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    Chapter 4 - 178-194p

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    178 FLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN monic flux densities respectively. Gener- ally, the harmonics above the third are’ small "in. magnitude and othe flux density wave shape can be consi- dered to consist of a fundamental sine wave with a superimposed third harm- conic. This case has a special significance in the case of inditction motors. Fig. 4°62 shows the flux distribution in the air gap of an induction motor with mode- fe saturation. *, To calculate the required mmf o- ‘any closed path can be chosen provided the flux density along that path is known. If we choose a path along the pole cen- Pole ae Actual tus ZMensity distribution Fundamentat component Third harmonic ‘component fundamental and third-harmonic components. tres, the value of mmf cannot be calculated as ine flux density along this path is not known, because the knowledge of this flux demity involves the knowledge of third harmonic compo- nent. ‘Suppose we take two points which are displaced 60° from the inter polar axis (i.e. 3U° from the pole axis), Flux density at 060°, Byy=Byp, sin 60°-+Byy sin 3 X60°=Byp, sin 60" wr Brn, +4119) Tt is clear from the above expression that Bue is the same whether third harmonic com ponent is present or not. And this is the reason for preferring this path for calculation of ‘magnetizing mmf in an induction motor. Now By, is sinusoidally distributed, no, By F Ba = Ge where, ®,sfundamental fiux pcr pole, 4,=cffective area of each fundamental pote, Ban =average flux density in air wpa (fundamental component) 1 3 We have, Bum Bmw t ge. Ee Ban 1°36 Bas. +(4°120) The calculations for the remainder of the magnetic circuit, which is affected by the non-sinusoidal flux distribution, can be worked out in a similar manner. The mmf acting at @=60 AT y= AT, sin 60: 0427 p AT . Ie on (4121) UNBALANCED MAGNETIC PULL 4°19, Magnetic Pall (Force). Consider an_ electromagnet arranged as shown in Fig. 463. Let us find the magnetic force between the two Foles. Feforce between the two pols, Nj Ba flix density in cir gep, Wh/m*; Amarea of wach pole, m® ; VE are, oTE xz 7intake MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 179 If one of the poles is moved by a distance dz, Work done= ¥dz ‘This work done is equal to the change of energy stored in magnetic field. Change in energy stored in magnetic field energy density X change in volume at ixd deny ede te . oF dex} By, dz i» * or Fat 2a N = 0051 2a bg «..14°122) rs He Hence from above, pull or force per unit area rie N/m*=0°051 PF igiat =:(4°123) ‘The flux density in the air gap, B, depends upon the mmf of the exciting winding. Let AT’ be the total mmf of the exciting winding. A portion of this mmf is required for the air gap and the rest for the iron parts of the magnetic circuit. Let AT, be the mmf required for the air gap and AT for the iron parts. Fig. 4-63, Magnetic force a AT=AT,+ATs between two poles. Now, Ba HATE, where ymlength of sir gap. From Eqn, 4°12, force my Ho ATe \* 4 AT, \* Fai 7 y4 in (Ae ya N If there is no saturation in the iron parts, the mmf required for them is small and therefure AT= ATs. ‘Dhis gives wl4124) ary , PF ins ( z Ya N wos ( 420 Radial magnetic forces im rotating machines. Consider an ideal 2 pole machine as shown in Fig. 4°64. The rotor is set symmetrically within the stator bore. ‘The rotor is, therefore concentric with the stator and the gap surfaccs of bath rotor and stator sre ely cylindrical and thus length of airgap it uniform everywhere, The rotation of the rotor fon” sccount of the formation of poles of opposite polarity on stator and rotor which exert ‘a tangential force on the rotor. However, a much stronger magnetic force of attgaction takes place between the stator and the rotor poles acting along a direction perpendicular to the rotor shaft axis. ‘These forces therefore act radially. Suppose flux density B is uniform in the airgap. ‘The force of attraction between top stator and rotor poles is : nd Z dad (Atal az Ya kg wn(4128) 380 . ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN where B=flux density in air gap, Wh/m® ; Iy=slength of air gap, m ; ATy=rarmf per pole for air gap, A; A=area per pole, m* ; =DL/2 Desstator bore, m; L=axial length, m. . If mmf required for the iron parts is negligible, the total mmf is consumed by the air gap. Now, AT=total mmf per pole, A. For no saturation ATy= AT’ a Fy t pe (AT/te)* A Ina symmetrical machine the mmf per pole and the area per pole are the same for all the poles, Since the length of air gap is uniform, the flux density in the air gap i uniform. + Force of attraction between the bottom stator and rotor poles Fy S amin (ATi A. Forces F, and F, are equal and act in the opposite direction and hence their resultant is equal to zero.” Therefore, in a symmetrical machine there is no resultant radial magnetic pull on the rotor. In the analysis given above, a uniform flux density distribution has been assumed in the air gap. However, in alternating current machines the flux density distribution is not uniform but is sinusoidal. Let us consider an elemental angle dé at an angle 0 from the 2 axis. Flux density in the elemental angle, B=Bm sin 6 Radial force acting on the elemental strip 1 Db pe! i -—— i = do=— LL sin®é dd. Tyg Bm tin OF dom a Bm DI aint a Vertical component of the above force is : = cb Bet Di into ad. sin 8 4p But Di, sin® 6 d0. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 18) Rerultant magnetic pull per pole acting vertically . “qe ifr oad. +(4°126) pull If the integration is carried over the whole periphery i.e.0<0<2n the resultant is: 1 Qn “fre Bat DLJ int # domo. 0 ‘The resultant pull 1s zero, th is because the pull (Ba'/3y) DL of one pole is balanced by equal and opposite force on the other pole. Pole it Balanced by an It is necessary to allow dimensional tolerances during the process of manufacture of electrical machines. These tolerances are allowed on core-plate stampings, core assemblies, frames, end covers and bearings, Tle manufacturing costs are lowered in case wide toler ances are given. However, wide tolerances result in variations in the length of air gap which give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull (U.M.P.) as explained below. Let us now consider a machine whose rotor is not concentric with the stator as shown in Fig. 465. The length of air gap at the top is ty, while the length of air gap at the bottom is Igy. ‘The eccentricity may be c-used by many reasons, the foremost. being manufacture tolerances, poor quality of machining and wear of bearings. The wear of bearings causes the shaft to sink resulting in the air gap at the top (!g) becoming longer than the air gap, (Ig) at the bottom. The force of attraction between the top stator and rotor poles, . Bent BE mien (ATMA where By=flux density in the air gap at the top, ot if saturation » cartes. lected. Similarly, force of attraction between boitom stator anu 5. Fy amine AT la A =ne-47 it saturation in iron parts is neglected. ln where By=flux density in the air gap at the bottom. Its evident fom abore that fore ¥, in greater than Fi since lnnFy .nd hence a resultant radial force (pull) acts on the:rotor in the downward direction. This force or pull is called the Unbalanced Magnetic Pall (U.M.P.) © It should be borne in mind that it is not only the irregularity of the air gap that causes unbalanced magnetic pull but also any other auymmetry in the magnetic circuit or windings would cause U.M.P. 421, Calculation of unbalanced magnetic pall, When the rotor of on electric machine is concentric with the stator, the radial pull of all the poles on one side of the diameter is exactly balanced by the pull of poles on the opposite side. If on account of 182 ‘ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN: any defect like wear of bearings or improper assembly of any part, the rotor is not concentric with the stator, the air gap is not uniform over the periphery." This would give rise to an unbalanced magnetic pull which tends to draw the rotor over (o the side where the air gap Detween rotor and stator is smallest. Eqn. 4'122 is self explanatory in this respect. This equation shows that the pull is inversely proportional to square of length of air gap in case the mmf required for the iron parts of the magnetic circuit is neglected. Let Pe pull per unit area with normal air gap le, and S=length of air gap as modified by displacement of rotor centre. ss Pull per unit area with displaced rotor=Pm (Is/3)*. . ‘The pull is exerted radially along the centre of area considered. Consider the case of a rotor where it is displaced vertically downwards as shown in Fig. 4°66 (a). Kgyrtgre Tr seeesen Ty @ ® Fig. 4¢6. Machine with rotor displaced vertically downwards, The end view of rotor is shown in Fig. 4°66 (6). Let = displacement of rotor along downward direction, and diameter of rotor, L=ler gth of machine core. Modificd length of air gap at the top slong vertical axis=ly-+d. Modified length of air gap at the bottom along vertical axis=ly 4. Referring to Fig. 4°66 (6). Consider a differential inrip at au angle 0 from horizontal axis, the axis of this strip bbeing Ad’. Modified length of air gap at the top along AA’, ly,=ly-+d sin 8. Modified length of air gap at the bottom along 44’, Ing=ly—d sin 8, ‘There are two forces acting in the opposite direction on the rotor along axis Ad’. + Pull per unit area on the rotor along 44’ a“? [tar )-( im)] ‘The expression within brackets is approximately equal to 4(e/ie sin @ as «is compara. Pull per unit area on the rotor along AA’ due to a pair of poles a4 Pe 7 ind +-(@'127) MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 183 Vertical component of the pull per unit aren ==(4 Partsin 8) xsin @ 4Pacpaie’ 6 (4128) =z, (4129) a as Pa= Now area of sirip = 2! a0, Total vertical pull acting on the strip =4 Pai int =? Pa DL aint ode. o Total pull acting on the rotor in the downward direction due to « pair of poles (unbalanced magnetic pull U.M.P.) Pym Pa DL Celta fsint 6 dv 0 (4180) (4131) Now,’ area per pole A=®D 1/2 (since we are coniidering a pair of poles) ” U.M.P.=2 A Pa elle +{4'182) The formulae developed above for the calculation of unbalanced magnetic pull for a pair of symmetrically placed poles may be e.vily modificd to render them applicable to machines without salient poles, such as induction motors or to machines having a large number of salient poles. ‘Unbalanced magnetic pull due to p poles, U.M.P.=pole pairs Py WEX2A Pelle pA Pm elle +-(4'133) The above analysis has been done assuming a uniform value of flux density in the air gap. In general the gap flux density is not uniform. The values of flux density vary consi erably over the gap surface under the pole face as, for instance, in a.c. machines under to obtain mathemstically an expression for U.M.P. based upon r.m.s. ce Por sinusoidal flux density distribution the unbalancei magnetic pull per pair of poles : (See Eqn. 4131) DL pat “ “HY Ba Vr) pat Bee 44184) ‘The simplified analysis given above assumst that stator and rotor axes, though dis- placed, remain parallel, which is not tea: in many cases such as when the aligaments of 184 LECTRICAL MACHINE DESION the two bearings differ. When calculating unbalanced magnetic pull in machines with sinusoidal flux density distribution it has been assumed that the peak value of the flux density remains the same irrespective of the eccentricity wI ‘magnetic pull has been calculated for the worst possible condition calculated for the case where the eccentricity is coincident with tl density. However in practice the two are not coincident always but the position changes with load and speed. . The follerwiny date refers toa 5541, 4 pole d.c. generator : normal lenath «f air aap=3 mm ; area under each pole faie==45> 10-* m* ; flux density under pole centre with normal air gaps0"75 Wins? ; vertical displacement of rotors0'8 mm. Calewlate : (a) the unbalanced magnetic pull acting downwards if the poles are centred 45° with the horizontal azis, (b) the unbalanced magnetic pull acting downwards if there were only two poles placed om the vertical azie, Solution, (a) Magnetic pull per unit area with normal flux density (075)* _,993'8x 108 N/an*, B Pow Tax Gator Unbalanced magnetic pull per unit area acting downwards due to a pair of poles =4 Pa pant © (See Eqn. 4°128) 24x 228'8% 108 [8x (0°707)*=71'6% 108 N/m Unbalanced magnetic pull acting downwards per pair of poles = 71°6% 10845 x 10-3223 N ‘Ther ace four poles or 2 pairs of poles. Total unbalanced magnetic pull acting downwardse=2 x $222—6444 N. (0) The pull with 2 poles centred on the vertical ais canbe aleuated fom Eqn. 4128 by putting @=90°. Beaneted magnetic pull per unit area acting downwards for 2 poles on vertical axis, 4X228'8% 100% (1) 143 2X 10" Nin Total unbalanced magnetic pull acting downwards with 2 poles on vertical axis 143°2 x 10X45 x 10-6444 N. This unbalanced magnetic ull isthe came as with 4 poles centred 45° with horizontal axis, From above, the poles should not be kept along the vertical axis as this arrangement results in high U.M.P. (The problem has been solved by assuming that the flux density is 0.75 Wb/ma® every where under the pole face. However, this is not true at the flux density falls down near the pole faces). Example 4:14, Find the masimum ou'of-balance magnetic pull (unbalanced magnetic ga foro A pol, SAW de, alot en an asecisoignet Paane ue ‘air gap length ‘Smm. Asrums a reclanzular flux distribution under the pole arc with a density B84 alt The peor eattnds an ange of 60". ‘The area wader the ole aro x 10-8 mt, rage MAGNETIC CIRCUITS. 185, Solution. The arrangements of poles whi 4 pole machine are : postwns (8) 2 poles on the horizontal axis and 2 poles on vertis and (ii) all the 4 poles centred at 45° with vertical axis, ‘These two arrangements give the same value of unbalanced magnetic pull as has bee shown BE ug rangement value of unbalanced magnetic pull as has been Let us consider the first arrangement wherein % poles are on the vertical axis and while the other 2 aze on horizontal axis. ‘The arrangement is shown Fig. 4.67 The pair of poles which are arranged vertically only contribute towards the unbalanecd magnetic pull while the poles arranged horizontally do not con- tribute to unbalanced magnetic pull. Lt us consider an elementary strip at an angle 6 from vertical axis, give rise to maaimum magaetie pull for The radial flux density B under the pol arc is uniform and has a value of 0°893 Wb/m! The vertical component of the air gap flux density= B cos 8. The length of a vertical axiverly-+e cos @ Eqn. 4'127 can be modified to take into account both the variaticns in vertical gap density and also the change in reference axis from horizontal to vertical. ap at angle @ from the Fig. 467 Pall per urit area on rotor along an axis @ from vertical axis 1 e m4xp (Bean Ol x Feo ee Leo * 2S pooh. Niet. Ifthe area ubtended by angle dd over the corresponding length be Ad8, the total unbalanced magnetic pull acting downwards is +30° BA 6 . uMP=2 = ‘| cost 8 do uw jp 73260 N. at A 982x107 and the integral is 11/12. Example 415, 4 75 EW, 50 Hs, 2 pole machine with sinusoidally distributed fus has the following design data: . Asial corem0'? wm : Stator borex-0'5.m ; length of air gop=5 mm; peak smagnaiaing mon por polerts00 A. Calolate (3) magnetic pull per pole when the rotor is eymmetrically centred, Gi) wabalanced magnetic pu'l if the rotor asia is dieplaced by 1 mm, (is) ratio of unbalanced magnetic pull to useful force, Neglected saturation. 186 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN: Solution, Since there is no saturation the entire magnetizing mmf per pole is used for the air ga; - : Peak value of flux density Ba ete A500 113 Whe, (i) The flux distribution it sinusoidal, From Eqn. 4'126 magnetic pull per polew'5 "DL = (1139x0502 239 Teaeio? 739900 N=93:9 KN (i) Unbalanced magnetic pull per pair of poles py DL part (Se Pye Bat (See Ban. 134) RX0'5 x02 1 = RCS AOE 5 (113) f= 16000 Novi EN. Wii Speed =a so rps 75000 . Useful torque T= x50 =2387 Nm. =2387 oa “o5z Ratio of unbalanced magnetic pull to useful .orce=, 7376 8. 422, Effect of saturation on unbalanced magnetic pull, The relationships derived in Art. 4°20 and 4°21 are based ‘upon the assumption that the total mmf is consumed by the air gap. But with the reduction of air gap, the gap reluctance decreases giving rise to saturation in iron parts, Thus the assumption’ that the flux density is inversely proportional to the leng:h of air gap is not valid on account of saturation. However, with displacement of rotor, there is mod :rate. saturation only and results obtained from relationships derived earlier are fairly correct. Moreover, the results obtained from those relationships are on the higher side. Useful force Fe ==954'8 Net0'95 kN In induction motors where the length of air gap is very small and therefore even a slight eccentricity may cause saturation. It has been found experimentally that the unbalanced ma netic pull is proportional to the eccentricity « where e==¢/ty for eccentricities not greater than 0 “The increase in U.M.P. for ¢ vctwven 0°1 to 0°3, the increase is small on account of. saturation since saturation limits the v lue of peak flux density. Leakage flux, which increases with load, saturates tooth tips and th.refore U.M.P. is greater under light or no load conditions. ‘The saturation in the iron parts of the magnetic circ..it can be taken into account by using an equivalent length of air gp instead of the actual length of air gap in the expre- ssions already derived. The equivalent length of air gap determ'ned by a graphical method using magnetization curve of machine. This method is explained in Example 4"16 Example 416. Calculate the unbalanced magnetic pull in a machine with the following Normal length of ir gapm1 mm; normal gop lus densty-=0 65 We/m! ; ator sore Lengthab58'm pole PucheOTR ms munber of poleam8 ‘of lator and rotor teeth =40 mm each ; flux density in stator and rotor teeth= 16 Wh/m. ‘The B.‘at’ for the material used for stator and rotor teeth is given below : Fox density ' 7 1 Woja" | 12 16 re | 20 22 ‘a ame | 0 3,600 10,000 | 4,000 The vertical displacement of rotor is 025 mm. data : MAGNETIC CIRCUITS: 187 Solution. The calculations for magnetization curve with normal air length are given below : Flux density in teeth | Wolm* | 12 16 1 20 22 “at for teeth | «0 | 3,00 | 10,000 24,000 70,000 Mnf for dato and rotor teel tat “ 28 oe 1920 5,500 Ai gap fiux density Betdroeess | om | coo | om | ons | ome | i Tou mat oo |e 1385 2,730 6315 Aur gap flux density, wo/m?—= 188 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESION ‘The magnetization curve is plotted between total minf and the flux density in the air sap as shown in Fig. 468. Draw a horizontal line QP at the normal working density, 0°65 fma* in this case. Mmf required for an air gap length e for normal working flux density, =800,000 Bre=800,000 x 0°65 x0'25 x 10-8= 130 A. Referring to Fig. 460, choose « point K on the magnetization curve near ‘the normal working flux density (0°65 Wb/m*). Draw a vertical line KL and lay LM=80,000 Be=130 4 (Gn the case). At Af draw a vertical line cutting the magnetization curve at N. Join K and N. Draw a Tine OP from thx origin parallel to chord KN and cutting the ‘horizontal line QP at . ‘The equivalent length of air gap which takes into account is given by : =( OP) (2260). o:25—:5°69 be (64 ) (3 x0'25=5°6) mm. as QP=2960. Area per pole ‘A=pole pitch X axial length of cores0'28 X0'33=0'0924 mt. Pull per unit area with normal air gap EE mi681 x108N Total unbalanced magnetic pull U.M.P.=pAPas® - (See Eqn. 4"133) 9 gp 75460 N. 422-1, Practical aspects of unbalanced magnetic pull, Some of the practical aspects of unbalanced magnetic pull that must be taken into account while designing electri- cal machines are given below : (6) Unbalanced magnetic pull is very large especially in induction motors. This ia because even a small eccentricity can cause a fairly large unbalanced magnetic pull.as the length of air gap in induction motors is very small ; in many cases itis less than a mm. In induction motors, the length of the air gap must be made as small as possible in order to obtain best operating conditions, the foremost being the power factor of the machine. Every ccare must be taken to keop this airgap uniform around the rotor periphery. In order to maintain the uniformity of the air gap in induction nfotors, the following aspects are incorpo- rated in their design and manufacture. (a) Ball bearings are used so that a good alignment can be maintained over « long period. The use of ball bearings prevent wear and also reduce noise. (0) Stator windings of induction motors are designed with parallel paths having equalizer connections. ‘These windings are so connected that they provide automatically a mitigating influence to overcome the effects of the unbalance. {e) Induction motors are designed such that they have a rigid shaft of small length and also they -are provided with bearings of bigger size. A stiff and short shaft gives negligible eccentricity and therefore the U.M.P. is small. The use of bigger bearings gives an almost perfect concentricity for rotor with stator. (i) Certain slot combinations of rotor and stator slots have a strong tendency to Bf, ue size and vibrations, The slots on both stator and rotor produce harmonic field If two harmonic fields, with number of poles differing by 2, co-exist in the air gap of an induedion ‘motor, they produce unbalanced, radial magnetic pul, and conexquent radial vibration of rotor as a whole. Also» symmetrical radial high frequency are produced by the muper-imposition of rotating magnetic fields due to different pole numbers. These phenomena create stator vibrations and magnetic noise, Noise production is greatly accentuated by U.M.P. especially if its variations corres- pond to natural frequency of the stator structure. During the starting period of induction =8 X0'0924 x 168'1 x 10° MAONETIC CIRCUITS. 189 motors, the U.M.P. has an alternating component at the rotor slot frequency and sets up vibrations at speeds given by the natural frequency divided by the nuber and rotor slots, and thereby possibly producing noise. There is considerable homopolar flux provided in 2 pole machines due to assy- metry in the air gap. The fiux path is completed through shaft and frame. There is modulation of the air gap length which induces an emf in the bars of squirrel cage windings of induction motors. This effect may be counteracted by use of parallel paths and equalizer connections in the stator windings. FIELD FORM 423, Introduction. The fiux, in passing from poles into the armature, does not confine itself over the pole arc, but spreads out over the entire pole pitch. The flux will dis tribute itself in the air gap in such a way that the total reluctance is aninimum. It is somes times advantageous and necessary to determine the distribution of flux or field form in the air gap. For example, in d.c. machines, it is absolutely necessary to know the field form, order to have knowledge of commutation conditions. In a.c. machines the flux distribut curve determines the waveshape of the voltage generated in the armature windi: ‘The field form in salient pole machines can be plotted by using any of the following techniques : }). Carter's fringe curves, i) Flux plotting by method of curvilinear squares. 423-1, Carter's fringe curves, There is no difficulty in determining the flux density at any portion of the armature lying under the pole shoe if we neglect saturation ; this makes the flux density vary inversely as the length of the air gap. Suppose By=maximum flux density in the air gap (at the centre of the pole), Iymlength of air gap at the centre of the pole, . Ba=fiux density in the gap at a distance = from the centre of the pole, Iomlength of air gap at a distance # from the centre of the pole. 1. Neglecting saturation in iron parts ae +ol4138) Bene Be ‘This equation is applied for portions of armature under the pole shoe but it is difficult to determine the flux detribution in the interpolar region as no such sim- ple calculation is possible there. F.W. Carter worked on this problem and his results are given here in a graphical form. The actual shape of the fring- ging portion (poftion in the. interpe- Tar space) of the flux distribution curve depends upon the dimensions of ma- chine. Fringe curves have been drawn for various values of ratio Ca/le as, shown in Fig. 4°69. where Ca=distance of pole tip from neutral axis and Ielength of "air gap at the pole tip ‘The values of relative flux den- sities can be read off directly. The Fig. 4.69. Carter's Fringe Curves. curves for ratio Ca/l not given in Fig. 4°69 can be interpolated. 190 | ELECTRICAL MACHINE DARION 4232, Flux Plotting (by method of curvilinear squares). ‘The flux in Fig. 4°70. Ti th in the sir gap un ler the pole my be divided into tubes of flux as shown depth of each tuby bsing unity in a direction parallel to shaft. { Let Wammean width of a flux tube, : Temean length of the flux tube. | Permeance of this flux tube considering unit depth Nahe L C s Fig. 4-70. Flux Plotting. an Flux in the tube ®.=:mmf x permeance= AT? jug Wallen where AT;=field mmf per pole. ‘Flux density at armature surface where width of tube is as, a We 7 Bam ST ATI oT +0 (4°136) Now at the centre of the pole : az™ W's and ly=len <. Flux density at the centre of pole Bes AT; . pa/le. From Eqns. 4°136 and 4°137, we have : (47137) we (4138) The following rules should be observed fer flux plotting by method of curvilinear squares: (a) the flux Lines leave and enter frm surfaces, bounding the gap, at right angles if it is assumed that iron has infinite permeability as compared wit (8) the flux and equipotential lines intersect at right angles, (@)_ the flux and equipotential lines are s0 drawn that each flux tube is divided into equal numbér of curvilinear squares.” In such a case the flux density at any point will be Proportional to the length of side ofthe square atthe centre of the pole, tv the length of the side of a square at the point where the Aux density is desired to be evaluated. If larger number of squares are used cver the top tips, the ratio of side of the squares must be multiplied by ratio of number of squares in order to get the fux density. The fux distribution curve i ined by plotting points " 194 ‘ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN UNSOLVED PROBLEMS 1. A1SKW 230-V, 4 pole dc. machine has the following data: armature diamet armature core length=0"135 m; length of air gapat pole centre=2'5 mm ; flux per pole=11: le are , rao preptek “OE Calculate the mmf required for air gap (i) if the armature surface is treated as smooth (if) if the armatures sated wd the wap contraction factor a tht “Taba AD) 4. Determine the air aap length ofa de. maine from he following, particulars: arom length of core 0-i anne of ucts nie 10 sam wide ok riche 26 nm iwidineto me “Caters Sepa Teh teens’ ducw=0 30: gap denaly at pole centes 07 Wo); Held” mi per pole S300 ¢ manf required for iron parts of magnetic circuit=800 A. (Aas. 4:7 mm) 4, Find the effective value of flux density at the pole centre ®f a d c. machine if ; actual flux density axpote cage Wohnts owthofe supers ni wf oF tooth trams with of sate con width of packets=S0 mm, width of duct=10 mm. Take Carter's co-efficient for ducts and slots from Fig. 49.” Also calculate the mmf for air gop. 25m; 710 We {Solution W,llye13]6—2:17; KeynO3 ; Kumg mpage ats Wallgm'0/6-=1°66 ; Kea0'25 ; For cx'ultion of contraction fasor of ducts the stacks are treated as teeth and duct as slots +10) ) Kyeed 145x $045=1+ Kem GOP E ATO! US: Kel 15x 10451198, Bilective exp density-=K,Bym 1-195 x 0'82--0'982 Whim? "AT 800,000 % 0°982% 6% 10 = 4710 A] 4, Am armature tooth $0 mm in height has a width of 16 mm at th: top and 12 mm at the root. ‘The real flux density at the root is 215 Wo/m'. Calculate the mmf required to magaetize this tooth, by (/) fzephical method (1) Simpaon’s rule (Jif) B, i/3 method. The following Bar" curve may be used. woe fe fe [| ro ee 80,000 (Ans. 930A for eraphical method? the apparent flux density at a vction ofthe teeth of an armavure of adic machine twat that section Slot pitch=24 mm ; slot width- tonth width~{ num : length of armature cure including $ ducts 10 mm each =0'38 m, iton stacking factor: 0-2 ‘True flux density in teeth at that section is 2:2 Wo'n:t for which the mmf is 70.00 Alm (Ans. 2332 Whim} 5. ‘The apparent flux density in the vet ‘r« “=-Hon of an armature tooth ie 2 1 Whj ofslot plich 27mm and width 18% mm. The

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