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01.1 Inspectie
01.1 Inspectie
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ALIITS tSTEIVIULU I NERVo s
I f AR'IlCttLARI r;\TI iqORfOt:UNCf I On*ALE
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sunt pracnlale clter.a noliuli inrroductivc in 5riin1!tc.
nerrmloglcc, dat fiind ctr in
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,l nlcs funcliilc sistcmulili nen'os att lncul
t ulrimtle dccenii ctrno{linlEte dcsprt strrtcturr 5i mai
t
I progrc3e inrcrnmtc pi gcntnt cl accsle noliuni sunt indisl:ensabilc intcrln-tfrii l; cunoaft(Yii
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p3tal6giei sistcnrului ncrvo5. Plogrclelc au fost posibilc
iatotit[ petfcc(drii mijloecelor de
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ca: tclurici de histscnzinrolosic, lrrssj
invcstigtrlii fotosite.in ccir€llrca fundarnentall
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prccuur 9i tehnicile imagistic'c noi(CT'
I inrunocitochimie, tchnici avonrale dc biologle molcculari'
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RI\'l,SPECT,PEq
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pcrnrita lnditiiutui sxinke in conttct cu mcdiul fi esle tolod3li
I .sincruul ncrvos
principo|ul reSlrtor nl furrc|iilor organiimului, dc
lu func1ii|e vcBela|ilc infcrioarc la |untlii|c
dc memorizare..
--lccist$ltrcsrPilneointclplekttnd':cl'Edaiinlptom4rotbgieincurologicetelevalcdrL'ziurrillc
dri slrucltlrt 5i lutrctie n sislcntltltti ttcrvos'
nrnos si trrbuia Si Se brzCZe pe cilnOgrinle
sirt.rnr,lui
Sirtsmul Dcn'os sle rcptczenlal dc :
' - sislcut ttt,^os carlral care conlinc t,tccfalul sau ctcierul ?i
nriduva spinirii'circ sunl
Fig- l: ncurooul. l.rqrr, dctrJrjtc
vgjercgnatonlicsifuaslional.darinacelaSirimpintodepcrrdateinftalizlreobncliilor
sistcmului nen'os' Acgste.c€Julc st : ncuronii si
cliqltlc glislc
Ncurotrii lEPrczrntt unilot@ structuEli ii foilionatr a sistcmului trs'od5N)' sunt
(orotti 5i deudritc\Sunr cclulclc cele nri
alcirtuili din corpnl celulor (pcricoriotr) Si prelungbi
neuronul(fi&l) are o menlbrani sele'clivi
spccializale in proc*area informaliei' Ca oricc celul[
IipoproteicisiciroplasmiinareseglsescstruE'tuisauorgEnitctcluluccuroliomclabulirntul Dcu.|(itrlrrcrir|ucc.rcilalilciuepericarion,rlurificoliile'.lt,r[orrrtclzlarbt'rtIcJtri.Jric.
cclulu.CArevr dinlre aceslca suot sPccifice ne[ronului :
Numinrl ramificaliilor fi sc corcleozd cu nullrilul du sinlPsd:
exlindcrea dcndr'irici
- corpusculii Nissl -Iocut de rintszE apmtcinclor rlin anrinoacizi I
I murplt-ritales ci rcuilclor'
-co|pusculiiGolgi,careadaugiproteillelorsintezahidmrarboutelor,:ubfonrrbdc I
contlucc informolia dc-alunr'''ri urior dishrntc
turri propag:ind s.:nurrlul
t- rltolrrl
vczjcute in ritoFlasmtr I t'aci izolaloarc lipidictr(tcaci dr: rniclini) fonturti dirr cclulc glirlc
rlecrric.Sunl inconjunli de o
-nritotrondriileccconlinenzimercrpiraorii(fluvopmtcincticitocromi),otclizedzt
I sisttnrul trcxr5 ctlknll'
I
- c,tlila Sdtl,rsurr(in:'stenrul nen'os puiferic) 5i ttligodenclroglit:(in
rtacpile de formarc s ATP carc prin rduccrca la ADP' clibcetri
ctrrgia ntesarf, I
firncliilor cclularc
' -l I AcBBsEtescaarcIoIP'oletlo',giizohrbr,osigur,;.rrdconrlrtccrcar'PidilaPolculillclortic;tcltunt
. princonduceresl|titoric(tencadcnriclinncstcirlrrcrupt&lninIcrvaIcregu|att-nodurjItF.c'rtr.itt}.
- lisosomii! tr& inten'in in digcstia intracelularl
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I Neuronii coBlin un citoschcler forntat
ditl neurofibrilc clr€ dc'L'nlitri flrrr'li
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-c:ntriolulsd;c6or8'nitulcarcparticipdlodiviriurrcacrluiar6rru'cgascftgdcc&in I
I pcricarionuluiSiaprtlungirilorac'Slotitlicarctraniporti,tlifcritcslrl'ilulcininlctitlrill
celulele ncumnate fetalei neuronii nu sc divid dupn nrslcrd- I
actina' nlicrotlrbuli 5i rrirtrofilrrrrcnlc'
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ncutortilor, Surrt 3 r':puri tlc ncurofibrile:
prclungirifcneuro nlo4 deridriklz si ar.oaal forn:erzi sinapse cu alli ncuroni rcalizlnd relele i.
Oopa n n"li., ncuronii srurt:
;i sistcme ncuronalc, bazl anatonrictr a funcliilor crcicrului ' -qfct'ult1i, caie aduc inlomtalia in sistcnlul
ucn'05 ccnlrali '
'in aceAe prelungrri sut sislcme(tubuli sou frlamentc) in care sc face lra$Jlortul cfciiuarc(nru;chi 1i glltldc)
-clcrcnli,cat! lransnit sornanda ntotoric la orgartclc
,
substanlelor fundamcilnle care sinletizraza nredi*orii. TransPonul
se frcc in ambcle dircclii 5i o va|lsniil(corrccteaz,i rtgiuni diftrilr' rlr
-jrlcrrrera.orri unde sc proccscazi infonrolia sau
const5 in:
sistsului ncn'os c€tllrrl)
cstc dllorat celor doui PmLinc: kinaina lxntru irrtrl ci ssu tu
-transpon rapid (100'100.rlmtd ;i t Traqsmilsrca sinlplici cst'c procesrtl lri'l'crrc ilcuronii ctrtrluniri
rnnspodul arrterogod 1i dineina pentn trurspottul rel(ognd'
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sc iacc b rrivtlul silrrpiulor' sc rcalit'riiJ Fti::
org:ncle efcclorrc(rtru5clri sou glandc) ..-. :
rc dalorsazl ulti pm(einc '<i
chiilici) riltr conccltiT;1 uutr,ii
-lransport leBl corc cste numai antcrograd(o"l'3 mnr/zi) 1i -sinaFsc clrinritcBrin i."uiot*,onrilarori
(nrc,Jiatoli
in letculc Srri sttrtrt" lr uitrhrl
{crs:rrlrtltri
6cmanaloarc farnilici kirlczingi' neutoni. ]r'lcdiarorul e5tc ''irleLiz'st'sloclt
l prevnaptic(ncumnulcate|nnsmitcinfonr'rl|ia)siclibcrariilcantit::liprccisc'[ttcrsrtittrl
,1
postsi[sptic (,reumnul carc
primc5te. info"*tt.'.::."=t".'.::],iiT::,".',,T['"i':::1:::;:;t:::]l
cat\- rr-alizcl'4i 'slstg]
de rurdiatori' Princi[rlii n)cdiltori '
3. i\licroglir are rol dc hgocinre qi pnrlil-cnrc in condilii:patologire - Celulc r'uicrogli:r)c
scroto'lltrir. acirilculirra(Achl' glulxlrrrl, CAB'4'(;rcid
n!irilJrcrrxlinr(N.\). DOPi\(clolnnrilr(),
runt inrudilc cu ilxcmlagtle petifcricc li rle linlei morrocilarc, crp(inrind rnriecn
trrrrr rrrrirto[ruliric)
() lilcflliunc opaftc {slc sinilpsil iltttfotrlt$ililr6(P!dcd lrxrk,rl4 carc trollst)'li(e infornrtlia
letcacitar - CD 45- Au rol in supraveghetea inunologicd a sistemului nenor(in sistcrnul
- ,\strorilul protopl35lic ire rol di: stlslincre. comprrne bariera htnrrtoencefslicd prin - lrunchiul crrebrrrl, cu fermaliunilc: bulb, puntc $i tnezcnccfrl, subordoneaztr ccti\.irili
roltrrrul piciorugclor sale cu vnscl': unguinc 1i pcricarienul.Sr: pertritE 3stfcl lrsnsfcrul bnzrlc co. respirolis, aclivilater cardiovasculcrS, olin:rntarea, sonrn, teg.he, itr prin
ur:iltnului, a sullsian;clrrr nu(rititc din s.ingc 5i eliminrren din neuroDi a pmdulilor de lo,-magir:rtea rctitutoli mcn!in. gtrrco de tonus pcrlrrntni . scoar!ci ccrebralc.
Dtctattoliz;rrc, indcp5rlarr-s ef,-c(.sulri de ncurotroniDrilJtori din spoliut 4\tnceltllsr, - crrcbelut , contmleaat cchilibn:! !i coordoneazl uri5cLrta
crrnrrohrl r'otlcfitlt'illici ionilor in sf:rliul axhccltll]r, reglind cooctntr;lli8 de poraslu de - talamuru! , cpftzinlS rtleul tuturu: inionnaliilor ttatisrtlise la creier'
l3 1rs6s1 |1lr-cl. B$tiera hqrlntorru:ef'.rlictr eontroleazi oricc leeautrat r ntumnllui cu alld - hipotalrnrusul, menline hotneoshzit'prin control vi4ieml 5i t:rdocrin, nroduldnd pc cii
t'+nrrrliunc. Rolul ei in patc'logie *ste l'ocnr inrpodanr, deteriorarer ei dtterminf, ntultiSinapticc i6tir,irrfcl Sistrrnulti n"n'os *egiiiri...Prin funqia neuro-iecrc{oare
piitnrrJr'rr.f, in prrrenhinr a isenlilor jlrilogcni, r r'hnrentelor ligurate, a Frot':inelor, ocitocinr) 5i factori destinali hipofizei (pr.in asul
(hrrrmoni cireuldnfi-rtsoprcsina.
. lbrrni.nrJu-sc c(tcn;ut ccrctrrrl rfr. tip citorosic;dc :rtcea trcbuie cunosculi mcdaliraren gi . hipotalamo-hipofiznr) coordon+nz5 .tonte organtll endocrinc. Este irnplicat in
aorrrti!iilc dL' pctrctrarri r lllctlicrnrr'ntelor prin accstl bilriefi. ttnnurcgtirrc. ttglarei mctobolisrnelcr' a seh"i. ton\Poflxnlalrtul :llimcnllr- -rtlillc] l;
' Jibilnr- *
r(r I c iciltrizutr], sislerrrrr! rrtr\'0s ct rttrtl ilelr'ind ltsut cottjunetiv rcproducerr:r. repr:zirrll orologiul biologie.
.l
iemrancntdesis|cmuln|oduhtor|nraPortcucompor|anrentuladapta(rflexibilliplasriciratea
nculonlla! | i,' ii rcfEiri]-r),
I
(utotori \
dis nen'ii l periyw:ici
incnoi perir"ric c{c
alEaluiL
Sistcnrlt I l: iirl(nl .rr$Ditr(
l:ig,
rtelror or{o)lolll fivSetlttt' ' I
gargliorrii rahidier:i,,si sirletnttl 1? perechi dc Dct\i craniei' i Fi g. 3 : rlrtto PrrrrintPotic
dc ll derrErvi spindi 9i I
Ncruii parifcrici, sunt '"p'ototoll
cranieni suot gn$ioni
scnzirivi $i
corcspunzitori ncrvilor \
Gorrgliorrii rabirlirni si eungfionii rlcbluind lanpri"
nenos Yegetalivr
ganglioni aulonomi'
*ttttt n"ii"" efsetnc ale sistemului \
Pf,tr\edcbrrlc' l \
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Ayroupe orita lonlfi grttcra!fi snu titctrule et!e ln tnisitii sir ,let<nrrin c lt trrt
SEMTOLOG I A I"IIiU P.OLO GICA :l
rtruttreltr
po|rc sar rinort[zc si6ct6 itdtrmnelr r.r fi lu:rtf, de la familic Jeu nntursj (in cniul tulburililor
prtzcnrare in cadrul dirtrselor sindmantc nilrologic€.
-rnilciri involunlttc, de acuralclca descrirrii cracteristicilor depinde dirgnos(icul. Citeva,
sri.rii <lc conqricnla). Un istoric hinc l:lcut orienl.'czl corcct inrts{igaliili ctiologice, }..lodul de
'tipuri dc nrisclri in'otuntnrctl4rcrhl6lr-*ontrnclia sincrqnl a, fibrelor unei
dcbut ;rl sirnptorltlrrt lrcbuic si fic ccrect rlolit, liiltdcl Jcslali sindronr neuro]oeic poate aler unfuali
noionT,u:bfihirlicontraclii corrtinui ale unui mu$chi stru 3rup rte mu:lchi de obicei la
carrzc difcritc in rnl)ort cu ltlul in tore s-arr insr,'.lat selnncle bolii, farr.
nfoc6ni?-milclri bru;tc, scurtc, ritnrice sa,r arilmicc {i lpar.sponbn, n,ri$ctrri ronqenrifc:ri
livululin bolii inn;ntctr inlcnrlrii crtc deasenrenea lrrrpodanttr dc cunosrr:t-Ea poate fi
rr,gr(Jir1i in accidentcle larcul:rrc c?rcbrda,,rrlagruh'r? in tum6ri sau boli dcnenenlive, rr|l critmice, npirle, n€rrgulale. ilogice, rnnor-migcrri ritnrice, provocat{ de contracria sltemarili r
iu xtircuri suu pcricrde Ce rgravore, sepdnte iotrc ele prin intrnrle dl ugonlrilor qi antagonilli at2to'e - nrilca.rc aritmica. lsnli jcu *.-ri"ular,
i.,rr.'nli n. rdicir "arlo., d?r/onu.
ftrIisinrrc, cr ;n r(l!'ro2:r in plllci, nriastcnic, etc. menlincrar indtlunglr[ a unri atinrrtini rnorfllle da es:ensic sau flerie, rr?,rni5ciri s(ercoripr,
ir\ cr{l.ul islrrricultri. lrcbuic cotlscmnlt 5i tralanrtntul unnot 5i efcctelc snle pina la drla rarrinritLsrhrmaunciacliuni("caricrturaurreimi5ctrri)iluror'Edlirnuf miScarcvio!cnrr,amplt ji
irrtcnxirii irr clirticJ. : afectrazX $gnr?nt?le proriotalc,
Itdrcvefttd,- conlirrlrare& unci acti\itili in lipsa unui excitrnr
,\0trccdcntclc pcrsonrfu 1i celc ,lrcdotohtcrrh., ru el'idcut $i ele irnponrnla lor ca in ad€6rl I
orirc sprrirlirurc rrredic:tll, nlni f,lcs ci o plrrc dintrc afecliunile iirrcmului rertos inrbracl. un -Stmnr mcningeal* -
lil:rnrcnrrl gcncr:tl al botnnlului tl lullR\r apfirit(elor Si sisttmelor es{c Bhsolut npcesar, -semnerlc irit:1ie rrdiculartr(Kcmig Lasseguq Brudz-inski).
r-hirr.'iic;i snlcringa ritrr nl-uee pc pacicnt.h nreCid este sru prrc linrirrti h slsrenrul nen'os- Se
lric rl irr lbrnc ntrnr..rorsc shdrolnre rteurologice , ciuz:l rccston nu sc glli irr nerrrr ci in
rfirr lui. $i rrrri rtrrrlt inci ntr nrnt rlrc siturrliilc in care nnrrifestrrea neurolo-qir.i csrq aceea ip
c:rrr::pJriind prirna ducr lndcscol*-rirr'u bolii rlu:rlc r'igr'enrlc. Dc esemplu henripiegir p6gx5tr ;i
Jriirrrr-o cnrlrr;lir Folt': ,i ccl dinrii sernncl cln: :rrnrilruie la descoperirea unei strno:e nrilrale
1r:inir xmrll'i lotrl isnororil,
ri
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I asunu! rolatsqtQo:d
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(X'ru rturtpr)3n1n!tqur1 lnucutl3
w
trlulrrqorl Inururtrg'
ur (tr4r3'
!!illll!qtsurs lfl
T^
:tgll
rlurdlutrlorc !! dn'lltsFo
{)'ql(llu^srt
'r!lllr tt\Fld'(d)tirrilcur P'o'yol
:$'3nil
r.irr:-1illii tqotrl :i"Bf,lrqit)l )qol(l
{
lt r-,rJ
LCR rste un p$dus desccrelie ol plerurilor coroide-
:;,
-,.punclir ::
r'Falologic LCR poa(c fi:
' -hemongic ca urmrc a unci gre5eli de tchnico prin inleprrer onui vas, in hcrrronqic
subrrahnoidiantr- : i
pefrln'PentrucaTcchnc|iu:BflcsonEn|ra!1lnir.'clutorganuluideirrvcstigat(irlcor.trltlch1ii
rcspt<lis" ntultiti
sislemal ncms ccrrtral), sc leagi
de o substilitJ cu alirrit:tg Pcnrru or8f,nul
prol'ylotc attirrc osirr<l'
radlolnsot sau rodiofonnoctullc' c-r: Cclclec(llh4PAOhuanrctlryl
99nrTc sau Spccdrmini (Iodt"rilfctarlrini
pelrllll llil)' carc sc ra h't:n h nir'clul
Neurolitt-penrru
pcrfuzia sa:tllrirli
rQTslcfliq substrnlci ccrcbrolc proporlional cu
Iqsr,q\qrali F,Ftr€'rl
ctt iv' l'acltrrtului lflal in statc dc rclaNtu.c''tntr'o
il1000 ttt. Techneliul le8nl cu rodiolrasorsc injedcee
l'li'l(lrositr'orr lirrrission lforlogrlp'iry1 etrc o metodf, non-inwsivl de obscnrorq " mrtodc irwlrir.c cr uilirraz.d :ub:tanic dc clnrrsrr iodrte nonloliee trtil iate in angiognfn ccrcbrull
Sc bazeazt pc propriel,alca pozitr0nilor dc x st. 2. I\{ctorlc lmrgisticc reprszcnt8te dc:
cU:lrtti|lci'c {i illrdg[slfir'!. |llelabolisrnului tisulor.
xttihih Ii riolrircit ctt un eluctron, r"zh:ind;slicl
I fo(oni (rsdillie gamoll) cu lraicctolie de 130. . Dopplercervicat ,-
ilr SrxJ(' uilul it!:] dc ctlJl:tlt- liczolulil sl)'iiirlii a PET faln dc SPECT estc
de aprcsimatlr'3'5
' Eco3rdtie ttntlrfontamJErl :
'clrilcPsie
-ttrtllLlri ' 1. I.[L\?LQRAR.E{STA|'IDAR-DACFnNIULUI
de ntrri ncccsrrc Pentru
Liurit*lc ntttod.'i suht legillc itl principal de cosluril"i(lrefir Etp)orrca radiologicl crnarn a tmniului pren:pune.rtrlia-x a doui, mdiogalii irr incidcnrl
::ehii:itiort;trcr iiFltaltrrlui 5i pentrtr fittrre nchirilic' doul -diogrfii stilr,hr,J. iruidente
da fali 5i dc pn:6l in sirulii prniculn-,e.se pot adaugl ceiorr
funtclor shnoidalc
aripilor sfcnoidale