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Korhan - Karaarslan13.12.2010 12.55.26bildiri PDF
Korhan - Karaarslan13.12.2010 12.55.26bildiri PDF
Abstract—The effects of non-sinusoidal voltages on the algorithms. Most relays available today have sampling rates
performance of an over/under voltage relay were of 32 samples / cycle or higher. The way that the sampled
experimentally studied. The frequency and amplitude of data produces an input waveform for protection and metering
individual harmonics were adjusted with a programmable algorithms varies with manufactures. Some relays filter out
power source and the operating times of the relay are all harmonic frequencies except fundamental, some produce
examined. The relation between the harmonic voltages and a true rms value, and some do both. The choice of
relay behavior is determined. The measurements show that the measurement principle may be different according to the
relay may operate slower or faster than expected when manufacturer.
distorted voltages have third harmonic component.
Protective relays are designed to operate at rated
fundamental frequency (50-60 Hz) and pure sine wave. Most
I. INTRODUCTION microprocessor relays use different types of digital filter to
Protective relays have a critical role in the electrical find the fundamental component of the voltage/current
power systems. When an abnormal condition (faults, signals. Protected relays connected to power experience
overload, loss of system synchronism and etc) occurs, voltage and current distortions. This paper deals with
protective relays take an action. harmonic voltages.
Microprocessor based relays have some advances in The relay can make incorrect operations like failure or
protection when compared to old-electro-mechanical relays, false to tripping. The reasons of incorrect operation may be
such as: lower installation and maintenance costs, better personnel error, incorrect settings, equipment malfunction,
reliability, improved protection and control, and faster poor application or undesired system conditions.
restoration of outages.
In the literature, effects of harmonic currents on over
Microprocessor-based relays provide technical advances current protection relay are widely studied. In [2] a method
and cost savings in several ways [1]: to quantify the effect of disturbances on a protection relay
was investigated. Both solid state and digital over current
• To reduce and simplify wirings of the relay relays were tested under various measured disturbances.
uses.
An article by Wan & Bollen stated the possible effects of
• To protect breaker for faults, inter harmonic, 182 Hz on protection relays [3].
• To measure voltage and/or current, so reducing Ref [4] answers the question “Should relay react to, or
the need of measurements. filter out harmonic distortions”. The tripping times of
In the last two decades, there has been an increase of electromechanical and microprocessor based relays are
non-linear devices in electrical systems. These devices discussed when the relays are subjected to various levels of
distort current and voltage waveforms. Due to increase of harmonic currents.
these distortions, the reliability of protection devices may be Over/under voltage relays provide protection to
sacrificed. This situation has led to a great interest in equipment where either an over or under voltage condition is
determining network voltages at harmonic frequencies. potentially damaging. When used as an under voltage relay,
The microprocessor relay accepts sampled voltage and they provide protection to equipment that is required to
current and stores it for use in protection and metering operate above a minimum voltage. When used as an over
(a)
Protective devices should operate as fast as possible to Figure 2. Inverse time characteristics of the relay at (a)over voltage
limit the effects of faults to upstream customers and (b)under voltage stage
customers on adjacent feeders fed from the same bus.
Over/under relays may have both definite time characteristic The inverse time curves at over/under voltage stages are
and inverse time characteristics depending on manufacturer. shown in Fig. 2. The relay operates when the measured
Instantaneous or fast definite time operations will have fewer voltage is exceeds or falls below set value.
effects than inverse operating time characteristic. When
definite time characteristic is used, the relay operation time is III. RELAY TESTS
constant. At inverse time characteristic, the operation time
depends on the deviation from the setting value. A relay The microprocessor based over/under voltage relay was
tested with modern relay voltage injection test instruments as
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shown in Fig. 3. Various levels of harmonic voltages applied the distorted voltage has 5% 3rd harmonic component, the
to the relay were created by a Programmable AC Power protected system will be subjected to 1.0114 of its threshold
Source, which is an 4.5 kVA fully programmable three- and 1.062 and of its nominal voltage. (NO: No Operation)
phase source with an integrated arbitrary waveform
generator. The programmable ac power source enables a
TABLE I. OPERATION TIMES FOR DIFERENT VOLTAGE DISTORTIONS
flexible, variable amplitude and frequency voltage output.
The output voltage waveforms can be complied from an Over Voltage Under Voltage
equation expression. This is useful for specifying exact THD (%) THD (%)
U/US U/US
harmonic components in sine waves as well as specifying 5 10 5 10
1 NO NO 1 5 5
exact amplitudes and phase angles for transient and steady 1.0114 NO NO 1.0167 5 5
state conditions [6]. 1.0200 5,598 NO 1.0334 5 5
To define the effects of voltage harmonic orders on 1.0296 5,279 NO 1.0500 5 5
1.0419 5,066 NO 1.0584 NO 5
different time characteristics of the relay, the tripping times 1.0476 5,056 NO 1.0750 NO 5
were recorded as the relay was subjected to the distorted 1.0571 5,056 5,127 1.0917 NO 5
voltages for both over/under voltage stages by a Relay 1.0648 5,056 5,065 1.1052 NO NO
Testing Unit. The relay parameters were set to 1.05 pu for 1.1000 5,056 5,035 1.1133 NO NO
over voltage and 0.6 pu for under voltage limits (U/Us). Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD) levels are selected as 5% and When the voltage distortion is increased, tripping times
10% of the fundamental voltage while keeping the RMS of the relay also increases. In most power systems, the 3rd
value of the voltage constant. The phase angles of harmonics harmonic component never reaches a 10% of fundamental,
are ignored (00) for all test voltages. except a resonance condition.
The relay trips faster than expected for the under voltages
have 3rd harmonic component. For example, it trips the
breaker if the voltage decreases 65% of its nominal voltage,
while its set value is 60% of nominal voltage for the
protected system.
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(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Figure 4. Relay behavior at definite trip time (5sec) characteristic (a) Figure 5. Relay behavior at inverse trip time characteristic (a) over
over voltage (b) under voltage case voltage (b) under voltage case
CONCLUSIONS
An over/under voltage relay was tested using harmonic
components superimposed to the fundamental to completely
analyze the effects of waveform distortions. From the test
results presented, the following conclusions can be drawn:
• The microprocessor based over/under relays
designed to operate with pure, undistorted
fundamental waveforms are affected form voltage
disturbances.
• Third harmonic voltages lead the relay to mal-trip
or fail to trip.
Figure 6. Relay behavior at inverse trip time characteristic (a) over
• The magnitudes of third harmonic affect operating voltage (b) under voltage case
time of the relay.
• Both definite time and inverse time characteristics
are invalid when the measured voltages of the
protected equipment have third harmonic
components.
[3] Wang, F.; Bollen, M.H.J.”Measurement of 182 Hz interharmonics
REFERENCES and their impact on relay operation” Harmonics and Quality of
[1] Ransick M.P., “Numeric protective relay basics”, Industry Power, 2000. Proceedings. Ninth International Conference on ,
Applications Conference”, 1998, Third IAS Annual Meeting. IEEE Volume: 1 , 2000 Page(s): 55 -60 vol.1
Vol. 3. 1998, pp. 2342-2347 [4] Heavey P.; Whitney C. “RMS Measuring Principles in the
[2] Wang, F.; Bollen, M.H.J “Evaluating the effect of measured power Application of Protective Relaying and Metering”, 30th Annual
disturbances on protective relay operation”. Electric Utility Western Protective Relay Conference, Oct. 21, USA
Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 2000. [5] ABB SPAU 121C User manual and Technical Description.
Proceedings. DRPT 2000. International Conference on , 2000 [6] California Instruments, Operating Manual: LX Series AC Power
Page(s): 232 -237 Source, 2003.
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