دوائر وقياسات كهربائية 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١ J‫א‬
١٣١
  131  ‫א‬
  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?  ? ١J   ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
I
  131  ‫א‬
  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ElectronZ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEElectricity

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
II
  131  ‫א‬
  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
II
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1–‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠W‫א‬‫א‬
III
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KJ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-١-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EElectrostatic InductionFW‫א‬‫א‬
E١J ١FA
،A‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
 KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+ + + + + - +
 A B
 E١J ١F
‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬BKA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢J ١F
 KA‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+ + + + + -
 A B
 E٢J ١F
‫א‬KA‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬،B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٣J ١FF‫א‬
-٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

- - - - -

B
 E٣J ١F
 WEF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧٨٥
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK٢
 ‫א‬،E٤J ١F
Q1 Q2
F =K  (1.1)
r2
r
F F
Q1 Q2
 E٤J ١F
-٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬K،‫א‬rQ1Q2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K 9 x 109 ‫א‬‫א‬
Q1 = Q2 = 1 Coulomb ( C ) , r = 1 meter
 W
F = 9 x 109 Newton (N)
 WE١{١F‫א‬
K = 9 x 109 Nm2 / C2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Є0‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬KFKK‫א‬Є0
 WK
Є0 = 1 / 4 π K
 WE١{١F‫א‬
Q1 Q2
F= N (1.2)
4 π ε0 r2
-٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
1
Є0 = = 8.854 ×10 −12 C 2 / N .m 2
4 π × 9 × 10 9
 W‫א‬
Q1 Q2
F= N (1.3)
4 π ε0 εr r2
‫א‬KЄr =1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Єr
 W‫א‬‫א‬Є0Єr
Є = Є0 Єr
 K‫א‬‫א‬Є
r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ١F‫א‬
 WE١J ١F
‫א‬،‫א‬ 10 x 10-6 C

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،١٠ cm 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥J ١FFAB،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،CB‫א‬‫א‬FCBBA‫א‬
KFRB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
A
0.1
0.1
m
60o B FCB
C
30o
0.1m
 FAB FRB
 E5-1F
 

 W FCB FAB ‫א‬(1.3)‫א‬‫א‬

−6 −6
10 × 10 ×10 ×10 10 4
FAB = FCB = −12
= = 89.7 N
4 π × 8.854 ×10 × 1× (0.1) 4 π × 8.854
2
 FRB‫א‬‫א‬
3
FRB = 2 FAB × cos 30 = 2 × × 89.7 = 155.37 N
2

 W(2-1)
0.1m 0.1 µc 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 D B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،( 6-1 )q coulomb
C A ‫א‬K‫א‬C A ‫א‬
W‫א‬FAC‫א‬
0.1 × 10 −6 × 0.1 × 10 −6
FAC = −12
= 4.485 × 10 −3 N
4 π × 8.854 × 10 ×1 × (0.1 × 2 ) 2
= 4.575 ×10 −4

kg . wt.
 
(9.81 Newton = 1 kg . wt. )
KFBC FDC FAC‫א‬
FBC ‫א‬FCB ‫א‬DB ‫א‬q -q 
 WKFDC ‫א‬FCD ‫א‬
E6-1F

FAC
FCD = FDC = = 3.23 ×10 − 4 kg. wt
2
 WFCD ‫א‬
q × 0.1 × 10 −6
FCD = kg. wt.
4 π × 8.854 × 10 −12 × 1 × (0.1) 2 × 9.81
-٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Wq‫א‬
4 π × 8.854 × 10 −12 × 1 × (0.1) 2 × 9.81 × 3.23 × 10 −4
q = −6
= 35.26 × 10 −9 C
0.1 × 10
WE3-1F
‫א‬‫א‬K5 cm1µ c – 10 µ c ‫א‬
 Kq ‫א‬
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E7-1F1µ c ‫א‬
F2 - F1 = 0
 
1×10 −6 q 10 × 10 −6 q
− =0
4π ε 0 r 2 4 π ε 0 ( r + 0.05 ) 2
W
r = 0.0232 meters

 E7-1F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EPoint ChargeF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،(8-1)
 W‫א‬،K(9-1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

+Q


 (8-1)

-٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

-Q +Q

 (9-1)


 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E10-1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Tube Of Flux
ds2
ds1

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E10-1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KQ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ψ‫א‬K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
Ψ=Q coulombs
-١٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

ε،ε‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q
 K Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ε

 WEElectric Field IntensityF‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 Q‫א‬‫א‬،EN/C F‫א‬

E،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
F
E= ( N / C) (1.4)
Q
EFr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q ‫א‬EPoint Charge F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q ×1
F= N
4 π ε0 εr × r 2
Q
E= N/C (1.5)
4π ε 0 ε r r 2
 
9 ×10 9 × Q
E= ( N /C ) or V/m (1.6)
εr r2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ є r،‫א‬‫א‬є 0 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KQ/є‫א‬‫א‬Q 
 WA(m2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q/ε
E=
A
-١١-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D،D = Q/A
 WE‫א‬K
E = Q / є A = D /є = D / є 0 є r (1.7)

 
 WE4-1F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.6 x 10 –19 C‫א‬ 9.8 m/s 2‫א‬9.1 x10-31Kg ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
:(mg) ‫ وزﻧﻪ‬.١
mg = 9.1 x 10-31 x 9.8

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
F = E x e = E x 1.6 x 10-19
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E = 5.6 x 10-11 N /C
 WE5-1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬4 x 10-8 C‫א‬،( 0 , 0) meters‫א‬5 x 10-8 C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K( 0, 4) meters‫א‬-6 x 10-8 C‫א‬( 3, 0) meters
 K(3, 4 ) meters‫א‬
-١٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
 E11-1F
 (1.6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE11-1F
AD = (3) 2 + (4) 2 =5 m

E1 = 9 ×10 9 × 5 ×10 −8 / 5 2 =18 V/m
E2 = 9 ×10 9 × 4 ×10 −8 / 4 2 = 22.5 V/m
E3 = 9 ×10 9 × 6 ×10 −8 / 3 2 = 60 V/m
،E11-1F‫א‬‫א‬E3E2E1‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ex = E1 cos θ - E3 = 18 cos 53.3 - 60 = - 49.2 V / m
Ey = E1 sin θ + E2 = 18 sin 53.3 + 22.5 = 36.9 V/m
 WE‫א‬‫א‬
E= ( − 49.2 ) 2 + ( 36.9 ) 2 = 61.5 V/m
 WDE‫א‬
tan Φ = 36.9 / 49.2 = 0.75
 
Φ = 36.9 0
-١٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ψ‫א‬،A(m2)‫א‬
ψ
D= C / m2  (1.8)
A
W D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D=є0єr E (1.9)
E‫א‬‫א‬є r ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬
 KE
-١٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?K‫א‬‫א‬
QRA‫א‬‫א‬K
rP‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ KE1J 2F
 WQ‫א‬



E1-2F
Q
E= (2.1)
4πεr 2
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r ‫א‬‫א‬
 W VA A‫א‬
r =R
VA = ∫ -E. dr 
r= ∞
drE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E1-2F
-١٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

r =R
Q
VA = ∫
r =∞
-
4πε r 2
dr


r=R
 Q  Q
VA = 4πε =  (2.2)
 r  r =∞ 4π ε R

 KA‫א‬VA K‫א‬‫א‬

 WEPotential DifferenceF‫א‬
 
‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KB‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،BA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKAB
A
VA-B = VA - VB =
B
∫ − E . dr
‫א‬Q‫א‬rAA‫א‬FB A‫א‬‫א‬
 WEQ‫א‬rBB
rA
rA
Q  Q 
VA-B = VA - VB = ∫
rB
-
4πεr 2
dr = 
4πε r  rB

Q 1 1
VA-B =  −  (2.3)
4 π ε  rA rB 

 (2.3F‫א‬‫א‬KB A،
 KE2.2F‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B
-١٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬QnKK…Q3Q2Q1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ rnKKK…r3r2r1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1  Q1 Q 2 Q Q  1 Qn
V=
4 π ε0
 + + 3 + ........ + n  =
rn  4 π ε 0
∑ (2.4)
 r1 r2 r3 n rn

 EPotential of a SphereFW‫א‬
‫א‬+Q‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2-2F
+
+
+
+
r
+Q
+
+ +
distance
E
 distance

 ‫א‬E2-2F

-١٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Ψ= 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 EEquipotential Surfaces FW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE3-2F

+ Q +
+ +


 ‫א‬‫א‬E3-2F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1-2F
-١٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

  +8pc8cm6cm4 cm ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬4 pc–6pc 
 K10 cm7 cm5 cm 2 cm
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dcba ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4-2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
QC
QB C
QA B
A
. a. b. .c .d


 E4-2F

،E٤J ٢F‫א‬2 cm‫א‬a EF
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬aKE = 0
q Q
Va =
4 π ε0 r
= 9 × 10 9 ∑r

 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 
= 9 × 10 9  − +  = 1.35 V
 0.04 0.06 0.08 
CB‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬b E
F
 WK‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QA QA
Eb = = 9 × 109
4 π ε0 r 2
r2
-١٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

8 × 10 −12
= 9 × 10 × 9
= 28.8 V/m
(0.05) 2
 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

Vb = 9 × 10 9
 − +  = 0.99 V
 0.05 0.06 0.08 
 A‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬EF
 WK‫א‬B
 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 
Ec = 9 × 10 9  2
−  = 3.67 V/m
 ( 0 . 07 ) (0.07) 2 
 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

Vc = 9 × 10 9
 − +  = 0.77 V
 0.07 0.07 0.08 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬EF
 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

Ed = 9 × 10 9  2
− +  = 5.4 V/m
 (0.1) (0.1) 2 (0.1) 2 
 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

Vd = 9 × 10 9  − +  = 0.45 V
 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 
 WE2-2F
‫א‬1 x 10-8 C‫א‬‫א‬3 cm
،2 cm ‫א‬‫א‬K-3 x 10-8 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EF
 WE5-2F
V = V1 + V2
-٢٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

-8
-3 X 10 C 1 X 10-8 C
r=3 cm
r r
2m
 E5-2F
 W‫א‬V‫א‬
q
V=
4 π ε0 r
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 × 10 −8
V1 = 9 × 10 9 × = 90 V
1
− 3 × 10 −8
V2 = 9 × 10 × 9
= − 270 V
1
V = 90 – 270 = - 180 V
 W‫א‬WEF

q
V= V
4 π ε0 R
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬R
− 3 ×10 −8
V− = 9 × 10 9 × = − 900 V
3 × 10 − 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 ×10 −8
V+ = 9 × 10 9 × = 300 V
3 × 10 − 2
 WE3-2F
‫א‬‫א‬0.25cm،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.23 cm5‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2500V‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٢١-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 E2‫א‬‫א‬E1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE6-2F
V1
E1 =
t1
 
V1 = E1 t1 = 0.02 × 10 −2 E1
 
V2
E2 =
t2
V1 = E1 t1 = 0.02 × 10 −2 E1
E6-2F
 
V2 = E 2 t 2 = 0.23 × 10 −2 E 2 (2.5)
−2
V1 + V2 = 2500 = 0.02 × 10 E 1 + 0.23 × 10 −2
E2 (2.6)
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D = ε 0 ε r1 E 1 = ε 0 ε r 2 E 2
-٢٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
E1 = 5 E 2 (2.6)
 W(2.6 )( 2.5 )‫א‬

E 1 = 3.788 × 10 6 V/m
E 2 = 0.757 × 10 6 V/m
-٢٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEElectrostatic Stress F
‫א‬ECapacitance F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬BA‫א‬( 1-3 )
K،‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
‫א‬A‫א‬B‫א‬
‫א‬BA‫א‬KB‫א‬
B ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
B‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ECapacitanceFW‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬V‫א‬،Q‫א‬
 W‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
C=Q/V F (Coulomb / Volt ) (3.1)

-٢٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬E1-3 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬(1µ F =10 –6 FF‫א‬‫א‬
 W
KaQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 2-3 )
 W‫א‬
Q
V =
4 π ε0 a
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q
C= = 4 π ε0 a
V
-٢٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

W Єr‫א‬‫א‬
C = 4 π ε0 εr a (3.2)
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q +Q
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ( 2-3 )

 W
W‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ( 3-3 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–+Q‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬+Q،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Va‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W+Q 
Q
Va =  V
4πεa
-Q‫א‬Vb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬a
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

−Q
Vb = (3.3)
4πε b
-٢٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬b

Q 1 1 Q b−a
V = Va + Vb = ( − )= ( ) (3.4)
4πε a b 4πε a b
 W‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
Q ab
C= =4πε ( ) F (3.5)
V b−a
 
 ε = ε0 εr

-
-Q
+Q
- -
+ +
+
- -


 ‫א‬ ( 3-3 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬+Q‫א‬
Q1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ( 4-3 )‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Q2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q = Q1 + Q2 (3.6)
–Q1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q1‫א‬
–Q1‫א‬،‫א‬+Q1‫א‬+Q1‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KB‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C1‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 WE3.5F‫א‬‫א‬C1
Q ab
C1 = = 4π ε ( ) F
V b−a
-٢٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

C2‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 W
 
C2 = 4 π ε b F
 W‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
C = C1 + C2
+ Q2
+ Q1
+ + B + +
-
-
b
a
+ - Q1
+ -
+
+
A
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ( 4-3 )

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١F
AN  M‫א‬ ( 5-3 )
Q‫א‬M ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kd‫א‬єr‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ψ = Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬
D=ψ/A =Q/A (3.7)
 WE‫א‬‫א‬
E=V/d , D=єE (3.8)
 WC‫א‬E3.8FE3.7F‫א‬
DA
C=Q/V= = є A /d F (3.9)
(D / ε ) . d
-٢٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
ε = ε0 εr


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ( 5-3 )


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬t2єr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ( 6-3 )‫א‬t1‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D=ψ/A
‫א‬‫א‬E2‫א‬‫א‬E1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 E١ = D / є0 єr 1
 E٢ = D / є0 єr 2
 WV‫א‬‫א‬
V = E1 . t1 + E2 t2

= [ (D / є0 єr 1) ] t1 + [D / є0 єr 2 ] t2

= (D / є0 ) [( t1 / єr 1) + (t2 / єr 2)] = (Q / є0 A ) [( t1 / єr 1) + (t2 / єr 2)]
-٢٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WC ‫א‬‫א‬

C = Q / V = є0 A / [( t1 / єr 1) + (t2 / єr 2)] (3.10)




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 6-3 )

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
єr3 єr2 єr1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W، ( 7-3 )‫א‬t3t2t1 
V = V1 + V2 + V3 = E1 . t1 + E2 . t2 + E3 . t3

V = [ D / є0 єr1 ] t1 + [ D / є0 єr2 ] t2 + [ D / є0 єr3 ] t3
= (D / є0 ) [ ( t1 / єr 1) + ( t2 / єr 2) + ( t3 / єr3 ) ]
= ( Q / є0 A ) [( t1 / єr 1) + ( t2 / єr 2) + ( t3 / єr3 ) ]
-٣٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬C ‫א‬
C = Q / V = є0 A / [( t1 / єr 1) + ( t2 / єr 2) + ( t3 / єr3 ) ] ( 3.11)



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ( 7-3 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬Kd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WC‫א‬En – 1 F
( n − 1) ε 0 εr A
C= Farad ( 3.1٢)
d
-٣١-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W ( 1-3 )
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬3 cm‫א‬3 m2‫א‬‫א‬
 W،15000 V‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬
 (8-3)
W‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣FEF

C = ε0 A / d =( 8.854 × 10-12 × 3 ) / (3 × 10-3 ) = 8.854 × 10-3 µ F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Q = C V = 8.854 × 10-3 × 15000 = 132.75 × 10-6 C
 W‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬

-6 -12 6
E = Q / ( ε0 A ) = ( 132.75 × 10 ) / (8.854 × 10 × 3 ) = = 5 × 10 V/m
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

E = V / d = 15000 / ( 3 × 10-3 ) = 5 × 106 V/m
 WD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D = ε0 E = 8.854 × 10-12 × 5 × 106 = 44.25 × 10-6 C / m2
-٣٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W ( 2-3 )

‫א‬1cm50 cm2،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،0.7 cm4‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،10 V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 WE3.10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C = є0 A / [ ( t1 / єr 1) + ( t2 / єr2 ) ]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t2t1 ،‫א‬A
 WE9-3F

C = ( 8.854 x 10 -12
x 0.5 x 0.5 ) / [( 3 / 1) +( 7 / 4) ] x 10 -3
= 466 µF

 ‫א‬
 E9-3F
-٣٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E3-3F
،2 m2 ،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬( 0.4 , 0.6 , 1.2 mm )( 2 , 3 , 6 )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬EFW1000 V‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
 W (3.11)‫א‬C‫א‬E10-3F
C = Q / V = є0 A / [( t1 / єr 1) + ( t2 / єr 2) + ( t3 / єr3 ) ]
8.854 × 10 −2 × 2
C= = 0.0295 µ F
0.4 ×10 −3 0.6 ×10 −3 1.2 ×10 −3
+ +
2 3 6
Q = C V = 0.0295 x 10-6 x 1000 = 29.5 x 10-6 C
D = Q /A = 29.5 x 10-6 / 2 = 14.75 x 10-6 C / m2
-٣٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E10-3F

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
E1 = D / ε0 εr1 = 14.75 x 10-6 / ( 8.854 x 10-12 x 2 ) = 833.3 KV / m
E2 = D / ε0 εr2 = 14.75 x 10-6 / ( 8.854 x 10-12 x 3 ) = 555.4 KV / m
E3 = D / ε0 εr3 = 14.75 x 10-6 / ( 8.854 x 10-12 x 6 ) = 277.7 KV / m
-٣٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E4-3F
0.25 m215‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،3‫א‬0.2 cm 

 ‫א‬
WE3.12)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( n − 1) ε 0 εr A
C= Farad
d

14 × 8.854 × 10 −12 × 3 × 0.25
C= −3
= 46.48 × 10 −3 µF
2 × 10
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E11-3F
 W،‫א‬Q3Q2Q1
Q+ Q+ Q+
+ + +
V1 V2 V3
V


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11-3F

Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q
C1V1 = C2V2 = C3V3 = CV
-٣٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C
 W
V = V1 + V2 + V3
 W
Q Q Q Q
= + +
C C1 C2 C3
 
1 1 1 1
= + + (3.13)
C C1 C 2 C 3
 WC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1 1 C + C2
= + = 1
C C1 C 2 C1 C 2
 
C1 C 2
C= (3.14)
C1 + C 2
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n
1 n 1
=∑ (3.15)
C i =1 C i
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E12-3F
‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬،V‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
-٣٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

+Q1
C1
+Q2
C2
+Q3
C3
V

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12-3F
 V1 = V2 = V3 = V
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
 
CV = C1V1 + C2V2 + C3V3
 W‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
C = C1 + C2 + C3 (3.16)
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n 
n
C= ∑
i =1
Ci ( 3.17)

 WE5-3F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬8 µ F2 µ F
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،300 V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E13-3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
-٣٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

Q+ Q+
+ C1 + C2
V1 V2
V=300 volt

E13-3F

C1 C 2 2×8
C= = = 1.6 µF
C1 + C 2 2+8
Q= C V = 1.6 x 10-6 x 300 = 4.8 x 10-4 C
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V1 =Q1 = Q2 = Q = 4.8 x 10-4 C

−4
Q 4.8 × 10
V١ = = = 240 V
C1 2 × 10 −6
Q 4.8 × 10 −4
V2 = = = 60 V
C2 8 × 10 −6
W‫א‬‫א‬E14-3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
+Q1
C1
+Q2
C2
V=300 volt

 E14-3F
C = C1 + C2 = 2 + 8 = 10 µF
-٣٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

V1 = V2 = V = 300 V
Q1 = C1 V = 2 x 10-6 x 300 = 6 x 10-4 C
Q2 = C2 V = 8 x 10-6 x 300 = 2.4 x 10-3 C




 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،dW = V dq ‫א‬‫א‬dq‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬
dW = V dq
 W‫א‬q‫א‬
q=CV

dq = C dV

dW = C V dV
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V
V
V2  1
W = ∫
0
C V dV = C   = C V 2
 2 0 2
Joules ( 3.18)

Q =CV , V=Q/C
 W‫א‬

-٤٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

2
1 1 1 Q
W= C V2 = Q V = Joules ( 3.19)
2 2 2 C

‫א‬‫א‬،d ‫א‬‫א‬A(m2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، є‫א‬d‫א‬
W‫א‬
1 C V2 1 ε A V2 1 V 2
W= = = ε( )
2 Ad 2 d Ad 2 d
1 1 1 D2
= є E2 = D E = Joules / m 3 (3.20)
2 2 2 ε

 WE6-3F
‫א‬1000 V‫א‬20 µF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،100 V‫א‬10 µF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
W‫א‬

Q1 = C1 V1 = 20 x 10-6 x 1000 = 0.02 C
Q2 = C2 V2 = 10 x 10-6 x 100 = 0.001 C


‫א‬‫א‬
C = C1 + C2 =( 20 + 10 ) x 10-6 = 30 x 10-6 F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤١-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

1 1
W1 = C1 V12 + C 2 V22
2 2
1 1
W1 = × 20 ×10 −6 × (1000) 2 + × 10 ×10 −6 × (100) 2 = 10.05 Joules
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 Q2
W2 =
2 C
 W‫א‬‫א‬Q

Q = Q1 + Q2 = 0.02 + 0.001 = 0.021 C

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 Q2 1 ( 0.021) 2
W2 = = × = 7.55 Joules
2 C 2 30 × 10 −6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W = W1 - W2 = 10.05 – 7.55 = 2.7 Joules

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Q 0.021
V = = = 700 V
C 30 × 10− 6

-٤٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KJ ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
-٤٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ ‫א‬ K١
K٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WJ ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R=V/I
 W
I =V/R
 RK‫א‬‫א‬I،‫א‬‫א‬V،(Resistance)‫א‬R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ohm)Volt / Ampere
‫א‬‫א‬KE Omega Ω )‫א‬K١٨٢٧‫א‬
KR‫א‬V‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬E1-4FKEOhm’s law )


V _
+
I R
 E1-4F
K‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬،E،n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،r
 n EZ‫א‬‫א‬
 n rZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R + n rZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nE
I= 
R+r
 W R << n r ‫א‬
nE E
I= =
nr r
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬n r << R
nE E
I= =n
R R
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E1/n ) r
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R+ (r/n)
 W‫א‬
E
I=
R +(r / n)
-٤٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 r / n << R‫א‬
 I = E/R
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EnFI = n ( E /r )R << r / n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬،n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،m ‫א‬‫א‬
،n r =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Kn r /m = m‫א‬‫א‬
 KR + ( nr /m ) =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE n=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
nE m nE NE
I= = =
R +(n r / m) mR +nr mR +nr
 WN‫א‬‫א‬
N=m.n
 W،Em R + n r F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

y = m R + n r = ( m R )2 + ( n r ) 2 = ( m R − n r ) 2 + 2 m R n r
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mR=nr
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪٥٠‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

mn = N , mR=nr
 W η ‫א‬‫א‬
output useful power I2 R R
η= = = 2 =
input total power produced I R + I r R + r '
2 '
 K‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r
 WE1-4F
0.8 Ω ‫א‬1.4 V15 
K‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬EFWK30 Ω
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
E = 15 x 1.4 = 21 V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= 0.8 x 15 = 12 Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= 12 + 30 = 42 Ω
 W‫א‬EF
I = 21 / 42 = 0.5 A 
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
 V = I. R = 0.5 x 30 = 15 V
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V = E – I r = 21 – 0.5 x 12 = 15
 WE2-4F
‫א‬‫א‬٢٤
،2 Ω‫א‬‫א‬2.1 V‫א‬‫א‬،5 Ω 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
W‫א‬
m n = N,m R = n r
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n ،‫א‬R،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r 

 K‫א‬‫א‬N،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m،
mR=n r or 5 m = 2 n or n = (5 / 2) m (4.1)
-٤٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬


mn = N = 24 (4.2)
E٤{٢FE٤{١F
m (5 / 2 ) m = ( 5 / 2 ) m2 = 24 or m2 = (24 ) (2 ) / 5 = 9.6
m = 3 ،n = 8 ‫א‬‫א‬K

W‫א‬‫א‬
nE 8 × 2.1
 I= = = 1.63 A
R +(n r / m) 5 + (8 × 2 ) / 3)
-٤٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  131  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬q‫א‬،QK١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KQQ
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 ‫א‬3 x 10-8 C‫א‬،( 0 , 0) meters‫א‬6 x 10-8 C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K( 0, 5) meters‫א‬-7 x 10-8 C‫א‬( 4, 0) meters
 K(4,5 ) meters‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 Kq4 = 2q1q3 = 3x10-8 Cq2 = -2 q1q1 = 1.x10-8 C ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.35cm،‫א‬K٤
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.30 cm4‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 3000V‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬100 cm2،‫א‬‫א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬8.9x10-7 C‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1.4x106 V / m‫א‬‫א‬
،2 m2 ،‫א‬K٦
‫א‬K‫א‬( 0.5 , 0.7 , 1.1 mm )E3, 4 , 6 )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬EFW1100 V‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬1100 V‫א‬25 µF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،150 V‫א‬15 µF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
-٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EEElectric CurrentW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬FE‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬I‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 W،t‫א‬Q
dQ
I= Coulomb /second ( C / s) (5.1)
dt
-٥٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬EampereF‫א‬
1 Ampere = Coulomb /second
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Q
I= Ampere (A) (5.2)
t
 EQuantity of ChargeFW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Q‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q=I.t Ampere – second ( Coulomb ) ( 5.3)
 K‫א‬t،‫א‬‫א‬I
١‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EElectric PotentialFW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 EElectromotive ForceFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(VoltF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KEK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  EResistance and Ohm’s lawFW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R=V/I E٥{٤F
 RK‫א‬‫א‬I،‫א‬‫א‬V،Resistance)F‫א‬R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOhmFVolt / Ampere
 ‫א‬KEOmega) Ω‫א‬K١٨٢٧‫א‬
V‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥FKEOhm’s lawFE٥{٤F
 KR‫א‬
V _
+
R
 I
 E١J ٥F
-٥٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٢J ٥F‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F
 ‫א‬ E١F
 ‫א‬ E٢F
 ‫א‬ E٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
R=ρℓ/A (5.5)
_،EResistivityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ρ
KA،‫א‬ℓKEOhm_meterF
 ،ρ‫א‬‫א‬Eσ (Conductivity‫א‬‫א‬
σ=1/ρ =ℓ/ RA (5.6)
 K 1 siemens (S)= 1 (ohm)-1S /m(Ohm- meter) -1σ
 ،‫א‬GEConductance F
G=1/R ( mho )
-٥٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 S (SiemensF،Eohm)-1mhoG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρT = ρ0 ( 1+ α0 T ) (5.7)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α0،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
RT = ρT ℓ /A , R0 = ρ0 ℓ /A
 W‫א‬‫א‬
RT = ρT ℓ /A = ρ0 (ℓ /A) ( 1+ α0 T )
 
RT = R0 ( 1+ α0 T ) (5.8)
 WT2T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT1 = R0 ( 1+ α0 T1 ) , RT2 = R1 ( 1+ α1 T2 ) (5.9)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
RT2 = RT1 [ 1+ αT1 ( T2 – T1) ] (5.10)
 
αT1 = α0 / ( 1 + α0 T1 ) (5.11)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KT1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬αT1
 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬،‫א‬
 WE١J ٥F
‫א‬،٥{٠mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥m
٠ ٠
  1.72 × 10 −8 Ω . m  20 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 20 C
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R=ρ ℓ/A

-٥٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 A،‫א‬‫א‬ρ،‫א‬ℓ
A = π D2 /4
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D
A = π D2 /4 = π ( 5 x 10-3 )2 /4 = 6.25 π x 10-6 m2
 WR‫א‬‫א‬
R = ρ ℓ / A = (1.72 x 10-8) (5) / ( 6.25 π x 10-6 ) = 4.38 m Ω
 
 WE٢J ٥F
‫א‬، 200 ٠C 7.8Ω،0OC 7Ω
 K 200 ٠C‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT2 = RT1 [ 1+ αT1 ( T2 – T1)]
 
R0 = RT1 [ 1+ αT1 ( T0 – T)]
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

7 = 7.8 [ 1+ αT1 ( 0 – T)]
 ٠.005130 C-1ZE200C٠‫א‬‫א‬FαT1
 WE٣J ٥F
، 500 ٠C١٥‫א‬‫א‬10%‫א‬‫א‬٢٥Ω
 200 ٠C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 30Ω

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R0 ( 1+ α0 T )
-٥٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
R15 = 25 = R0 ( 1+ 15α0 ) ,
R50 = 25+2.5 = 27.5 = R0 ( 1+ 50α0 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬
α0 = 0.0029850 C-1 , R0 = 23.9286 Ω
 W 30Ω‫א‬‫א‬
RT =30 = R0 ( 1+ α0 T ) =23.9286 (1+ 0.002985 T )
 T = 850 C ‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T = 85 –20 = 650 C
 Electric Power and EnergyW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬RI
dQV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 Wdt
dQ = I dt
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dW = V dQ = V I dt
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = dW / dt = V I dt / dt = V I (5.12)
 joule / s،‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
  WattFF
V=IR , I=V/R
 W‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬
P = VI = I2 R = V2 / R Watt (5.13)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
P=EI Watt (5.14)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W=Pt ( Watt-sec or Joules ) ( 5.15)

 EEfficiencyFW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wη‫א‬
η = Po / P i (5.16)
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PiE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Po
 W
Pi = E I ( 5.17)
 WPiK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I،‫א‬E
Pi = Po + Ploss (5.18)
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ploss
Ploss = I2 R
 K‫א‬R‫א‬I
 W‫א‬η‫א‬
η = Wo / Wi
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wi‫א‬‫א‬Wo

 WE٤J ٥F
 K16V‫א‬‫א‬٢K Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 WI‫א‬‫א‬
I = V / R = ( 16 / 2000 ) = 8 m A
 K‫א‬R،‫א‬‫א‬V
-٥٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WE٥J ٥F
 K٤A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = I2 R = (4)2 (5) = 80 W
 WE٦J ٥F
 K٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬
W = P t = 60 (24) ( 365 ) / 1000 = 525.6 KWh
 K‫א‬t‫א‬‫א‬P
 WE٧J ٥F
 ٨A‫א‬‫א‬80%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 120 V
 ‫א‬
 Wη‫א‬
η % = ( Po / Pi ) (100 %)
Pi = V I = (120) (8) = 960 W
 WPo‫א‬
0.80 = ( Po / 960)
Po = ( 0.8 ) (960 ) = 768 W
-٥٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W((hourse_ Power ( hpF‫א‬‫א‬
Po = 768 W ( 1 hp / 746 W ) = 1.029 hp
 WE٨J ٥F
K٢٠٠C١١٠ V٢٢٠W‫א‬‫א‬
200C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٢٠٠ C١١٠ V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٠٠٣٩٣C- 1
 ‫א‬
 WP120‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P20 = V2 / R20
R20 = V2 / P20 = (110)2 / 220 = 55
R120 = R20 [ 1 + α20 ( 120 – 20 ) ] = 55 [ 1 + 0.00393 ( 100 )]
= 76.615 Ω
P120 = V2 / R120 = (110)2 / 76.615 = 157.93 W

-٥٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 WRT‫א‬
I R1
+
E R2
-
R
 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 Ω
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ---------------+ RN Ω (6.1)
 W،I‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬
I = E / RT A ( 6.2)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V1 = I R1 , V2 = I R2 , V3 = I R3 , ----------, VN =I RN V ( 6.3)
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WER1‫א‬
P1 = V1 I1 = I12 R1 = V12 / R1 W (6.4)

-٦٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Pdel = E I W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N
Pdel = P1 + P2 + P3 +--------------+ PN ( 6.5)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١J ٦F
‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFW،E٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 KR3 ‫ و‬R2 ‫ و‬R1‫א‬V3 ‫ و‬V2 ‫ و‬V1‫א‬
 K‫א‬،R3 ‫ و‬R2 ‫ و‬R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
I
2 Ω
+
20 V 1Ω
- 5 Ω


 E٢J ٦F
 ‫א‬
 WE٦{١F‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬EF
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 2 + 1 + 5 = 8 Ω
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬
I = E / RT = 20 / 8 = 2.5 A
 WR3R2R1‫א‬V3V2V1‫א‬‫א‬EF
V1 = I R1 = (2.5) (2) = 5 V
V2 = I R2 = (2.5) (1) = 2.5 V
V3 = I R3 = (2.5) (5) = 12.5 V
 W‫א‬R3R2R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
P1 =I12 R1 = (2.5)2 (2) = 12.5 W
P2 = V2 I2 = (2.5) (2.5) = 6.25 W
P3 = V32 / R3 = (12.5)2 / 5 = 31.25 W
-٦١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Pdel = E I = (20) ( 2.5) = 50 W
 
P1 + P2 + P3 = 12.5 + 6.25 + 31.25 = 50 W = Pdel
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RN
RT = N R ( 6.6 )
 WE٢J ٦F
 KE٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬V2‫א‬I‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E٣J ٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬،R1 = R3 = R4‫א‬
RT = N R1 + R2 = (3) (7) + 4 = 25 Ω
I = E / RT = 25 / 25 = 2 A
V2 = I R2 = (2) (4) = 8 V
 WE٣J ٦F
R1‫א‬،I‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
-٦٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E٤J ٦F
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
12 = R1 + 4 + 6
R1 = 12 – 10 = 2 k Ω
E = I RT = ( 6 ) (10-3) ( 12 ) (103) = 72 V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، EF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦FK‫א‬EF
ET = E2 + E3 - E1 = 9 + 3 – 4 = 8 V


 E٥J ٦F
 EKirchhoff’s Voltage LawFW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E٦J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٢٣٤١‫א‬‫א‬
-I1 R1 – E1 + E4 +I4 R4 + E3 + I3 R3 –E2 + I2 R2 = 0
 ١٤٣٢١‫א‬
-I2 R2 + E2 -I3 R3 - E3 – I4 R4 – E4 + E1 + I1 R1 = 0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٤J ٦F
 K‫א‬E٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬V3‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E٧J ٦F
-٦٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
E – V1 – V2 – V3 = 0
 
V3 = E – V1 – V2 = 10 –5 –2 = 3 V
 WE٥J ٦F
‫א‬I‫א‬V2‫א‬،E٨J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 KR3R1
 ‫א‬

 E٨J ٦F
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
-E + V3 + V2 + V1 = 0
 
V2 = E – V1 - V3 = 54 – 18 – 15 = 21 V
I = V2 / R2 = 21 / 7 = 3 Ω
R1 = V1 / I = 18 / 3 = 6 A
R3 = V3 / I = 15 / 3 = 5 A
WE٦J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬7Ω‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬E٩J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
K7Ω‫א‬
-٦٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
12.5 V‫א‬E١٠J ٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 Ω‫א‬
R T = 4 + 4 + 7 = 15 Ω
I = E / R T = (50-12.5) / 15 = 37.5 / 15 = 2.5 A
V7Ω = I R = (2.5) (7) = 17.5 V
P7Ω = I2 R = (2.5)2 (7) = 43.75 W

 E٩J ٦F

 E١٠J ٦F

  EVoltage Divider RuleFW‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R1 + R2
 W،‫א‬‫א‬RT
I = E / RT
V1 = I R1 = (E / RT ) R1 = (R1 E/ RT )
V2 = I R2 = (E / RT ) R2 = (R2 E/ RT )
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vx = (Rx E/ RT ) ( 6.7)
-٦٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E١١J ٦F
 WE٦J ٧F
 KE١٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬V3V1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E١٢J ٦F
 W‫א‬V3 ‫ و‬V1 ‫א‬
V1 = (R1 E/ RT ) = (2 × 103) (45) / ( 2 + 5 + 8 ) × 103
= 90 / 15 = 6 V
V3 = (R 3 E/ RT ) = (8 × 103) (45) / ( 2 + 5 + 8 ) × 103
= 360 / 15 = 24 V

-٦٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
     K‫א‬‫א‬
 W GT‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬G‫א‬
GT = G1 + G2 + G3 + --------- GN (7.1)
 W،(R = 1 / G )R‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FG
1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + ---------+ 1 / RN ( 7.2)
 KE٧J ١F‫א‬‫א‬RT


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1-7F

 WE1-7F
 KGT‫א‬‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬،E2-7F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E2-7FF
-٦٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3
= 1 / 2 + 1 /4 + 1 / 5 = 0.95 S
RT = 1 / 0.95 = 1.053 Ω
GT = 0.95 S
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1 / RT = 1 / R + 1 / R + 1 / R + ---------+ 1 / R = N ( 1 / R )
 RT‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R / N
 W‫א‬G‫א‬NGT‫א‬‫א‬
GT = N G
 E٢J ٧F
 KRT‫א‬‫א‬،E٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E٣J ٧F
 WRT،‫א‬E٣J ٧F
RT = R / N = 2 / 4 = 0.5 Ω

 W
 RT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R2R1‫א‬K١
1/ RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 = (R1 + R2 ) / R1 R2
 
RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) ( 7.3)
 WRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R3R2R1‫א‬K٢
RT = R1 R2 R3 / ( R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 ) ( 7.4)
 WE٣J ٧F
 .(7.3)‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E٤J ٧F
 WRTE7.3F‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) = (2) (4) /( 2 + 4 ) = 1.3333 Ω
 W(٤-٧)
 K( 7.4 )‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 WE٥J ٧FRTE7.4F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٧F

RT = R1 R2 R3 / ( R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 )
= (2) (4) (5) / [(2) (4) + (2) (5) + (4) (5)] = 40 / 38 = 1.053 Ω
 WE٥J ٧F
 R2 = 2 R1‫א‬E٦J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬R3 ‫ و‬R2 ‫ و‬R1‫א‬
 KRT = 16 k Ω‫א‬‫א‬R3 = 2 R2 

-٧٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E٦J ٧F
 WE٦J ٧F
1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3
R3 ‫ و‬R2‫א‬‫א‬R3 = 2 R2 =2 ( 2 R1 ) = 4 R1 ‫ و‬R2 = 2 R1
 WRT
1 / 16 = (1 / R1 )+ (1 / 2R1 ) + (1 / 4R1 ) = 1.75 ( 1 / R1 )
 ،R1‫א‬
R1 = 1.75 (16) = 28 Ω
 WR3R2‫א‬
R2 = 2 R1 = 2 (28) = 56 Ω , R3 = 4 R1 = 4(28) = 112 Ω
 WE٦J ٧F
 WE٧J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KI2I1‫א‬‫א‬IS ‫א‬‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬

 E٧J ٧F
 WI2I1Is‫א‬‫א‬RT‫א‬‫ א‬EF
RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) = (9) (18) /( 9 + 18 ) = 162 / 27 = 6 Ω
-٧١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
IS = E / RT = 27 / 6 = 4.5 A
I1 = V1 / R1 = E / R1 = 27 / 9 = 3 A
I2 = V2 / R2 = E / R2 = 27 / 18 = 1.5 A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4.5 = 3 + 1.5،IS = I1 + I2 ‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
P1 = V1 I1 = E I1 = (27) (3) = 81 W
P2 = V2 I2 = E I2 = (27) (1.5) = 40.5 W
PS = E IS = (27) (4.5) = 121.5 W
 K 121.5 = 81+ 40.5،PS = P1 + P2‫א‬
 WE٧J ٧F
 W،E٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 KIS‫א‬E‫א‬R3‫א‬EF
 KP2R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I2‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬

E٨J ٧F
 WIS‫א‬E‫א‬R3‫א‬EF
1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3
1 / 4 = 1 / 10 + 1 / 20 + 1 /R3
0.25 = 0.1 + 0.05 + 1 / R3
0.25 = 0.15 + 1 / R3 , 1 / R3 = 0.1 , R3 = 10 Ω
E = V1 = I1 R1 = (4) ( 10) = 40 V
IT = E / RT = 40 / 4 = 10 A
 WP2R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I2‫א‬EF
I2 = V2 / R2 = E / RT = 40 / 20 = 2 A
P2 = I22 R2 = (2 )2 (20) =80 W
-٧٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EKirchhoff’s Current LawFW

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٩J ٧FK‫א‬‫א‬
I = I1 + I2
 K‫א‬‫א‬I2 I1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬
 E٩J ٧F
 WE٨J ٧F
 KKE١٠J ٧FI5I3‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E١٠J ٧F
 WI3‫א‬
I 3 = I1 + I 2 = 4 + 3 = 7 A
 ،‫א‬I5‫א‬
I 3 = I4 + I 5
7= 1 + I5
I5 = 7 – 1 = 6 A
-٧٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Rx‫א‬‫א‬Ix‫א‬‫א‬KE١١J ٧F
 W،EE١١J ٧FFV = Ix RxRx‫א‬V‫א‬I = V /RTI‫א‬


 E١١J ٧F
I = V / RT = Ix Rx /RT
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RT
Ix = ( RT / Rx ) I (7.5)
I1K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
I1 = ( RT / R1 ) I
K‫א‬E9J 7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I2‫א‬
I2 = ( RT / R2 ) I
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢J ٧F
RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 )
I1 = ( RT / R1 ) I = [( R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 )) /R1] I
 I1‫א‬
I = I R2 / ( R1+ R2 )
 1 ( 7.6 )
-٧٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E12J 7F
 ،I2‫א‬‫א‬
I2 = I R1 / ( R1+ R2 ) ( 7.7)
 WE٩J ٧F
 KE١٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬I1‫א‬
 ‫א‬
RT1 = 24 /2 = 12 Ω
 RT‫א‬‫א‬
RT = RT1 R1 / ( RT1 + R1 ) = (12) (6) / ( 12 + 6) = 72 / 18 = 4 Ω
 I1‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٣J ٧F
I1 = ( RT / R1 ) I = ( 4 / 6 ) (42) = 28 mA
 WE١٠J ٧F
 KE١٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬ I3‫ و‬I2 ‫ و‬I1‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E١٤J ٧F
 I1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I1 = [ R2 / ( R1+ R2 )] I = [ (4) / ( 2 + 4 ) ] (12) = 8 A
 ،‫א‬I2‫א‬‫א‬
I2 = [ R1 / ( R1+ R2 )] I = [ (2) / ( 2 + 4 ) ] (12) = 4 A
 ،I2‫א‬‫א‬
I2 = I – I1 = 12 – 8 = 4 A
 ،I3‫א‬
I3 = I1 + I2 = 8 + 4 = 12 A
 R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I3‫א‬
 ،‫א‬R2
I3 = I = 12 A
 WE١١J ٧F
 KE١٥J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬R1‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ،I1E١٥J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I1 = [ R2 / ( R1+ R2 )] I
 
 ( R1+ R2 ) I1 = R2 I
R1 I1 + R2 I1 = R2 I
E١٥J ٧F
-٧٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
R1 I1 = R2 I - R2 I1 = R2 ( I – I1 )
R1 = [R2 ( I – I1 ) ] / I1
 ،R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R2I1I 
R1 =[R2 ( I – I1 )] / I1 =[(7) ( 27 – 21 )] / (21) = (7) (6) / (21) = 2 Ω
 W
 ،I2‫א‬‫א‬
I2 = I – I1 = 27 – 21 = 6 mA
 WR1‫א‬V1V2‫א‬

V2 = I2 R2 = (6) (7) = 42 mV
V1 = I1 R1 = V2 = 42 mV
R1 = V1 / I1 = (42 mV) / (21 mA) = 2 Ω
 EOpen and Short CircuitsFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ba‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٧FK‫א‬‫א‬
 KI = 0‫א‬Vab = E‫א‬

 E١٦J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٧J ١٧F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،R‫א‬
V = I R = (I) (0) =0
V
 R‫א‬EE١٧J ٧FF‫א‬‫א‬
I=E/R=E/0= ∞ A
-٧٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E١٧J ٧F
 WE١٢J ٧F
I‫א‬،E١٨J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬I‫א‬
 KR2 ‫א‬V‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 E١٨J ٧F
R2R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KR3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R1 + R2 = 2 + 10 = 12 Ω
I = E / RT = 6 / 12 = 0.5 A
V= I R2 = (0.5) ( 10) = 5 V

 RT=R1‫א‬R2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 I‫א‬E١٩J ٧F

 E١٩J ٧F
I = E / RT = E /R1 = 6 / 2 = 3 A
 ،V‫א‬
V = I R2 = (I ) (0) = 0 V
-٧٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬
R2
R1
R3
RT

E١J ٨F

RT = RS + RP
‫א‬‫א‬RP‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RS‫א‬
 WE8-1F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RS = R1 , RP = ( R2 R3 ) / (R2 + R3 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = RS + RP = R1 + ( R2 R3 ) / (R2 + R3 )
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١J ٨F
 2 Ω‫א‬‫א‬ ab‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ٨F10 V
-٧٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
1 2 I
a
+ I1 I2
V 6 12
-
 b
 KE٢J ٨F

  KE٢J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10
 I= = 5A
2
6 × 12
RT = = 4Ω
6 + 12
R T = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7Ω
V = I R T = 7 × 5 = 35 V

E٢J ٨F
 . I2 ‫ و‬I1 ‫א‬‫א‬٦Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F
‫א‬
V6 Ω = V − V2Ω − V1Ω = 35 − 10 − 5 = 20V
20
I1 = = 3.333 A
6
20 10
I2 = = A
12 6
-٨٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WE٣J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬230V110V60W
 K110V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  E٣J 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = 40 x 60 = 240 W
 ‫א‬
I = P / V = 240 / 110 = 2.1818 A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬
VR = 230 – 110 = 120 V

R‫א‬
R = VR / I = 120 / 2.1818 = 55 Ω
I R
+
230 V 110 V
-
 E3-8 F
 WE4-8 F
‫א‬E4-8)E3-8 FF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
I R
+
230 V 220 V
-
 E4-8)
 ‫א‬
P 240
I= = = 1.0909A
 VL 220
 VR = 230 − 220 = 10V = R I

R‫א‬
10
R= = 9.167 Ω
1.0909
‫א‬‫א‬E Ploss = 120 2 / 55 = 43.3 W FE٣J ٨FE I 2R F‫א‬‫א‬

 KE Ploss = 10 2 / 9.167 =10.9W F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE٥J ٨F
3 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5-8F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬
 K300 W
‫א‬
1 R I
+ +
90 V V3 3 6
-
-
 E5-8F 
-٨٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
2
V
P3Ω = 3 = 300W 
3
 
V3 = 30V
 I 3 Ω = V3 =
30
= 10A
3 3
 
V3 30
 I 6 Ω = = = 5A
6 6
V V
I =10+5 =15A = =
1+ R+ (6×3) /(6+3) 3+ R
 
V = 45 + 15R = 90 V
 
90 − 45
R= = 3Ω
15
 WE٦J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ploss = ( 30 2 / 6 ) + ( 30 2 / 3 ) + 3 × 15 2 + 1 × 15 2 = 1350 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = 15 x 90 = 1350 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٧J ٨F
 E6aJ 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
I 1Ω I2
I1
2Ω
+
15V 3Ω
- 6Ω
I4
I3
4Ω

 E6aJ 8F
،E6 bJ 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WI ‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬E6 aJ 8F

I 1Ω
I1
I2
+
15V 2Ω 6Ω
-
 E6bJ 8F
(2) (6)
 RT =1 + = 1 + (3 / 2 ) = 5 / 2 Ω
2 +6
  I‫א‬
V 15
I= = = 6A
RT 5 / 2
 WE٨-٨F
 E٧J ٨FE6aJ 8F‫א‬‫א‬2Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EI=6AF‫א‬E٧J ٨F
  E6bJ 8F
I 2 = [2 /( 2 + 6)] 6 = 1.5 A
 W2 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P 2Ω = I 2 (2) = (1.5) 2 = 4.5W
2 2
 WE9-8F
 E7-8)E6aJ 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٧J ٨FE6bJ 8F
I1 = 6 [ 6/ ( 2+6 ) ] = 4.5 A
 E٧J ٨FE6aJ 8F
6
I3 = (4.5) = 3A
3+6 
3
I4 = (4.5) = 1.5A
3+6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( I2 = 1.5 A)‫א‬E٨J ٨F
P = I2 R
 
P3Ω = (3) 2 3 = 27 W P2 Ω = (1.5) 2 2 = 4.5W P1Ω = (6) 2 1 = 36 W
P6 Ω = (1.5) 2 6 = 13.5W P4 Ω = (1.5) 2 4 = 9 W
 WPT‫א‬‫א‬
 PT = 36 + 4.5 + 27 + 9 + 13.5 = 90 W
 W
Pbattery = V I = 15 x 6 = 90 W = PT 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pbattery
-٨٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

،mm٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m٤K١
٠ ٠
 1.72 × 10 −8 Ω . m ٢٠ C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ C‫א‬
،٦٠٠C١٨‫א‬‫א‬١٢%‫א‬‫א‬٢٨ΩK٢
 ٢٠٠C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 35Ω
 K20V‫א‬‫א‬٤Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬٨٥٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K١٢٠V٨A
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

 EF EF
 E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬I
-٨٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF

 EF
 E٢F
 W‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬

 EF
-٨٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF
 E٣F
 KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 E٤F
 K‫א‬R‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩


 E٥F






-٨٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠


 E F
 
 EF
 E٦F

 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١١

 E F

EF
E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
E F
EF
E٨F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
E٩F
 KE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
E١٠F
 W‫א‬E١١F‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VL‫א‬ K
 KVL‫א‬2.2 K Ω‫א‬‫א‬EF
-٩٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VL‫א‬EF
E١١F


 KE١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٦
E١٢F
 KE١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٧
E١٣F
 KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٨
-٩١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E١٤F

-٩٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬WEEAccuracy‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEResolutionF‫א‬EF
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 ESystematic ErrorsFW‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EGross errorsFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 EInstrument ErrorsFW‫א‬E٢F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EEnviromental ErrorsFW‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EEMeasurment ErrorsW‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ERandom ErrorsFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E١J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
T=BAIN Newton- meter ( N-m ) (10.1)
،‫א‬I،‫א‬A،weber / m2‫א‬‫א‬B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬N
 W،‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬
TαI

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬،θ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬θ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
θαI
-٩٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
SI = d / I ( 10.2)
 K‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬SI
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SV = d / V ( 10.3)
 K‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬SV
 WE١J ١٠F
‫א‬،µA١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬mm١٥٠mm٧٥‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٠{٢F‫א‬
SI = d / I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SI1 = d1 / I = 75 / 1.5 = 50 mm / µA
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SI2 = d2 / I = 150 / 1.5 = 100 mm / µA
 WE٢J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
cmcm١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Weber / m2٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
،E٠{١mAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠‫א‬٠{٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 WT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10.1F‫א‬‫א‬
T = B A I N = 0.1 x 0.8 x 1.x 10-4 x 0.1 x 10-3 x 50
= 4 x 10-8 N-m
 EAmmeterFW‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬AK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٠F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬IA‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬

RA
G
IA
I
Ip Rp

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٠F
IA = I [ RP / ( RA + RP ) ] (10.4)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RA
 ،RP‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬
IP = I [ RA / ( RA + RP ) ] (10.5)
 ،‫א‬ IP‫א‬
IP = I - IA (10.6)
 ،‫א‬V‫א‬RP‫א‬‫א‬
V = IA RA = RP IP ( 10.7)
 RP‫א‬
RP = V / IP ( 10.8)
 WE٣J ١٠F
‫א‬،٥٠ µAEIAF‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠Ω‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠ mA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RP
 ‫א‬
 RP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٠F
IP = I – IA = 50 – 50 x 10-3 = 49.95 mA
 ‫א‬‫א‬
V = IA RA = 50 x 10-6 x 1000 = 50 mV = IP RP
-١٠٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ،RP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
RP = V / IP = 50 / 49.95 = 1 Ω
 W‫א‬
 EVoltmeterFW‫א‬EF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣J ١٠F،‫א‬‫א‬RS
 ،V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I
RS VS
V RV
VV

 ‫א‬E٣J ١٠F
V = VS + VV
V = I (RV + RS )
RS = ( V – VV ) / I
،V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
V = (RV + RS ) VV / RV
V = K VV
EKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = RV + RS
 WE٤J ١٠KF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥Ω‫א‬
‫א‬،٥V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥mA
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٤J ١٠F
VV = I RV RV = 15 x 10-3 x 5 = 75 x 10-3 V
VS = V - VV = 5 – 75 x 10-3 = 4.925 V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RS = VS / I = 4.925 / (15 x 10-3) = 328.33 Ω
I
RS VS
V RV
VV

 E٤J ١٠F
-١٠٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
EIfsdF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 WS‫א‬،Ω / V‫א‬‫א‬
S = 1 / Ifsd Ω/V (10.9)
 WE٥J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ١٠F‫א‬R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٥٠V‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠٠Ω / V‫א‬١٠٠٠Ω / V‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬
WV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V = VS R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) = (100) (10 x 103) / (20 +10) x 103
= 33.3 V
R1
100 V R2 V
2


 E٥J ١٠F
E١٠{٩F‫א‬١٠٠٠Ω / V‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RTV = (1000) (50) = 50 x 103 Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬R12‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 / R12 = 1 / R2 + 1/ RTV = [1 / (10 x 103)] +[1 / (50 x 103 )]
R12 = 8300 Ω
-١٠٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R1 + R12 = 20000 + 8300 = 28300 Ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬
V12 = VS (R12 / RT) = (100) ( 8300 / 28300) = 29 V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Error = [( 33.3 – 29 ) / (33.3)] x 100 = 1.2 %
‫א‬٢٠٠٠٠Ω / V‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RTV = (20000) (50) = 10 x 105 Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬R12‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 / R12 = 1 / R2 + 1/ RTV = [1 / (10 x 103)] +[1 / (10 x 105 )]
R12 = 9900 Ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RT = R1 + R12 = 20000 + 9900 = 22900 Ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬
V12 = VS (R12 / RT) = (100) ( 9900 / 29900) = 33.1 V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Error = [( 33.3 – 33.1 ) / (33.3)] x 100 = 0.6 %
E٠{٦%E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٢ %F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬FW‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٠F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٠F
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٧J ١٠F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
-١٠٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٠FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٧J ١٠F


‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٠F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
-١٠٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١٠F
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١٠FK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٠J ١٠F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EWattmeterFW‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E١١J ١٠F

ECCF‫א‬E١٣J ١٠FK‫א‬E١٢J ١٠F
 K‫א‬‫א‬EPCF‫א‬
-١١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١٠F
-١١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWheststone bridgeF
R1‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٤J ١٠F
K‫א‬‫א‬ERXFR4‫א‬R2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BA‫א‬EGF‫א‬
‫א‬R4‫א‬R2R1‫א‬‫א‬،DC
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EGF
R1 R
= X (10.10)
R2 R4
KRX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DC‫א‬،‫א‬
 KBA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



E١٤J ١٠F
-١١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
‫א‬،١{٦µA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KK٩
 K‫א‬١٦٠mm٨٠mm‫א‬‫א‬
،٥٠µAEIAF‫א‬‫א‬١١٠٠Ω‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RP‫א‬
 K٥٠mA
‫א‬‫א‬ ٦Ω‫א‬K١١
،٥V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥mA‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ١٠F‫א‬R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
K٥٠V‫א‬‫א‬٢١٠٠٠Ω / V‫א‬١١٠٠Ω / V‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
-١١٣-
 ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1. Engineering Electromagnetics, William H. Hayt, JR. Mcgraw Hill, 1981 .

2. Theory and problems of Electromagnetics, Joseph A. Edminister, Shaum’s outline
series, McGraw Hill, 1979 .
3. Electric Circuits , James W. Nilson, Addison Wiseley, 1990 .
4. Introduction to Electric Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, 1993 .
5. Engineering Circuit Analysis, William H. Hayt, Jr., J.E. Kennerly, , McGaw Hill,
1993.
6. Linear Circuit Analysis , R. A. Decarlo, Pen- Min Lin, Prentice Hill, 1995 .
7. Basic Electrical Measurements, Melville B. Shout, Prentice Hall, 1986.
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
K١٩٩٠
-١١٤-
 ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
I
 
II
 
III
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣  EF‫א‬
٨  ‫א‬
١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥  ‫א‬
١٦  ‫א‬
١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣  ‫א‬
٢٤  
٢٥  
٢٥  ‫א‬
٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨  ‫א‬
 ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥  ‫א‬
٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣  ‫א‬
٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥١  ‫א‬
51  ‫א‬‫א‬
٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢  ‫א‬
٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٧  ‫א‬
 ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٣  
٦٦  ‫א‬
٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣  
٧٤  ‫א‬
٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٩  ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٣ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥  ‫א‬
٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٨  ‫א‬
١٠٠  ‫א‬
١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٣  ‫א‬
١٠٣  ‫א‬
١٠٥  ‫א‬
١٠٦  ‫א‬
١٠٧  ‫א‬
١٠٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ١–‫א‬  ‫א‬
١٠٩  ‫א‬‫א‬
١١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
١١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
١١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
114  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

دوائر وقياسات كهربائية 1

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دوائر وقياسات كهربائية 1

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F = 9 x 109 Newton (N)

‫א‬،‫א‬ 10 x 10-6 C

= 4.575 ×10 −4

mg = 9.1 x 10-31 x 9.8

 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

 8 × 10 −12 6 × 10 −12 4 × 10 −12 

 W(2.6 )( 2.5 )‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ( 2-3 )

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ( 4-3 )

 W ( 2-3 )

Q = C V = 0.0295 x 10-6 x 1000 = 29.5 x 10-6 C

D = Q /A = 29.5 x 10-6 / 2 = 14.75 x 10-6 C / m2

E2 = D / ε0 εr2 = 14.75 x 10-6 / ( 8.854 x 10-12 x 3 ) = 555.4 KV / m

E3 = D / ε0 εr3 = 14.75 x 10-6 / ( 8.854 x 10-12 x 6 ) = 277.7 KV / m

C1V1 = C2V2 = C3V3 = CV

V1 =Q1 = Q2 = Q = 4.8 x 10-4 C

Q1 = C1 V = 2 x 10-6 x 300 = 6 x 10-4 C

Q2 = C2 V = 8 x 10-6 x 300 = 2.4 x 10-3 C

Q2 = C2 V2 = 10 x 10-6 x 100 = 0.001 C

KR‫א‬V‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬E1-4FKEOhm’s law )

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n ،‫א‬R،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r 

m = 3 ،n = 8 ‫א‬‫א‬K

P=EI Watt (5.14)

W = P t = 60 (24) ( 365 ) / 1000 = 525.6 KWh

Pi = V I = (120) (8) = 960 W

Po = ( 0.8 ) (960 ) = 768 W

 W((hourse_ Power ( hpF‫א‬‫א‬

Po = 768 W ( 1 hp / 746 W ) = 1.029 hp

R20 = V2 / P20 = (110)2 / 220 = 55

R120 = R20 [ 1 + α20 ( 120 – 20 ) ] = 55 [ 1 + 0.00393 ( 100 )]

 EKirchhoff’s Current LawFW

VR = 230 – 110 = 120 V

 VR = 230 − 220 = 10V = R I

‫א‬‫א‬E Ploss = 120 2 / 55 = 43.3 W FE٣J ٨FE I 2R F‫א‬‫א‬

،E6 bJ 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1. Engineering Electromagnetics, William H. Hayt, JR. Mcgraw Hill, 1981 .

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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