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Chapter#3 Theory
Chapter#3 Theory
Chapter # 3
Ans. Force is a quantity which moves or tends to moves, stops or tends to stop a body. Force is
also changes the direction of a moving body. Force is vector quantity. Its SI unit is Newton (N).
F=ma
Example: (i) When an adult pulls or pushes a table it will move or tends to move when a small
child will try this.
(ii) When someone catches a moving ball coming towards him or when someone try to stop
moving car.
(iii) When a batsman hits a ball it will change the direction of ball.
Ans. Inertia of a body is the property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or
motion.
Example: (i) If a fast moving car stops suddenly, the person sitting in the car will fall forward.
(ii) If a car starts moving suddenly the person sitting in the car will fall backward.
Ans. Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion possessed by it. Momentum is product of
mass and velocity of a body. It is denoted by ‘P’. It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is Kg-m/sec or
N-sec.
P=mxv
Example: If a truck and a car are moving with same velocity then the truck has larger
momentum then the car. It is due to it has greater mass.
Ans. A body will maintain its state of rest or motion unless some external force acts on it.
Example: (i) A book lying on a table does not change its state unless some external force acts on
it.
(ii) A moving ball continues its motion if frictional forces do not acts on the ball.
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PHYSICS 9th
Q#5 Newton’s first law of motion is also called Law of Inertia. Explain?
Ans. First law of motion is also called Law of Inertia because “inertia is that property of a body
due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or uniform motion”. It is same as first law of
motion.
Ans. If a force is applied on a body it produces acceleration in the direction of force. This
acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass.
Mass (m) ()
aαF
1
aα𝑚
𝑭
Combining these two we get aα𝑚
𝑭
a = constant (𝑚)
𝑭
a = K (𝑚)
Where K=1
𝑭
Then a=
𝑚
F=ma
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PHYSICS 9th
Q#8 Define Newton?
F=ma
1 N = 1 Kg x 1 m/sec2
One Newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/sec2 in a body of mass 1 Kg.
Ans.
4 Mass of a body remains same everywhere. The weight of a body changes with the
change in the value of g.
5 It is a base quantity. It is a derived quantity.
Ans. For every action there is a reaction, equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Action and reaction do not act on the same body but they act on two different bodies.
Example: (i) A book lying on a table exerts a force on the table in the form of weight. It is called
action force direction downward. The table exerts an equal and opposite force on the book called
reaction force.
(ii) Hot gases emerge from the tail of Rocket exerts force downward. In the result Rocket moves
upward with the reaction force equal to action force.
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PHYSICS 9th
Ans. Consider a block of mass ‘m’ is attached to one end of a string. The other end of the string
is fixed on a stand.
The weight of the block acts downwards. This cause a tension ‘T’ in the string directed upward.
In that case as block is at rest its weight will be equal to tension in string.
T=W
T=mg
Q#12 Derive the relation of tension if “Motion of bodies connected by a string when both
bodies move vertically”?
Ans. Consider two bodies of A and B having masses ‘𝑚1 ’ and ‘𝑚2 ’ respectively are connected
to two ends of a string over a frictionless pulley.
B T
A
𝑚2 g
𝑚1 g
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PHYSICS 9th
F = 𝑚1 a …………. (ii)
F = 𝑚2 a …………. (iv)
𝑚1 g – T = 𝑚1 a
- 𝑚2 g + T = 𝑚2 a
𝑚1 g - 𝑚2 g = 𝑚1 a + 𝑚2 a
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) g = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) a
(𝒎𝟏 −𝒎𝟐 ) 𝒈
a= (𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 )𝒂
𝑚1 g – T 𝑚1 a
Dividing (1) by (2) =
T − 𝑚2 g 𝑚2 a
(𝑚1 g – T) x 𝑚2 = (T - 𝑚2 g) x 𝑚1
𝑚1 𝑚2 g - 𝑚2 T = 𝑚1 T - 𝑚1 𝑚2 g
𝑚1 𝑚2 g + 𝑚1 𝑚2 g = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) T
2𝑚1 𝑚2 g = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) T
𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝐠
T=
(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )
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PHYSICS 9th
Q#13 Derive the relation of tension if “Motion of two bodies connected by a string when
one body moves vertically and the other move horizontally”
Ans. Two bodies ‘A’ and ‘B’ having masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 respectively are connected to a string
which passes over a frictionless pulley as shown in fig.
R
T
B
T
𝑚2 𝑔
A
𝑚1 𝑔
F = 𝑚1 a …………. (ii)
As the body ‘B’ is not moving vertically, therefore vertical forces cancel each other. The only
remaining force is T due to which the body ‘B’ is moving in horizontal direction. So
T = 𝒎𝟐 a …………… (2)
𝒎𝟏 g – 𝒎𝟐 a = 𝒎 𝟏 a
𝑚1 g = 𝑚1 a + 𝒎𝟐 a
𝑚1 g = (𝑚1 + 𝒎𝟐 )a
𝑚1 g
a=
𝑚 1 + 𝒎𝟐
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PHYSICS 9th
Put the value of ‘a’ in equation (2)
𝑚1 g
T = 𝑚2 ( )
𝑚 1 + 𝒎𝟐
𝑚1 𝑚2
T=( )g
𝑚 1 + 𝒎𝟐
Q#14 State and prove the relation between force and momentum?
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ is moving with a velocity of 𝑣𝑖 , if a force ‘F’ is applied on the
body its velocity changes let’s say becomes 𝑣𝑓 .
𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓
𝑃𝑓 - 𝑃𝑖 = m 𝑣𝑓 - m 𝑣𝑖
𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖 m( 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
= ………….. (i)
𝑡 𝑡
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
We know that a =
𝑡
𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖
Then = m a …………… (ii)
𝑡
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PHYSICS 9th
From Newton’s second law of motion
F=ma
𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃 𝑖
Then =F
𝑡
∆𝑃
=F
𝑡
Ans.
Statement: The momentum of an isolated system of two or more interacting bodies remains
constant.
“The isolated system is a system in which no external force acts on the system”
Explanation: Consider two bodies of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are moving with velocities 𝑢1 and 𝑢2
𝑢1
𝑢2
𝑚1
𝑚2
They collide and after collision they move apart with velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 .
𝑣1
𝑣2
𝑚1
𝑚2
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PHYSICS 9th
The momentum before collision = The total momentum after collision
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
Example: Let a gun has mass ‘M’ and the bullet in it have mass ‘m’. Initially gun and bullet are
at rest. So
When the gun is fired, bullet moves forward with a velocity v and the gun move backward with a
velocity V. Then
0 = (M x V) + (m x v)
-mv=MV
−𝑚𝑣
V=
𝑀
Ans. The force which resists the motion of one surface on another surface is known s friction.
We can say that “The force that opposes the motion of an object is called friction”
Explanation: We come to experience a force of friction when we push or pull some body on the
surface of another body. In case of solid bodies force of friction is due to nature of these bodies
and pressing force between them. This can be checked if we rub our palm on different surfaces
like table, marble, carpet and brick etc. We will find that it is easier to move our palm on
smoother surface.
Ans. The maximum value of static friction 𝑓𝑠(𝑚𝑎𝑥) is known as limiting friction.
Proof: Friction is equal to that applied force that tends to move a body at rest. It increases with
applied force. Friction has maximum value. It does not increase beyond this and this maximum
value is known as limiting friction.
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PHYSICS 9th
The ratio between the force of limiting friction 𝐹𝑠 and normal reaction R is a constant. This
constant is called co efficient of friction and is represented by
𝐹𝑠
µ= 𝑅
𝐹𝑠 = µ R
R = mg
Hence 𝐹𝑠 = µmg
Ans. If we observe surfaces of two contact bodies with the help of microscope, we will find that
the surface of every body is more or less rough, although it may look very smooth and polished.
When a surface tends to move against another, the ups and downs of the surfaces are interlocked
with each other. This resists the movement.
The contact points between the two surfaces form a sort of cold welds. These cold welds resist
the surfaces from sliding over each other. Adding weight over the upper block increases the force
pressing the surface together and hence increases the resistance.
Thus greater the pressing force greater will be friction between the sliding surfaces.
Q#19 What is meant by rolling friction? Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?
Ans. “The friction produced by rolling the surface of one object on the other is called rolling
friction”
Explanation: In sliding friction, the surface of a body moves by sliding against the surface of
another body while in rolling friction the surface of a body rolls against the surface of another
body.
It is experimentally observed that a body with wheels faces less friction as compared to a body of
the same size without wheels. Its reason is that rolling friction is far less than the sliding friction.
When a wheel moves over a smooth surface, it has the contact with the surface only at a single
point. As there is no relative motion between the two surfaces at this point, therefore, sliding
friction is zero. Practically, the wheel is compressed a little temporarily at the contact point of
two surfaces under stress. Because of that little sliding friction the rolling friction is produced.
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PHYSICS 9th
Q#20 How friction is important in braking and causes skidding in automobile?
Ans. Friction has very important role in motion of vehicles. To move a vehicle on the road as
well s to stop a moving vehicle requires friction between its tyres and the road. If the road is
slippery and tyres are not in good condition then the tyres instead of rolling slip over the road.
Thus for wheels to roll, the force of friction between the tyres and the road must be enough that
prevent them from slipping.
Similarly when we apply brakes suddenly to stop the car large force of friction between the tyres
and the road is needed. But when we exceeds the limiting friction that tyres can provide the
wheels of the car will lock up and car will skid.
Ans.
Advantages Disadvantages
Friction between paper and pencil helps us Friction is undesirable when moving at high
write. speed because it opposes the motion.
Friction enables us to walk on the ground. Most of our useful energy is lost due to
friction.
It is friction that helps us to fix nail in the wall. Friction also causes wear and tear of the
moving parts.
Friction is helpful in climbing up a hill
Ans.
The parts which slide against one another are highly polished. This reduces the friction.
Friction can be reduced by using lubricants like oil and grease between the parts of the
machineries.
As rolling friction is less than sliding friction, therefore sliding friction is converted into
rolling friction by the use of ball bearings.
The front sides of high speed vehicles are shaped pointed so that minimum friction is
offered by air and water.
Ans. “If a body moves in a circular path, its motion is called circular motion”
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PHYSICS 9th
Example: Motion of blades of fan, motion of Moon around the Earth, motion of electrons
around nucleus.
Ans. “The force which keeps the object moving in a circle and its direction is always directed
towards the centre of the circle is called centripetal force”
𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑐 v
𝐹𝑐 v
v
r
Explanation: Let us consider a body having mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ in a circle of
radius ‘r’. Under the action of centripetal force, the body moving in a circle experiences
acceleration.
According to Newton’s second law of motion direction of this acceleration is along the direction
of centripetal force 𝐹𝑐 . It is perpendicular to the velocity of the body and is directed towards the
centre of the circle.
𝑣2
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟
Where ‘v’ is the velocity by which the body is moving and ‘r’ is the radius of the circular path.
𝐹𝑐 = m 𝑎𝑐
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑟
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PHYSICS 9th
Example: (i) The Moon revolve around the Earth. Gravitational force of the Earth provides the
necessary force.
(ii) When a satellite orbits the Earth, the necessary centripetal force is provided by the gravity of
the Earth.
Ans. “The reaction force which is directed outwards the centre of the circle is called centrifugal
force. It is a force which is equal and opposite of the centripetal force”
Explanation: According to Newton’s third law of motion ‘for every action there is a reaction
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction’.
The centripetal force pulls the objects towards the centre of the circle. As a reaction another
force appears at the centre, which is equal in magnitude to centripetal force but opposite in
direction. This reaction force is called centrifugal force.
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑓 = - 𝑟
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