Introduction (Pwede gamitin pang introduction sa written report natin @ RIZA TABABA

RIVERA)
In the Philippines, a deeply rooted and pervasive culture of migration has made moving
abroad common, acceptable—even desirable—as an option or strategy for a better life. For
decades, sizeable numbers of Filipinos have left home in search of permanent settlement or
temporary work overseas, trends long attributed to the fragile economy (and exacerbated by
frequent natural disasters). Today, more than 10 million Filipinos—or about 10 percent of the
population—are working and/or living abroad. While a markedly improved economic situation in
recent years has not diminished the outflows, it has allowed the country to move beyond its
longstanding labor migration policy to incorporate migration into long-term development planning
and strengthen the return and reintegration of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs).
When the Philippines launched an overseas employment program in the 1970s, the thrust
was finding labor markets: The state not only promoted Filipino workers to the oil-rich but labor-
short Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, it also sold these uncharted Middle East
destinations to Filipinos. By the latter half of the 1970s, as deployment and competition with other
origin countries increased, surfacing labor migration problems (including poor working conditions
and abuse by employers) prompted the government to address migrant welfare and protection. As
destinations diversified and women joined the labor migration flows, the protection aspect
assumed more importance.
The government subsequently developed a number of institutions, laws, and policies aimed
at enhancing the protection of OFWs and their families, spurred on by civil-society advocacy. This
dual approach of facilitation and protection contributed to making the Philippines a major source
country of workers and talent for the global labor market, while also providing protection to OFWs.
The “success” of this approach, however, may have trapped the Philippines into complacency:
Large, steady flows of remittances have become the country’s lifeline. The Philippines ranks third
after India and China as major recipients of remittances. In 2016, the country received US $26.9
billion in money transfers, according to the Central Bank of the Philippines. There are concerns
that reliance on remittances may have delayed the implementation of needed reforms.
Recent attempts to link migration policies with development policies demonstrate a
remarkable shift in governance in the Philippines, earning positive reviews from the international
community. After several boom-and-bust decades, in the 2000s the Philippine economy entered a
period of impressive growth: Between 2011 and 2016, gross domestic product (GDP) grew by an
average of approximately 6 percent yearly, and the economy proved resilient through political
crises and transitions. Nonetheless, the positive economic news has not slowed or halted
emigration. This is likely because Filipinos have more resources to migrate, and though the
economy has grown, unemployment has yet to be tempered. Thus, sustainable development that
provides decent work opportunities continues to elude the Philippines. This country profile
examines the evolution of migration policymaking and trends over the past several decades and
through the present administration of President Rodrigo Duterte.
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-beyond-labor-migration-toward-
development-and-possibly-return
 Written Report
Prepared by:
QUIAMBAO, MIKEE F.
RIVERA, RIZA T.
LAMPA, LOVIEGIE

International Migration
 International migration is a term used to refer to change of usual residence between
nations. The number of international migrants is always much smaller than the total
number of persons traveling across international frontiers, because the overwhelming
majority of such travelers do not intend to change their usual residence.
 International migration is contrasted with internal migration, which refers to a change of
usual residence within a nation.
 The term immigration is used to denote the flow of persons establishing a usual residence
in a given nation whose last residence was in some other nation.
 The term emigration is used to denote the flow of persons relinquishing a usual residence
in a given nation to establish residence in some other nation.
 Net international migration denotes the difference between the number of persons
immigrating to a given nation in a given period and the number emigrating from that
nation in the same period.
 Immigratory and emigratory events constitute two of the four components of national
population change; the other two components are births and deaths.
 For most nations, population change is determined predominantly by the balance of births
and deaths (natural increase).
 However, for a few nations in certain periods, the net international immigration has also
been an important component of the total population change.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/international-migration-0

What is Migration?
Migration
 Refers to the movement of people from one place to another.
Two types of Migration
 Internal Migration
- Refers to the movement of people within one country
- Example – rural to urban migration
 International Migration
- Refers to the movement of people from one country to another

Causes of Migration
 Poverty
 Unemployment
 Victims of natural calamities
  Improve standard of living
 Better education
 Better environment
 Economic security

Effects of Migration
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Increase labor supply Overcrowding
Cheap Labor Lack of housing facilities
Traffic congestion
Heavy pollution in air, water, noise
Unemployment
Occurrence of squatter areas

What is the Labor migration?

 Labor migration
-is the process of shifting a labor force from one physical location to another
-labor migration takes place with the support of labor force
Causes of labor Migration
 The desire of job seekers to increase income and to improve the standard of living
 The emergence of new industries
 The relocation of production facilities of a given business to a new area.
The OFW PHENOMENON
What are OFWs?
 Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)
- Are Filipinos who are presently and temporarily working outside the country.
- They may be land-based of sea-based workers.
- Examples: domestic helpers, teachers, seamen, nurses
Reasons Behind the OFW Phenomenon
1. High Unemployment Rate
- Newly graduates join the labor force that increases the competition in the labor
market.
- Instead of waiting for them to be hired locally, Filipino seek employment
overseas.
2. Low Salary offered by employers in the Philippines
- Filipinos are willing to work abroad due to low salary.
- Even professionals like nurses, engineers and teachers would prefer to work
abroad as household help or office workers because of higher salary offered
overseas.
3. Discrimination in job hiring in the Philippines
- Local employers tend to hire candidates even if they’re not the most qualified for
jobs.
 - The qualified and overage applicants who were not able to find jobs decide to
work abroad.
4. High Withholding Tax
- The Philippines has a high income tax rates for workers.
- Workers’ take home pay decreases after deducting withholding tax, GSIS/SSS
premium, Pag-ibig and Philhealth and other mandatory deductions.