wT! > s 0544 u 1 ogy We Br RIMENT OF, SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAIg“ RESEARCH ~ DEPAI WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND The FINAL REPORT im gh a PROJECT “SEALS Professor T. D. J. LEECH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY COL: EGE ARDMORE, NEW ZEALA {0 18th December, 1950cory wo... DEPARTWINT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RES} ‘WELEINGTON NEW_2RAL AND, ‘THE GENERATION OF WAVES BY MEANS OF EXPLOSIVES PROPRSSOR 1. D.J, School of Engineering AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY COLLEOR ARDMORE, NEW ZEALAND, 18th December, 1950, IMPORTANT WoTE "Seal" Project ie regarded as a joint United States/tew Zealand projeot. Disclosure of the report op any infor= mation therein to a third country other then the United Kingdom is prohibiter without the consent of the appropriate authorities in the United States of america and New Zealand,SUMMARY, ‘The project "SEAL" had its origin in a request of the Commander South Pacific Area (COMSOPAC) during April 1944, to the Now Zealand Government for an investigation into the potentialities of offensive inundation by waves generated by means of explosives, During the period from February te April 1944 exploratory trials in New Caledonia indicated that there were reasonable prospects of developing technie ques for favourable sites, ‘The request incorporated two Phases ~ the development of techniques, and the application of these to a trial upon an operational scale, Owing to changes in policy at a later date, the second part was cancelled, ane Work was carried out by the 2th Army Troops Company, Hew Zealand Engineers with the co-operation of the Royal | New Zealand Air Force, The U,8. Navy and the Royal Nev Zealand ‘ Heavy between the 6th June, 1944, and the 8th January, 194, sore 31700 experiments wore carried out with charges ranging from 0.06 lb, to 600 1b, in weight, T.N,T, was used general jy, although C.., nitro-starch and geliginite were uscd in some cases, On the 25th July 1946, the second atom bomb trial took place at Bikini Atoll, under conditions permitting of direct Gomparisons with forecasts based upon the work of the "Smart Unit, These forecasts were verified within the limite of experimental error, The investigations lead to the conclusion that offensive inundation 4s possible under favourable circumstances. Given rehores and a shelving bottom off-shore, wave the order of those for recorded tidal waves, Which have been disastrous, can be obtained. While T.N.T, or y be more pract= deable, been establish- ed: (2) There is an improvement in the amount of energy transferred from the explosive to the water in the form of wave motion with increasing sizes of charges, (paragraph 11,7), (b) The use of explosives at the upper critical depth adjacent to the water surface offers the advantages of higher performance and convenience as compared ~~ with deeply submerged charges (paragraph 62. (c) The use of multiple charge arrangements imparts directional properties to the wave pattern, and produces markedly increased wave amplitudes along the axis of symmetry of the charge positions (paragraph 12,81), Single charges ave impracticable (paregraph 15.3), Compered with recorded tidal waves, the wave lengths oF eho waves generated by oxplosives are smaller for given amplitudes, iCOMMENT Upon concluding thie report, the Commander of Seal, No, 1 Unit, vacated his position as Professor of Engineering, Auckland University College, to become Chief Mgineer, Scientific Services Branch, The Snowy Mountains Hydro Bleotric Authority, Australia, 411 the experimental data is held by the Depart— ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand, and any information concerning it or this report should be cddressed to ~ The Principal Secretary, Defence Science Secretariat, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Box 18, Government Buildings, Wellington, C.1., NEW ZEALAND,PREVIOUS "SEAL" REPORTS, First Progress Report to Comsopao Second Third Fourth Fifth Interin Report"SEAL" PROJECT, INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST, The Chief of the General Staff, New Zealand The Chief of the Naval Staff, New Zealand The Chief of the Air Staff, New Zealand N.Z, Joint Staff Miseion, Washington, U.S.A, N.Z, Joint staff Mission, Washington, U.S.A., for transmission to appropriate United States Military Authorities N.Z, Scientific Liaison Officer, Washington, U.S, A, N.Z, Scientific Adviser, London, U.K. Chief Scientist, Ministry of supply, United Kingdom, via Néw Zealand Scientific Adviser, London, U.K, Director, Royal Naval Scientific Service- Admiralty, United Kingdom, via New Zealand Scientific Adviser, London, U.K. Scientific Adviser to the Army Council, United Kingdom, via New Zealand Scientific Adviser, London, U.K. Director of Scientific Research, dmiralty, United Kingdom, via New Zealand Scientific Adviser, London, U.K, Scientific Adviser to 4ir Ministry, United Kingdom, via New Zealand Scientific /dviser, London, U.K, Defence Documents fection, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand © eH FW we 10 1k 12 13TABLE OF CONTENTS, Introduction Sserion 1, THE GUERATION OF WAVE SYSTEMS, Introduction Bnergy Considerations Wave Generation by means of Falling Weights: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Two Dimensional studies 5.3 Three Dimensional Studies Wave Generation by Means of Explosives: 4,1 “Introduction 4.2 Qualitative studies Presentation of Experimental Observations 4,51 Linear Dimensions at Source 41.32 Linear Dimensions of Wave System 4.35 Correction of Observations to Deep Water Conditions 4.34 Correction of Observations for Ploat Inertia 44,35 Explosives 4.36 Dispersion 4.3? Bnergy Output of Explosive 4h Effect of Charge Position relative to Raft 4,5 Effect of Variations in Position of Raft relative to Water Level 4,61 Variation in Raft Thickness 4,62 Effect of Changes in Raft Size 4.63 Effect of Changes in Aspect Ratio 4.6 Properties of Raft Material 4.7 “Miscellaneous Effects: +71 Effect of Changos in Raft trim 72 Bffect of Distributing Charge over Raft 4.73 Box Rafts 47h Barges 4.75 Influence of Sand beneath Charge in Barge 4.76 Effect of Covers on Barges 7 Plaster Darges Directional Charges +79 Geometrically Similar Charges on Rafts 4,81 Investigation into "Scale uffect™ 4,82 Depth Charges on Rafts Generation of Waves by Surface Charges without Rafts: 5.1 Effect of Orientation of Rectangular Charges 5.2 Comparison of Priming Methods 3.3 Explosives other than 7.7, Bek cuanees fired edjacont to"ater Level lave Generation by Submorged : Theoretical Notes '*Ee8? Submerged Charges-Eftect of Depth of Charge The Effect of Water Depth: 1 ‘Introductory Experimental Observations W of Yiork done Elsewhere: United Kingdom United States Japan 15 16 16 17 18 20 2a 22 25 279,0 id.0 21,0 22,0 Page 2 SECTION IT THE PROPAGATION OF WAVE. Introduction The Lew of Amplitude Decay: 10,1 Theoretical Considerations 10:2 Three Dimensional Systems, Surface ‘Charges 10.3 Three Dimensional Systems, Submerged Charges 10.4 Multiple Charges Characteristics of Wave Group: 11,1 Theoretical Summary for Number of Waves in a Group 11,2 Number of Waves in s Group~Zmpirical Relationships 11,3 Interpretation of Records - Surface Charge 11.4 Interpretation of Records - Submerged Charge 11.5 Analysis of Wave Groups - Surface Charges on Rafts 11.6 Analysis of Wave Groups - Submerged Charges: 11,7 Bnergy Bfficiency 22/8 Scaling Laws 11.9 Wave Lengths 11.10 Wave Velocities Multiple Charges: 12.1 “Introduction 12.2 Significant Quantities 12,31 Linear Arrangements, Two Charges 56 58 58 58 61 6. 2 12.32 Linear Arrangements, Three Charges 82 12.33 Linear Arrangements, Four Charges 12.34 Kiscellancous Linear Arrangements 12,35 Values of "n" for Lincar Charges 6 Nunber of Waves in a Group Wave Lengths Discussion upon Linear Char es Charges in the form of Vees, ‘Three Charges 2 Charges in the form of Vees, Fou Charges Charges in the form of Vees, Pive Charges 12,44 Values of "n" for Veo Avrangements 12,45 Wunber of iWaves in a Group 12.46 Wave Lengths 12.47 Discussion upon Vee Arrangements 12,51 Charges in the form of Parabolas, Rour Charges 12,52 Charges in the form of Parabolas, Five and Ten Charges 12,53 Number of Waves in a Group 12.54 Weve Lengths 12,55 Discussion upon Parabolic Arrangements 12,61 Charges Arranged On Ciroular Arca 12.71 Form of Wave Pattern in Plan 12,61 Summary - Multiple Charges 12,82 Prediction of Weve Ampltidue Some Anomalies: 13.1 Effect of Water Depth 13,2 The Induced Wevo Train ob 86 oly 96 96 96 96Page 3, Behaviour of Wavos Adjacent to Shore Lines: Uj. Introduction and’ Observations on unam 4,21 Gome Theoretical Consideretions, Grocn's Law j.22 The Defect of Depth 44.25 Mo Retcot of Broadth +2h Wave Velocity Hees Veleo\ty is’ to Gradua) Riso. dn Vator Level U.26 Effect of Slope of Bea Bed 14.27 Change in \iave Height due to Oblique Propagation 14,31 Experimental Apppoach, The Brtect of Shoaling fater E 1.32 Bohaviour of Waves on a shelf 1.33 Bffect of Changes in Breadth 4.41 Miscellaneous Notes 14.42 Storm ‘aves BEOTION 117 15.1 Scone of the section 15.2 Teronui Bay 15.3 Bstimates of Performance in Deep Water for Large Single Changes 1564 Estimates for the Second Bikini ‘Atom Bomb Trial 15.5 Outline of Computations upon which Estimates were based 15,62 l'edel Criteria ~ Introduction 16.62 ave Goneration 15.65 Limits to Seale Hactors 15.6 Lower Limit to Model Size 15.65 Further Significant quantities 15.66 Behaviour above Normal Water i Lo 15.67 Charactoristics of Non-Uniform Channel Plow 15.60 Sumary 16,1 Introduction 16,2 Tield Experimental station, Whangaparaoa 2xperimental Poot Float Type Wave Recording Equipment Accoloroneters for Recording Characteristics of Largo Waves 16.51 Capacity tyne Wave Recording Bquipmont 16.52 Principles of Vothod 16,61 Ultra High Frequency Radio Paring Equipment 26.62 General schomo 16.65 tranemitton 16,6h Operation16. 7: 17.1 18,1 19,1 16.65 Servicing 16,66 Rating 16,67 Receiver 16.65 Aligning 16.69 General 1 Remote Control Exploder 16.72 Operation 16.73 Description of Apparatus 16.7. Receiver 16.75 Test Procedure 16,76 General Miscellaneous Conclusions 18,2 Suggestions for Further Work Acknowledgements Referen APPENDICES I Gravity Wi Underw: ves Produced by Surface and ater Explosicns, Dr. W.G, Penny, II Notes on the Taylor. IG enny Analysis, dlar.LIST OF PLATES, General View of gloss walled tank with capacity type wave recording units in place, Successive photographs of the initiation of two- dimensional wave train by means of @ falling weight, Successive photographe of the initistion of an approximately two-dimensional wave train by means of a fire cracker, 4, Suocessive photosraphs of the initiation of @ wave train by means of a 4,25 1b, T,M,T, A/T block fired vith 0,0, of block at Jater ievel, (Series 147. in), 5. Successive photogravhs of the initiation of a wave train by means of a 4.25 1b, T.11.T., A/T. block primed with powdered nitro-atarch and No. & electric detonator, 0,0, of block at water level, (Series 166,116) Successive photographs of the initiation of a wave train by means of a 4.25 1b, .N.T, 4/T block, primed with 2 02, G.B., No. electric detonator fired with C.¢, of block 5 ft, below water level in 13 ft, of water (Series 147.42) Charges used in “Seal” project. Typical record given by float-type recorder for 44.25 1b, sN.T. charge on raft, whose bottom was 3 ins below water level, (Series 147.163). Typical record given by float- TNT, charge located 4. recorder for 1.25 1b. t, below water level, WA, 12/1 1b, nitrostarch charges in @ line spaced at 12,4 epart in water ll ft, déep (Series 17h.1). 108, 10/1 1b, nitrosterc y2'= 15x, spac deep (Series 169, ft. 28 in the form of « parabola, 5 ft, part in water ih ft, 11, Taronui Bay, 12, Whangaparaca Bxperimentel Station, 13. Float type wave recording equipment, 14, Typical Accelerometer unit for rocording vertical wave accelerations from which wave amplitudes, wave lengths and wave velocities can be obtained, 15. Capacity type wave recording equipment. 16, U,H.P, radio firing equipment, 17. Remote control exploder, A..D.B. Pattern, Vodel Barge for 1,30 1b, charges. Barge for 600 1b, charges,AntRopvorion, 2.1 ORIOIN o prognon: Project "Seal", or the investigation of the votentiel~ itios of snundation’ by moans of artiticially produce tidate Waveo arooe fron ® sugvostion made by ling Commander EekS Gibson to Lieutanant Gonoral, Bir Boward Pubtieks Chloe of General Staff (1,Z.) on the 13th January 19, The former hod noted, vhilot ehgeged ton surveys in the Paoltie Aros uring the period 1936 to 1942, that blasting operations upon suimerged coral formations occasionally were attended by unexpectedly large waves, General Puttiek instructed Golonel O.\/. Salmon, the NyZ, Chiefs of Steff Repreacntative inthe South Pacific area (Gazedsopac) to place the proposes before Admiral WP, Halsey, Commander of the South Proitie Aroe (Consopac).” Arrangentnte wore nade for Wing Comeandcr Gibson, Professor JM, Snodgrass, University of Californie, Division of Var Research, who wad thon in the area iovesta? Gating certain problems relating to submarine warfare, ena Professor T.D.J. Leech, who wos acting Director of Selenti fie Developments, Now Zealand, to examine the idea at Noumea in February 15Ij). 2.1 LEDONIAN EXPERIMENTS ; Tt was decided to test the suggestion by ad hoo trials Under the guidance of 9 team comprising Captain W.L. Brdmen, U.8.1., Colonel Salmon, Wing Coumander Gibson, Professors Snodgrass and Leech, fxnloratory work was undertaken for the purpose of determining: (2) The influence of certain variations in charge size and shape; (b) The directional oftects of a series of surface charges arranged to conform with certain geometrical patterns, (¢) Some idea of the mechan of the action, 2 The results were incorporated in a report dated 31st March 19, which was approved by Admiral Helsey and trans- mitted by him to the New Zealand Chiefs of Stafr with a request that New Zealand undertake further investigations, 8 shown by the following extract :~ "The rosults of these experiments, 4n my opinion, show thet inundation in amphibious warfare has definite and fer Feaching possibilities as an offensive weapon, It would bo very desirable to have further developments carried out to establish a practicable method and procedure which coula be used in offensive warfare, I would be grateful if this devel~ Spment could be continued to completion by New Zealand offic~ ors, All practicable assistance of facilities and personnel, dn thie Command will be at your disponal.” ‘The word "Tidal" 18 not strictly correct, However, sinos Objective was the production of effects similar to those haturally occurring tidal waves, the adjective d for the want of a better word,Page 2, 2,3 Admiral Halsey's request was exemined by the New Zealand Ghinte of Stott Commit toe, aod propsoeis for inmplonentctin Were aubmitiod to and oppfoved by tho var Cabinet on the Sth Wey, They provided for the establishment of an Army Research Unit under the command of Professor Leech, who would be Gireotly responsible to the Minister of the Armed Forces ana Wer Co-ordination, Sir William Perry. 3.1 THE QUIK ARMY TROOPS COMPANY, N,2.Ee ‘Tho establishment of the Research Unit, known as the auth Army Troops Company, N.Z.E,, provided for the following Sections: Headquarters Section (N.z Research Section (D.3. Works Section (RLN.Z.A.e. ps Photographic Section (R.N.Z.A.P. & D.S.I.R.): Explosives Section (U,8:X.) Army) Total hi This unit wes only partislly mannea, The Headquarters Section was responsible for personnel, security end messing matters, The Research Section wae under the direct control of the Commanding Officer, ‘The ‘orke Section wos responsible for ell constructive work, The Explosives Section wae made up of specialist officers and petty officers of the U.8.N, Apart from the Headquarters ction, the others were responsible for meeting the techni- cal requirements of the Research Section, ew The origins] suggestion for utilizing the fortress site on the Whangeparaoa Peninsula in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand Was adopted, “It was reasonably close to Auckland’ ond the existing Army buildings had recently been reduced to a "care and maintenance” basis, From the viewsoint of security it was favourably situated. Close to the area, there were Several sites suitably located for the larger experiments proposed, To cater for the anall scale work, designed to Gctermine the principles involved, an earthen dam was con- structed in ono of the valleys, which provided an experimental pool approximately 1,200 ft, lonz, 200 ft. wido and with depths varying in steps to 2h ft, 462 Ip addition to provision for basic development at Whangeperace, plans wero laid for an operations! test in New Zealand at Teronui Bey, North Auckland, betwoon the Bay of Islands end Whangaroa, ‘This was later abandoned, 4,3, The instrumentation associated with the Research Station j galled for considerable ad hoc development, Remotely records | Abe Wave mochaniems, radio controlled firing and manoeuvring devices hed to be developed, ‘These and many other detaila Oelly ant te the prototype stage and operated satistact- oily. 4e4 It was opiginally intended that Leoch would be assictea by 8 senior group comprising Professor Snodgrass and two gminent Australian hydraulic engineers, Messrs, T.A, Lang and After protracted negotiations these. 5.1 SOOPE OF WORK AT WIANGAPARAOA : Contemporancously with the setting up of the Experi~ Brigedicr 2,3,’Park were eble to discuss the question with U.K, scientists interested in cognate problems, These dncluded Sir Geoffrey Taylor, Adviser to the Admiralty, Professor 3.D, Bilis, together with Professor Chapman ana Dr, W.G, Penny of tho Imperial College of Science and Tech- Rology.” These scientists had been interested in the suay of the etfocts of firing submerged charges; and with the exception of Sir Geoffrey Taylor, all were pessimistic, Sonewhst later, Dr, Marsden discussed the problem with Dr. Vanevar Bush in'Washington, and his views were more encouraging. Gonevally the points of view adopted wore based upon thooretical analyses developed for single charges located et considcrable depths, Subsequent experimental vork @enonstrated thet the assumptions made in the development of the analyses were invalid for charges fired close to the surface, 5.2 The New Zealand approach to the problem was essentially experimentel, While efforts were made to produce a satis- factory theory to explain the mechanism of vave generation with oxplosive charges close to the water surface, the mathe- matical difficulties proved intractable. However, the contri- butions by Sir Geoffrey Taylor and Dr, Penny were invaluable in the examination of a number of factors, 5.3 Detailed studies of the behaviour of single charges were jade, ‘The results demonstrated that single charges were inefficient in regerd to wave production, However, a most sicnificant factor was revealed, which accounted for the gsrlier observations (para 1,1) of occasional abnormally 2srgo waves, There is a small critical depth for the position of the contre of gravity of the charge below the vater surface, at whieh the exchange of cnergy from the explosive to the Wave teinisa maximum,” Small deviations from this eritical depth, which is a function of the weight of the charge and the natwo of the caplocivo} sare -iaceempaniodcby. narkedly rapid decreases in the resultant wave energy. This fact called for the precise location of charges in the later ¢wperiments,| This shallow critical depth was unsuspected by the U.K, authorities, who had been thinking in torma of a critical depth of much eater magnitude, For a submerged charge, it had been shown by Penny that, when fired at this greater critical depth, the gas bubble attained its maximum Size on breaking the surface and was able to produce the Greatest wave amplitudes, These amplitudes were found to be iess than those produced when the charges were located at the Shallow critical depth discovered in the N.Z, experiments. 2,4 The use of multinle charges suitably located to conform Tot oegometrical patterns was found to give superior results, hot only as regards wave amplitudes, but in certain cosce Pronounced directional effects were produced, In ali these geses the resultant wave amplitudes were sensitive to charge spgctngs and charge location, The shape of the charge wes also imortant, 6,1 SOMB DIFFICULTIES Shortly after the "SEAL" Unit commenced operations on gre oth, June 1944, there was a change in the homecg of ihe pouth Pacttie Area, This, combined with the maw a estions py Senior officers, resulted in changes of policy, without having due regard to the technical difficulties ir ePoge b, %e, re ato i] r to be realized that time is required ite Binokbnont experimental programmes, As 8 rostlt much effort was wasted, the 6.2 It wae aleo unfortunate that the majority of sutrorities were originally pessimistic, Subsequent even! clearly demonstrated that, because of the absence of per. Bonal contact, they had based their deeieions upon the effects of charges placed at tho greater critical depth, and were ot the timo unfamiliar with the eaiatence of the secon and more pertinent critical depth neer the surface. These | foctors, combined with the growing ascendency of the Allie Nations in the Pacific theatre, reduced the operational riority of the project and caused the Now Zealand Government %o close it down in Januory 1945, before the full experimental | programme was completed and tho fundamental scientific pro- blems were solved, ts 7.1 SETUATION WHEN EXPERIMENTAL WORK CHASED: The experimental station at Whangaparaoa wes closed down on the 8th, Janusry, 1945, At this time some 3,700 experi~ ments hed been carried out with charges ranging from 0,06 1b, to 600 1b, in weight, '.N,T, was used generally, although €.8,, nitro-starch and gelignite were employed in some cases, ‘The evidence resulted in the following conclusioni (a) Offensive inundation is possible under certain favourable conditions, (b) Compared with recorded facts relating to tidal waves, amplitudes of the same order of magnitude can be produced, but their wave lengths ere shorter. (c) The efticieney of conversion from explosive enerey to wave energy increases materially as the charge weight is increased, (4) Explosives used close to the water surface produce superior reaults a8 compared with charges at greater depths, Tho locstion of the charge ic critical, phactical copsiderstions of manoeurvring this feature is advantageous, (2) The use of single charges is not promising, but multiple charges suitebly epaced and Located with regard to geometrical considerations produce superior results, (£) In 1944, the detonation of large masses of explosive presented a major insolved problem. lowever, aubsc~ quent developments have shown that’ this necd’not be Peganded a5 8 getesr problem, eriou! (g) With charges of T.N,T, of the order of 2,000 tons divided into, say, ten equal amounts and’ suitably disposed, wave amplitudes of the order of 30 to 40 ft, are within the bounds of possibility at distances approximating 5 miles off-shore, given favourable and commonly ound sea-bottoma, The use of models similar to those used in Hydraulics Laboratories is imperative to determine the suitability of apy given site and the best method of attack, le aia ale,8,1 SUNSEQUAND EVENTS: In 1946 Dr, Karl Compton, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Breluation Boord, visited Now Zealand and discussed the Seat project with Leceh, who had been invited to represent, New Zealand and Austragia in a technical capacity at the second Bikini atom bomb trioi, The latter was unable to sccept the invitation becouse of the critical conditions at the Auck~ land University College. However, he supplicd data relative $0 the location of the charge at the critical depth nearer the water surfcacetogether with forecasts of wave amp\itudes at predetermined points at which wave recorders were to be established, ‘The records wore, it wes reported subsequently, in agreement with the forecasts within the limite of experi mental error. 8,2 In February 1947, Leech was invited by the Assistant Secretary, U.%, Navy, to work with Dean M.P,0'Brien, Profess- or-in-charge of the Departront of Engineering, University of Galifornia, upon the analysis of records obteined at Bikini, Again, the continuing critical conditions at the Auckland University College forced the Council to withhold its per- mission, During 1948, the University of California publish- ed a nunber of papers’relating to certain phases of the project, Since 1946, severel requests for the finel report have been made by Dr. H, Marsden, N,Z, Scientific Liaison Officer, London, and the U.S, Bmbassy in New Zealand, ) WORK; During 1950 circumstances changed suffic— pmit an effort being made to complete the report, 2 time a small group of post-graduate engineering students of Auckland University College became available and three of these have taken up small projects designed to fil] gaps in the work done carlier, ‘The projects are:~ (a) Studies upon certain anomelous effects when waves approach shoaling bottoms, (R.A, Marshell, B.Sc.) (») the review of and the development of methods designed to dissipate wave energy, (N.B. Carter.) (c) A study in the augmentation of wave amplitudes by the application of surface impacts in series, (K.D.T, Shores), Atthe end of the year theses will be submitted covering the work done under these headings, 10,1 SOOPE OF THE REPORT, The accompanying report will summarize the principal fects which have emerged from the analysis of a considerable umber of observetions, The approach to the several issues has been primarily empirical, Dr, Penny's treatment for deep charges does furnish some significant results and for con- Venience it has been included as an appendix,2,0 ItRopuorioN: 2,1 Three methods of generating wave systems have been exam— ined: (2) Waves produced by an impulse at the surface, which may take the form of mechanical impact by a solid or the expansion of a gas near the water surface, Waves produced by the expansion of the gas bubble resulting from the explosion of a submerged charge. (>) (c) Waves produced by the action of a relatively slow displecement under the water surfece, 1,2 The first method 1s discussed in detail in this report, The impact of a solid body, or of the gas liberated by an explosion, with the water surface creates a cavity surrounded by an clevated fringe of water from which the wave system develops, Early work in New Caledonia with 600 1D, depth charges fired at depths varying from 150 to 600 ft, produced Gisappointing results, and these observations led to the detsiled examination 6f this method. 1,32 The second method hes been considered theoretically by Penny (1) (Appendix II), 9nd Kirkwood (2), Restricted r experimental work (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) has boen carried out in the United Kingdom ena Unitea States of America, Further experi- mentel work won this method of wave generation is discussed in this report end many hitherto obscure points have beon in pert clarified, The critical discussion of the New Zeal- and work in (7) was based upon rough exploratory experiments, end is therefore no longer applicable, 1.32 When 2 charge ic fired at e considerable depth a gas bubble is formed which expands beyond an equilibrium con= Gition (5, 6), and given sufficient depth it will contract again beyond 4 second equilibrium condition, For great @epthe it will expand again and the cycle will be repeated successively until the bubble breaks through the water surface, Just prior to breaking the surface (venting) a done is’ formed and the water thus elevated brings about the ) ipitial development of the surface wave system, After vent ing cavity ie formed which upon collepse gives rise to the Second phase of the wave system, At oonsiderable distances from the source of the two phases, a wave group is formed, Theoretically (1) whorc the depth of the charas is. just equal to the radius of the bubble produced, the wave amplitudes Resch their maximum values, Bxperimentelly the ratio of gharge depth to maximum bubble radius accompanied by maxi- mum wave amplitudes is spproximately 0.65 (5), The charge depth for this condition has been termed the eritical depth mut, because of the existence of anothor critical charge podi~ don nearer the surfece, thie will be known in what follows 85 the lower critical depth, as distinct trom the second or er_critical denth, This Second depth has not been mentioned available references, The transfer of explosive energy eve energy in the case of charges fired at the lower itical depth is less than in the case whore similar charges © fired at the upper critical depth,Page 7. ard me has been examined in Japan (9,10), Beh mes Someta eee mane by geismic disturbances) have their origin in submerged aa @isplacements, such as slips. At the Earthquake Researcl Institute, Tokyo Imperial University, during 1933 small Scale cxpériments were carried out in which waves wore: _ 1.5 In the following discussion a number of bssic ideas afe procented with the view of retionalizing the analysis Of the experimental results, During the early stages of the investigation attempts were made to oxtend the analyti— eal studies of Cauchy and Poisson (11), to explain the exploratory observations without success, The theoretical treatments of Penny (1), Kirkvood (2) and Taylor (3) likewise fail to explain the behaviour resulting from charges located it the upper critical depth, Becouse of these limitations, and the necessity of obtaining data, which at the time could be rapidly used for operational planning, en empirical analysis of the problem was undertaken, 1,52 Scaling laws have been attempted (1, 2, 5, 7) upon the aaeumption that the efficiency of energy tranafer from ex- Plosive to wave energy waa constant, The evidence avail- able shows tis to be incorrect, Accordingly a different approach hes been wherein approximations based upon experimental observations have been adopted, 1,61, In order to gain some appreciation of the mechanism of wave generation by surfece impact two series of experi ments were cerried out (13), The first series was conducted ina glass sided channel into which masses of rectangular form were dropped from varying heights, The second comprised observations of wave characteritics when masses were dropped into 2 pool. From these several important features productive of waves were noted, 5 Le hts upon possible metiods of offensive in- undation placed emphasis upon means for transporting and Manocuvring large quantities of explosive. In this way the association of charges with rafts developed, and much of the experinentel work involved charges mpported’ by rafts, Further, the use of multiple charges located according to definite i r Geometrical patterns originated in the qualitative study of ita Ripples produced by gangs of electric eparks in a tank, 2.0 ENERGY CONSIDERA’ 2-1 Tho energy per unit-length of a single trochoidal wave Sf oscillation in deep water is given by (12) esa 2 By-in Aa - 93 S| -(2) H is the wave height f; touce Ais the wave length, ae ee creat os 918 A summary of the available experiment: a g, neeetont Stee etias sayimenee cent ghee cheno fe aeltoning SettTants at sts tse samaPLATE pien 0 Glass» lea fang ype war receraing nls in plo-e. PLATE 14, Typico! Accelerometer vat for recoraing vertical wave vecelerations from which wave an Ware 21g1hs and ware Ve/ociT¢ = 3 a two-dimensional wave train by of a falling weight - PLATE 2 Lf i vl hk Be ma ieee bhi cba bb Successive Photographs of the initialic s means| >’Wecessive Photographs of the. initiation of ax approximately two-dimensional wave train | E by means of a fire cracker. PLATE 3.PLATE 4. Sree L6%, Sec I8tat_ frame loam frame «192 Ses L23nt, frame 13-22 5 \ f i y wave fain by means of 3 SHefssive pholograls of the initiation of a wave Frain by means of a UPBEAT AT. block fired with C0. 0 mes per second . lly Photos -b: w/o Series 47 16wll) Ci IR. CEE Une — «+! ryLOOKING LAST(A) meron A Gap are: 8 Poa i fa gpranabaiy PLATE 12. a Eypermental Staion.o Cory No. DEPARTMENT OF, SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIA¢“RESEARCH WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND The FINAL REPORT : of PROJECT “SEAL: me @ by 2 Professor T. D. J. LEECH SCHOOL OF nen AUCKLAND UNIV f ARDMORE, NEW ZEALA JO 4 ae | 18th December, 1950 i aes DECLAS BY nuit! DAT: ACTION wy