Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 221–227

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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs

An experimental study on rheological behavior of non-Newtonian hybrid

nano-coolant for application in cooling and heating systems
Hamed Eshgarf, Masoud Afrand ⇑
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, the rheological behavior of COOH functionalized MWCNTs–SiO2/EG–water hybrid
Received 4 December 2015 nano-coolant for application in cooling systems at temperatures ranging from 27.5 °C to 50 °C has been
Received in revised form 12 March 2016 examined. Stable and homogeneous suspensions, with solid volume fractions ranging from 0.0625% to 2%
Accepted 14 March 2016
were prepared by dispersing dry MWCNTs and SiO2 nanoparticles (50:50 vol.%) in a specified amount of a
Available online 21 March 2016
binary mixture of EG–water (50:50 vol.%). Viscosity measurements were performed at the shear rate
range of 0.612 s
1 to 122.3 s
1 for each nano-coolant sample. Results showed that the base fluid exhibits
Keywords:
Newtonian behavior and the nano-coolant samples exhibit a pseudoplastic rheological behavior with a
Non-Newtonian behavior
Hybrid nano-coolant
power law index of less than unity (n < 1). The results also revealed that the apparent viscosity generally
SiO2 nanoparticle increases with an increase in the solid volume fraction and decreases with increasing temperature.
COOH functionalized MWCNTs Ó 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
EG–water

1. Introduction behavior is an effective parameter in pumping power to circulate

A mixture of water and ethylene glycol (EG), called antifreeze
coolant, is used for application in cooling systems, heat exchangers,
solar collectors, automobile radiators and so on [1–5]. However,
this mixture has a low thermal conductivity for application in ther-
mal systems. In this regard, many researchers have attempted to
enhance its thermal conductivity by dispersing the nanoparticles
or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [6–11]. These suspensions, called
nanofluids, have been widely investigated in the recent decade
[12–19].
In recent years, growing attention has been paid to use new
nanofluids combined of various nanoparticles, called hybrid
nanofluids, to improve the heat transfer rate [20–25]. For example,
Hemmat Esfe et al. [26] dispersed Cu and TiO2 nanoparticles in a
mixture of water/EG (60:40) to enhance the thermal conductivity
of the coolant. They examined thermal conductivity of this hybrid
nanofluid for various solid concentrations at different tempera-
tures. They also proposed two new correlations for predicting the
thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluids as function of solid
concentration and temperature.
It is clear that adding nano-sized materials to the fluids alters
their other thermo-physical properties. In this regard, rheological
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: masoud.afrand@pmc.iaun.ac.ir, masoud_afrand@yahoo.com
(M. Afrand).
the nano-coolants. Therefore, examination of the viscosity of
nanofluids is necessary to calculate the needed pumping power.
Several investigations have been performed on the rheological
behavior of numerous nanofluids. A summary of such studies for
the viscosity of nanofluids based on Newtonian behavior is pre-
sented in Table 1. These studies revealed that the viscosity of
nanofluids enhances by increasing the particle concentration, and
decreases with an increase in temperature. However, a few studies
have been reported on non-Newtonian nanofluids. Among these
studies, the study of the rheological behavior of TiO2–ethylene
glycol nanofluids was performed by Cabaleiro et al. [43]. They
determined the viscosity of the nanofluid at nanoparticle mass
concentrations up to 25% for temperature ranging from 283.15 K
to 323.15 K. They also repeated the experiments at various shear
rates and showed that the nanofluid exhibited a non-Newtonian
behavior according to the Ostwald–de Waele model. The rheolog-
ical behavior of mixtures of polycarbonate containing between
0.5 and 15 wt% carbon nanotubes was investigated by Potschke
et al. [44]. They employed an oscillatory rheometry for their
experiments and reported that the viscosity curves above 2 wt%
nanotubes show a greater reduction in frequency than samples
containing lower nanotube loadings. Their results also showed that
samples containing more than 2 wt% nanotubes show a non-
Newtonian behavior at lower frequencies. Phuoc et al. [45] studied
the viscosity of nanofluids containing multi-walled carbon nan-
otubes (MWCNTs). They used MWCNTs to enhance or reduce the
fluid base viscosity. Their results revealed a reduction up to 20%

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.015
0894-1777/Ó 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
222 H. Eshgarf, M. Afrand / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 221–227

Table 1 the thermal properties of the samples. While, functionalizing

A summary of existing studies for the viscosity of nanofluids based on considered MWCNTs using carboxyl (COOH) makes the carbon nanotubes
parameters.
hydrophilic; thus, the stability of the suspensions is improved
Particles Base Temperature Volume fraction Reference [39]. Therefore, using COOH-functionalized MWCNTs seems more
fluid range (°C) range (%) number suitable.
TiO2 Water 25 5–12 [27] Stable and homogeneous suspensions, with solid volume frac-
CuO Water 5–50 5–15 [28] tions ranging from 0.0625% to 2% were prepared by dispersing
SiO2 EG: (
35)–50 0–10 [29]
Water
dry MWCNTs and SiO2 nanoparticles (50:50 vol.%) in a specified
CuO EG: (
35)–50 0–6.12 [30] amount of the binary mixture of EG–water (50:50 vol.%). The char-
Water acteristics of COOH-functionalized MWCNTs, SiO2 nanoparticles,
TiO2 Water 15–35 0.2–2 [31] water and ethylene glycol are presented in Tables 2 and 3. In order
Al2O3 EG: (
35)–50 1–10 [32]
to obtain a characterization of the nano-sized materials, the struc-
Water
Al2O3 and Water 20–80 3,6 [33] tural properties of the dry MWCNTs and SiO2 nanoparticles were
Zr measured by using X-ray diffraction as shown in Fig. 1.
Ag Water 50–90 0.3–0.9 [34] The quantity of MWCNTs and SiO2 nanoparticles required for
Fe3O4 EG: 0–50 0–1 [35] different solid volume fractions can be determined using the fol-
Water
lowing equation,
Al2O3 and EG: 15–40 1–8 [36]
TiO2 Water
MgO Water 24–60 <1 [37]
2

 3
w
q MWCNTs þ w
q SiO
u¼6
 7
ZnO EG 25–50 0.25–5 [38]
MWCNT Water 25–55 0.05–1 [39] 4


 2
5  100 ð1Þ
DWCNT Water 27–67 0.01–0.4 [40]
w
q MWCNTs þ w
q SiO þ w
q Water þ w
q EG
2
ZnO Turbine 0–60 0.1–4 [41]
oil
SWCNT EG 30–60 0–0.1 [42] where u is the percentage of solid volume fraction, q is the density
in kg/m3, and w is the mass in kg.
In the present work, to make stable samples of nano-coolant,
in the viscosity-reduction case. They also observed a non- after magnetic stirring for 2 h, the suspensions were exposed to
Newtonian behavior in the viscosity-enhancement case. an ultrasonic processor (Hielscher Company, Germany) with the
The effects of temperature and shearing time on viscosity of power of 400 W and frequency of 24 kHz for 5–6 h. This process
Al2O3/water and CNT/water nanofluids were experimentally inves- was applied to break down the agglomeration between the parti-
tigated by Aladag et al. [46]. The experiments showed that CNT/ cles, which leads to achieving a uniform dispersion and a stable
water nanofluids exhibited a Newtonian behavior at high shear suspension. The photographs of MWCNTs, SiO2 nanoparticles, EG
rate, while Al2O3/water nanofluid behaves as a non-Newtonian and a nano-coolant sample are displayed in Fig. 2.
fluid within the range of low temperatures. Tamjid and Guenther
[47] studied the rheological behavior of Ag/EG at the solid volume
fraction range of 0.11–4.38%. Their measurements showed that 2.2. Viscosity measurement
nanofluid samples generally exhibited a yield pseudoplastic behav-
ior. They also evaluated the shear stress–shear rate dependency by The viscosity of the nano-coolant with solid volume fractions of
using Bingham plastic, Herschel–Bulkley and Casson models. 0.0625%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5% and 2.0% were measured in
Moghaddam et al. [48] measured the rheological properties of the temperature range of 25–50 °C. The Brookfield DV-I PRIME dig-
grapheme/glycerol nanofluids at different mass fractions ital Viscometer, with a temperature bath equipped, was employed
(0.0025–0.02) and temperatures (20–60 °C). Their results showed to measure the viscosities of the nano-coolant samples in the shear
that the viscosity of the nanofluids increases by increasing the rate range of 0.612 s
1 to 122.3 s
1. The accuracy and repeatability
mass fraction, and decreases with increasing temperature. They of Brookfield Viscometer are ±1% and 0.2% of full scale range (FSR),
also observed a very strong shear thinning behavior of the respectively. Before the measurement of dynamic viscosity of
grapheme/glycerol nanofluids. Nevertheless, as mentioned above, nanofluids, the Viscometer was tested with ethylene glycol and
few studies were focused on the rheological behavior of hybrid water at room temperature. To evaluate the rheological behavior
nano-coolants. On the other hand, Newtonian or non-Newtonian (Newtonian or non-Newtonian) of the nano-coolants, all experi-
behavior of nanofluids plays an important role in thermal and fluid ments were repeated at different shear rates for each solid volume
flow applications. Hence, there is a key need to the examination of fraction and temperature.
the rheological behavior of hybrid nano-coolants. In this paper, for
the first time, the rheological behavior of COOH functionalized
MWCNTs–SiO2/EG–water hybrid nano-coolants is evaluated. In Table 2
this regard, the nano-coolant samples were prepared at various Characteristics of MWCNTs and SiO2 nanoparticles.

solid volume fractions and were experimented under different Characteristic Value
temperatures. MWCNTs SiO2
Purity >97% >99%
Color Black White
2. Experimentation
Size Outer diameter: 5–15 (nm) 20–30 (nm)
Inner diameter: 3–5 (nm)
2.1. Samples preparation Length: 50 (lm)
Thermal conductivity 1500 (W/m K) 1.3 (W/m K)
There are two techniques to prepare stable and homogeneous Bulk density: 0.27 (g/cm3) <0.10 (g/cm3)
suspensions containing carbon nanotubes. The first is the use of a True density 2.1 (g/cm3) 2.4 (g/cm3)
surfactant, and the second is the functionalization of the carbon Specific surface area (SSA) 233 (m2/g) 180–600 (m2/g)
Content of –COOH 2.56 (wt%) –
nanotubes. Adding a surfactant may have undesirable effects on
 H. Eshgarf, M. Afrand / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 221–227 223

Table 3 s ¼ mc_ n ð2Þ

Characteristics of water and ethylene glycol.

Characteristic Value
where s is the shear stress, c_ is the shear rate, m is consistency
index and n is the power law index. Moreover, the apparent viscos-
Water Ethylene glycol
ity for the power law fluid is thus given by:
Chemical formula H2O C2H6O2
Molar mass 18.02 g/mol 62.07 g/mol l ¼ mc_ n
1 ð3Þ
Appearance Almost colorless, Clear, colorless liquid
transparent
in which, l is the apparent viscosity.
Odor Odorless Odorless
Density 998.21 kg/m3 1113.20 kg/m3 The apparent viscosity and shear stress for various solid volume
Melting point 0.00 °C
12.9 °C fractions at different temperatures are plotted against the shear
Boiling point 100 °C 197.3 °C rate in Fig. 5. It can be observed that the Newtonian behavior of
Thermal 0.6 W/m K (@20 °C) 0.244 W/m K base fluid is mostly changed to non-Newtonian for the nano-
conductivity (@20 °C)
Viscosity 1 cP (@20 °C) 16.1 cP (@20 °C)
coolant because of the complex interactions between the base fluid
and hybrid nano-sized materials. Moreover, by increasing solid
volume fraction, the non-Newtonian behavior becomes important.
It can also be seen that for an increase in the solid volume fraction
from 0% to 2%, the apparent viscosity of the nano-coolants
3. Results and discussion increases incredibly (approximately 20,000%). Moreover, this
figure shows the significant decrease in the apparent viscosity
Before performing the rheological measurements of nanofluids, when the shear rate is increased. As an example, at the solid
in order to ensure the accuracy of the Viscometer, a comparison of volume fraction of 1%, for an increase in shear rate from
the viscosity of the mixture of water and EG was made between 0.612 s
1 to 4.898 s
1, the apparent viscosity at the temperatures
the results obtained by the Viscometer and those presented in of 30, 40 and 50 °C decrease approximately 59%, 63%, and 72%,
ASHRAE [49]. As shown in Fig. 3, the experimental values of viscos- respectively. These changes are very important for engineering
ity are in good agreement with the ASHRAE data, and there is a lit- applications such as pumping power and convective heat transfer.
tle difference (average 4.3%) at all temperatures considered. Fig. 5 also shows that the nano-coolant samples exhibit a pseu-
Fig. 4 shows the viscosity and shear stress versus the shear rate doplastic rheological behavior and follow the power law model
at 27.5 °C for the base fluid and the nano-coolants with two low with a power law index of less than unity (n < 1). Therefore, the
concentrations of nano-coolants (0.0625% and 0.25%). The mea- investigation of the consistency index (m) and the power law index
surements show a little decrease in the viscosity of base fluid with (n) seems necessary.
an increase in shear rate. This behavior is due to shear heating con- As shown in Fig. 5, the consistency and the power law index are
siderations, which occur in high shear rates. Moreover, the viscos- dependent on temperature and solid volume fraction. These
ity of the base fluid is independent of the shear rate, which means parameters could be obtained by curve-fitting on shear stress–
that the base fluid exhibits Newtonian behavior. However, it can be shear rate graphs using Eq. (2). For example, the curve-fitting
observed that by adding the nono-sized materials to the base fluid, results for nano-coolant with solid volume fraction of 0.75% are
the viscosity increases and is dependent on shear rate, which demonstrated in Fig. 6. This figure shows a good agreement
means that the behavior of nano-coolant is Non-Newtonian. This between experimental data and results obtained by curve-fitting.
figure also clearly indicates that the nano-coolants used in this Moreover, the pseudoplastic rheological behavior is clearly
study possess shear-thinning behavior. Therefore, COOH function- observed in this figure.
alized MWCNTs–SiO2/EG–water hybrid nano-coolants exhibit a Based on curve-fitting results, the power law index of
pseudoplastic rheological behavior and follow the power law (or nano-coolant, as a function of the solid volume fraction at different
Ostwald de Waele) model given in Eq. (2) with a power law index temperatures, is shown in Fig. 7. It can be observed that the power
of less than unity (n < 1). law index decreases with an increase in solid volume fraction and

Fig. 1. XRD patterns for MWCNTs and SiO2 nanoparticles.

224 H. Eshgarf, M. Afrand / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 221–227

Fig. 2. Photographs of MWCNTs, SiO2 nanoparticles, EG and nano-coolant.

4 ASHRAE data [49] Shear stress Viscosity 35

0.7 ϕ= 0 ϕ= 0
Experimental data ϕ= 0.0625% ϕ= 0.0625%
ϕ= 0.25% ϕ= 0.25% 30
0.6

3 25

Viscosity (mPa.s)
0.5
Shear stress (Pa)
Viscosity (mPa.s)

0.4 20

2
0.3 15

0.2 10

1
0.1 5

0 0
0 20 40 60 80
0 Shear rate (1/s)
30 35 40 45 50
Temperature (oC) Fig. 4. Viscosity and shear stress versus shear rate at 27.5 °C for the base fluid and
the nano-coolants.
Fig. 3. Comparison between experimental and ASHRAE [49] data for EG–water
(50:50 vol.%).
movement of base fluid on each other, leading to an increase in vis-
cosity. Fig. 8 also displays the decrease in the consistency index
temperature and is less than unity (n < 1) for all nano-coolant sam- and consequently apparent viscosity. This is due to the fact that
ples. When this parameter is closer to 1, it means that the rheolog- with increasing temperature, intermolecular interactions between
ical behavior of nano-coolants is closer to a Newtonian behavior. the molecules become weak and therefore the apparent viscosity
As can be seen in Fig. 7, at lower solid volume fractions (e.g. decreases. Generally, the observed trend for consistency index is
0.0625%), the power law index is closer to 1. in good agreement with the results of previous works [50,51].
Fig. 8 presents the consistency index of nano-coolant as a func- As mentioned above (Figs. 7 and 8), the consistency index and
tion of the solid volume fraction at different temperatures. As men- power law index are functions of temperature and solid volume
tioned in Eq. (3), the consistency index directly affects the apparent fraction. Therefore, Eqs. (4) and (5) are proposed to predict the con-
viscosity. Results show that the consistency index of nano-coolant sistency index and power law index, respectively, using the
and consequently apparent viscosity is influenced by both the solid Marquardt–Levenberg algorithm [52].
volume fraction and temperature. It can be seen that the consis-
tency index of nanofluids generally increases with an increase in m ¼ 0:01125
 
the solid volume fraction. This is in agreement with the results 38:19
0:3T  
þ 0:01138u þ 0:5529u2
0:3613u3 þ 0:07u4
for the viscosity of Newtonian nanofluids reported in previous 7:655 þ 0:6953T
investigations [26–41]. The reason may be related to the random ð4Þ
movement of particles in the base fluid. Moreover, when nanopar-
ticles and nanotubes are added to the base fluid, these nano- n ¼ 0:8543
 
materials scatter in the base fluid. Due to van der Waals forces
3:303 þ 1:418T  
þ
0:7366u þ 0:8519u2
0:4552u3 þ 0:08871u4
between the nanoparticles and the base fluid, symmetric and lar- 15:8 þ 0:3914T
ger nanoclusters are formed. These nanoclusters prevent the ð5Þ
 H. Eshgarf, M. Afrand / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 221–227 225

T=27.5 C
o
ϕ= 0.0625% o
T=27.5 C ϕ = 0.25%
14 o
T=30 C o
T=30 C
0.5 0.5
T=35oC 40 T=35oC
o o
12 T=40 C T=40 C
o o
Apparent viscosity (mPa.s)

Apparent viscosity (mPa.s)

T=45 C T=45 C
T=50oC 0.4 T=50oC 0.4
10

Shear stress (Pa)

Shear stress (Pa)

30

8 0.3 0.3

20
6
0.2 0.2

4
10
0.1 0.1
2

0 0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40
Shear rate (1/s) Shear rate (1/s)

T=27.5 C
o
ϕ = 0.5% 600 o
T=27.5 C ϕ =1% 0.9
o o
T=30 C 0.7 T=30 C
175
T=35oC T=35oC 0.8
o o
T=40 C 500 T=40 C
150 o 0.6 o
Apparent viscosity (mPa.s)

Apparent viscosity (mPa.s)

T=45 C T=45 C 0.7
T=50oC T=50oC
Shear stress (Pa)

Shear stress (Pa)

125 0.5 400 0.6

100 0.4 0.5

300
0.4
75 0.3
200 0.3
50 0.2
0.2
100
25 0.1
0.1

0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 1 2 3 4 5
Shear rate (1/s) Shear rate (1/s)

0.9 ϕ = 2% 1
T=27.5 C
o
ϕ =1.5% o
T=27.5 C
1000 o
T=30 C 1000 o
T=30 C
0.8 T=35oC
T=35oC 0.9
o o
T=40 C T=40 C
0.7 o
Apparent viscosity (mPa.s)

o
Apparent viscosity (mPa.s)

T=45 C 800 T=45 C 0.8

800
T=50oC T=50oC
0.7

Shear stress (Pa)

0.6
Shear stress (Pa)

600 0.5 600 0.6

0.5
0.4
400 400 0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
200 200 0.2
0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Shear rate (1/s) Shear rate (1/s)

Fig. 5. Viscosity and shear stress versus shear rate for various nano-coolant samples at different temperatures.

These correlations can be applied in the temperatures from experimental data for various nanofluid samples is depicted in
27.5 °C to 50 °C, and solid volume fraction range of 0.0625% to Fig. 9.
2%. These ranges may be used for application in heating and cool- It can be observed that most points are near the equality line or
ing systems such as solar heaters and heat exchangers. on it. This figure shows that there is a good agreement between
In order to evaluate the accuracy of the correlations, the com- experimental data and the results obtained by the suggested
parison of shear stress obtained by the correlations and Eq. (2) with correlations.
226 H. Eshgarf, M. Afrand / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 221–227

Curve-fitting Equality line

Experimental data @ 40oC 0.7 ϕ=0.25%
Experimental data @ 50oC
R2=0.9981 ϕ=0.75%
0.3 m=0.147 0.6 ϕ=1%
n=0.441
ϕ=2%

Correlation results
0.5
Shear stress (Pa)

2
R =0.9919
m=0.112
0.2 n=0.387
0.4

0.3

0.1
0.2

0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
Shear rate (1/s) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Experimental data
Fig. 6. Curve-fitting results for nano-coolant with solid volume fraction of 0.75%.
Fig. 9. Comparison of shear stress obtained by correlations with experimental data
o for various nanofluid samples.
T=27.5 C
T=30oC
o
0.8 T=35 C
o
T=40 C
T=45oC 4. Conclusion
o
0.7 T=50 C
Power law index

In the present study, the rheological behavior of COOH function-

alized MWCNTs–SiO2/EG–water hybrid nano-coolant for applica-
0.6
tion in cooling systems at temperature ranging from 25 °C to
50 °C for various suspensions at the solid volume fraction of
0.5 0.0625%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5% and 2.0% has been examined.
Viscosity measurements at different shear rates showed that the
base fluid exhibits Newtonian behavior. However, by adding the
0.4 nono-sized materials to the base fluid, the viscosity increases and
the behavior of nano-coolant becomes Non-Newtonian. The results
also revealed that for an increase in the solid volume fraction from 0
0.3
to 2%, the apparent viscosity of the nano-coolants increases incred-
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
ibly (approximately 20,000%). Moreover, measurements showed a
Solid volum fraction (%) significant decrease in the apparent viscosity when the shear rate
was increased. Results also clearly indicate that the nano-coolants
Fig. 7. Power law index of nano-coolant versus solid volume fraction at different
temperatures.
used in this study possess shear-thinning behavior. The consistency
and the power law index, related to shear-thinning behavior, were
obtained by curve-fitting on shear stress–shear rate graphs. Curve-
0.6 o
T=27.5 C fitting results showed that the power law index of nano-coolant
o
T=30 C decreases an increase in solid volume fraction and temperature,
T=35oC and it is less than unity (n < 1) for all nano-coolant samples.
0.5 o
T=40 C Curve-fitting results also revealed that the consistency index of
o
T=45 C
nano-coolant and consequently apparent viscosity generally
Consistency index (Pa.sn)

T=50oC
0.4 increases with an increase in the solid volume fraction, and
decreases with increasing temperature.

0.3
Acknowledgement

0.2 The authors would like to thank the Najafabad Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Najafabad, Iran for the support.

0.1

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