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    What Is A Cell. Essential Characteristics of Cells PDF

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    812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable Scitable ssev2~—~ sentials of Cell Biology TABLE DF ONTENTS | Unit 1: What Is a Cell? What Are the Essential Characteristics of Cells? 1.1.Cells Are the Basic Units of Living Organisms, Tres in forest Gh nave, bef on firm, es ose mele reeds pond, monn in he sil — al ghee am anda se made ofthe ing Block we al ll. Like thee expe, many vg things cont of vst ames ocala woking in conc with ne eit: brine fs, however amas f ey sag call sch at the ny specie of bacteria and prone, Cll, ter ving on tic ono pt of mullite ‘uly to salto Be sen wit it mire, ‘el share many common fens, yeh an ok willy diferent nfo cls ave adaped over ilion of yeas 0 & cers nd serve to rans sisal rap. Closely itn, nckahsped pln el have igi our yer ht Paps provide te acta sup tht eos andar plaque: Lang, apered mace cell havea ase stein a lost o chang leg win contracting and relaxing biceps Sil a ict thn cll re, ey al ly onthe sarc ave tele a hep Ee ete ot lw necenary svtncet nd pei oe leave, nai hb and sep homteles a it there precy what ake vel cel. ‘What Defines a Cell? ‘eo tcl ina ying la, ‘Santo Nate Eduction ang wane ‘els ae considered thebeats of fein pat because bey come in ice and as resopszble pakages. Thais octal calls are sarees hy asrcie clo the ell membrane — whic, mic ike te walls of ots, sve at ‘clear boundary Setveen be cls intel sa exe viral. The ell mnie sete abo eee 0a ‘te plasma membrane Cel membranes ar haa on a famework of fictasd lacus ales phospholipids, which physically preven wie loving, ery, unsances rom enrng oping the cll These memati lo ed with roti hat serve vats etn, Bon hae rin ct peep deinng what eb an ed ant re ton ‘membrane Othe fain a hrs, desing te el a a ofthe same ogaiom or ag, Sethe Wok Ke hntpsswww nature comlsctable/ebooks/entNm-14748010/118237871/ 48 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable sn eceivieg sigasram sighboring cols nd te evieanent — whet en lazing (ge "Within smear envrnmeswater based. Cle ytplam hii enviroment ie packed fal ‘fear machinery an rt leer In, the conenrason of pring nie 3 lf ater hoe on he ‘ude — wheter th out soem wae (ais the eate of singe eld alps) rod serum ane eae fared ‘ood cll Although cell membrane om natal buries a watt eames, cell mus noes pend gal tt ent to mica th high oncentaions of inrace costes cess fr its suis Indod cls may we such s 30 peter of tr neg aso mini te compeson of theca, What Other Components Do Cells Have? As resis mentne, ae cyoplam some numero nto and sta ements. These cements xis ioral rane molecules cde ccc cd, otis, coh as and iis whic eset othe ltt. acl ald ae the molecules tht conan a el expree sll genic. There ae wo mor lasses of maleic ‘6: denepibonalel ald (DNA) a bana ai (RNA), DNA ithe mols hat onal of fhe nfermon (couse, mul ais sone eet spose forte preservation ad expression of genta: Cll ao se seins to lp elem he pote and accomplish he found suc changes ude el vison, Protea ara son type ofall ogni neue, These sans ar mae fom cans of sme males acd, nd hey eve a varie of fnsion in the cel bo ental and src Fe nape posins saver ellaroecles wht ris, eae, pds, ome ai) saber em that ‘mit ep cel et ergy ce, bd mp! ste or pup ou wae. ‘Carbohydrates te sarees ad sug incl oe aot mportat yp of eg mock. Simple earbay rte sd forth ls nmin caee demands, has comple arboydrate sre ancl ose Finally, pd ott oleae component of cel eres — bo te plat eben ad virion inter rmemivas. They ae alo iavalved is energy trea Wells eli signals within cela om he olsen cline Fig 2), Soe sl io ete ore rangement of malecls called organ. Similar the rm in a hoae,et ractet sparen of om the es ofa cells ini y th own ntacllr membrane. Organi coin ih tcl ‘eupet oquited fr pec os win he cll Oe examples the miloehonrion — coninolykrownas te els “power pat" — which the nan th hole ad mini the machinery involved meng producing hems restos Figure 3. tps: nature.comlsctablafebooksfentNm-14748010/118237871/ 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable Metocace er (9). Te rong 3K ri vying pr tn and in man ‘camo Nate uation amg reed Higue Deuil Tore Caneroah Srecmr ii Ee Cine feet Ce a eaaas gw Te rene malta melodies ‘ascent cams ite Wii as DSA dnl linn {momen nwo allspice seth eis DNA cabernet tes eR (ua iy Seebon cence sng se se worm tne wipe mc oa ‘eo. sen to known econ, ‘eatio Nature Eduction age earned ‘gute Deal ‘What Are the Different Categories of Cells? hntpsswww nature comlsctable/ebooks/entNm-14748010/118237871/ 38 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable aera roping ells byte sae a shape, scent pil categorie tem by how ie geet atrial cage the DNA win el ot seperated on theo, hen elisa prokaryote All kc olay, such a actra and archaea, singe ells In cont the DNAs partoed ints om meane- ‘ound oo ald the mules, the sha cl sa eukaryote, Some eukaryotes, ke arncbae, are esi, singel moe. Oke caro cl ae prt of malic rans Fert ad arm are made of ukarysic ls — sortie ven lion ofthe gee Fineet Compras crt! eae dee ‘Ney lb beara DNA, wis amy rar ed eu nel ce wa reve pope DNA in poke) Apel eat hs toms mene lero me Shops ani Inconel ip Jw a ere od DNA hk ae ened ‘Sm1oNaute Hacaton ate red How Did Cells Originate? Rosca hypothesize ha al organs cn Hah ad egal rma sige cl hat xsd some 353.8 bilon yeas go This vgn el ws kt ie ore tana of sal agai oles aod RNA teil at bth infraioos and cea fncons. Over ine, he more stale DNA roles evolve o ake over the informin sore faeces, whereas Uns witha ge vv of sauces has auc ei tok ovr he ea aon ‘As described ite pious sto, he absence ot sence of mcs — an nde, al membrae-ound argues is import enough to be dfn etre by which ells ae ctegrized as iter prokaryotes relate, Sets ‘Ba where ee stevcures come fo? More throne illo yeas go sme cll" by engulfing abet tht sted inthe tigi environment in which they exis. Then, acorn some tere of ella exsaon ope ofthe ly ‘tka calls np prokaryote an ogee te wo cells forme x ymin ations. npc, the nga ‘ll beganofrtion aa nanlle win the agerearyot el ta onsime i Bot coroplastsad itchonda ‘whe exstia meders eukaryote ells and sil etait gene, thagh hae ase this nme (igre 3 22066 gees gnc atcha eae crn cra td fm ng pa a ce inp epi Ise i {Mtaneccct cuts pes chi en ed pnt we hasan aly ‘etymotic en cpl ene ay ee ‘arto Nate Education at eave Eigue Deuil ‘of cou, prokaryotic els ke continued to evolve a well Dien specie of ctr nd arches ve wpe ‘specie enionmens, nd thes rolaryos ot aly sui ba thie wihout having gente ttl is ow ‘sumparmen For example, ena beter spss th ive in hrm ves along he ose oor cn withstand hgh ‘erp than ny oh agai Ea Conclusion hntpsswww nature comlsctable/ebooks/entNm-14748010/118237871/ 48 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable ‘Cel ae the ues conan desominatr of ie Same alist rans uta hems ther ae prof mlclt re Allele ude hn teste jor ls of rane molesue: ule acy pros, ays, ad pds. In dion cel can be lave no maar eateries 2a eu of ancient vousionry evens: rok, with ‘her saps pom, rd calaryoey, wth er nler-onsael genome and athermenbraeoind opel. ‘Tsgh ey ae ml cals ve eoved into aut vary of her nde. Toga hey or un hat theres foc con, and eves eat cepa. Uni cls Are the ase Units of What Osher Components Do Calls Have? ‘What Ave the Difsent ‘Catania of Cell? Concusion Fularyote Cll Possess 9 Conversion of Energy Photoyatheti Calls Capture [Ligh Energy and Comet to ‘Chemical Energy Metabolism isthe Complete Set sf Biochemical Reactions swibina Cell ‘est Your Knowledee . View Pagina hntpsswww nature comlsctable/ebooks/entNm-14748010/118237871/ 58 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable This page as been archived and is no longer updated Scitable ssev2~—~ \, pevesromaaner Essentials of Cell Biology Unit 1: What Is a Cell? What Are the Essential Characteristics of Cells? 1.2. Eukaryotic. Cells Possess a Nucleus.and Membrane-Bound Organelles.. ‘came Nuts Easton angered How do cll acca actions in such ay cowed package? Eukaryotic cls— thse hel ake up ate doppler, nso ad dite, alba ede of Sable — ave evolved ways to parton off diferent fanons various eto ine el In fact, seca compares ale ogaels exist win eukaryotes or ‘molec Ioserer break own ad rcil rganelle and maromalecls ad th np ete els ald ‘ene npr poe trghout the cal. Bt wha charac do all xg ave core? And why ‘waste develpmeat ofthe partial erateles the mes te mitochondrion, ad the eMlarplast— sexe tbe evolution of presents exkanes (Figur, Fie 2/? frees li Fipwe2 Arg ion A red What Defines an Organelle? Inadion the nes ecarysicells may conan several ter yes of orale, wich may inca mioshonsia, cloroplass, the edolasne escula, che Gol appara, nd yosomes Each fsa ‘ef spi fin crete els suv Moreover, early al eka oral re separated om the ‘ostofthe cal ice by ammbrane, nach he ame way ha itrioe malls apres ram in aos, Ths ‘mamtrane that srund eukaryote rane ae bse on ii yer tt se ma (bat ot iene ote els ‘ue eerie, Toqebes, the il ae neler fr encode th of plas mee. ‘Lite te pur membrane, gael membranes ution kee be lsd "a abd he sie “oat” This pening pei fen kinds of biochemical restos o ke pace in dif ores, Although ach ral peorns a hitpsswww-nature.comlsctable/ebooks/entNm-14748010/118237915/ 4 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable spect funciona the ll oh eal rants wrk oper nan inetd sion ort he eral eed af the ‘al For example, boc econ in cls itecondria nee energy on fay aie ad pyrite moles ato an coergch molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Subsequent theres ofthe cells ogee se his ATP as the source ofthe eer they nee operat Becsne mo egal are sounded by membranes they rey vnulize — with magicaton For intane, ‘esearch as ue high esata eetram miroscopy one soups through this essen sie of eal a thi way hey can seth sacl del abd key haces of ile! ganesh he og. this ‘omparmevs of the eaoplisac rei ote smpacted chromato within th miles An estonmictogaph “crgllespecife ans ave heed cache see ogee sete mre cle, well a edo vous ‘rales wis col However, ule te oes ina ose, ells oral ae ao sae ater, he stacze me “ist on, smi ving 0 parila plac within the ll, sommes ning wither ogael,nd ‘meine ting ns otal, These dais cngs nell srs an Be ert wih video mise ‘Why Is the Nucleus So Important? fat eaaroc ones, the males hap emo ciel nf the mee Peene of las i consid one ofthe dengue of a elaryoi el. Tis seacta 2 important eas he at wich he els DNAs ose andthe poses of inert it be Rel ht DNA consi the infrmisin required old ela pons. In akan alls the membre tat ‘macht, hich octane yp. Tiny ores in th ter elo, called miler pores slsvly ‘peel cerla macromolecules to ete el eave the aces —sauing the RNA oles hat ey ifn on ¢ ‘lular DNA to poen manufctaing sete he tops This sepatation ofthe DNA fom the pea sys aching vie nkosi eels wih mare iain etary cota arth prodion of ris and hie RNA, conus the DNA of olan stud esely snd the etn, lng wie rte sytbess machine This loses allows prokaytc els api tespnd to nvinnetal lange by quel ering the es and aun of pris hey manic. Nee ht eukaryotes Mel eslved foo a symbiotic elonsip between ‘wo potas wherchy on st of prokaryotic DNA eventual became spate by a mola envelope an formed x uces. Over ie, pation f the DNA fo teh poate esining inthe ops prof te cell yor may tet hve ben lcnprtd into te new evar ce (Fig 3). %-0-0-C-@ ‘potas al rp ne tanya Eth ante tonne DNA ol ee) Te pe ‘i mae mend ain) i ba el peel ia) Tepe ly cn spc i a el Overt deg eos pean ut ‘97m Nate Education gi red ize Del ‘Why Are Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Special? evyoi ell, Tet pcialoed stirs are encased hy double membranes ad thy ee ive a ave rgd ack when al ving igs ca Hah wer sacl ergaiss, Ath ns some rger eukaryote with ible emirates ae eauling olsen snl cel— a sits bee tha nacondi nd elplss ose ‘rst ofthe proses npc, resorshes tik tht ame of ee “ear eka engl alle okays, ss yi elinsipmabeguely veloped. Once iapped te “ate prokante conned a genet ney ‘over many generations he dscndints ofthe eukaryotes developed mechs futher suppor his ye, aed ‘aoc the dees fhe engl prokaryotes lot the mili a vie on tein, tv it rset ay ritachndri nd clrpls. Tir roped arin of mtoshenia ad Soaps ie oown ake endormbotie ype htpsswww nature.comlsctablafebooks/entNm-14748010/118237916/ 24 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable 22808 cchadrs nc a ves Som npc ae ne penpals, cane ‘clea abe bce wh eran me smb bor cate aly Seopa te ‘ishndn Payee cal consng michael hanes: cree led ene pea ‘esto Nature Eduction ag rane. found in meders roaryot. This nda vies et ado evene til hee organdie probably aiid suliet singlet orgies Ty, mitch te fot fang lam, nd ima, and hey eon poe energy inthe fom of ATP role, which cele ploy oie many poco. Sinise ta acho vated For aeabi or ‘xypercomming. prokaryotes compari, chlrplae found in ln cll and ome ale ty convert le org into energy-sving sagas cs laone. CHoropae alo produc ony, wich ket hen ety Sr al fe ‘as wekow it Sci hink chops evolved rom photsynhatl pokey smile to meder-dy yunabacteria i Toy, we lassi prokaryote and akan aed on eesti het arent Fase) ee oe Nitochondrion Naceae Seetpe hematin Nustotie ition hein ts Pasta grep tne el eye ole [nage Or DSA Cen) inci he lsh hm seins ewe se ee In ‘apne toe i DNA le he ope cm ee tt of ly ao ea (aus soner ne) Doe enc vein Centre el wane et rod apes Tet Wessun itn rte ich mitment eer pil my ve we om nal pr ‘1996 Nate Publshine Group ai, WF A pmo ge iy: Nae 3958138 Allred Bp How Do Eukaryotic Cells Handle Energy? isto — of led the posers fhe cell — cable cuknyots to make mes fat we off ste ‘ban hrpokryocc outers, Thats case hes orgs gen expand he amount of membrane sed freee Energy, cel with itochndi ca there afrd be bgger than cls who mitochondi ‘Within clays cel, mitochondria anton somewhat ike bar, brut conve nrg rm one or 1 amber fod aes AT, Accor, es wt high meboi neds can mest cir higher ergy demas by incesing he tanker of ocho they conn. For exale,mtl cl i people wha eerie rey potet ec echo than nil clin sedetry pope. htpsswww nature.comlsctablafebooks/entNm-14748010/118237916/ 3 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable Prey othe ter nd dot hve techno nergy proto, so they nt ely imei vine! btn able coy Prolaryoes enc ws ston anspor iin ti ps mers 0 vide much of iene: The sta enegy dors and acer fo tht ston transport hn ae ite variable, ‘elesing he vere ape of habits were okays eh arbi pokaoie, elena need 0 ony, ‘much asin he mechani) Te chlngerasoited wih energy generto li th of okay. As thee cells ‘ow lagers volun, he ace sods incre poputinly However they icene sia, este ea — ad ‘tush aby to tb ake in atid wns elevtas — does ot incense othe ame degree sth volume. AS ‘res okay cels ted be sal tht hy can ffesvely manag he balacing at ete oe Sp ad @6e Nites eta cl tee om te eh ae a es ad eh re a ‘eamioNatute Eduction ang ene Conclusion ‘rgantes serve specif ints within clays, suchas egy pod, pooryabess, and membrane ‘saosin, Mostare membranes scares ht arte te of pei pe of ahem reactions, The male tie npr cng ena rt bess th ition of alt DNA Two er ceria ‘se acbeds nd eleopiast, whic play portale in nea coavenion ad ae oh ave Be ‘eyluionary vgs as simple singled eran, Unit Cell Are the Basis Unit of Living Organi eukaryotic Cols Poses Bound Orrancles ‘What Defines an Onganle? ‘Wy nthe Nucleus So Import? Consusion Cell Function Depends on the ‘Continual Uptake and ‘Conversion of Enerey Photoryathelie Cells Capture Light Energy and Conver Ite CChomical Enarey hitpsswww nature comsctable/ebooks/entNm-14748010/118237915/ 44 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable Scitable ssev2~—~ ntials of Cell Biolog: Unit 1: What Is a Cell? What Are the Essential Characters 1.3. Cell Function Depends on the Continual Uptake and Conversion of Energy.. ‘els manage a wie ang of fntons ni iny package — growing. move, housekeeping, aso 08 —and mos of ‘tose aetna nee: Dat ow 6 cll et ht ney inthe et pce? And now they we tn he most ‘Where Do Cells Obtain Their Energy? ‘orto Nate Euston age eet al ie ha generate energy wit acing source inthe evrmen. However, where human search for suances ke oils per hime nds, cll seth energy in tf of fo lesa ot ‘leh nt the Suni the kina auc fey fr amor al eli, ecaste photon okay sen, and la cel ass sla ery and se to make the complex ogi od molecules hat ter eis ly forthe enerzy request roth, tbo, ad eqroduction (Fae 1). Cellar naiems come in many forms, ping sas an fats Ia ade provide al with egy, hse oes have ose, varios proins tht span the cell membrane permit spedfe molecules ise the el, lbugh ey nay reuse soe rere into accomplish his tsk gue 2, Tv. >= Se "sean cnt ep eee cao yg mens eos oy el Tah ps edge a cnt ori i tae nt, hntps:www nature.com/sctablafebooks/entNm-14748010!122986679) 48 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable Specie ts meni Fs ithe ec nine i pas nye Imereti be amet a ce ‘ex The Company of Blogs Altered igus Deuil How Do Cells Turn Nutrients into Usable Energy? Conlon fod less ch a ug fit td prosin arih sours fem fr els osama ‘vey eo form ase molecules isieally sored within he chemical bonds that od thes ogee. Seems can ioe the arn and ee nt ib. The eres bel led hy he etn sec popatial oe ous ‘energy conte inthe fod (Cpr spear the ees ei ph. ce fem eye om ‘npr tera ee til ATP NAD son) On igh he ot ening ng ee a ‘move let fee) se erg ee ey oi Seat et ee ee ‘c1v10 Nature uation awa red © Insc, eum, alt dst wor git ik clortens, Rate han bing lh nay non lento cle hei rtton wih lett tener ont molecule another, changing te cmponon and energy ‘te bt the deo and ceptor moles Food mola act lest does, Daring eth onion esto iovld in fod breakdown te pod of he ation as lowe etry cones than te door mole hat reseed it inthe pay, Ashe ame tine lector ecoptrmolecles cp some ofthe cuty lo om ef alec daring ‘exch onsaton ection and stare for ter se. etl, when the eaten alos oe comple ganic Food lea ‘fly xd athe eof herent cai, hey ae lease as wat in befor of abo xi (ig 3) (els do now he neg fom xin estos as son a leted sted, they cone tio sal, negy-tch ‘molec sch a ATP and nieinamide adenine nul (NADH), ich as be sed trophou te elt pow tacts, or elt, chemi eto wi the cl at wnt tert proceed very slowly. Enya do nt fre reeetin tproced iit weak doo widow he eal: they simpy lower he ata brie rege ote reaction ein Fie. Fig Gy abn ae eee yes er cn en eo amor ret te apr One sae a tea sneered heise te) ete eyed ci ee i ino ota ci ‘reson sat Cometh erento ula amar ener at ee) 6 hitpsswww nature com/sctable/ebooks/entNm-14748010!122996673) 28 812372019 Contents of Essentials of Cel Biology | Leam Science at Stable ‘como Nurs acaton tng reed ‘igure Detail What Specific Pathways Do Cells Use? ‘trois festa) ona pi espe ciain Te bp) aon pre ‘antici sem toma at ‘oatio Nate Education attge wet. Higue Dell “The pacar eery pathway ta el employs depends inne paton whether that eli aka ora kaye, Esha cet ue lee mar rcets lo tanto he seg hl isthe chemical Bonds fod alee lo mee edly abe fort — ote exergy ich carer nolo. Adenine Stgpit, or ATE th mt bude ey ‘rier molecule inl. This leas deo voz base dein) dose sz a hee phosphate groups. The ‘word adenosine feo te adenine lsh bose sap. Te bon between the sod nh phasis high ney bod pe 5). “The ft roses inthe ake energy paiva enya, which tral means “gr spliting” Dg yea, single molecules of lucas ae spianduinatly consered it two males of saan called pyruvate beause ‘exch loosens si carbon toms, each esukingpyratat eas jus he crbrs. Gyclsis is aca ais of ‘en chm actione hoes th fp ftw ATP moles. Thi patie soca oun ATP ede, ‘whic means tat yells in wet gin fo ATP, Two NADH mec area pode se oles serv lactone for her biota eli te ll. ‘iyclysis isan aves, aaj ATP-roding pushy that occu in alos al cel, ckaryotes nd pokajrs lke. This rcs, which alto kn fermentation, ke plc in the ctplam an oe et resi onygen. However, ee ofthe print rose rng lysis pede spn wher oxygen rset tn th abun of eyes, he ATA ‘exaat be comply oxlized cabo oxides varus intermediate products rl Fer earple, when ory ls claw skeletal muscle cell lyon ley to et tek intent energy queens, Thi lnc o coi ets inthe ald ofan incest ow as aiid, which an esa petsons mss fel a they a i Simi, yeast, whichis a sngl-elle eukaryote, podes alec (asead of rb oxide) in nye ein Stings, coms, when oxygen ic stb he praaterpredace by leapt become he pat rhe nex pation ofthe esky egy pata: During tha tage, each pyraate leu nthe eps ne the mtochondton, wheres ‘ood it ety CoA area enc ci, es aed earn combines wih oxygen a selesed as ato oxide Ath same ime 2g NADI eas lo gered Ace Co then emer a pty called he eal eee, ‘which ste sod mar nergy proces wey cell The ight sep ics ecle generates he mae NADIE molecu two ober caer alee: FADE and GT (Fig 6, de), a a a : A

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