electrons during ionic bonding; forms anions when ionized b. Metals - the number of valence electrons is small; donates electrons during ionic bonding; forms cations when ionized — ¢. Metalloids — can act as a metal or a non-metal depending on the ; conditions COMPOUNDS made of two or more different kinds of * atoms a. lonic - components are a pair of anion group and a cation group; electrons are transferred from the ‘cation tothe anion _ b. Covalent —- components are both anion groups; electrons are shared within the bond ¢. Metallic - components are both metals; electrons are stored in a “sea of electrons” 6, MIXTURES. ¢ made of two or more different kinds of substances HOMOGENOUS + mixtures wherein only one phase is discernible + commonly called “solutions” CONCENTRATION - measure of the relative amounts of the components of a solution SOLUTE - the component dissolves in the solution that aa UPlink Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights Reservedf UPLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., Quezon uplinktutorial@yahoo.com SOLVENT - the component that| * All carbonates (CO;*) are insoluble except NH,” ap rermcenee (components of the and those of Group 1 solution * All hydroxides (OH) are insoluble except those SOLUBILITY — the maxi ee of Group 1, Ba(OH), Sr(OH}, and Ca(OH), solute that can be dissolved in a particular solvent under specific] _ * All sulfides are insoluble except those of Group conditions; often expressed as a ratio 1, Group 2 and NH,’ or other measures of concentration HETEROGENOUS - mixtures wherein two or more distinct phases are discernible perc dlesiof sctite,§ a. SUSPENSIONS eeeemine = suspended particles are too __kg of solvent ‘SOME COMMON MEASURES OF CONCENTRATION large and too heavy to be carried by the motion of the mass of solute mass of solution *°° particles in which they are vol of solute suspended in causing them to a x100 : vol of solution settle after some time -the total charge of the b. COLLOIDS particles of an object = suspended particles are small and light enough to be carried Solubility greatly depends on the balance of the by the movement of the Intermolecular forces of the solute and the solvent. particles In which they are suspended in c : SOLUTION | TYPES OF COLLOIDS PHASE NAME EXAMPLE Solid in Solid _ | Solid Sol colored glass, ruby, opal Solid in Liquid _| Sol paint, blood Solid in Gas Solid Aerosol smoke, ice clouds, air particulates Liquidin Solid_| Gel ager, gelatin Liquid in Liquid. | Emulsion egg, milk, hand a cream Liguidin Gas _| Aerosol fog, cloud, hair spray GasinSolid | SolidFoam | Styrofoam, aerogel, pumice > Gasin Liquid | Foam shaving cream, | whipped creami. ATOMS ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER '* All matter is made of atoms '* Atoms of the same element are identical * Atoms can combine to produce other substances * Atoms combine in specific proportion to for a specific substance A. COMPONENTS OF AN ATOM 1. Protons (p") — positively charged sub- atomic particle with a mass of 1.67x10” kg (FL atomic mass unit (amu) ‘Neutrons (n°) — neutral in charge and has a mass of 1.67x107” kg or 1 amu 3. Electrons (e) - negatively charged particles with a mass of 9.1110 kg that is considered to be negligible * Protons and neutrons are found within the center of the atom called “nucleus” and is where the mass of the whole atom is concentrated ‘* Electrons are located orbiting outside the nucleus in certain regions depending on their quantum state PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM 1. ATOMIC NUMBER (2) = equal to the number of protons 2. MASS NUMBER (A) = equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons 3. CHARGE (q) - equal to the difference between number of protons and the number of | electrons 2 COMMON NOTATION BX: ISOTOPES - atoms of the same element but have the same number of protons but a] UPlink Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights Reserved different number of neutrons, thus different mass number PERCENT NATURAL ABUNDANCE - relative ‘abundance of a certain isotope compared to all the isotopes of the same element ATOMIC WEIGHT — weighted average of the mass numbers of the isotopes of that particular element ELEMENTS A. THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS (see periodic table at the last page) 1, CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEMENTS i, Baer ALS usually solid, malleable, ductile, and can be plastically deformed - highly conductive for heat and electricity with the exception of a few elements - low electronegativities and ionization energies high melting points and densities ik NON-METALS + brittle solids = poor conductors of heat and electricity high electronegativities and ionization energies iii, METALLOIDS - _ properties are in between those of metals and non-metals = _ reactivity depends on the elements to be reacted with 2. GROUPS AND FAMILIES . GROUPA a. Grp 1A (Alkali Metals) ~ Soft metallic solids; shiny and lustrous; reacts vigorously with water to produce hydroxides b. Grp 2A (Alkaline Earth Metals) ~ Harder than 1A metals; shiny, lustrous and oxidizes easily ¢. Grp 3A (Boron Grp or Earth Metals) d. Grp 4A (Carbon Grp or Tetrels) Grp SA (Nitrogen Grp or Pnictogens) | ] | | | |ry UPLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., Quezon City uplinktutorlal@yahoo.com f. Grp GA (Oxygen Grp or Chalcogens) & Grp 7A (Halogens) = Reactive non-metals h. Grp 8A (Noble Gases) = Unreactive under ordinary circumstances; usually founds as monatomic gases ji, GROUP B 4. Transition Metals - Hard metallic; shiny and lustrous; dense and have high melting points; usually have high oxidation states b. Lanthanide Sertes Actinide Series 3. OTHER PROPERTIES AND PERIODIC TRENDS. i. Electro Negativity - the tendency of an electron to bond - increases from left to right along a period decreases from top to bottom along a ‘column/group lonization Energy energy needed to remove an electron from an atom increases from lef to right along a period decreases from top to bottom along a column/group Electron Affinity energy released when and electron is added to an atom positive when energy is released, negative when absorbed generally increases from left to right along a period generally decreases from top to. bottom along a column/group ;. Atomic Size/Radius the farthest extent of the presence of electrons UPlink Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights Reserved IV. decreases from left to right along a period increases from top to bottom along a column/group COMPOUNDS formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine A. TYPES OF COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL BONDS 1. IONIC - form crystals - high melting and boiling points. - chard and britjle_ fuctors when solid, good cénducters when dissolved in water 2. COVALENT Most have relatively low melting and boiling points tend to be soft and relatively flexible tend to be more flammable ‘many are insoluble in water and those that do dissolve do not conduct electricity 3. METALLIC - have moderately high melting points - malleable and ductile good conductors of heat and electricity B, REPRESENTATIONS OF COMPOUNDS 1. Empirical Formula - _ shows the simplest ratio of the amounts of atoms of each component elements 2. Molecular Formula shows the actual amounts of each of the atoms of the component elements 3. Structural Formula - _ shows the approximate arrangement of the atoms within the moleculeC. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES 1, Electrostatic Interactions attraction between the opposing poles of dipole molecules Dipole-Dipole Jon-Dipole Jon-Induced Dipole Hydrogen Bonding 2. Van Der Waal’s ‘sum of all the attractive and repulsive forces between and within molecules L D. THE MOLE relative amount of particles present in sample 1 mole contains 6.022x10™ particles GASES A. THE IDEAL GAS CONCEPT ‘An Ideal gas is where all interactions between the molecules are only through collisions that are assumed to be completely elastic. gases are considered to have mass but, despite being able to collide, have no volume exists in the conditioned called Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) of 0°C and 1 atm at STP, 1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4. v. IDEAL GAS EQUATION PV =nRT where P is pressure, Vis volume, Nis the number of moles, Tis temperature, Ris the Ideal Gas Constant oogzib amy yy Itis important to note that in Gas Laws, temperatures must be measured in Kelvin. B. GAS LAWS 2. Charles Law Boyle’s Law ‘a particular amount of 625 constant temperature increase iN volume when the pressure IS decreased 9 z ata ’ particular amount of gas in @ e in volume constant pressure increas increased when the temperature i ¥ 3. Gay-Lussac’s Law ’ particular amount of gas in 2 constant volume increase iM temperature when the pressure iS increased. | | 1 1 : i 1 I \ 4, Avogadro’s Law ‘a gas ina constant pr temperature increase’ he amount of particles The Combined Gas Law essure and 1s in volume when s is increased \ =a Uplink Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights ReservedUPLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave. Loyola Hits., Quezon City uplinktutorial@yahoo.com 6. at of Partial Pressures B. STOICHIOMETRY The pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION | individual components 1 2C4Hy9 +? 02 >? C02 +? H20 ALGEBRAIC METHOD '* Assign variables for each missing coefficient WC4Hyo + x02 > yCOz + ZH20 * Create equations to balance each element 7. Law of Effusion = the rate at which a gas diffuses is 2 inversely proportional to the root of its 1 density (or mass} oO: * Choose any variable and assign it a value of 1 and solve for the values of the others If w=1, then y=4, 2=5, and x=13/2 * Eliminate all the fractions by multiplying everything by the LCD So, w=2, y=8, 2=10, and x=13 2C4Hy + 1302 > 8C02 + 10H20 Vi. CHEMICAL REACTIONS A. TYPES OF REACTIONS 1, BASIC TYPES i. Synthesis | A+B—>AB CALCULATIONS IN STOICHIOMETRY i. Analysis Stoichiometric calculations can be made easy | é ‘once the molar proportions of each chemical AB>A+B involved is established (equation is balanced) iii. Replacement AB+C>AC+B iv. Double Displacement chemical equations and simply calculate the number of moles using “ratio and proportion” AB+CD~AD+CB TIP: Treat the equation as a ratio of the 2. SOME SPECIAL TYPES LIMITING AND EXCESS REAGENTS LIMITING REAGENT — reactant that is first to i. Combustion Fuel+ 0,7 H,0+ Residue be totally consumed halting further ji, Redox Reaction teactions electron transefer from one atom EXCESS REAGENT — reactant that is left when the limiting reagent is consumed to another ii, Neutralization Reaction Acid + Base > Salt + H,0 UPlink Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights Reserved EETHE BANANA SPLIT METHOD Divide each given by their corresponding coefficients and molar masses, Whichever has the smallest result is the limiting reagent. From the result of the above step, subtract the result of the limiting reagent. Multiply to this result the corresponding coefficients and molar ‘masses to get the amount in excess. C. ENERGIES, SPONTENIETY, EQUILIBRIUM Any object contains a specific amount of energy. In a chemical reaction, the energies of, the reactant change into that of the product. ENTHALPY - the total energy of an object or system. ENDOTHERMIC - reactions are those that Fequire addition of energy. This means that the product has a higher enthalpy than the reactants. EXOTHERMIC - rescore those that require removal of energy which means that the product has a lower enthalpy than the Feactant ACTIVATION ENERGY — energy required to start a reaction ‘SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS — reactions that require a very small activation energy and can start without external interference CATALYST — external influence that can initiate or hasten a reaction without tampering with the product REVERSIBLE REACTIONS - reactions whose products can spontaneously react to form the original reactants thereby reversing the reaction i EQUILIBRIUM — state of reaction at which the the rate of the reverse reaction producing 1 In the reaction: jA+kB > IC +mD an equilibrium constant, K, can be derived _ (c}'[p1" a [AV By where the brackets signify the concentration at equilibrium, Ke D. DISSOCIATION OF COMPOUNDS Dissociation occurs when a compound Separates into its component molecules. Salts, for example, dissociate into its component ions When dissolve in water. This concept is very important especially in acid-base reactions A,By > xA+yB DISSOCIATION CONSTANT _ 4 BP “(4:8— igi: ee Oana Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., Quezon City uplinktutorial@yahoo.com BQue ves TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER E. ACIDS AND BASES 1. DEFINITIONS i. Armhenius Definitions Acids contain H" while bases contain on il. Bronsted-Lowry Definitions Acids donate protons (H’), while bases accept protons. ill, Lewis Definitions Acids accept electron pairs, while bases donate electron pairs. 2. PROPERTIES ACIDS are typically sour in taste. They are also corrosive to most metals BASES are typically bitter in taste and slippery to the touch. 3. DISSOCIATION OF ACIDS AND BASES Acids dissociate to produce H’ ions and anions, while bases dissociate to form OH” ions and cations. STRONG ACIDS/BASES— acids/bases that have dissociation constants close to 1. WEAK ACIDS/BASES —acids/bases that have dissociation constants far from 1. When acids/bases are in an aqueous state (dissolved in water), they dissociate into vil. their respective ions. HO + HA o A” + H30* H,0 + BOH = B* + OH™ ‘Terguatyr UPlink Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights Reserved 4. ACIDITY AND BASICITY of a substance depend on the ‘concentrations of its dissociated ions. THERMOCHEMISTRY A. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER 1. SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY (C)- amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 11g of a substance by 1°C. 2. HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (AHy) — amount of heat required to transform 1g of a substance from liquid to gas or gas to liquid 3. HEAT OF FUSION (4H;) - amount of heat required to transform 1g of a substance from solid to liquid or liquid to solid B. BEA AND ITS EFFECTS 1 Changes in temperature = mCaT 2.. Changes in phase_ ; a foe man 7 eA Yere polar evel} oF an edoOran &1 4 on TS ponsasy sway iy 01U29 MaINeY PUE Rargaytwogronp2/r dit spew AePUTY = % ze lard sz _ Sian oe WAP A aWOLY —} Tioz | gee (NORV)UPLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER ‘Quezon City Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., uplinktutorial@yahoo.com 1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY = _ All organic compounds contain carbon with ‘one or more other elements A. COMMON PROPERTIES - Usually combustible = Generally have low melting and boiling points - Usually less soluble in water ~ Usually slow to react because they are usually covalent compounds > Most have very high molecular weights B. SOURCES 1. Nature 2. Synthesis 3. Fermentation C. THE CARBON ATOM Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons and has the capability to bond with another carbon atom covalently. This allows for many different structural configurations in organic compounds DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS. 1. CHAIN 4, CHAINS OR RINGS WITH OTHER ELEMENTS Eto et scl Tia tal see — I D. ISOMERS Different compounds that have the same molecular formula. bo 4 Ho t a u O—-H volt hon ol ae t t H Ul, ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS Chain or branched chain organic compounds whose longest chain is made of carbon atoms only A. HYDROCARBONS Aliphatic compounds made uo of only pee tt Bien 1! 2. BRANCHED CHAIN hydrogen and carbon 1 SATURATED HYDROCARBONS > Hydrocarbons wherein all carbons are attached together only wit Gnd) bonds 1 PROPERTIES Colorless, tasteless, and odorless - _ Boiling and melting points increases as molecular weight increases Practically insoluble in water but readily dissolves in organic solvents4B UP Litas TuromaL ano Review CENTER «G6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave,, Loyola Hts, Quezon City uplinktutorial@yahoo.com W_NOMENCLATURE Parent Ethane GH. Propane ae Butane CHa HHH SHE Isobutane (CH,),CH ee Bon h n-Pentane His H HH HH HC—C—C—C_CH HHH HH sopentane (CH3)3CHCH, H H HH HC—C—C|_cH H BOG HCH leopentane (CH3),C H x HCH 7 He—¢_ By H H HCH iii When saturated hydrocarbons react and one of their H atoms is replaced by another element or compound, the ~ane at the end of the name is relaced by -/. NOMENCLATURE FOR BRANCHED CHAINS Find the longest continuous carbon chain; its name will be at the last of the whole name. Number each carbon of the main chain starting from the end closest toa branch. = _ Name each branch starting from the longest branch to the shortest, indicating the carbon number/s to which they are attached. H H —C—C—C—C—CH Hf fi ds H H H HCH 3-Methyihexane HHH H H H ne_e_e fg oe ee HH Hi H H H H La HC—CH HH 4-Ethylnonane 2, 4-Dimethyhexane COMMON REACTIONS a. OXIDATION WITH OXYGEN OR AIR 4 CH, +20, 302 + H,0 b, HALOGEN SUBSTITUTION CH, + Cly > HCL + CHCl H CH H le UPlink Tutorial jew Center. All Rights Reserved asi Te link Tutorial and Review Center. All Rights Reserved amUPLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER LINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTS Unit 6-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hits., Quezon City uplinktutorial@yahoo.com PYROLYSIS / CRACKING = Hydrocarbons with high molecular weight is broken into smaller molecules using heat .BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION - Occurs when bacteria oxidizes a hydrocarbon under aerobic conditions 2CH3CH2CH; + 0 > 2CH,CH,CH,0H 2CH3CH2CH,OH + 502 > 3C0; + 4H20 2. UNSATI HYDROCARBONS = Hydrocarbon contaiing@tGuble oF) i TYPESAND NOMENCLATURE ALKENES HH 1-H Ethylene / Ethene H HH wee by H H Butylene / Butene Dioelfins CH,=CHCH=CH, 1,3-Butadiene Alkadienes CH, CH, CHy cH, cuig=cuccry,tecuc=cie=ciict=ch =CHCH ore =CHCH=CHE=CHCH=CHE=CHCH Hy ‘Hy CH; CH; Lycopene ALKYNES H—C=C—H ii, COMMON REACTIONS a.OXIDATION ~ Produces glycol b.REDUCTION - Hydrogen is bonded to replace double or triple bonds making the ‘compound more saturated ¢ ADDITION = Acids bond across double or triple bonds OH Ch CH;—C=C—H + HOC! > ce-¢—EH H d.POLYMERIZATION ~ Unsaturated molecules combine with each other to form polymers with higher molecular weight CH =Ch, (Giga = 7010700 e.BACTERIAL OXIDATION B. ALCOHOLS - Hydrocarbons that contain an OH molecule ~ Product of primary oxidation 1. CLASSIFICATIONS i Primary Alcohol R-OH HH HROPERTIES: soluble in water but solubility decreases as molecular weight increases jow bolling and melting points but ncreases with molecular weight AENCLATURE umerate the location of the OH up first *s -y1 alcohol or -of LS: hols with 2 or more OH groups ON REACTIONS FORMATION action with acids to form esters 10N rary alcohols oxidize into hydes = Secondary alcohols oxidize into ketones Cth + 40; > 1,0 + me CH C. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES = Contains a carbony/ group 1, ALDEHYDES - Carbonyl group is attached to the end of the alkyl chain ~ Named by replacing the end with af = Serious air pollutant H RCH,OH + 40, > R—C=O + HO Formaldehyde (Formalin) + Very toxic to microorganisms and is used as an embalming fluid Acetyidehyde - Common industrialmanufacturing chemical 2. KETONES - Carbonyl group is attached in the middle of the alkyl chain - Named by replacing the end with -one ~ Commonly used as solvents and for industrial manufacturing H ° R—C—R’ + 30, > R—-C—R’ + 1,0 H Ketone Acetone (dimethyl ketone) - _ simplest ketone produced from the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol Methyl Ethyl Ketone ~ produced from the oxidation of. 2- butanol H 1» H,0 + RC=O0 pT JPlink Tutorial and Review Center All Richie ge% UPLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., Quezon City uplinktutorial@yahoo.com 3. PROPERTIES - Can be oxidized to form its corresponding acid D. ACIDS - Highest oxidation state of organic compounds - Contains one or more carboxyl group 1. SATURATED MONOCARBOXYLIC - contains one carboxylic group = commonly known as fatty acids = compounds containing 1 to 9 C are liquids; all the rest are greasy solids - named by replacing the last syllable with -oic 2. UNSATURATED MONOCARBOXYLIC - form metallic salts - can be reduced into saturated acids = _ used as foods by microorganisms = acrylic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic are the principal acids 3, POLYCARBOXYLIC - _ the most important species are the ‘ones that have 2 carboxylic groups, one on each end 4, HYDROXY - contains OH other than the carboxylic group = some species are optically active — can rotate polarized light 5, HYDROXY POLYCARBOCYLIC E. ESTERS formed by the reaction between acids and alcohols = commonly used in chemical manufacturing, solvents, flavoring extracts and perfumes Oo I : R—C—O—R’ F. ETHERS - formed by treating alcohols with strong dehydrating agents = characterized by an oxygen sandwiched between 2 organic groups - widely used as solvents - highly flammable = when exposed to air, they are susceptible to forming peroxides that are highly explosive - resistant to biological oxidation G. ALKYL HALIDES AND HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS - organic compounds that contain halogens H. NITROGEN CONTAINING ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS 1. Amines Primary R—NH, Secondary Ne R” Tertiary uN N—R”" RYy a a PLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER ‘Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., Quezon City uplinktutorial@yahoo.com 2, Amides = derived from the reaction between organic acids and ammonia 3. Nitriles 4, Nitrosamines 5, Isocyanates 1. CYCLIC ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS - called naphthenes = have2Hatoms connected to each C atom J. MERCAPTANS AND THIOALCOHOLS ~ contain sulfur Ill, AROMATIC COMPOUNDS: = cyclic organic compounds with alternating single and double bonds = parent compound is called benzene é 1% CO HK 7% H NOMENCLATURE 1,2-orortho 1,3-ormeta 1,4- or para ed. A. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 1, BENZENES Toluene Ethylbenzete el. or “Hs ortho-Xylene meta-Xylene CH; CH; er. CH; Para-Xylene CH CH; 2. POLYRING HYDROCARBONS Naphthalene H H ae COraaen H , H H Bm Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzo(a)pyrene of ky Picene 3. CHLORINATED AROMATIC HYDROCARBONSUPLINK TUTORIAL AND REVIEW CENTER Unit G-6, G/F One Burgundy Plaza, 307 Katipunan Ave., Loyola Hts., Quezon City uplinktutorial@yahoo.com B. PHENOLS Galactose Mannose - OH containing aromatic compounds Ho H - named by replacing last syllable with -o! is I 1. MONOHYDROXY PHENOLS H—C—OH HO—C—H Cresols and Other Alkyiphenols HO—C—H HO—C—H = contains alkyl groups HO-C—H H_-t-on Chlorinated Phenols ~ contains chlorine H—-C—OH H—C—OH 2. POLYHYDROXY PHENOLS LOH H,OH COMPLEX SUGARS OR DISACCHARIDES Sucrose 3. AROMATIC ALCOHOLS 4. AROMATIC ALDEHYDES HO CH.OH 5. AROMATIC KETONES j ° ee 6. AROMATIC ACIDS H—C—OH ———— 7. NITROGEN CONTAINING as HO—(—H | HO—C—H t Peed AROMATIC COMPOUNDS ree ie Fa OH. iar 4 IV. HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS ne oe Maltose = eyclic organic compounds with double bonds or with other elements in the ring i HOG alias 0O Berges V. COMMON FOODS AND RELATED HO—¢—H HO—C—-H | COMPOUNDS 4} H—C—OH A. CARBOHYDRATES cc ea al ‘SIMPLE SUGARS OR MONOSACCHARIDES oe ao Glucose cee POLYSACCHARIDES H Starch =0 CH,OH ane H—C—OH ¢=0 ja OH H HOCH HO—C—H we H—C—OH H—C—OH HL H—C—OH H—C—OH CH,OH CH,OHChir 6-8 St One rma ESOS SE Ne Sone a anna arctica epee B. FATS, OILS, AND WAXES VI. OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Fats fatty acid glycerides that are solid at DETERGENTS — contains surfactants that room temperature consists of oil soluble part and water soluble Oils — fatty acid glycerides that are liquid at part room temperature SOAPS — derived from saponification of fats Waxes ~ esters of long-chain acids and alcohols and oils, ¢. AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS PESTICIDES rn AMINO AciDs > contains amine group Re eaar a H ~ building blocks of proteins B PROTEINS Ga Protein — polypeptides BR amino acids — dipeptides = ad aS a oe P11 > i