Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Soft Computing

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asoc

Maintenance decision methodology of petrochemical plant based on

fuzzy curvelet neural network
Bin Zhao a,∗ , Sen Chen a , Yong-xiang Wang b , Jing-hong Li b
a
School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, China
b
Fushun Petrochemical Engineering Construction Company, Fushun, Liaoning, 113006, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The maintenance decision of petrochemical plant is a main factor to ensure the reliability and safety of
Received 8 November 2017 petrochemical plant, in order to make the optimal maintenance decision of petrochemical plant, and the
Received in revised form 20 April 2018 fuzzy curvelet neural network is constructed to solve this problem. The maintenance model of petrochem-
Accepted 21 April 2018
ical plant is established through considering economy and reliability, and the failure rate and maintenance
Available online 27 April 2018
cost models of petrochemical plant are deduced. The architectural framework of fuzzy curvelet neural
network is designed, which concludes five layers, and the optimal algorithm procedure is designed based
Keywords:
on improved particle swarm algorithm. The simulation analysis of predicting maintenance cost and fail-
Maintenance decision
Petrochemical plant
ure rate for 1 million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit is carried out based on three different
Fuzzy curvelet neural network decision methods, the new method has best precision by comparing simulation results with actual data,
Improved particle swam algorithm and the maintenance cost and failure rate of the unit from 2017 to 2022 are predicted. In addition, the
best maintenance plans are confirmed through predicting simulation bases on the proposed method. The
proposed maintenance decision model offers scientific guidance as a basis for action by overhaul decision
makers of a petrochemical plant.
© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction tion and maintenance interval by integrating human errors with

The shutdown and maintenance of petrochemical plants are in
the special period, and completing maintenance of petrochemical
plants efficiently is a key factor to ensure the stable operation of
them in next operation cycle. Maintenance procession of petro-
chemical plants is more complex than that of other industrial
enterprises, and it concludes many crossing tasks and maintenance
projects, the construction period of maintenance is very tight,
and general quality of construction personnel is uneven, there-
fore the scientific maintenance plans should be prepared to ensure
the smooth implementation of maintenance of the petrochemical
plants. Recently, Sheikhalishahi M. et al. put forward an integrated
approach for maintenance planning by considering human fac-
tors applied to petrochemical plant [1]. Chung E.K. compared the
exposure levels of benzene in maintenance and regular works at
the petroleum plant, results showed that the periodic monitor-
ing according to manual which was standardized was necessary
to reinforce during maintenance operations [2]. Hameed A. et al.
presented a risk-based methodology to estimate shutdown inspec-
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zbzbz0203288@163.com (B. Zhao).
degradation modeling of a processing unit, which addressed to
identify the number of shutdown intervals required to achieve tar-
get reliability over a goal period [3]. Current research achievements
can get the better maintenance decision, however these mainte-
nance decision-making models have some defects, for instance,
the influence of maintenance on equipment reliability is ignored,
the operable maintenance strategy can not be obtained, and the
deteriorating trend of reliability presented in operation process is
ignored.
The petrochemical plants can carry out periodic overhaul
according to maintenance plans, and then the petrochemical equip-
ment can be kept in good technical condition, the breakdown
can be avoided, the lifetime of petrochemical equipment can be
extended, the safety and reliability of petrochemical plants can
be improved. Many scientists have constructed the corresponding
model. Makhutov N. et al. proposed the important and procedural
approaches for prolonging the safe operating life of petrochemical
equipment, operated for a long time in hydrogen sulfide containing
media based on the choice and successive application of diagnostic
methods evaluation of strength, life, reliability, risk, viability and
safety, using criteria for the probability of breakdown and the risk
of failure [4]. Zhong J. et al. proposed an integrated inspection and
failure model of equipment for asset management to combine the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.04.043
1568-4946/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
204 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212
repairable and aging failure models with maintenance activities,
and the optimal inspection interval could be determined based on
this model [5]. From the economic point of view, petrochemical
enterprise spends a large amount of direct costs on maintenance
of equipment, while the indirect costs and other potential factors
also affect greatly on total costs of the maintenance process [6].
Currently the petrochemical enterprise not only concerns the ini-
tial investment costs, but also focuses on the running, maintenance,
failure, and decommissioning costs [7,8]. To consider total costs and
benefit in the whole life cycle of petrochemical equipment perspec-
tive, the initial investment, running and decommissioning costs are
not changed basically, and the maintenance and failure costs can
be further optimized.
The maintenance decision can affect the type and times of
overhaul and the costs of maintenance, and it can also affect the
reliability, the failure rate and costs of the petrochemical plants
during operation, therefore the maintenance decision should be
made reasonably to reduce maintenance cost and failure number
[9,10].
In recent years, the most maintenance decision models have
been built, which have been successfully applied in many fields.
Grobbelaar S. and Visser J.K. proposed a maintenance decision
model by combing renewal theory and decision analysis method,
which could be applied in confirming the expected replacement
cost per unit time of predictive maintenance, and could be used to
cope with repairable system. The practical application of the pro-
posed model should be future studied based on case study analyses
[11].
Chemweno P. et al. proposed a method of risk evaluation tool
in the maintenance decision making domain, and derived the
generic selection criteria for FMEA, FTA and BN based on ISO
31000:2009 standard, and analysis results showed that the new
method could assist maintenance practitioners. The methodology
should be extended to alternative techniques. A robust decision
support tool should be established to select suitable techniques
in maintenance decision making domain [12]. Galar D. et al. pro-
posed a diagnosis and prognosis approach for maintenance decision
making, and was applied in evaluate the consistency and the relia-
bility of the measurement data obtained during laboratory testing
activity, and the process of data aggregation was addressed into a
contextual awareness hybrid model, this method could ensure that
the life cycle of assets was managed and optimized. This proposed
model could get Residual Useful Life values but not predict the
maintenance costs. [13]. Nugraha H. et al. applied RAMS (reliability,
availability, maintainability, and security) in analyzing the mainte-
nance planning on the 150-kV submarine cables of the Java-Bali
power transmission system in Indonesia, and made four alterna-
tives of a maintenance scheme based on maintenance interval and
cable’s mechanical protection, this proposed maintenance decision
model could be further applied in other fields [14]. Damerdji R.O.
and Noureddine M. analyzed a maintenance decision-making for
a system subject to corrective and preventive maintenance, and
proposed a method including both an extension of the Alert Delay
model and the total maintenance cost assessment of the system,
and the new method was verified through simulation analysis. The
final result was the optimum maintenance strategy at lowest cost
and likelihood to perform preventive or corrective maintenance
[15]. Hoang A. et al. studied the evolution of conventional main-
tenance decision-making process in industry for considering the
energy efficiency indicator, and defined the concepts of energy
efficiency indicator which materialized the energy efficiency per-
formance at a specific time and remaining energy-efficient lifetime
for tracking the energy efficiency performance evolution. They pro-
posed the mathematical model of computing the energy efficiency
indicator, and formalized a generic approach to assess the remain-
ing energy-efficient lifetime value. The credibility of the proposed
approach should be enlarged through releasing some assumptions
[16].
In recent years, most optimization methods on maintenance
decision have been carried out with a single target, and have
ignored simultaneous optimization of multiple targets, and there-
fore it is difficult to make proper maintenance plans [17]. The
optimal model of making maintenance decision of petrochemical
plant can be constructed by considering the reliability and econ-
omy of maintenance of petrochemical system [18,19]. In order to
confirm the optimal maintenance decision of petrochemical plant,
the fuzzy curvelet neural network is used to predict the reliability
and economy of it, and then the best maintenance decision can be
chosen.
The most maintenance decision models have been proposed for
single device system, but the practical system is made up of mul-
tiple equipments such as the petrochemical plant, therefore the
maintenance decision model of multiple equipment system should
be further studied [20]. The existing maintenance models have con-
structed based on single factor such as risk evaluation, reliability,
and replacement. While the reliability and economy work together
to affect the selection of maintenance decision of multiple equip-
ment system, therefore the maintenance decision model should be
modified for the consideration of the reliability and economy. This
research is committed to build a maintenance decision model of
petrochemical plant considering reliability and economy. The best
maintenance plan is confirmed based on prediction of reliability
and economic indices [21]. An effective prediction method should
be applied to predict these indices.
The fuzzy wavelet neural network is an effective prediction
tool. It not only retains the ability of the wavelet analysis, but also
has high approximation capability and strong generalization ability
[22].
Currently the wavelet neural network has been constructed
by combing wavelet function with neural network, which has
been applied in many fields successfully. Loussifi H. et al. pro-
posed a hybrid intelligent method for system identification, and
the mother wavelets were used as activation functions for the neu-
ral network structure, and as the kernel functions in the machine
learning process. Simulation results showed that the new method
had higher precision and performance than other methods. The
proposed model could be further improved through using addi-
tional mother functions and other learning algorithm [23]. Chen
S.Y. et al. proposed a novel recurrent wavelet fuzzy neural network
with adaptive learning rate to control the rotor position on the axial
direction of a thrust magnetic bearing mechanism, the new method
was put forward by combining wavelet transform and fuzzy rules,
which could control the thrust magnetic bearing precisely [24].
Wavelet neural networks have also been improved based on
fuzzy theory. Ong P. and Zainuddin Z. proposed a new fuzzy C-
means algorithm for improving the wavelet neural network, and
the modified wavelet neural network was applied to benchmark
problem, and assessment analysis showed that the new method
had higher prediction accuracy [25].
Integration of fuzzy theory and wavelet neural network can
overcome the defects of neural network and fuzzy theory in knowl-
edge processing. The fuzzy wavelet neural network applied to
maintenance decision of petrochemical plant is feasible. In order
to improve the prediction effect of fuzzy wavelet neural network,
the curvelet function is used as excitation function to construct
the fuzzy curvelet neural network because the curvelet transform
not only keeps the multi-scale characteristics of wavelet method,
but also has characteristics of anisotropy [26]. In this research, the
fuzzy curvelet neural network is proposed based on fuzzy theory
and wavelet neural network. The fuzzy curvelet neural network is
trained using the improved particle swarm algorithm to improve
the convergence precision. The maintenance costs and failure rate
 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212 205

of petrochemical plant are predicted using the proposed method to Then the failure rate can be computed based on expressions (1) and
enhance prediction precision and efficiency. The improved main- (3):
tenance decision system based on fuzzy curvelet neural network is
constructed to confirm the best maintenance plan. f (t) ˛ t ˛−1
(t) = = ·( ) (4)
This paper is organized in the following way. In Section 2, the R(t)  
related research progress is summarized. In Section 3, the economy MTBF can be deduced as follows [33]:
and reliability mathematical models of petrochemical plant main-  +∞
tenance are demonstrated. In Section 4, the mathematical model ˛ ˛−1 −( t )˛
MTBF = t ·e dt (5)
of fuzzy neural network is also demonstrated. In Section 5, the ˛
0
effectiveness of the proposed decision model is verified based on
t ) ˛
simulation analysis, and the optimal maintenance plan is confirmed −( 
Let  = e , and the expression (5) is converted to the following
based on prediction. Finally, the important conclusions and future form:
researching work are derived.  +∞
1 1
MTBF =  ·  ˛ · e− d =  ·  (1 + ) (6)
2. Mathematical models of economy and reliability of 0
˛
petrochemical plant maintenance
For j th minor maintenance period in i th overhaul period, the fol-
2.1. Reliability model of maintenance for petrochemical plant lowing equation is obtained:
1
The maintenance decision of petrochemical plant is influenced MTBFij = ij ·  (1 + ) (7)
˛ij
by many factors. The reliability should be considered in process of
making maintenance decision of petrochemical plant. Gero W. and Based on assumption 2, the shape parameters in different main-
Simme D.F. proposed a new kind of condition-based maintenance tenance period are all defined by ␣, and then the scale parameter
policy, and used the system’s reliability block diagram and infor- can be calculated by the following expression:
mation with respect to the status of its components to calculate the i+j−2
residual life distribution [27]. Rabiul I. et al. developed a particu- ij = 11 · (1-d) (8)
lar technique applicable for the maintenance procedures of marine where d denotes the degradation rate between maintenance peri-
and offshore operations to improve the safety and reliability of the ods.
maintenance procedure on board [28]. The theories and methods The relationship between failure rates in different maintenance
of reliability centered maintenance have concerned by many sci- period is expressed as follows [34]:
entists gradually. The failure rate is associated with utility time of
the petrochemical plant, and it is a function of time. The failure rate ˛ · t ˛−1 ˛ · t ˛−1 1
ij = = = · 11 (9)
changes can be divided into three stages in life cycle of petroleum ˛ ij (1 − d)
(i+j−2)˛ ˛
11 (1 − d)
(i+j−2)˛
plant, which are early failure, accidental failure and loss failure
stages. In the first stage, the failure rate of petrochemical plant The other preventive maintenance periods can be computed by
declines gradually with time. In the second period, the petrochem- the known 11 and ␣ of the first preventive maintenance period.
ical plant will fail accidentally due to sudden incident, because the Where 11 and ␣ can be obtained based on the least square method
fault behavior in this stage is incidental, therefore the failure rate is according to the previous maintenance data of petrochemical plant.
relatively low. In the third stage, the failure rate of petrochemical
plant rises due to aging failure of petrochemical equipment. 2.2. Economy model of maintenance for petrochemical plant
Three assumptions are given in order to analyze this problem
easily, which are listed as follows: Production costs of petrochemical plant was largely affected by
Assumption 1: the Weibull distribution is used to describe the maintenance cost, and maintenance costs depend mainly on the
life of petrochemical equipment, and the two-parameters Weibull strategy for performing maintenance [35]. The maintenance modes
distribution model is applied in this research to simply analysis of petrochemical plants mainly conclude scheduled and post acci-
process [29]. dent maintenances, and the first mode concludes regular major and
Assumption 2: in a maintenance cycle, the mean time between minor overhauls.
failures of petrochemical equipment is independent. For different The costs of scheduled and post accident maintenances con-
minor overhaul period, the mean time between failures obeys the clude two parts, which are maintenance material and construction
same distribution, but has different distribution parameters [30]. costs. The major scheduled maintenance cost is defined by Cma ,
Assumption 3: the maintenance time of petrochemical plant is and the minor scheduled maintenance cost is defined by Cmi , The
ignored [31]. post-accident maintenance cost is defined by Cp .
The failure density function of the petrochemical plant is Cma , Cmi and Cp are calculated by the following equations [36]:
expressed as follows [32]:
Cma = Cmam + Cmao (10)
˛ ˛−1 −( t )˛
f (t) = t ·e (1)
˛ Cmi = Cmim + Cmio (11)
where ␣ denotes shape parameter,  denotes scale parameter.
Cp = Cpm + Cpo (12)
The failure distribution function of the petrochemical plant is
expressed as follows: where Cmam , Cmim , and Cpm are the material costs of major
t )
−( 
˛ scheduled maintenance, minor scheduled maintenance and post-
F(t) = 1-e (2) accident maintenance respectively. Cmao , Cmio and Cpo are the
The reliability function of the petrochemical plant is expressed construction costs of major scheduled maintenance, minor sched-
as follows: uled maintenance and post-accident maintenance respectively.
t ) ˛ The major scheduled maintenance time is defined by Nma , the
−( 
R(t) = e (3) minor scheduled maintenance time is defined by Nmi , and accident
206 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212

time is defined by Np , and then the total maintenance cost of petro- The real and non negative low pass window is imparted, and the
chemical plant in a cycle is calculated by the following expression: following condition is satisfied.
 2
Ctotal = Cma · Nma + Cmi · Nmi + Cp · Np (13) |W0 (r)|2 + |W (2−j r)| = 1 (21)
j≥0
where Np denotes the failure time, which is calculated by the fol-
lowing expression:
3.2. Theory model of fuzzy curvelet neural network
 T
Np = (t)dt (14) Fuzzy curvelet neural network has five layers, which are input
0 layer, fuzzification layer, rule layer, curvelet layer and output layer.
The structure of the fuzzy curvelet neural network is shown in Fig. 1.
3. Mathematical model of fuzzy curvelet neural network
(1) The first layer is input layer, which corresponds to current
Based on the basic theory of wavelet neural network, the parameters of petrochemical plant.
curvelet theory is combined with artificial neural network to con- (2) The second layer is the fuzzification layer, which carry out fuzzy
struct the curvelet neural network, the curvelet neural network not processing for input parameters of petrochemical plant, and the
only has the scale and location path of traditional wavelet neural Gaussian function is used as the membership degree function,
network, but also has directionality, and then the curvelet neural which is expressed by [39]
network can construct the more complex decision plane to obtain
neural network model with excellent performance. In addition, the (xi −
ij )2
−
fuzzy theory is also combined with the curvelet neural network to 2 2
Mj (xi ) = e ij (22)
construct the fuzzy curvelet neural network in order to describe the
fuzziness and uncertainty of information in maintenance decision where i = 1, 2, . . . , m, m denotes the number of input parameters;
of petrochemical plant. j = 1, 2, . . . , n, n denotes the number of fuzzy rules in third layer;
ij
and  ij are center and base width of Gaussian membership degree
3.1. Basic theory of curvelet transform function; Mj (xi ) denotes the membership degree function of i th
input variable for j th rule.
The curvelet transform was firstly put forward by Donoho et al.,
which was a kind of multi-scale and multidirectional expressions (3) The third layer is rule layer, which corresponds to n fuzzy rules,
with anisotropy, and then the curvelet transform was improved every node corresponds to a fuzzification rule. The membership
by Candes et al. in 2002, and then the fast curvelet transform was degree of input variable given of every fuzzy rule is calculated
obtained. by the following expression:
In 2D space R2 , the space position parameter is defined by s,
the frequency domain parameter is defined by ω, the polar coor- j (x) = Mj (x1 ) ∗ Mj (x2 ) ∗ · · · ∗ Mj (xm ) (23)
dinates in frequency domain are defined by r and ϑ respectively. where * denotes the t-norm product operator, j (x) denotes the
Suppose radial window W(r) and angle window V(t) are smooth, input variable of next layer.
nonnegative, and real functions, W(r) and V(t) satisfy the following
conditions [37]: (4) The fourth layer is curvelet layer, and the product of output

+∞ variables in third layer and fourth layer is used as the output of
W 2 (2j r) = 1, 0.75 < r < 1.5 (15) fifth layerm. Theoutput of j th curvelet neuron in fourth layer is
calculated by
j=−∞


+∞ COq = q ϕj,l,k (x) (24)
V 2 (t − l) = 1, −0.5 < t < 0.5 (16)
The output error of model is calculated by the following expres-
j=−∞
sion [40]:
The scale parameter of curvelet transform is 2-j , and the rotation 1 e 2
E= Y −Y (25)
angle sequence ϑj,l is expressed by 2
where Ye denotes the expected output, Y denotes the current out-
ϑj,l = 2 × 2−j/2 × l, l = 0, 1, . . ., 0 ≤ ϑj,l ≤ 2␲ (17) put.
(j,l) The parameters of membership degree function and curvelet
The displacement parameter sequence xk is expressed by function should be regulated in the training of fuzzy curvelet neu-
T ral network. The equations of parameter adjustable algorithm are
−1
(k1 2−j , k2 2−j/2 )
(j,l)
xk = Rϑ (18) listed as follows:
j,l

∂E
The curvelet function is expressed as follows [38]: ϑj,l (t + 1) = ϑj,l (t) +  (26)
∂ϑj,l
(j,l)
ϕj,l,k (x) = ϕj [Rϑj,k (x − xk ] (19)
∂E
k1 (t + 1) = k1 (t) +  (27)
where Rϑj,k is the rotating matrix of angle ϑj,l . ∂k1
The continuous curvelet transform in frequency domain is ∂E
k2 (t + 1) = k2 (t) +  (28)
expressed by ∂k2
 
1 1 (j,l) ∂E
c(j, k, l) = ˆ j,l,k (ω)dω =
f (ω)ϕ̄ f (ω)Uj (Rϑl ω)e
[i<x
k
,ω>]
dω (20)
ij (t + 1) =
ij (t) +  (29)
42 42 ∂
ij
 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212 207

Fig. 1. Diagram of fuzzy curvelet neural network.

∂E method of particle. The particles with high foraging desire degree

ij (t + 1) = ij (t) + 
∂ij
where  denotes the training speed.
4. Improved particle swarm training algorithm of fuzzy
curvelet neural network
The velocity and location evaluation equations of standard par-
ticle swarm optimization algorithm are expressed as follows [41]:
vj (t + 1) = bvj (t) + c1 r1 [pj (t) − xj (t)] + c2 r2 [pg (t) − xj (t)]
(30)
incline to move around the food source discovered by themselves,
and the particles with small foraging desire degree require to seek
group help and move to position where the food source is best.
The acceleration variable is applied in the particle swarm algo-
rithm, and then every particle is fast approaching the optimal
position, and the convergence speed of algorithm can be improved.
and the corresponding evolution equations are expressed as fol-
lows:
When sj (t) < ω1 , the particle can evolve by the following expres-
(31) sions:

xj (t + 1) = xj (t) + vj (t + 1) (32) vj (t + 1) = bvj (t) + c1 r1 [pj (t) − xj (t)] (36)

where vj (t) denotes the velocity of j th particle in t th generation, 1

xj (t + 1) = xj (t) + vj (t + 1) + c1 r1 [pj (t) − xj (t)] (37)
pj (t) denotes the optimal position of j th particle in t th generation, 2
pg (t) denotes the optimal position of t th generation, b denotes the When ω1 ≤ sj (t) < ω2 , the particle can evolve by the following
inheritance coefficient of particle to the previous velocity, b = 1 in expressions
this research, c1 denotes the influence coefficient of own behav-
vj (t + 1) = bvj (t) + c1 r1 [pj (t) − xj (t)] + c2 r2 [pg (t) − xj (t)] (38)
ior of particle to subsequent behavior, c2 denotes the influence
coefficient of group behavior to every particle. 1 1
xj (t + 1) = xj (t) + vj (t + 1) + c1 r1 [pj (t) − xj (t)] + c2 r2 [pg (t) − xj (t)] (39)
2 2
The velocity update formula is expressed by
When sj (t) ≥ ω2 , the particle can evolve by the following expres-
vj (t + 1) = vj (t) + a
(33) sions
where
denotes the running time, a denotes the acceleration. vj (t + 1) = bvj (t) + c2 r2 [pg (t) − xj (t)] (40)
When
is 1, the acceleration variable is approximated as follows
[42]: 1
xj (t + 1) = xj (t) + vj (t + 1) + c2 r2 [pg (t) − xj (t)] (41)
2
aj (t + 1) ≈ c1 r1 [pj (t) − xj (t)] + c2 r2 [pg (t) − xj (t)] (34)
If vj (t) > vmax , vj (t) = vmax ; If vj (t) < −vmax , vj (t) = −vmax . In order to
where aj (t + 1) denotes the acceleration of j th particle in t + 1th avoid the premature convergence, the velocity mutation strategy
generation. is introduced to the improved particle swarm algorithm, and the
The position update equation is simplified as follows: corresponding expression is listed as follows:
⎧
xj (t + 1) = xj (t) + vj (t + 1) +
1
a (t + 1) (35) ⎪ 1
⎨ vmax · ε, ε <
1
2 j 2 2
vj (t) = (42)
A forging degree function sj (t) is given for every particle, and two ⎪
⎩ − 1 vmax · ε, other
forging thresholds ω1 and ω2 are defined to adjust the evolution 2
208 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212
Table 1
Main physical work quantities of maintenance.
Item Number Item Number
Rector 1 Heating furnace 1 Number of
Tower 5 Container 16
Heat exchanger 15 Valve 86
Fixture 6 Pressure vessel 46
where ε denotes the random number.
The procedure of improved particle algorithm is shown in Fig. 2.
5. Simulation analysis of maintenance decision for a
petrochemical plant
To verify the effectiveness of the fuzzy curvelet neural network
proposed, the simulation analysis of maintenance decision is car-
ried out for 1 million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit
in a petrochemical company. Main physical work quantities are
listed in Table 1.
The distribution parameters of petrochemical plant mainte-
nance are confirmed based on the least square method, the previous
maintenance data from 1987 to 2016 are collected to get the fitting
line, and the corresponding fitting line is expressed as follows:
y = −8.22x + 3.0 (43)
The 11 and ␣ can be calculated based on the following expressions:
˛=b (44)
−( a )
11 = e b (45)
Based on expressions (43)–(45), the shape and scale parameters
can be calculated, which are listed as follows: ␣ = 3.0, 11 = 15.5.
The maintenance data of gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit
from 1987 to 2016 is collected through visiting the petrochemical
company. The first twenty sets of data are used to train the fuzzy
curvelet neural network, and the later ten sets of data are used as
test sample.
The comparative analysis among wavelet neural network, fuzzy
wavelet neural network (in reference [22]) and fuzzy curvelet neu-
ral network is carried out. The optimal parameters of algorithm
are chosen based on orthogonal design for improving the conver-
gence and optimization performances. The scale of particle swarm
influences the stability of algorithm and optimal efficiency greatly.
c1 and c2 decide influence degree of individual and global histor-
ical information on trajectory of particle, if c1 and c2 are bigger,
the particle can quickly move to the target area, but it is easy to
leave the target area; otherwise if c1 and c2 are smaller, the parti-
cle oscillates in the area far away from the target. ω1 and ω2 are
used to balance the global and local search abilities. If ω1 and ω2
are smaller, the local search ability of algorithm will be enhanced,
and the global search ability of algorithm will be reduced accord-
ingly, and the converse is also true. vmax and ε is used to control the
velocity of particle, smaller vmax and ε lead to inadequate search
for solution space, and bigger vmax and ε make the particle skip the
optimal solution.
The orthogonal test factors conclude number of particle,
vmax ,c1 ,c1 ,ω1 , ω2 , and ε. And every factor takes four levels, the
factors and levels of orthogonal test are listed in Table 2.
The objective function takes the average convergence algebra,
which is mean of thirty experiments. The orthogonal table L32 (49 )
is used to carried out experimental design. This experiment has
only seven factors, therefore there are two blank columns. The level
number filled in blank column, which is not real parameter value.
The orthogonal plan is listed in Table 3.
The final analysis results of orthogonal experiment are listed in
Table 4. Where Kij denotes the sum of average convergence algebra
Table 2
Factors and levels of orthogonal test.
Level Parameters of improved particle swarm algorithm
vmax c1 c2 ω1 ω2 ε
particle
1 40 8.5 1.5 1.85 0.52 0.56 0.80
2 50 10 1.85 2.00 0.56 0.60 0.85
3 70 11.5 2 2.10 0.60 0.64 0.90
4 90 13.0 2.15 2.25 0.64 0.68 0.95
for i th level of j th factor. The smaller the average convergence alge-
bra is, the higher convergence efficiency is. For number of particle
(j = 1), K2j is smallest, therefore the optimal number of particles is
50. The best level of other parameters of improved particle swarm
algorithm can be obtained based on the same reason.
The parameters of training algorithm are finally set as follows:
the particle swarm concludes 50 particles, vmax = 10,c1 = c2 = 2,
ω1 = 0.52, ω2 = 0.64, ε = 0.85 in this research. The input variables
of fuzzy curvelet neural network select seventeen factors of affect-
ing maintenance decision of petrochemical plant, which conclude
medium (x1 ), volume (x1 ), pressure (x2 ), operation (x4 ), service time
(x5 ), failure times (x6 ), major overhaul times (x7 ), minor overhaul
times (x8 ), corrosion rate (x9 ), failure rate (x10 ), MTBF (x11 ), crack
detection results (x12 ), equipment loss (x13 ), production loss (x14 ),
personnel loss (x15 ), maintenance period (x16 ), and environmen-
tal loss (x17 ). The output of fuzzy curvelet neural network is total
maintenance cost of petrochemical plant (Y).
The structure of fuzzy neural network is set as follows: the
curvelet transform layer has three input nodes which represent
major overhaul times, minor overhaul times, and failure rate
respectively. The fuzzifiation layer concludes eight nodes, the fuzzy
relational layer has fifteen nodes, and the relational layer after
fuzzification concludes eight nodes. The output layer has one node
which represents the total maintenance cost of 1 million tons/year
gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit. Fig. 3 shows the training iter-
ation curves of optimization based on wavelet neural network,
fuzzy wavelet neural network and fuzzy curvelet neural network
respectively. As seen from Fig. 3, the fuzzy curvelet neural net-
work based on improved particle swarm algorithm can obtain
the optimal value, and the fuzzy curvelet neural network based
on improved particle swarm algorithm has quickest convergence
speed.
The prediction error comparison results of maintenance cost
and failure rate of 1 million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphuriza-
tion unit from 2007 to 2016 based on different method are listed
in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. As seen from Tables 2 and 3, the
prediction errors of maintenance cost and failure rate of gasoline
hydrodesulphurization unit based on fuzzy curvelet neural net-
work are lest among three methods and the prediction errors based
on wavelet neural network are largest. The fuzzy curvelet neural
network has best prediction ability of maintenance cost and failure
rate of gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit, which can construct
the most accurate prediction model. Therefore the fuzzy curvelet
neural network is an effective tool for making maintenance deci-
sion of 1 million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit in
a petrochemical company in 2017.
The future maintenance cost of 1 million tons/year gasoline
hydrodesulphurization unit from 2017 and 2020 are predicted
based the proposed method, and the corresponding results are
shown in Fig. 4. As seen from Fig. 4, the maintenance cost reduces
with time, the main reason is that the advanced maintenance mea-
surements are used. In addition, the prediction results can offer
favorable theoretical basis of making optimal maintenance plans.
Four alternative maintenance plans of 1 million tons/year gaso-
line hydrodesulphurization unit in 2017 are made.
 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212 209

The population is initialized.

The initial position of
particle is selected using as
optimal position p j (t ) .
The velocity range of
particle is set as
[- vmax ,vmax ].
The position of particle with
best objection function
value is considered as
optimal position of group

The fitness value of every particle is calculated based on decision objection

The forging degree and threshold of every particles are compared.

The velocity of particle is updated based on expressions (34), (36) and (38)

The velocity of particle is revised based on expression (42).

The position of particle is updated based on expressions (37), (39) and (41).

No Whether the individual

optimal position of every
particle is updated or not?

The forging degree

Yes
is improved, and
particle moves to The particle has no
optimal position of forging desire.
group.

The optimal position of group is obtained through

comparing optimal fitness degree value of every particle.

Whether end condition is

reached or not?

Yes
No
The loop is terminated.

Fig. 2. Procedure of improved particle swarm algorithm.

Maintenance plan 1: the maintenance plan is made based on
risk evaluation of 1 million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphuriza-
tion unit, and the possibility of failure for unit can be reduced. The
human error is reduced in operation, and the maintenance per-
sonnel should operate according to operation rules. The operation
state is grasped through regular monitoring of devices. The lubri-
cation and cleaning maintenance measurements are carried out for
devices.
Maintenance plan 2: the maintenance plan is made centered on
reliability, the computer technology, monitoring technology, and
fault diagnosis technology are used to obtain the operating state of
1 million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit. Based on
state data in whole operation cycle, such as monitoring parameters,
alarm events, deterioration trend and fault diagnosis of devices, the
maintenance decision is carried out.
Maintenance plan 3: the period maintenance is used for 1
million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit based on
operation time of unit. The regular inspection, status testing,
replacement of vulnerable, fastening and calibration are carried
out to ensure normal operation of devices. The potential faults of
devices can be found out, and the petrochemical plant has sufficient
time to arrange the maintenance plan and prepare the necessary
spare parts.
Maintenance plan 4: the maintenance is carried out to improve
operating state and reliability of device based on root cause analysis
of device failure. Main means conclude part replacement, design
improvement, material upgrading and remanufacturing, and the
performance of device can be recovered and improved to eliminate
repeated failures.
210 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212

Table 3
Orthogonal test plan.

Order of Parameters of improved particle swarm algorithm Blank

test
Number of particle vmax c1 c1 ω1 ω2 ε

1 40 8.5 1.5 1.85 0.52 0.56 0.80 1 1

2 40 10 1.85 2.00 0.56 0.60 0.85 1 2
3 40 11.5 2 2.10 0.60 0.64 0.90 1 3
4 40 13.0 2.15 2.25 0.64 0.68 0.95 1 4
5 50 8.5 1.5 2.00 0.56 0.64 0.90 2 1
6 50 10 1.85 1.85 0.52 0.68 0.95 2 2
7 50 11.5 2 2.25 0.64 0.56 0.80 2 3
8 50 13.0 2.15 2.10 0.60 0.60 0.85 2 4
9 70 8.5 1.85 2.10 0.64 0.56 0.85 3 1
10 70 10 1.5 2.25 0.60 0.60 0.80 3 2
11 70 11.5 2.15 1.85 0.56 0.64 0.95 3 3
12 70 13.0 2 2.00 0.52 0.68 0.90 3 4
13 90 8.5 1.85 2.25 0.60 0.64 0.95 4 1
14 90 10 1.5 2.10 0.64 0.68 0.90 4 2
15 90 11.5 2.15 2.00 0.52 0.56 0.85 4 3
16 90 13.0 2 1.85 0.56 0.60 0.80 4 4
17 40 8.5 2.15 1.85 0.64 0.60 0.90 1 1
18 40 10 2 2.00 0.60 0.56 0.95 1 2
19 40 11.5 1.85 2.10 0.56 0.68 0.80 1 3
20 40 13.0 1.5 2.25 0.52 0.64 0.85 1 4
21 50 8.5 2.15 2.00 0.60 0.68 0.80 2 1
22 50 10 2 1.85 0.64 0.64 0.85 2 2
23 50 11.5 1.85 2.25 0.52 0.60 0.90 2 3
24 50 13.0 1.5 2.10 0.56 0.56 0.95 2 4
25 70 8.5 2 2.10 0.52 0.60 0.95 3 1
26 70 10 2.15 2.25 0.56 0.56 0.90 3 2
27 70 11.5 1.5 1.85 0.60 0.68 0.85 3 3
28 70 13.0 1.85 2.00 0.64 0.64 0.80 3 4
29 90 8.5 2 2.25 0.56 0.68 0.85 4 1
30 90 10 2.15 2.10 0.52 0.64 0.80 4 2
31 90 11.5 1.5 2.00 0.64 0.60 0.95 4 3
32 90 13.0 1.85 1.85 0.60 0.56 0.90 4 4

Table 4
Final calculating results of orthogonal experiment.

Number of particle vmax c1 c1 ω1 ω2 ε Blank

K1j 368.23 367.84 368.61 367.04 365.41 361.53 360.54 363.43 367.82
K2j 364.56 365.5 365.42 365.99 367.06 358.54 359.52 365.43 365.55
K3j 366.74 366.76 364.76 368.43 365.96 356.43 363.65 362.64 366.07
K4j 369.82 369.43 366.05 366.71 368.52 360.54 361.03 364.87 364.32

The maintenance costs of four maintenance plans are predicted
based on fuzzy curvelet neural network, and the prediction results
are listed in Table 4. As seen from Table 4, the second maintenance
plans of 1 million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit
has lest total prediction maintenance cost, therefore it is used as
the final implementation plan. The petrochemical company pre-
pares two maintenances in June and December respectively, and
maintenance periods are all set to 20 days, and the minor over-
haul is carried out in other months of 2017. By using fuzzy curvelet
neural network the optimal maintenance plans are confirmed, and
the total maintenance cost can be reduced effectively, the optimal
maintenance plan not only satisfies the reliability requirement, but
also saves cost.
6. Conclusions
The maintenance of petrochemical plant is an important task
of ensuring the safety and reliability of it, to improve maintenance
decision prediction effect of petrochemical plant, the fuzzy theory,
the curvelet transform and artificial neural network are combined
to establish the fuzzy curvelet neural network. The maintenance
cost prediction model of petrochemical plant is constructed, and
the basic structure of fuzzy curvelet neural network is designed.
The major overhaul times, the minor overhaul times and failure rate
are used as input variables by considering the reliability and econ-
omy of petrochemical plant, and the fuzzy curvelet neural network
is trained by the improved particle swarm algorithm combing the
traditional particle swarm algorithm and bacterial foraging algo-
rithm. One million tons/year gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit
in a petrochemical company is used as research object to carry
out maintenance cost prediction, and the following conclusions are
obtained:
(1) The distribution parameters of petrochemical plant main-
tenance are obtained based on the least square method:
␣ = 3.0, 11 = 15.5. The optimal parameters of improved particle
swarm algorithm are obtained based on orthogonal experi-
ment: vmax = 10,c1 = c2 = 2, ω1 = 0.52, ω2 = 0.64, ε = 0.85.
(2) The comparative analysis among wavelet neural network, fuzzy
wavelet neural network and fuzzy curvelet neural network is
carried out, and results show that the fuzzy curvelet neural net-
work based on improved particle swarm algorithm has quickest
convergence speed.
(3) The fuzzy curvelet neural network has best prediction ability of
maintenance cost and failure rate of gasoline hydrodesulphur-
ization unit, which can construct the most accurate prediction
model.
(4) The maintenance cost reduces with time, the main reason is that
the advanced maintenance measurements are used. In addition,
 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212 211

Fig. 3. Training iteration curves of optimization based on different method.

the prediction results can offer favorable theoretical basis of

making optimal maintenance plans.
(5) Four alternative maintenance plans of 1 million tons/year
gasoline hydrodesulphurization unit in 2017 are made. The
maintenance costs of four maintenance plans are predicted
based on fuzzy curvelet neural network, and results show that
the second maintenance plans of 1 million tons/year gasoline
hydrodesulphurization unit has lest prediction total mainte-
nance cost, therefore it is used as the final implementation plan.
By using fuzzy curvelet neural network the optimal mainte-
nance plans are confirmed, and the total maintenance cost can
be reduced effectively. The optimal maintenance plan not only
satisfies the reliability requirement, but also saves costs. The
fuzzy curvelet neural network can offer effective theoretical
basis for making optimal maintenance decision.

The proposed maintenance decision method is applied not only

to petrochemical pant, but also to large-scale energy equipment,
metallurgical equipment, pharmaceutical equipment, biotech-
nological devices and other process industrial equipment. The
reliability and safety of these large-scale equipment can be ensured
through optimal maintenance measurements confirmed by pro-
posed decision method. The proposed decision method can be
combined with sensor technology, fault diagnosis technology and
computer technology to construct the intelligent maintenance
decision platform of large-scale process industrial equipment. The
following should be further studied:
(1) The fault diagnosis should be introduced into the pro-
posed maintenance decision system, and the operating state of a
large-scale equipment can obtained correctly, and then the input
parameters of fuzzy Curvelet neural network are more effective to
improve decision-making accuracy.
(2) The optimal algorithm of fuzzy Curvelet neural network
parameters should be improved, and the convergence performance
of optimal algorithm should be enhanced. And then the training
Fig. 4. Prediction results of maintenance cost and failure rate from 2017 to 2020.
precision and efficiency of fuzzy Curvelet neural network can be
improved.
(3) The online maintenance decision platform should be con-
structed to offer timely maintenance advices, and the security of
the large-scale process equipment can be ensured.
References
[1] M. Sheikhalishahi, L. Pintelon, A. Azadeh, An integrated approach for
maintenance planning by considering human factors: application to a
petrochemical plant, Process Saf. Environ. Prot.: Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. Part B
109 (7) (2017) 400–409.
[2] E.K. Chung, J.K. Jang, D.H. Koh, A comparison of benzene exposures in
maintenance and regular works at Korean petrochemical plants, J. Chem.
Health Saf. 24 (3) (2017) 21–26.
212 B. Zhao et al. / Applied Soft Computing 69 (2018) 203–212
[3] A. Hameed, F. Khan, S. Ahmed, A risk-based shutdown inspection and
maintenance interval estimation considering human error, Process Saf.
Environ. Prot.: Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. Part B 100 (5) (2016) 9–21.
[4] N. Makhutov, A. Mitrofanov, S. Baryshov, Scientific basis of methods for
increasing safety and the life of equipment for extracting and processing
hydrogen sulfide containing media, Chem. Petrol. Eng. 44 (9/10) (2008)
524–533.
[5] J.W.Y. Zhong Li, C.S. Wang, J. Yu, R. Xu, Determining optimal inspection
intervals in maintenance considering equipment aging failures, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst. 32 (2) (2017) 1474–1482.
[6] H.Y. Dui, S.B. Si, R.C.M. Yam, A cost-based integrated importance measure of
system components for preventive maintenance, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 168
(12) (2017) 98–104.
[7] T.A. Nguyen, S.Y. Chou, Maintenance strategy selection for improving
cost-effectiveness of offshore wind systems, Energy Convers. Manage. 157 (2)
(2018) 86–95.
[8] R.E. Peimbert-Garcia, J. Limon-Robles, M.G. Beruvides, Cost of quality
modeling for maintenance employing opportunity and infant mortality costs:
an analysis of an electric utility, Eng. Econ. 61 (2) (2016) 112–127.
[9] L. Lin, B. Luo, S.S. Zhong, Development and application of maintenance
decision-making support system for aircraft fleet, Adv. Eng. Software 114 (12)
(2017) 192–207.
[10] P. Chemweno, L. Pintelon, P.N. Muchiri, H.A. Van, Risk assessment
methodologies in maintenance decision making: a review of dependability
modelling approaches, Eng. Syst. Saf. 173 (5) (2018) 64–77.
[11] S. Grobbelaar, J.K. Visser, Determining the cost of predictive component
replacement in order to assist with maintenance decision-making, S. Afr. J.
Ind. Eng. 26 (1) (2015) 150–162.
[12] P. Chemweno, L. Pintelon, A. Van Horenbeek, P. Muchiri, Development of a
risk assessment selection methodology for asset maintenance decision
making: an analytic network process (ANP) approach, Int. J. Prod. Econ. 170
(12) (2015) 663–676.
[13] D. Galar, A. Thaduri, M. Catelani, L. Ciani, Context awareness for maintenance
decision making: a diagnosis and prognosis approach, Measurement 67 (5)
(2015) 137–150.
[14] H. Nugraha, Z. Silalahi, N. Sinisuka, Maintenance decision models for java-Bali
150-kV power transmission submarine cable using RAMS, IEEE Power Energy
Technol. Syst. J. 3 (1) (2016) 2016.
[15] R.O. Damerdji, M. Noureddine, Maintenance decision-making under the cost
criterion and the competing risks approach, Int. J. Decis. Support Syst.
Technol. 9 (1) (2017) 32–48.
[16] A. Hoang, P. Do, B. Lung, Energy efficiency performance-based prognostics for
aided maintenance decision-making: application to a manufacturing
platform, J. Clean. Prod. 142 (1) (2017) 2838–2857.
[17] S. Assaf, L. Hadidi, M. Hassanain, M. Rezq, Performance evaluation and
benchmarking for maintenance decision making units at petrochemical
corporation using a DEA model, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 76 (9–12) (2015)
1957–1967.
[18] A. Antonovsky, C. Pollock, L. Straker, System reliability as perceived by
maintenance personnel on petroleum production facilities, Reliab. Eng. Syst.
Saf. 152 (8) (2016) 58–65.
[19] J.M. Cai, Private antitrust enforcement of resale price maintenance in China:
what lessons can China learn from the United States? Asian-Pac. Law Policy J
18 (2) (2017) 1–45.
[20] X.Y. Yang, Z.G. Fang, L.Y. Tao, Grey GERT network model of equipment lifetime
evaluation based on small samples, J. Grey Syst. 30 (1) (2018) 110–122.
[21] P. Paulo, F. Branco, J. de Brito, A. Silva, Buildings Life-The use of genetic
algorithms for maintenance plan optimization, J. Clean. Prod. 121 (5) (2016)
84–98.
[22] R. Abiyev, Fuzzy wavelet neural network based on fuzzy clustering and
gradient techniques for time series prediction, Neural Comput. Appl. 20 (2)
(2011) 249–259.
[23] H. Loussifi, K. Nouri, N.B. Braiek, A new efficient hybrid intelligent method for
nonlinear dynamical systems identification: the Wavelet Kernel fuzzy neural
network, Commun. Nonlin. Sci. Numer. Simulat. 32 (3) (2016) 10–30.
[24] S.Y. Chen, Y.C. Hung, Y.H. Hung, C.H. Wu, Application of a recurrent wavelet
fuzzy-neural network in the positioning control of a magnetic-bearing
mechanism, Comput. Electr. Eng. 54 (8) (2016) 147–158.
[25] P. Ong, Z. Zainuddin, Calibrating wavelet neural networks by distance
orientation similarity fuzzy C-means for approximation problems, Appl. Soft
Comput. 42 (5) (2016) 156–166.
[26] S.Y. Yang, J.R. Zhang, S. Cui, M. Wang, L.C. Jiao, Curvelet support value filters
(CSVFs) for image super-resolution, Neurocomputing 211 (10) (2016) 53–59.
[27] W. Gero, D.F. Simme, Condition-based maintenance for complex systems
based on current component status and Bayesian updating of component
reliability, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 168 (12) (2017) 227–239.
[28] I. Rabiul, A. Rouzbeh, G. Vikram, K. Faisal, Development of a human reliability
assessment technique for the maintenance procedures of marine and offshore
operations, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. (11) (2017) 416–428.
[29] P. Mdlongwa, B.O. Oluyede, A. Amey, S.J. Huang, The Burr XII modified
Weibull distribution: model, properties and applications, Electron. J. Appl.
Stat. Anal. 10 (1) (2017) 118–145.
[30] B.J. Shen, Y. Xu, S. Eisenberg, Psychosocial and physiological predictors of
mortality in patients of heart failure: independent effects of marital status
and C-reactive protein, Int. J. Behav. Med. 24 (1) (2017) 83–91.
[31] W.Z. Liao, M.C. Chen, X.X. Yang, Joint optimization of preventive maintenance
and production cheduling for parallel machines system, J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst.
32 (1) (2017) 913–923.
[32] C.I. Ossai, B. Boswell, I.J. Davies, A. Markovian, approach for modelling the
effects of maintenance on downtime and failure risk of wind turbine
components, Renew. Energ. 96 (10) (2016) 775–783.
[33] Z.B. Zheng, W.H. Zhou, Y.F. Zheng, Y.Z. Wu, Optimal maintenance policy for a
system with preventive repair and two types of failures, Comput. Ind. Eng. 98
(8) (2016) 102–112.
[34] R.S. Bhaba, I.F. Tasnim, Minimizing maintenance cost for offshore wind
turbines following multi-level opportunistic preventive strategy, Renew.
Energ. 85 (1) (2016) 104–113.
[35] E. Aghezzaf, A. Khatab, P.L. Tam, Optimizing production and imperfect
preventive maintenance planning’s integration in failure-prone
manufacturing systems, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 145 (1) (2016) 190–198.
[36] A.K. Arvidsson, The Winter Model – a new way to calculate socio-economic
costs depending on winter maintenance strategy, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 136
(4) (2017) 30–36.
[37] A.M. Hasan, A. Ghassan, Curvelet transform with learning-based tiling, Signal
Process.: Image Commun. 53 (4) (2017) 24–39.
[38] X.P. Jiang, H. Ding, H. Zhang, C.H. Li, Study on compressed sensing
reconstruction algorithm of medical image based on curvelet transform of
image block, Neurocomputing 220 (1) (2017) 191–198.
[39] J. Ahn, S. Cho, H. Chung, Analysis of energy and control efficiencies of fuzzy
logic and artificial neural network technologies in the heating energy supply
system responding to the changes of user demands, Appl. Energ. 190 (3)
(2017) 222–231.
[40] T.Y. Lin, J.T. Yeh, W.S. Kuo, Using particle swarm optimization algorithm to
search for a power ascension path of boiling water reactors, Ann. Nuclear
Energy 102 (4) (2017) 37–46.
[41] F. Zhao, J.J. Si, J.J. Wang, Research on optimal schedule strategy for active
distribution network using particle swarm optimization combined with
bacterial foraging algorithm, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 78 (6) (2016)
637–646.
[42] A. Altun, M. Sahman, Cost optimization of mixed feeds with the particle
swarm optimization method, Neural Comput. Appl. 22 (2) (2013) 383–390.