Airport Components

Airside – Landside Distinction

 Runways
• Primary Runway(s) – the runway that is
oriented into the prevailing winds

• Crosswind Runways(s) – the runway that is

oriented toward the most common crosswind
direction
 Runways

A. Runways
1. Single Runway
2. Parallel Runways
3. Open –V Runways
4. Intersecting Runways

• Main runway should be oriented as closely as possible to

the direction of the prevailing winds.

• Runways should be oriented so aircraft may be landed at

least 95% of the time with a crosswind component not
exceeding 13 knots.
 Runways

• Runways are defined/identified by their orientation with

respect to magnetic north (eg. 270 degree runway is
Runway 27)
• When the same runway is used from opposite directions
the runway is identified by both orientations (eg.
Runway 09/27)
• Runway length and width are determined by the type of
aircraft using the airport and their requirements.
• Runways are typically constructed from gravel, snow,
ice, grass, asphalt or concrete. Most commercial
runways are asphalt or concrete.
 Runway Classifications
1. Non-Instrument – Visual Approach procedures
only.

2. Non-Precision – instrument approach with only

horizontal guidance – straight-in non precision
instrument approaches only.

3. Precision – Instrument approach utilizing

Instrument Landing System (ILS), Microwave
Landing System (MLS) or GPS.
 Runway Markings

Figure 4-4: Visual and Non-Precision Runway Markings

(FAA AIM)
 Runway Markings

Figure 4-5: Precision Runway Markings

(FAA AIM)
Runway Threshold Stripes

Figure 4-6: Number of Runway Threshold Stripes

 Runway Lighting

Figure 4-9: Overview of Airport Lighting Systems

Figure 4-10: Precision Approach Lighting Systems
Figure 4-11: Approach Lighting Systems
(FAA AIM)
Runway Approach Lighting

Figure 4-12: Two-bar VASI

(Visual Approach Slope Indicator System)
 Taxiways

1. Parallel Taxiways
2. Entrance Taxiways
3. Bypass Taxiways
4. Exit Taxiways

All taxiways should have centerline markings and runway

holding position markings whenever they intersect a runway
Taxiway lighting is provided at many airports to facilitate the
movement of aircraft at night or in poor visibility conditions.
Taxiway edge lights are used to outline the edges of the
taxiway and emit light blue light.
Taxiway centerline lights emit a green light
Figure 4-25: Location of Holding Areas and Holding Bays
 Instrument Landing System

Most widely used Precision Approach Landing System in the World.

Three Categories of ILS: Category 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 4-40: ILS Ceiling and Visibility Minima
Airspace and Air Traffic Control
 NAV CANADA at a Glance

NAV CANADA is the private sector, non-share capital corporation, financed through
publicly-traded debt, that owns andOverview
A General operates
of the Canada's civil air navigation service (ANS).

Company
MandateNAV andCANADAServices
is the private sector, non-share capital corporation,
financed through publicly-traded debt, that owns and operates
The Company is air
Canada's civil responsible
navigation service for
(ANS).the safetytheand efficiency of the ANS. We provide
We purchased
system from the federal government, on November 1, 1996, for
customers$1.5-billion.
airlines and other owners and operators of aircraft - with the following
Mandate and Services
services:The Company is responsible for the safety and efficiency of the
ANS. We provide customers - airlines and other owners and
operators of aircraft - with the following services: air traffic control,
air traffic control,
flight information, weather briefings, airport advisory services,
aeronautical information services and electronic aids to navigation.
flight information,
NAV CANADA is a private sector company and not a federal
agency. However, the Company's safety performance is regulated
weather briefings,
by Transport Canada, just as Transport Canada regulates the
safety of individual airlines.
airport advisory services,
aeronautical information services
and electronic aids to navigation.

A General Overview of the Company

NAV CANADA is the private sector, non-share capital corporation,
financed through publicly-traded debt, that owns and operates
Canada's civil air navigation service (ANS). We purchased the
system from the federal government, on November 1, 1996, for
$1.5 billion.
 Role of ATC in Canada

Provide for the safe and efficient operations of aircraft while in

Canadian Airspace.

Concept of Positive Control: For aircraft flying at higher altitudes,

in poor visibility weather conditions, and around high traffic areas
at low altitudes near the busiest airports.
Under positive control, the air traffic controller determines the
appropriate altitude, direction and speed at which the aircraft
should travel.
If a pilot wishes to deviate from course, altitude, or speed,
permission must be granted by ATC before any deviations can be
made.
 Aircraft Flight Rules
1. Visual Flight Rules: Under weather conditions where the visibility is
sufficient to see and avoid other aircraft, and the pilot can keep
sufficiently clear of clouds, the pilot may operate under visual flight
rules (VFR). Under VFR rules the pilot may or may not fly under ATC
positive control.

2. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): When visibility is insufficient or a pilot’s

route takes the aircraft through clouds, the aircraft must fly under IFR.
 NAVCANADA
Provides air navigation and related services including:

1. 7 Area Control Centres and 1 Terminal Control Unit that primarily track
and guide departing, arriving and enroute aircraft

2. 42 Air Traffic Control Towers that guide landings and takeoffs, tracking
all aircraft within a 5 to 10 km radius of an airport.

3. 60 Flight Service Stations at smaller communities that provide flight

planning, enroute flight advisories, weather briefings, aerodrome
advisories and other services
 NAVCANADA
4. 7 Flight Information Centres providing customers with centralized
flight planning

5. Over 50 Community Aerodrome Radio Stations (CARS) providing

basic weather info and advisory services in Canada’s north

6. Over 1200 unstaffed navigational sites including:

a. 107 Instrument Landing Systems and Localizers

b. 45 Radar Sites
c. 395 Non-Directional Beacons
d. 150 VHF Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment
(VOR/DME and TACANS)
 Air Traffic Control & Airports

1. Partners with the Airport in providing safe operating

conditions for aircraft and passengers

2. Control the airport operating services and the airspace

within a 5 to 10 km radius of the airport

3. Coordinate in conjunction with airport operations staff

the maintenance of the airport surfaces and equipment
(snow removal, ice control, airport lighting, etc)

4. Integral part in the execution of the airport emergency

plans (aircraft crash, bomb threat, hi-jacking, etc.)