Science 5

-- Why are the roots important?

Firstly roots hold the plant tightly in the soil, secondly take in waters and minerals.

-- What are the functions of the stem?

Firstly they hold up the leaves and flowers, secondly transport water and minerals from the roots to
the leaves and on the way back they carry food from the leaves to the roots.

-- What are the functions of the leaves?

They make sugar as food from the water and minerals with the help of sunlight and carbon dioxide
from the air.

-- What is the role of the flowers?

They produce seeds and fruit.

-- Can you name the parts of flowers?

Pedicel (virágkocsány): The little tiny stem that holds the flower. Receptacle (vacok, a kocsány
kiszélesedő része): The little widened part on the top. Petals (sziromlevelek), Pistil (termő), Stamens
(porzók)

Science 6

-- How can you systemise animals?

-- Compare these animals:

- snail and earthworm

- chicken, swallow, sparrow and housefly

- pig, cat and dog

-- Describe the parts of the grape, potato and tomato plant.

-- What does annual mean?

-- What does crop rotation mean?

-- Which sectors of industry would have people as ‘raw materials’?

-- What are the raw materials of the different industries: food, energy, chemical and machine?
-- What are the two groups of energy resources?

-- Name renewable and now-renewable energy resources.

-- What are the elements of the soil and what gives the fertility of the soil?

-- How do the elements of the weather – sun’s radiation, temperature, wind and precipitation –
change, why is the climate different than the weather?

-- Why are different climate zones formed on the Earth?

-- Describe the parts and types of work of the river, how lakes are formed, how does groundwater
accumulate and get to the surface?

-- What are the characteristics and functions of villages, towns and cities? Give examples.

-- How do the scale, cardinal points, compass, linear scale and colour scale help you to orientate on
the map and in reality? What types of map do you know, what are the details of the map?

-- What are the characteristics of the magnet and the properties of matter?

-- How does the gravity force the objects to move in the Universe and on Earth?

-- Name some objects the galaxies and our Solar System consists of.

-- What do you know about the rotation of the Moon and the orbit of the Earth?

-- What are the certain conditions which make life possible on Earth?

Unit 1 The World of Forests

1.1 The forest as an ecosystem l.

--Where is Hungary located?

It is located in Central Europe

--What is climate of Hungary like?

It has a mild, continental climate (with four seasons).

--How many seasons are in Hungary and what are they like? What are the seasons like?

We have four seasons. It is cold in winter and warm in summer.

--What are our forests in Hungary made up?

Our forests in Hungary are mostly made up of deciduous trees.

--What is the meaning of deciduous trees? (What are the main characteristics of the deciduous
forest?)

This means they shed their leaves in autumn and grow new ones in spring.

Why are deciduous trees important?

Firstly, deciduous forests are habitat areas for many living things. They can find food and shelter
there. Secondly, their roots help keep the soil from eroding and being washed away.

What are fallen leaves good for?

Firstly, the fallen leaves decompose and make the soil fertile. As the leaves decay, the nutrients are
absorbed into the soil. For this reason, the soil becomes very fertile. Secondly, bugs and earthworms
love to hide under fallen leaves, which mean a steady food source for the birds in autumn and
winter.

What is an ecosystem?

The living and non-living parts of the environment in a specific area and interact with each other,
depend on each other. (connected to each other, work together)

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem such as plants and animals. Abiotic Factors are the
non-living parts like water or rocks.

What are the most widespread trees in our country?

The oak, the beech and the pine.

What do their presence depend on?

They depend on the elevation above sea level.

What weather and soil do oak trees prefer? What living conditions do oak trees like? What
elevation do oak trees grow?

They prefer warm weather and deep soil. Oak trees can be found on a hill or mountains at a height of
300-400 metres.

How does the forests change depend on the elevation?

The higher we go, the cooler the weather and the thinner the soil. The higher you go up, the colder it
gets.

What do the different forests need?

Oak forests require drier and warmer conditions, and beech forests require a wetter and cooler
climate.
How does elevation affect trees?

Because fewer trees can survive at high elevation, less energy is infused into the soil through
decaying matter. This means fewer stretches of soil are viable sources of nutrients for tree growth. ...
Higher winds also contribute to this effect, since wind carries the seeds farther away from parent
trees at high altitudes.

How does elevation affect vegetation?

Elevation plays a large role in the health and growth of plants. Elevation may affect the type and
amount of sunlight that plants receive, the amount of water that plants can absorb and the nutrients
that are available in the soil. ... Plants in higher elevations can typically withstand colder climates

How does elevation affect climate and vegetation?

How does vegetation change on a mountain?

Generally, the growth of vegetation was mainly influenced by temperature, precipitation, and light.
The temperature decreases with altitude increasing. However, in mountain area, the slope area
absorbs more solar radiation and the warming rate is much more significant than lowlands.

Why do the types of plants change as you go up a mountain?

Because of the rapid changes in altitude (height) and temperature along a mountain slope,
ecosystems can change quickly from one area to the next. The growth of vegetation depends on
rainfall and temperature. The vegetation on the lower slopes largely depends on which climate zone
the mountain is in.

Revision

-- What are the typical trees of forests in Hungary?

The oak, the beech and the pine.

-- Name the levels of the forest.

The forest floor, the herb layer, the shrub layer, and the canopy layer.

(-- What are the characteristic features of oak trees?)

-- Compare the bark of oak and the beech.

Both of them are grey. But the bark of the oak is deeply cracked, while the beech is smooth.

-- What is the difference between the leaves of the two trees?

Oak has shiny, lobed dark green leaves, while the leaves of beech trees are egg-shaped with toothed
edges.
-- What does the term monoecious (egylaki) mean?

It means that both male and female flowers are on the same plant.

-- Name some monoecious plants.

Oak trees, beech trees, pines are all monoecious plants.

-- What is the difference between the angiosperms and gymnosperms?

The seeds of angiosperms are protected by ovaries, while gymnosperms haven’t got ovaries, so they
seeds are unprotected.

-- Compare the oak forest and the beech forest.

The trees stand apart in the oak forest, while the beech trees stand close to each other. As a result in
the oak forest the sunlight can reach the lower levels of the forest, so the undergrowth is rich, while
the beech forest is dark and the undergrowth is poor.

-- What does a pine leaf look like?

It looks like a needle.

-- What purpose do (you think) the waxy covering serves on the needles? (What is the benefit of
waxy coat?)

It protects the leaves from losing too much water.

-- How can pines absorb nutrients from poor soils?

They do that with the help of fungi. Fungi are attached to the roots of pines and help them with
absorptions.

-- What are the benefits of forests?

Firstly, trees produce oxygen that we need to live. Secondly they provide homes for animals. Thirdly
they also provide us with products we use every day, for example furniture, paper or houses.
Fourthly walking, hiking or biking in forests help us relax. Lastly it cares of the natural balance.

-- What does a forester do?

He plants saplings, cuts down old trees, feeds animals.

-- What are the characteristic features of beech trees?

-- Compare the blackthorn and the wild-rose.

-- What is the difference between vascular and non-vascular plants?

-- What are mushrooms?