CLASS of 2016 ( 2018)

WRITING INTRODUCTION FOR MEDICAL

RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT
ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

The Mutation Frequency for Antibiotic Resistance on Staphylococcus aureus against

Amoxicillin Alone and Combined with Hibiscus sabdariffa Decoctation

BY:
Nanda Yunita Ayu Fitriyah 21601101106

TUTOR:
Rio Risandiansyah, S.Ked., M.P., PhD

FACULTY OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF ISLAM MALANG
21, December , 2018
The Mutation Frequency for Antibiotic Resistance on Staphylococcus aureus against
Amoxicillin Alone and Combined with Hibiscus sabdariffa Decoctation

In the 21st century, infectious diseases are still diseases that can cause death. Based on
World Health Organization there are around 15 million people (accounting for > 25% annual
world death ) die every year because of this disease. One of the procedures that can be used
and has an effect that can against microorganism infections is by giving antibiotics. The
overuse of antibiotics can can lead to antibiotic resistance. Surveillance data by WHO stated
the number of antibiotic resistance has a high level of resistance in high and low income
countries. The number of people with suspected bacterial infections and antibiotic resistant
extensively reach among 500 000 people across 22 countries based on WHO's new Global
Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2018.

Antibiotics are chemical compounds produced by microorganisms (especially

produced by fungi) or synthetically product that can kill or inhibiting the development of
bacteria and other organism. Mechanism of antibiotics against the bacteria is inhibiting cell
wall synthesis such as cephalosporins, penicilins, and carbapenams, inhibiting protein
synthetis such as tetracyclines, chloamphenicol, macrolides and aminoglycosides, and
inhibiting DNA synthesis of bacteria such as sulfonamides and fluoroquinolone. One of the
type of antibiotics in class penicilins is Amoxicillin. Amoxicillin is a broad spectrum β-
lactam antibiotic that is effective for killing gram-positive and negative bacteria. Overused
and uncontrolled use of amoxicillin can lead to antibiotics resistance. Drug resistance can
cause spontaneous mutations.

Mutations are changes that occur in genetic material such as DNA or RNA, both at the
level of the gene sequence and on the level of the chromosome. This research will count the
mutation frequency for antibiotics resistance. It will measures all the mutants that present in a
given population, irrespective of whether the mutation events occurred. mutant frequency will
show the bacterial population at a certain time that not only reflects. In Antibiotic resistance
mutation rate is the in vitro frequency that will detect mutants arise in a bacterial population
when given antibiotics concentration. It is important to know the prognosis of antibiotic
resistance.

Intensity of antibiotics use must be regulated because it is important to avoid

resistance to antibiotics which can worsen the condition of patients with infections disease.
the study found that around 40-62% antibiotics are used inappropriately, for example for
diseases who actually don't need antibiotics. The most commonly reported resistant bacteria
are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus
pneumoniae, followed by Salmonella spp. One of all bacteria that have been mentioned, this
study will refer to Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of all bacteria gram positive that can cause infectious
disease such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis, superficial skin lesion, toxic shock syndrome and
others. Staphylococcus aureus can express many potential virulence factor for damage .
Infection of Staphylococcus aureus can be treated with penicillinase resistant β-lactams.
Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against Penicillin called Methicillin Resistance
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It associated with plasmids which carrying the blaZ gene
encoding β-lactamase and Staphylococcus aureus resistance is also affected by the expression
of Penicillin Binding Protein 2a (PBP2a) which exceeds the penicillin group out cell. The
resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against Penicillin can make failure of treatment
infectious disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Research has been carried out with use objective material for nature produce drugs.
Natural ingredients also used as medicine and rarely adverse side effects compared to drugs
made from synthetic materials and many people belive that natural ingridients can treat
various of many disease such as Roselle [Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (H. sabdariffa)]. Roselle
[Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (H. sabdariffa)] is a plant that well known as a plant that have many
purpose for medication. Roselle flower can use for diuretic, antioxidant, antimutagenic and
antiseptic properties. The previous study showed that it has antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica , Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli,
etc and the aim of this study is to knowing, evaluating and observating the mutation frequency
for antibiotic resistance on Staphylococcus aureus against Amoxicillin Alone and Combined
with Hibiscus sabdariffa decoctation.
 Reference :

Agustina Setiawati, 2015. Peningkatan Resistensi Kultur Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus

terhadap Amoxicillin Menggunakan Metode Adaptif Gradual. Yogyakarta :
Laboratory of Pharmacy and Phtytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma

Alaa G. Al-Hashimi, 2012. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Extracts. Iraq : African Journal of Food Science Vol. 6(21) pp.
506-511

Baron, Samuel, 1999. Medical Microbiology 4th edition. Galveston, Texas.

C. Lee Ventola, MS. 2015. The Antibiotics resistance Crisis. New Jersey : NCBI

Emad Mohamed Abdallah, 2016. Antibacterial activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces

against hospital isolates of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Saudi Arabia

: ELSEVIER

J.L Martinez and F. Baquero, 2000. Mutation Frequencies and Antibiotic Resistance. Madrid,

Spain : American Society for Microbiology

WHO, 2018. High Levels of Antibiotic resistance found worldwide, new data shows.
https:/www.who.int/mediacentre/news/release/2018/antibiotic-resistance-found/en/
BREAKING DOWN OF THE WRITTEN ASIGNEMENT_TYPE-1
The following words and grammar have been used in my written.

WORDS USED, GRAMMAR USED &

NO USAGE IN THE SENTENCE
MENTIONED IN REASON
Example
This is an example I used in my written assignment in Simple present tense + simple past
1 Mentioned in: General reading
general writing tense
assignment, meeting 4
Simple Past Tense is usually
Suspected This sentence I used to give an information about
2 preferred with also called
Mentioned in : Paragraph 1 Line 7 surveillance data for Infectious disease.
performative verbs
Lead This sentence I used to inform the effect of overused Simple present tense. The simple
3
Mentioned in : Paragraph 1 Line 5 antibiotics and to cause something happen present is used for established facts.
Simple Present Continous Tense. The
Inhibiting This sentence as a verb that use for describe slow down
4 present continuous is used for
Mentioned in : Paragraph 2 Line 3 a process or the growth of something.
temporary actions or events going on.
Past perfect continuous is used to
report on an activity of interest or
Regulated This sentence as a adjective that use for describe
5 direct relevance that was still in
Mentioned in : Paragraph 4 Line 1 something that controlled by rules or laws
progress up until or immediately prior
to a subsequent event in the past.
6 Treated This sentence is a verb that use for explain Simple Past Tense. The simple past is
 WORDS USED, GRAMMAR USED &
NO USAGE IN THE SENTENCE
MENTIONED IN REASON
Mentioned in : Paragraph 5 Line 4 to cure a person of a disease or heal an injury: used for activities or events
completed at a specific time in the
past
Rarely This sentence is an adverb that use to explain not often or Simple Present Tense. The simple
7
Mentioned in : Paragraph 6 Line 2 almost never. present is used for established facts .
Simple Past Tense. The simple past is
Produced used for activities or events
8 This sentence is a verb that explain to make something
Mentioned in : Paragraph 2 Line 1 completed at a specific time in the
past.
compared This sentence is a verb that examine or look for The past simple is usually preferred
9
Mentioned in : Paragraph 6 Line 2 the difference between two or more things. with so called performative verbs.
Simple Present Tense It is used for
Knowing This sentence is an adjective that explain to showing that i
10 self-made schedules, generally for the
Mentioned in : Paragraph 6 line 9 will know about something.
not too distant future.
This sentence is a verb that explain Simple Present Tense It is used for
Evaluating
11 judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, self-made schedules, generally for the
Mentioned in : Paragraph 6 line 9
or value of something not too distant future.
BREAKING DOWN OF THE WRITTEN ASIGNEMENT STRUCTURE_(TYPE-2)
This assignment has the following structure .

WRITING
NO TYPES TRANSCRIPT
STRUCTURE
Stress position Infectious diseases are still diseases that can cause death
Topic position In the 21st century, infectious diseases are still diseases that can cause death.
World Health Organization there are around 15 million people (accounting for >
Old information position
1 Paragraph 1 25% annual world death ) die every year because of this disease
The number of people with suspected bacterial infections and antibiotic resistant
New information position extensively reach among 500 000 people across 22 countries based on WHO's
new Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2018
Antibiotics can kill or inhibiting the development of bacteria and other organism
Stress position

Antibiotics are chemical compounds produced by microorganisms (especially

2 Paragraph 2 Topic position produced by fungi) or synthetically product that can kill or inhibiting the
development of bacteria and other organism.
Old information position Overused and uncontrolled use of amoxicillin can lead to antibiotics resistance
New information position Drug resistance can cause spontaneous mutations.
Stress position Frequency Mutations
3 Paragraph 3 Mutations are changes that occur in genetic material such as DNA or RNA, both at the
Topic position
level of the gene sequence and on the level of the chromosome.
 WRITING
NO TYPES TRANSCRIPT
STRUCTURE
In Antibiotic resistance mutation rate is the in vitro frequency that will detect mutants
arise in a bacterial population when given antibiotics concentration. It is important to
Old information position
know the prognosis of antibiotic resistance.

New information position -

Stress position Resistant bacteria

Intensity of antibiotics use must be regulated because it is important to avoid
Topic position resistance to antibiotics which can worsen the condition of patients with
4 Paragraph 4 infections disease.
Old information position -
study found that around 40-62% antibiotics are used inappropriately, for example
New information position
for diseases who actually don't need antibiotics.
Stress position Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is one of all bacteria gram positive that can cause
Topic position
infectious disease.
Old information position Staphylococcus aureus can be treated with penicillinase resistant β-lactams.
5 Paragraph 5.
Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against Penicillin called Methicillin
Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It associated with plasmids which
New information position
carrying the blaZ gene encoding β-lactamase and Staphylococcus aureus
resistance is also affected by the expression of Penicillin Binding Protein 2a
 WRITING
NO TYPES TRANSCRIPT
STRUCTURE
(PBP2a) which exceeds the penicillin group out cell.
Roselle [Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (H. sabdariffa)] for antibiotic resistance
Stress position

Roselle flower can use for diuretic, antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiseptic
Topic position
properties.
6 Paragraph 6 Roselle [Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (H. sabdariffa)] is a plant that well known as a
Old information position
plant that have many purpose for medication.
The mutation frequency for antibiotic resistance on Staphylococcus aureus
New information position against Amoxicillin Alone and Combined with Hibiscus sabdariffa decoctation.

Stress position
Topic position
7 Paragraph 7
Old information position
New information position