International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947

Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Design and Analysis of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotors

MD. Saddam Hussen1, Dr. K. Rambabu2,

M. Ramji 3, E. Srinivas 4
1
Student, Mechanical Engineering, Sir.C.R.Reddy College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Sir.C.R.Reddy College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India
3
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Sir.C.R.Reddy College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India
4
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Sir.C.R.Reddy College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract:- With the shortage of fossil fuels, alternative energy has required for the increasing energy demands of the world. A wind turbine is a
rotary device that extracts energy from the wind and converts wind energy into mechanical energy. For efficient utilization of the available wind
energy, it is imperative to study the behavior and performance of the wind turbines subjected to aerodynamic and ambient conditions. In the
present work NACA 0018 aerofoil wind turbine blade is used to modeling the vertical axis wind turbine rotors. The straight three bladed vertical
axis wind turbine rotor is twisted to 45degrees and 90 degrees in order to improve the performance of rotor. By twisting the rotor by maintain the
height and diameter of rotors the weight of rotor are significantly increased To decrease the weight without compromising the performance of
the rotor the fiber reinforced composite materials are used. Which were fabricated from carbon, glass fibers, and epoxy resin have been used to
increase the strength to weight ratio. For this purpose, the CFD analysis in ANSYS-FLUENT and structural analysis in ANSYS of a straight and
twisted three bladed vertical axis wind turbine rotor has been undertaken. Due to limitations on experimentation, the computational fluid
approach has been used to quantify the wind loads on the blades. On further application of these loads, the structural behavior of the rotor is
obtained for a predetermined set of operating conditions. The results from the analysis are compared with pre-existing ones for the purpose of
validation.
Keywords: computational fluid dynamics (CFD); vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT); straight blade rotor; helical blade rotor
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________.

1. INTRODUCTION • NACA0018 airfoil data was taken from the UIUC

Wind power is one of the fastest developing and low- airfoil website and full scale data.
cost industry which is a renewable energy utilization way. • The gauge pressure at domain outlet is equal to zero
However, climate has a great influence on the generation of
• Blade volume is bounded by a small cylinder around it
the wind power. The average wind speed is high and low
in order to obtain the finer mesh
temperature, therefore, the worldwide concern about
environmental pollution and possible energy shortage has
Table 1 Simulation Properties
led to increasing interest in generation of renewable
electrical energy. Wind turbine can be divided into
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) and Vertical Axis Time scheme Steady state
Wind Turbine (VAWTs) two categories by different rotor Material Air
shaft which are used mainly for electricity generation, Properties of Fluid
VAWTs have inherent advantages, the principal advantages Density:
1.225 kg/m3
of the vertical axis format are their ability to accept wind Kinematic
1.7894e-5 kg/m-s
from any direction without yawing and the ability to provide viscosity:
Incompressible
direct rotary drive to a fixed load. Compares with HAWTs, Compressibility:
VAWTs have strong resisting wind ability. In addition, the
noise of VAWTs is much smaller. This study aims to Cell zone conditions
research and develop a VAWTs rotor used under extreme
climate conditions which is adopted to provide energy with Continuum type 1: Fluid (blade rotational region)
the condition that the wind turbine can work properly to Continuum type 2: Solid ( turbine tower)
produce electric power. At the same time, its structure Blade rotational velocity 150 rpm (ideal)
should be light weight, small volume and high efficiency of Blade rotating direction: Conventional clockwise
power generation. Therefore, a kind of VAWTs rotors was
tried to be designed.. Using CAD modeling software Boundary Conditions
(CATIA) Creates the NACA0018 aerofoil by using
modeling points data and developed the 3-bladed Vertical Inlet Velocity 10 m/s (rated condition)
axis wind turbine rotors of straight and twisted blades. The Outlet gauge pressure 0 Pa
CFD analysis is done using ANSYS-FLUENT software for Blades Rotational, relative to the
the 3.45m/s, 5m/s, 10m/s, 15m/s wind velocities adjacent cell zone, zero rpm
respectively. Modeling Domain side walls Translational, relative to
2. METHODOLOGY adjacent cell zone, 10 m/s
The methodology describes the step by step process Domain top wall Transitional, relative to
involved during this study. Simulation of a Helical twisted adjacent cell zone, 10 m/s
turbine for analyzing the flow field characteristics and to
find out the wake effect is done by a series of simulation • Air flows around the blade inside the domain are
process based on the following methodology. similar to the flow in wind tunnel experimental

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IJRMEE | September 2015, Available @ http://www.ijrmee.org
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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947
Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062
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testing conditions plane within the domain, and any other variables related to
• Larger domain is taken into account in the outer part of the simulation as defined in Fluent.
the cylinder in order to analyze same as for wind
tunnel testing conditions 4. GEOMETRY AND MESH GENERATION
• Free stream air is flowing in normal direction to the
domain inlet. 3D modeling of the turbine and generation of mesh
is the main challenge for conducting the numerical
• Operating pressure is equal to the atmospheric
simulation. In this particular case the helical rotor, twisted
pressure
blade and lift based design are analyzed.
3. NUMERICAL METHODS
5. 3D MODELING OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND
TURBINE
The process of this study can be categorized into
three different parts according to standard procedure of
The Straight blades VAWT and three helical blades
numerical simulation. For simulation purposes of the
VAWT with different twist angles. The considered twist
turbine, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used which
angles for the Helical blade VAWT are ψ = 450, 900. The
includes pre-processing, simulation, and post-processing and
aerofoil’ characteristics and rotor diameters are the same for
are described below
the models (NACA 0018), rotor radius R = 0.9 m, and the
3.1 PREPROCESSING
rotor height is H = 2.7 m, c = 1ft.
Catia V5 R20 is the software for creating the 3-D
model and Ansys 16.0 is generating the mesh. This is used
as the pre-processor to run the simulation in Fluent. All the
specifications used here are based on the manufacturer data
provided for this particular type of turbine

Table 2 Specification of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Rotors

PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS
Blade height 2.7 m 2.7 m 2.7 m
Rotor Diameter 1.8 m 1.8 m 1.8 m
Blade type Straight Twisted Twisted (a) (b)
0 45
Twist angle 90 degree
degree degree
No of blades 3 3 3
Aluminum, Glass fiber,
Blade material
Carbon fiber
Rated wind
10 m/s 10 m/s 10 m/s
Velocity
Rated blade 150 150
150 M
RPM RPM RPM

3.2 FLUENT PROCEDURE

Fluent is the commercial software used frequently
by engineers for modeling heat transfer and fluid flow (c)
characteristics in complex geometries. In this project, Fluent Figure 1: Turbine rotor models.
is used to analyze the fluid flow properties such as (a) Straight blade VAWT rotor;
distribution and separation of the velocity through and (b) Helical blade with ψ = 450;
around turbine blade, and variables to describe the fluid (c) Helical blade with ψ = 900
flow.
6. DOMAIN INFORMATION AND APPROACH
3.3 POST-PROCESSING The turbine is modeled in a generic domain to
After getting the converged results from Fluent, the match the wind tunnel testing conditions. The width and
case and data are saved and opened in CFD-post which is length of the domain is chosen as 15 and 25m the rotor
the post-processor bundled with ANSYS. Post-processing diameter, and the height of the domain is approximately
options are also available in Fluent. Results of analysis are 10m times the height of the rotor. The domain is made large
post-processed in a quantitative and qualitative manner. enough to capture the free stream condition of the
Post-processor software CFD post includes the option to surrounding fluid in this case, air. Available wind
show the velocity contours, vectors, and streamlines in any
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IJRMEE | September 2015, Available @ http://www.ijrmee.org
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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947
Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062
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surrounding the turbine inside the domain is considered for 7.1 CFD ANALYSIS OF STRAIGHT BLADE VAWT
simulation. ROTOR

Figure CFD domains configuration

Figure 4 (a) Static pressures

Figure 2 CFD domains of Turbine rotor

Figure 5 (b) Dynamic pressure

The figure 5.1(a, b) represents the static and

dynamic pressure of the Vertical axis wind turbine straight
blade. It is observed that the maximum gauge pressure is
2890 Pascal occurring at the 3.45m/s, 5m/s, 10m/s and
15m/s respective wind Velocities.

7.2 TWISTED BLADE 450 VAWT ROTOR

Figure 3 Domains meshing in fluent

7. CFD ANALYSIS

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science

of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer,
chemical reactions, and related phenomena by solving the
mathematical equations which govern these processes using
a numerical process. ANSYS-FLUENT to expertly
devolving CFD analysis at a time when product reliability,
safety and market performance are paramount. ANSYS
offers the most complete suite of advanced CFD software
tools available, coupled with unrivalled modelling
capabilities, to help you achieve a faster total time to Figure 6 (a) Static pressures
solution. ANSYS software as their fluid dynamics
simulation platform for its accuracy, reliability and speed.

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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947
Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062
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The figure 5.3(a, b) represents the static and 8. IMPORTED LOAD FROM CFD ANALYSIS
dynamic pressure of the Vertical axis wind turbine
straight blade.

(a) (b)
Figure 7 (b) Dynamic pressure

It is observed that the maximum pressure is 19.7

Pascal occurring at the 3.45m/s, 5m/s, 10m/s and 15m/s
respective wind Velocities.

7.3 TWISTED BLADE 900 VAWT ROTOR

(c)
Figure 10 Velocity and magnitude diagrams
(a) Straight blade VAWT rotor;
(b) Helical blade with ψ = 450;
(c) Helical blade with ψ = 900
Figure 8 (a) Static pressures
Figure 5.6(a, b, c,) represents CFD analysis wind turbine
rotors on different wind velocities [3.45, 5, 10, 15m/s].

9. STRUCTURAL STATIC ANALYSIS

A static analysis calculates the effects of steady

loading conditions on a structure Static analysis determines
the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in structures
or components caused by loads that do not induce
significant inertia and damping effects. Steady loading and
response conditions are assumed; that is, the loads and the
structure's response are assumed to vary slowly with respect
to time.
Figure 9 (b) Dynamic pressure The procedure for a static analysis consists of these
tasks:
The figure 5.5(a, b) represents the static and 1. Modeling and Meshing
dynamic pressure of the Vertical axis wind turbine 2. Imported Load
straight blade. It is observed that the maximum pressure 3. Material data
is 8.3 Pascal occurring at the 3.45m/s, 5m/s, 10m/s and 4. Solution of Analysis
15m/s respective wind Velocities.

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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947
Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062
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10. MODELING AND MESHING

Table 3 Mesh Properties for three models

Straight Twisted Twisted

Mesh
blade blade 450 blade 900
Properties
rotor rotor rotor
Nodes 2040369 1631467 2118644
Elements 1270514 1051373 1354780

11. MATERIAL SELECTION

Selection of material of wind turbine blade is also (b)

the main property function in the efficiency of the blade
turbine design. There are many materials available in the
market which can be use to select the material, but in the
observation of deferent material we select the Aluminum
alloy, glass fiber, carbon fiber as a blade material. Carbon
fiber has some benefits which cause we selected:
 Low material density
 Excellent Stiffness
 Higher graphitization level
 Elevated temperature performance
 Corrosion resistance

Table 4 Model Properties

(c)
Straight Twisted Twisted Figure 11 Imported pressure diagrams
Properties blade blade 450 blade 900 (a) Straight blade VAWT rotor;
rotor rotor rotor (b) Helical blade with ψ = 450;
Aluminum (c) Helical blade with ψ = 900
183.15 186.06 190.83
Mass in kg
Glass fiber The figures (b) & (c) represents the imported
132.24 134.34 137.64 pressure of the Vertical axis wind turbine twisted blades 450,
Mass in kg
Carbon fiber twisted blades 900 It is observed that the maximum imported
105.79 107.47 110.55 pressure is 25.2 Pascal occurring in CFD Analysis at the
Mass in kg
Volume in 3.45m/s, 5m/s, 10m/s and 15m/s respective wind Velocities.
6.6118e+7 6.7169e+7 6.9724e+7
mm3
13. STRUCTRUAL ANALYSIS OF STRAIGHT
12. IMPORTED LOAD BLADES
FOR STRAIGHT, TWISTED 450, TWISTED 900
BLADES VAWT ROTORS Figure (a, b) represents Structural analysis of
Straight blades VAWT rotor at 10m/s wind velocity.
The figure (a) represents the imported pressure of
the Vertical axis wind turbine straight blade. It is observed
that the maximum imported pressure is 26.7 Pascal
occurring in CFD Analysis at the 3.45m/s, 5m/s, 10m/s and
15m/s respective wind Velocities.

(a) (b)
Figure 12 Structural Analysis of Straight blade VAWT
rotor
(a) Total Deformation; (b) Equivalent Stress;

(a)
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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947
Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062
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14. STRUCTRUAL ANALYSIS OF 450 TWISTED Table 6 CFD analysis results for twisted blades 450
BLADES
Wind Static Dynami Velocity
Figure (a, b) represents Structural analysis of Velocity pressure c magnitu
Straight blades vertical axis wind turbine at 10m/s wind in Pa pressure de in
velocity. in Pa m/s
3.45m/s 246 32.2 8.25
5m/s 237 48.9 8.55
10m/s 194 136 21
15m/s 188 142 21.4

Table 7 CFD analysis results for twisted blades 900

Wind Static Dynamic Velocity

(a) (b) Velocity pressure pressure magnitude
Figure 13 Structural Analysis of Twisted blades 450 in Pa in Pa in m/s
VAWT rotor 3.45m/s 84.2 150 22.6
(a) Total Deformation; (b) Equivalent Stress;
5m/s 83.1 152 23.4
0
15. STRUCTRUAL ANALYSIS OF 90 TWISTED 10m/s 80.1 169 38.4
BLADES
15m/s 79.9 223 61.8

17. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

STATIC PRESSURE IN Pa

(a) (b)
Figure 14 Structural Analysis of Twisted blades 900
VAWT rotor
(a) Total Deformation; (b) Equivalent Stress;
Figure (a, b) represents Structural analysis of Straight
blades vertical axis wind turbine at 10m/s wind velocity.
Variation of Static pressure decrease with increase
of wind speed. It can be observed that the Static pressure
decreases slightly with increase in wind speed. But twisted
blade 450 VAWT rotor is increased static pressure at 10m/s.
Due to imperfect twisting angle.

16. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DYNAMIC PRESSURE IN Pa

Table 5 CFD analysis results for Straight blades VAWT

rotors

Wind Static Dynamic Velocity

Velocity pressure pressure magnitude
in Pa in Pa in m/s
3.45m/s 124 56.3 15.8
5m/s 102.6 86 20.5
10m/s 94.6 148 32.2
15m/s 86.2. 173 42.4
Variation of Dynamic pressure increase with
increase of wind speed. It can be observed that the Dynamic
pressure increases slightly with increase in wind speed. But
twisted blade 450 VAWT rotor has low dynamic pressure at
10m/s. Due to imperfect twisting angle.

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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947
Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062
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VELOCITY MAGNITUDE in m/s 19. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
TOTAL DEFORMATION in mm

Figure 13 Graph between Total deformation and

It can be observed that the Velocity magnitude Materials
increased with increase in wind speed. The maximum
velocity magnitude occurs in 900 twisted blade VAWT rotor.
Comparison of total deformation in mm slightly
increased in glass fiber material to both twisted blade
18. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
VAWT rotors. But it can be neglected it is very small
deformation.
Table 8 Structural analysis results for Straight blades
VAWT rotors
EQUIVALENT STRESS in MPa

Material Aluminium Carbon Glass

Properties Alloy fiber fiber
Total
Deformation
in mm 0.03616 0.073766 0.01069
Equivalent
Stress in
MPa 0.098232 0.16974 0.10845

Table 9 Structural analysis results for twisted blades 450

VAWT rotors Figure 14 Graphs between Stress and Materials

Material Comparison of equivalent stress in MPa increased

Aluminium Carbon Glass
Properties Alloy fiber fiber in 450 twisted blade VAWT rotor. Due to twisting of blade it
causes that increase of equivalent stress.
Total
Deformation
DISCUSSION OF STRUCTRUAL ANALYSIS
in mm 0.29275 0.15198 1.0486
Equivalent In structural analysis the carbon fiber blades is used
Stress in to endure effectively various loads. In order to evaluate
MPa 1.7642 1.7744 1.6759 design structure, structural analysis is performed using the
finite element analysis. The static structural analysis is
Table 10 Structural analysis results for twisted blades performed under te simulated aerodynamic loads. From the
900 VAWT rotors analysis results, it is found that the designed blade has good
structural integrity. Furthermore, the measured results agree
well with the analytical results.
Material Aluminium Carbon Glass In this work we have investigated the effect of
Properties Alloy fiber fiber wind aerodynamic forces on 3 bladed wind turbine rotor
Total models. In this simulation based analysis the stress values
Deformation are significantly increased for rotor with twisted models
in mm 0.13349 0.086814 0.61475 compared to straight model but the values are not exceeds
Equivalent the elastic limit the carbon fiber better results compared to
Stress in other composite structure.
MPa 0.73055 0.81069 0.76002
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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE)
Volume: 2 Issue: 9
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20. CONCLUSIONS: 13.
A comparative evaluation of a small Helical-
VAWT and of a Straight-VAWT has been performed.
14.
Preliminary three-dimensional CFD analyses have been
carried out. Three-dimensional static analyses of three 15.
different configurations have been performed. Among these,
only two configurations, Straight and twisted 90 0 were used
in the dynamic analyses. From steady simulations, over a
complete cycle, it has been observed that the helical blades 16.
have an average power output increment equal to 8.75%.
This leads the Helical VAWT to a low speed of start-up (this
is confirmed by dynamic results at low rotational speed) and
17.
then to a higher number of operational hours in similar
environmental conditions. However, for a three-dimensional
comparison, it is shown that this effect is less relevant in the
Helical VAWT than in the Straight one.
18.
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www.thewindpower.net
MD. Saddam Hussen
Master of Engineering in
Machine Design, Mechanical
Engineering, Sir.C.R.Reddy
College of Engineering,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. K. Rambabu
Professor,
Dept of Mechanical
Engineering,
Sir.C.R.Reddy College of
Engineering,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
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International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE) ISSN: 2349-7947
Volume: 2 Issue: 9 054 - 062
_______________________________________________________________________________________
M. Ramji
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Mechanical
Engineering,
Sir.C.R.Reddy College of
Engineering,
Andhra Pradesh, India.

E. Srinivas
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Mechanical
Engineering,
Sir.C.R.Reddy College of
Engineering,
Andhra Pradesh, India.

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