Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Pat9306527 - Scalar Waves

    Uploaded by

    daveklodaveklo
    68 views21 pages
    Scalar Waves

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Scalar Waves

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    68 views21 pages

    Pat9306527 - Scalar Waves

    Uploaded by

    daveklodaveklo
    Scalar Waves

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 21
    (2) oy ow 2 0) ey @y on, (2) 658) 36) United States Patent Hively SYSTEMS, APPARATUSES, AND METHODS FOR GENERATING AND/OR UTILIZIN SCALAR-LONGITUDINAL WAVES Applicant: GRADIENT DYNAMICS LLC, MeLean, VA (US) Inventor; Lee M. Hively, Philadelphia, TN (US) Assignee: GRADIENT DYNAMICS LLC, MeLean, VA (US) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the tem ofthis patent is extended of adjusted under 35 USC. 1540) by 0 days Appl. Now 14/726,305 Filed: May 29, 2018 Int. Host 200 Hara 136 nos 1302 us.cl. c (2006.01) (2005.01) (2006.01) ‘Ho3Ht 2005 (2013.01); HOIQ 1362 (2013.01); Hose 13/02 (2013.01) Field of Classification Search crc, HOIQ 9/16; HO1Q 16, HO1Q 904 usp 343/701, 792, 895 ‘See pplication ile for complete search history. References Cited USS. PATENT DOCUMENTS Sam) A864 tole SEB A Tae Sate A EB ee ime A Su fen A ibe es RS ee 1US009306527B1 (10) Patent No. 4s) Date of Patent: US 9,306,527 B1 Apr. 5, 2016 1984 Gelinas 1984 Gelinas ‘aioe A D981 Gelinas aos A toss SeoswoT A | 8198 Gelinas SSago88 A + 51999, Makino Ho1g 90 33715 Sa7919 4+ 21995 Lam HOIQo ts SaW0317 A * 81995 Jao Hor 1088 33.702 5604505 4 * 21997 Rodal waigo ss4s220 Pushott sonto7 ‘amenk ea RSDIG-1 20190065350 ALY 2015 Hob OIE 605 * cited by examiner Primary Examiner (74) Attornes Pittman LLP Hoang V Nguyen Agent, or Firm — Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw on ABSTRACT ‘Scalr-longtudinal waves (SLWs) may be transmitted andior received. A first apparatus configured to transmit andior receive SLWs may include a linea ist conductor coalgured {0 operate asa linear monopole antenna at first operating frequency. The fist apparatus may include a tubular second conductor coaxially aligned with tho fist condctor and an fnnular balun conligared to cancel most oral rtm curent ‘ona outer surface of the second conductor during operation sch thatthe first conductor transmits or receives SLWs. second! apparatus configured 1 Jarlongidinal waves may include bifilar coil formed in an sltemating fashion of «first conductor and second conde- {or sh that an clerical eure ia the coi wil propagate in ‘opposite direction in adjacent tums ofthe coll thereby can celling any magnetic field so that during operation the coil transmits or receives SLs smit andlor receive sea- laims, 9 Drawing Sheets U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 1 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1 100 RF Input Network Analyzer SLW Propagation FIG. 1 RF Output U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 2 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1 nn 202 206 208 FIG. 2A i 100 Elin Vim $.0000¢+003 5.532064003 3825464003 264534003 L.x2024-003 8.74694+-002, US 9,306,527 BIL 41826400: 9234-00; 0000400 60485400 Sheet 3 of 9 Apr. 5, 2016 At ly eo, U.S, Patent FIG. 2B U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 4 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1 log, (0) 84 FIG. 3 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 5 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1 90 100 110 -120 “130 90 100 10 -120 -130 tog, 0 FIG. 4 U.S, Patent Attenuation (4B) Attenuation (4B) -100 “110 -120 -140 -100 “110 -120 -130 Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 6 of 9 US 9,306,527 BIL 140 08 06 log 0 FIG. 5 04 02 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 7 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1 Cie os 02 ° (Hi 0) log, (r 8,90 FIG. 6 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 8 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1 FIG.7 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 9 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1 800 is Configured To Transmit Or Re 802 Obtain Appara Scalar-Longitudinal Waves Transmit Or Receive Scalar-Longitudinal Waves To 804 Achieve Technical Result FIG. 8 US 9,306,527 BI 1 SYSTEMS, APPARATUSES, AND METHODS FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE ‘This disclosure relates to systems, apparatuses, and meth- ‘ods for generating and/or utilizing sealar-Fongitdinal waves, BACKGROUND Classical eleetmdynamie theory may be regarded as con= teal to physics. An electric field (B) arises from an electric ‘charge density (p). Charge motion creates an elecrial eur- rent density (J) that drives dynamical changes in E and the magnetic field, B. The classical electrodynamic model is based ona coupled set of partial -differential equations forthe ‘quanttis (BF, J). Classical electromagnetics predits:no wave ereation by radial motion ofa charged sphere. More specifically sphei- ‘cal symmety ofthe radial electri field on a charged, oscil- lating sphere impliesacur-Ireelecsic fell (W-0), which Jn tur yields no variation in magnetic field from Faraday’s law (VsE-2B/2t-0), corresponding to no magnetic wave ‘Thus, the Poynting vector, ExBiu, is zero, resulting in no ‘classical electromagnetic radiation. This statement applies ‘more generally to no creation of electical waves by radial motion of any extended change distribution. An electrically ‘equivalent antenna may include a classical linear monopole that is driven by a sinusoidal eurent to put charge onto and remove charge from te linear conductor (antenna). SUMMARY, Exemplary implementations of the disclosure provide and’ ‘or facilitate transmission and/or reveption of seala-longitu- dlinal waves (SL.W),togother with technology andlor applica tions using those waves, More speifialy, this disclosure includes inter ali: (1) a more complete electrodynamics (MCE) model that may remove andr lessen incompleteness and/or inconsistency i classical electrodynamics; 2) vert- ‘ation ofa sealar-longitudinl wave (SLW) that arises from 3 tnntdcat-driven current density: (3) SLW antenna apparatus ‘designs; (4) experimental Jata demonstrating that the SLW ‘exsis and can be trnsmited and received by SLW tenn ‘apparatuses: (5) experimental data shosting the SLW is not subject to the elasical skin effect, as predicted by the MCE theory; (6 technology applications ofthe scalarlongitudinal waves: and (7) ditional applications that arise from MCE. ‘One aspect of the disclosure relates to an apparatus con- figured to transmit or receive sealar-longitudinal waves. The apparatus may include linear frst conductor configured 10 ‘operate a a linear monopole antenna at a first operating frequency. The apparatus may include tubular second con- ‘ductor coaxially align with the first conductor suet thatthe first conductor extends ot na first direction from within the second conductor. The apparatus may ineludean annular skirt balun disposed at an end of the second conductor fom which the first conductor extends, The balun may have a larger «diameter than he second conductor. The balun may extend in, ‘a second direction opposite the frst direction, The balun may be configured to cancel most orall return eurent on an outer surface othe send conductor during operation such thatthe first conductor transmits or receives. sealar-longitudinal "Another aspect of the disclosure rel ‘configured to transmit or receive scalar to an apparatus tudinal waves 0 o 2 The apparatus may include a bifilar coil Forme in an alter: ating fashion ofa first conductor and a sevond conductor such that a given tum of the eoil that is made of the frst ‘concctor is adjacent on either sce to tums ofthe coil made fof the second conductor. The fist conductor and the second conductor may be conductively coupled such that an electr- ‘al current inthe en will propagate in opposite directions in adjacent turns of the col theceby cancelling any magnetic field so that during operation the coil transmits or receives sealarlongitadina waves. These and other features, nd characteristics ofthe present technology as well asthe methods of operation and funetions of the related clements of structure andthe combination of paris snd economies of mannfacture, will become more ‘apparent upon consideration af the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, ‘wherein like reference numerals designate coresponding parts in the various figures. Its to be expressly understood, however, thatthe drawings are forthe purpose of illustration ‘and description only and sre nol intended sa definition of the Jimits ofthe invention. Also, itis to be expressly understood that pemnssive language (eg. “may”) used inthe spe tion to deseribe the present technology conveys @ present understanding of the underlying science, but any inadequa- cies in that understanding should not be ase to Himit the claims. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of 3", “an, and “tho” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, BRIBE DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS. FIG. 1 illustrates a system configured to transmit andor receive scalar longitudinal waves, in aoeordance with one oF more implementations. FIG, 2A illustrates eross-scctional view ofa Hinear mono- pole antenna apparatus 200 configured to transmit andior receive sealalongitudinal waves, in aoeordaice with one oF ‘more implementations. FIG. 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of constant elec: tric field magnitude eontours for a monopole antenna with a skin balun inaceordance with one or more implementations. FIGS. 3,4, 5, and 6 shox experimental results for scalar- Jongitudinl wave attenuation under various conditions TG. 7 illostrates a bifilar coil apparatus configured to transmit and/or receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accor dance with one oF more implementations FIG, 8 illustrates method for utilizing seala-longitadial ‘waves, in aecordance with one or more implementations. DETAILED DESCRIPTION ‘This disclosure may demonstrate measurement of sealar- longitudinal wave (SLW). The SLW may have C-V-At (©5428 a non-rer dynamical, scalar eld together with ‘longitudinal F-feld. and may represent the vector and scalar electrical potentials, respectively. Here, © and may represent the electrical permittivity and permeability (not necessarily vacuum values), respectively. The SLW may have ‘no magnetic component. Exemplary implementations may provide andlor lailitate transmission andlor reception ofthe SLW via lincar monopole antennas andior tightly-wound, bifilar, helical cols. Exemplary implementations may fil fate a 1S 10 28 atomic transition (mS to n8 mn in general). The measurements show thatthe SLW canbe trans- mitted through a thick Faraday cage or box (thousands of classical skin depths thick) © a companion SLW receiver, US 9,306,527 BI 3 citer enclosed in a separate Faraday box or without a Fara ‘day box. This result may not be explainable by radiation of ‘lassical transverse waves because such waves are eliminated via Faraday cage(s) around the tansmiting andor receiving ‘The nced for an additional (arbitrary) assumption to solve Maxwell's equations was recognized in the late 1800s. ‘word equivalent to “arbitrary was chosen, analogous to the ‘width variation (gauge) of railroad tracks at that time. The age fanetion (A) comes fr the vectorteld solution for the mapnete field, B-VxA. Here, A may describe the vector potential wth infinitely many choices, A—eASVA, while Bis tunchanged. The electric field may be represcated by E-V-SVEL, Here, may represent the electric potential swith an arbitrariness forthe same reason, = 2A, while Eisunchanged, Anexamplemay inchide V-A+a& 129 /8t-0. The permittivity and permeability may be represented by = and j_ (not necessarily vacuum), respectively, The Lorenz age (@-1) may in propaates tthe speed of light. The Coulomb gauge (c-0) may yield electrostatics with ® propagation at infinite speed. ‘The velocity gauge (D0, EQN. I may’ yield the Maxwell-Proca theory, for which recent tess setan upper hound of mz10"**kg, consistent with massless photons. For y=1 and m-0, FQN. T may be witten fin terms of the potentials e FQN. 2 may allow two potentially physical classes of our-veetor fiekls, One class may have zero divergence, (C-3,A"0, consistent with classical electrodynamics. The second clast may have zero curl of AMP™=O"A"= 2 AOS%A-0 with a solution, AYA, and a dynamical ‘quantity, C-9,4"-3,0"A. Here, A may represent a scalae ly thatthe effect of a charge source 2 0 o 4 unetion of space and time. A more complete eletrodyna smodel (MCE) may be derived from EQN. 2 with C28: vs oy The homogeneous equations (V-8-0, VxE43B-0) may ‘unchanged from theclssical model, EQNS. 3-7 may have the caveat that FQN. 2 i based on the eastaction principle, roquiring a finite, lower bound on the Lagrangian density However, FQN. 3 has (-C°2q), which may imply that an arbitrarily fast change in overtime (or anata rapid ung i A over space) can make the action arbitrarily large fund negative, in violation of the leastaction principle. This Sbsve ay be resaved by noting that EQNS. 17 are base on partial derivatives, i ifntesinal Jimits overtime and Space. However the Pinck sale may provide fie iit, ‘whore quantum effets of gravity become strong corespond- Jingo time an length scale of 54x10" sand 1.610" m, respectively. The Phanek scales may be experimentally nae cewible aid may be indistingvishable from iniitesis thus providing a finite lower bound for EQN. 2. Moreover, EQN 2 without the new term stilhas—(VxA)?/2, B20 which finite lower bound may apply foe lest Seton. Clase ‘ical electrodynamics has been well validated gains exper ‘ents, s0 the prsonce of the new term, (-C 2), may not ‘quire any mesication in the model of EQNS. 17. TFQNS. 3-7 may fad to imporcant prditions: (1) eativ- ine covariancs (2) lssical elds (and Ei terms ofthe sal elasscal potentials (A and) (3) classical wave equ ‘ins oF A.B, Ean widhoutuseof a gauge coniton: and a salar-longitdinal wae (SLW), composedof the salar tun longitudinale elds. Regaaig Hem (3) lhe MCE thoory may prodice cancellation of aC/ot and —VC inthe elasial wave equations for and A, thi eliminating the ood fora gauge condition andits attendant incomplete) in the classical eleceodynamics. A neeesary and suficient condition forthe SLW maybe that B-0. The wave equation Foranull magnetic eld may be shown.as*ByWa-, which ‘may imply that Vx asa result ofthe vector calculus identity, ‘YaVe- 0 Tere x may bea scalar function of space and tine J for the SLW may be gradient driven and this may be ‘nique detectable, in contrast o classical waves that arse fiom a solenoidal curent density (Wslo0). Moreover, the sgradieatrven current density may correspond to a longi Gil fl in lncarlycondhictive meta, sige Bal US 9,306,527 BI 5 A wave equation for C may arse by use of €y(01) on EQN. 7, added to the divergence of EQN. 6: ‘TheD’Alembestian may be represented by * Ey maybe Le? inthe propagation medium (ot neeesarly vacuum. Use of fromm FQN, 5 in FQN, 8 may’ yield an identity via the classical wave equations for apd A and he vector alculin identity for VeVXA-V(VA)-WA-O 10 give VIV-A-V-V°A since B-0 forthe SLW. Charge conseration may give zero on te right-hand side (RIS) Of EON. & crews EQN. 9 may provide wave-tke solutions, withthe lowest- ‘onde form ina spherically symmetric geometry ta distance (0. CC, exploit C{r=2)-20, may be trivially satisfied. The scelar field's ‘energy density may be (C*/2), yielding a constant energy, ‘457 (C7/2p). through spherical boundary in arbitrary med ‘Classical electrodynamics may forbid a spherically symmet- Fic, transverse wave, This constraint may be absent under the MCE theory, because the SLW may corespond toa gradient- driven current. The divenzence theorem of EQN. $ may yield ‘erface matching inthe normal component 1") of VCiu: L-¢ “The subscripts in EQN. 10 may denote VC in medium | oF medium 2, respectively. “The wave equation for E may come from the eur] of Fara day's aw, use of WB from EQN. 6, and substitution for VE from EQN. 7 with cancellation ofthe terms WCIO1)-{221) ve: EQN. 11 may represent the classical E-wave form. A time derivative of EQN. 11, and the use of classical charge con- servation 6p/Ot-—VJ} may yield *E——pleV(V IVE. Here, the over-do's) may indicate partial time derivative(s). B-O for the SLW may imply *B-1Vid-0, allowing use of the vector calculus identity, Ux¥xI-0-V(V-)-VI,, giving ‘V¢V')-V2I, which may imply *(s3/€)-0. Linear eletrical ‘conductivity (0) J~oF, then may give *(E40F/)-0. A very rapidly decaying, transient soltion may arise by setting the terms inside the parentheses to zero, giving E-F,exp(-U0}) Here, E may be the initial value of b. ‘A second solution may use the non-transient form, F=E, (6) ‘exp(-jon), which yields Pew, ~ ‘The lowest order, outgoing, spherical wave may be, E-E,F ‘exp [i(kr-ot)}, where F represents the unit vector in the radial direetionand rrepresents the radial distance, Asbefore, the oletric wavo's energy, 4°(EE"/2}, may he constant through a spherical boundary of arbitrary radius and E(¢—+2)-0. Substitution of I-Pie into EQN. 12 may yield an ‘equivalent form: JO. The SLW equations for E and, J may ‘The boundary condition, > 0 6 be remarkable for several reasons, First, the vector SLW ‘equations for E and J may be fully captured in one wave- equation forthe scala funeton (x) °-0. This form may be ‘obtained from #J-0 by substitution of JH¥x into the above identity, VJ-VVk-V(VJ)-V(V'K) Second, these forms may be ike *C-0 in BQN. 9. Third, these equations may hve ‘zero on the RHS fbr propagation in conductive medi. This last result may arise from B-0 for the SLA, implying no back-electromagnetic fell from B in Faraday"s law that ia tur may give no (circulating) eddy curents. Consequent, the SLW may not be subje tothe skin effect in media with, hean be rewritten conductivity with the imaginary pat of the complex permittivity E= cE,0 Slsrical waves may he assumed: EE, Fexplrwt)|rand CG, expl(keat)}e, ©, may represent the lee space per- ritivity: may represet the frequency; 2c, and ©, may represent wavelength, speed of ight, and real par of the sieletric constant in the propagation medium, respectively: Ke-2eih, and wr 2, BQN. 13 may predict that (C7E,|~EYe ia ‘slow-conductivity medium (ca#=)"="<<1), witha phase shit ‘ofa between C and E, inthe far fold. This ratio may be ICIE, ME" "e in a good conductor (S'">>1) with phase shift"? inthe fr field, EQN. 13 may be consistent with the ratio for transverse magnet and electri fields, IBV/IEI~1Ve (C may have the same units as the magnetic field, The enenzy balance equation forthe MCE theory may’ be shown a oe we Jos (Bt are Use ofthe spherical wave forms for E and C in EQN. 14 with B-O and the ratio of (C/E) from EQN. 13 may yield an identity, 0-0; the same result lay arise fr plane waves, thus explicitly verifying the no-skin-ffect prediction. Table T shows the unique and testable features ofthe MCE theory. ‘which predicts transiission and reception of the SLW, The radiated SLW power (Poy) may be obtained, 38 follows, The anieana may ‘be’ short, linear monopole (engih-L) along the z-axis with @ gradientlriven current density (that is maximal atthe feed point (20) and nero at the end (1), A and ® may be obtained from the retarded potentials. and C may be derived from FQNS. 3and 5. The ‘died power may eome from the time-average ofthe radial ‘component of CE in EQN. 14 TABLE 1 o ius ane SL Prope rn be ad pie SW propery Equation) Tees apaeea quay ar Bh EN 2)C fede ty arent aad 3 EQN 3)SIN peng cntne ma EQNS 812 ‘ylmesicemaching cts sonny in Vite EQN, 10 5) Alonptadin! fell accmnpasen araeStWC EQNS UIT EQNS. L117 EQN US 9,306,527 BI Z-Gu=)'7, which is 376,730 in free space, Terms on the ‘onder of (kt) and higher may be neglected. The resultant orm for Poor may be shown as neh FQN. 15 may be obtained from the classical, retarted potentials for a gradieat-driven cureat. Then, «paradox aries, since Cis non-zero dynamical fel, in contrast tothe ‘assumption under which the classical, retarded potetials ‘were obtained via the Lorenz gauge (C-0). The paradox may be resolved by the MCE theory, which predict explicitly that ‘Cisa dynamical field without a gauge assumption. FIG.1 illostrates a system 100 configured to transmit and ‘or receive sealae-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one ‘or more implementations, Some” implementations may jnchide an Agilent Technologies PS07IC nebwork analyze (300 ki17-20 GEL). The transmitting and receiving antennas ‘ay he identical, because the reciprocity theorem guarantees thatthe transmitter peometry en also act asa receiver. This simple layout isto facilitate experimental replication in any Jaboratory with the appropriate facilities and equipment FIG. 24 illustrates enoss-sectional view of linear mono pole antenna appaeatus 200 eontigured to transmit andor recive scala longitudinal waves, in ascordanee with one oF ‘more implementations. The apparatus 200 may include a linear first conductor 202, a tubular second conductor 204, an ‘annulae skit balun 206, and/or other components. The firs ‘conductor 202 may extend froma core ofa coaxial eble. The second conductor 204 may extend from an outer conductor of ‘scoanial cable. The first conductor 202 may be configured to ‘operate as a Tinear monopole antenna at a first operating fequeney. The second conductor 204 may be coaxially aligned with the first conductor 202 such thatthe frst con ‘ductor 202 extends out in a first direction from within the second conductor 204, The skie balun 206 maybe disposed at fn end of the second conductor 204 from which the fist ‘conductor 202 extends. The talun 206 may have a larger ‘diameter than the second conductor 204, The ban 206 may ‘extend ina second direction oppesite the first direetion. The balun 206 may be configured to cancel most or all return ‘current on an outer surface ofthe second conductor during ‘operation such that the frst conductor transmits or receives ‘calr-longitidinal waves. Some implementations of appara- tus 200 may include a tubular dielectric 208 coanially dis- posed between the first conductor and the second conductor, the tabular dielecsic extending out in the first direction from within the second conductor at least part way up the fist ‘conductor. “The configuration of apparatus 200 js for illustrative pur- poses and should not be viewed as Himiting as other eontig- Fations are contemplated and are within the scape of the 1 THz, meaning that a person normally skilled in the art may need an electron- ‘microscope (or equivalent) to build such an antenna. High requencies (+1 TH2) may correspond, forexampleto atomic transitions from a IS to. 2S orbital, which are forbidden by classical quantum mechanies on the basis of classical elee- US 9,306,527 BI ul teodynamies, as discussed above. As one normally skilled the art can appreciate, analogous molecular, muclear, and sub-atomie transitions, also exist. Note further that essen- tally all tansverse-wave transmission or reception may be eliminated by enclosing a SLW antenna (eg, upparatus 200, ‘orapparatus 70) insidea Faraday cage orbox (e.,acopper ‘or aluminum easing not unlike that for a modern superca- paciton, TABLE 2 Fraucey Winget Len0i, Gali’ eaethFamew tm) 7 310 ame 3.000 be so 3Hor aston 2 be Notion “o Beto. em 03 Sn Stoo 3 Seta aie ‘More complete electrodynamics (MCE) may be important for several reasons. First, the MCE theory may involve @ radical revision of Maxwell's equations with one new tenn {Gefen Gass” aw snd one new frm (-VC) in Ampere’s Jaw, These new terms may arise from (-C7/24) inthe Stueck- celberg Lagrangian. Second, the MCE theory may give rela tivistie covariance; preservation of the fiekds (B and F) in terms ofthe classical potentials (A snd ¢); and the classical wave equations for and withouta gauge condition, Thin the MCE theory may predict new force ter in the MCE ‘momentum balance equation that might explain “dark mat- ter” as a placeholder for unexplained cosmological atractive ores, Fourth, new terms in the MCE energy balance (EQN. 15) may explain “dark energy” as a placeholder for unex- plained repulsive cosmological forces. Fith, the MCE theory (long with classical theory) may predict that a gradient- «driven curent produces seala-ongtudinal photon, consist- ing ofboth scalar (C) and longitudinal F-felel components This last prediction may make theSLW wave uniquely detect- able vie’ a pradieatdrven current density in the novel ‘antenna, distinet fom classical transverse photons, that rexjire a circulating current (VxJ40), The existence of dark ‘matter al dark energy may signify that our physies under standing is incomplete likely requiring a new idea as pro- ound as general relativity. Sealar-longitudinal waves’pho- tons may be tht new idea, as validated by our experimental results. Tin some implementations, system 100 (see FIG. 1) may be ‘configured for providing a compuitional simulator based on ‘calar-longitdinal waves, The system 100 may include one ‘or more hardware processors (not depicted) configured by ‘machine-readable instructions. The machine-readable instructions may inchudea simulation component classical transverse elecimmmagnetie wave component, a sealarlongi- tudinal wave component, an evaluation component, an opli- mization component, andor other components. The sim tion component may be configured to provide a computerized physical simulation eavironment in Which electromagnetic ‘imolations ofan antenna or device are performed, In some ‘implementations, the computerized physical simulation envi- ronment may include a reflector aided to the antenna oF device to form a direeted bea for transmission andor recep tion of scalarongitdinal waves. The classical transverse ‘electromagnetic wave component may be configured to pro- 0 o 12 vide simulated classical transverse electromagnetic waves that ae roeived or transmitted in the electromagnetic sina Jation ofthe antenna or device. The sealae-longitudinal wave ‘component may be configured to provide simulated scalar Jongitndinal waves that are received or twansmitted in the clectmmagnetic simulations of the antenna or device. The evaluation component my be configured to evaluate charac- teristics of the antenna or device based on information asso ciated with simulated classical transverse electromagnet ‘waves and/or simulated scalaclongitudinal waves. The opt nization component may be conligured to optimize one or more characterises of the antenna or device based on the evaluation ofthe characteristics, ‘A given processor may be configured to provide informa- ‘ion processing capabilities in system 100. As such, the tiven processor may include one or more ofa digital processor, analog processor, 2 digital circuit designed to process infor ‘mation, an analog circuit designed to process iniormation, a state machine, andor other mechanisms for electronically processing information. In some implementations, system 100 may include a plurality of processing units. These pro- cessing units may be physically located within the same device, or the given processor may represent processing func- sionality ofa plurality of devices operating in coordination The given processor may be configured to execute machine reaudable instrctions include the simulation component, the classical transverse electromagnetic wave component, the scalar-longitudinal wave component, the evaluation compe ‘ent, the optimization component, andor other components ‘of machine-readable instructions. The given processor may execute machine-readable instructions by software; hard- ‘ware; fimware: some combination of software, hardware andlor firmware; andlor other mechanisms for configoring processing capabilites on the given processor Tesbould be appreciated tht the description of the fanc- sionality provided by the dierent machine-readable instrue- ‘ion components described herein is for illustrative purposes, and isnot intended to be limiting, as any of the machine- ‘tkale insriction components may provide more of less ‘unetionality than is deseribed. For example, ane or more of the machine-readable instruction components may be elimi- ‘nated, and some oral fits functionality may be provided by silt ones of the machine-readable instruction components As another example, the given processor may be configured tw execute one or more addtional machine-readable insirte- ‘ion components that may perform some oral ofthe fune- ionality attributed herein to one of the machine-readable instruction components The system 100 may include electronic storage (not depicted). The electronic storage may store machine-read- ahleinstructions and/orother infomation, Electronic storage ‘may comprise non-transitory storage media that electroni- cally stores information. The electronic storage media of ‘lecioie storage may inlade one or both of system storage that is provided integrally (ie, substantially non-removable) ‘witha physical computing platform andior removable storage that s removably connectable toa physical computing plate orm via, for example, a por (e.g.,aUSB pont firewire por, ete, oradrive (e.g, adisk drive, ee), Electronic storage may include one ormore of optically readable storage media. g. ‘optical disks, et), maynetically readable storagemedia(eB. ‘magnetic tape, magnetic hard drive, loppy drive, etc) elec. ‘rieal charge-based storage media (eg., FEPROM, RAM, te), solid-state storage media (e-., Nash drive ete), andior other electronically eadable storage media. Fletronie stor fage may include one or more visual storage resources (©. cloud storage, a Viral private network, and/or other viral US 9,306,527 BI 13 orage resources), Electronic storage may store software ‘algorithms, information determined by processors, andor ‘ther information that enables system 100 to function as ‘described herci, FIG, illustrates « method 800 for wilizing sealarlongi- tudinal waves, in accordance with one or more implementa- tions. The operations of method 800 presented below are intended tobe illustrative. In some implementations, method ‘800 may bo accomplished with one or more ditional opera tions aot described, and/or without one or more of the oper tions discussed, Additionally, the order in which the opera- tions of method 800 are ilstrated in FIG. 8 and deseribed below is aot intended to be limiting In some implementations, one or more operations of chad 800 may be implemented in one oF more processing devices (eg, a digital processr, an analog processor, a digi tal eicuitdosignod t process information, an analog circuit ‘designed to process information, a state machine, andor cthermechanisa ‘The one ormore processing devices may include one or more devices executing somecorall othe operations of method 800 jn response to instructions stored electtonically on an elec tronic slomige medium, The one or more processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hard- Ware, Firmware, andor software to be specially designed Jor exccution of one or more ofthe operations of method 80. -Atan operation 802, a firs apparatus orasecond apparatus ‘configured to transmit andlor receive scalar-longitudinal ‘waves may be obtained, The fist apparams (608, eR ratus 200 of FIG. 24) may include a linear frst conduetor, a tuhularsecond eonductor, and an annulaeskrt alu, The first ‘conductor may configured to operate asa linear monopole ‘antenna ata firs operating frequency. The second eonduetor ‘may be couxilly aligned with the fist condactor such thatthe first conductor extends out n'a frst direction from within the second conductor, The balun may disposed st an end of the Second conductor from which the fies conductor extends. The bala may havea lazer diameter than the second conductor The halon may extend ina second diction opposite the first direction, The balun may be configured to cancel most or al, return current on an outer surface of the second conductor during operation suc thatthe fist conductor transmits oF receives scalar-longitudinal waves. The second apparatus (Gee, eg. apparatus 700 of FIG. 7) may include a bifilar oil Jormed in an altemating feshion of a first conductor and @ second conductor such that a given tue of the coil that is made ofthe first conductor is adjacent on ether side fo turns ‘of the coil made ofthe second conductor. The first conductor and the second conductor may be conductively coupled such that sn electrical current in the coi wil propagate in opposite slirections in adjacent tans ofthe coil thereby cancelling any ‘magneti fleld so that during operation the eoil transmis oF receives scalarlongitudinal waves. ‘At an operation 804, scalar-longitudinal waves may be transmitted and/or received using the fist apparatus or the second apparatus in order to achieve technical result. xem- platy technical results are described herein but should not be Viewed a limiting as other technical results involving scalar- Jongitudinal waves are contemplated and are within the seope of the disclosure In some implementations, the technical result of method 800 may incite communicating and/or sensing information underwater In some implementations, the technical result of method 800 may incosle communicating and/or sensing information underground. for electronically processing information). 2 o 14 In some implementations, the technical result of method £800 may include enhancing (or de-enhancing)a decay rate of ‘radioactive material, (Dejenhancement of radio-active decay rates may be achieved because the Stueckelberg Lagrangian density in FQN. 2 comesponds (© new teams (Gavolving C) inthe eleetmdynamie Hamiltonian: ‘This MCE Hamiltonian may modify the charged-paticle interactions via the SLW (e.g, orbital electrons and nuclear protons in electron-capture decay, and bound electrons and Protons in bela decay’ of neutrons), These new terms may ‘moilate the nuclear barrier potential, causing decay-rate variations in proportion to the SLW power. Indeed, time- ‘atlableradiogetve-decy ates have been reported typieslly 20.3%) in 7H, Na, C1, “Ti, “Mn, Co, Kr, Se, ‘sag, "Ba, Cs, "Bu, Bu, Rn, Ra, and Pu, ‘Typical periods in the decay rate may include: one day, 12.087 year (solar rotation rate) one year and ~12 years (sun-spot teyele) Classical low-energy niclear theory is a collection of ad hoe models whose predietions cannot explsin these bser- ‘ations, The suns sphere of charged particles (asin) that js well-known to oscillate radially (breathing mode) and in ‘multi-pole modes. Te osillation amplitude of ions is much diferent from electrons, giving rise to a net radial curent ‘density that creates the SW, which in tm may modulate the rnidioactive deeay ratenceording to the new tems in EQN. 16. (One specitie application is use of SLW power to enhance decay of mdiactive fission-waste products fiom # nuclear actor, and isotopes of proliferation concern Tn some implementations, the technical result of method £800 nay include enfiancing fusion rate reaction to produce heat andoreletrical power, Classical methods and paras {or controlled fusion typically involve maintaining a high enough fuel density (e2, deter and tritium) sta sue cient temperature (eg, 100 million degrees K) fora long enough time (eg, many’ seconds). FQN. 16 predicts mod- Jation ofthe nuclear barrier potential, allowing fusion reac- tions at room temperature. Nuclear reactions could be enlianced directly (eg, “D, 2D, #SLW—-,Fe*renempy) via fold fusion of D-O without intermediate steps (and core sponkingly compiex infrastructure), "Existing electromagnetic‘multi-physis simulators use the classical version of Maxwell's equations. A specifi applica tion of the MCE theory (EQNS. 1-17) may be a more com- plete simulator for detailed design of antennas and other ‘lectricalclectronic devices that use SLW technology: "A specilic application of exemplary implementations may include a focusing SLW antenna, The above tests showed seatering and reflections of the SLW. This observation is consistent with classical electrodynamics, which predicts scatoring of elecric fics from conductors duc to imoge- charges and image-currents. This observation implies that (MCE modifications of elecirodynamic simulators may be used for development of SLW antenna(s) for focused tran ‘mission (and reception). Such antennas may reduce power, weight, and cost in practical applications. ‘In some implementations, he technical result of method $800 may include detecting scalar-Tongituinal waves emitted from achemical-bond-breaking process. The chemesl-bond- breaking may be caused by seismic activity associated with an carthquake, a failure of a manmade structure, and/or other processes. Earthquake prediction has been sought for US 9,306,527 BI 15 ‘decals, and typically may depend on quantitative measure tent of underground motion andr slipstick stress at tee- tonie plate boundaries, The seismic activity causes grinding ‘of rock to powder, which may generate high voltages by ‘molecular bond breaking, The voltage corresponds to anelec- tric field, which drives a current gradient as the SLW driver These signals occur well in advance ofthe slip events, and may allow prediction ofthe time and location of events with suitable SLW detection/imaging. “Earthquake clouds” and ‘electromagnetic precursors of scismic events have been reported. Geophysicists recently discovered low-frequency toroidal oscillaons with a period of 2 5 minutes these Tow-ffequency waves may cause excited animal behavior prior to anearthquake. The peeling of tapes another example ‘of bond breaking. The specific applications may include sive detection/prediction of trictural failures ofall kinds such as bridges, buildings, erteal equipment, and seismic activity. In some implementations, the technical result of method 800 may include passive imaging ofa living onanism based ‘on graient-driven currents across cellar membranes. In| some implementations, the technical result of method 800 inchide transmission of selat-longitadinal waves into 8 living organism t enhance health andior treat a disease via pradieatriven currents across cellular membranes. Gener > ally speaking, living processes are driven by charged ion transport across the eell membranes. The ion transport is driven, in tum by concentration gradients inthe inra- and cexinv-cellular media, This gradient-driven transport of charged fons creates a gradientdriven electrical curent, ‘which is the basis for SLW creation, Consequently. all living ‘organisms ereate SLWs, which ean be imaged by’ a phase famray of receivers. This new imaging modality may allow passive imaging of living organisms (including people) for esearch and disease diggnosis and treatment. As one who is ‘normally skilled i heart can appreciate, standard techniques may be used to convert variation in line-of-sight SLW ampli- tude into an image, not unlike a CT scan, One application is passiveimagingof live snimals and humans (©, brs, heat, Jungs). Human eloctrophysiology has a typical frequency range of 0.5-1000 I, impying SLW might be elficacions ia this frequency range. In some implementations, the technical result of method 800 may include imaging an object ara void. The method 800 may include providing a phased-aray of sealarlongitudinal ‘waves forthe imaging. A phased array of SLW receivers may passively image objects of interest or voids (eg, under ground tunnels, facilites, and pipelines) using the back- round solar SEW fox forilumination. Onespeciic example {s imaging of buildings" interiors, which would be bathed in solar SLW, Detection of underground nuclear tests is part of the nuclear testban treaty verification. A nuclear explosion ‘ejests concentric, radially-expanding shells of fist electrons {outer shel) and sloser-moving positive-ions (inner shell. These charged shells form a spherical capacitor wth a radial efild (gradient-driven curent, thus ereating a SLW. The sun isa hot ll ofions aod electrons (inthe form ofa plasma) that oscillates radially, thus eating the SLW that hen image solar storms for prediction/mitjgation of adverse events (e2., power outages). More generally, the SLW may be used Create three-dimension images (eg, via binocular image) that sees through fog, clouds, dist rin, and using fires “during the day’ of night, Another application is astronomical ‘maging inthe sctoss the entire frequency spectrum. In some implementations, the technical result of method |800 may include transmission andor reception of scalar Jongitudinal waves for dar imaging of an object andlor @ 16 ‘oid, The sun emit Iow oss SLW, which may be used to foe passive images of underwater objects vi a phased array that Tooks upsvard from the oeean floor. An aetive, phases-array (or syntheticaperture) SLW-RADAR fom ships, aireraft Sand satellites may detect nd identify underwater objects, underwater vehicles, underground tunnels, pipelines, under srcund facilities, stealth areraft under adverse weather con- ditions, and/or other objects. The SLW transmission may not need 10 be limited to one frequency. The SLW transmission nay be hyperspectral (ex, MHz to THz). space-based implementation may use satelite arrays to transmit the SLW signal at many frequencies, receive the reflections in syn- thetic-apertre mode, and process the results on-boan for ime imaging, SLW RADAR can he used for detection of srovised explosive devies (IEDs) on te battlefield. ‘SLW propagation throng conductive media may inehude ionized plasma around a space vehicle that re-enters the art's atmosphere. More specifically, SLW-RADAR may be ‘used to characterize space vehicles that re-enter the earth's atmosphere, while sutrounded by « hot sheath of plasma. Classical (Gansverse) electromagnetic waves cannot pen- cat the plasma sheath. ‘In some implementations, the technical result of method 800 may include reception of solar-genersted sealar-ongit- inal waves to produce electrical power. The MCE theory ‘may predict thats changed sphere oscillating ina ballooning (ovonopolar) mode (expanding and contracting radially) will radiate the SLW. The MCE theory may predict that higher- ‘order (molti-pole) oseilations will ereatethe SLW. The sun is ‘very hot ball of changed particles (electrons and ios inthe orm ofa plasma) that undergoes such oscillations. Conse- quently, SEW powereaches the ert, just a slight does. A specific application may include eonversion of solar SLW power into electric power for (re}changing batteries andlor powering electrical device, such as electric vehicles could be replaced by power convertors for the SLW, which is not limit by the skin effet. Harvesting of ths solar power may be scalable via advanced photovoltaics that convert the vari ahle-frequeney SLW to direct current then invert the DC power (0 stable 60 Hz alternating eurent (for example). An extension of this approach is wireless SLW power trans ‘sion that could dhen be coaverted to usable electrical power ‘A speclic application of exemplary implementations may involve eleetical power generation from solar SLWs, on the basis ofnew tems inthe MCF momentum balance equation: T may represent the Maxwell sires tensor, More speci cally, electrical power may be generated by charging a fa plate eapactorto given large, directed F-field. SLW emission from the tun may generat force variations across the capac {or plates vi the term, (ECij) in EQN. 17, corresponding to avoliage to devea power-produeing current. This poster may be proportional to E (and therefore the capacitor voltage) y’be proportional tothe amplitude ofthe solar LW ions (C) The variablesrequency power may be rect fied, and subsequently converted to slternatng current via an altemator. More specifically the sun isan osellating sphere (monopolar antenna) of charged matter (plasma) that will produce SLW under the MCF theory, because the oscillation ‘stance for ions is different than for elects for various plasma waves. Earth is spherical conductor (monopole US 9,306,527 BI 17 antenna) that would receive the solar SLW emissions, and would re-radiate them (along with other planes, comets, asteroids). So, nearstellar regions are bathed in SLW emis- sions, day-and night, allowing SLW power-conversion 10 ‘operate day and night, ain or shine ‘The term (PC/p)in EQN. 17 may bean addtional term that forms a generalized Poynting veetor, comesponding to the ‘magnitude nd direction of power density transmissionby the SLW. This new term may imply that SLW power ean be transmitted wirelessly over large distances in a directed fash- jon, for example to power satellites or areraft from the ground, electrical power transmission, andadvanced forms oF (Girweted) beams, (MCE theory may predict new terms in electromagnetic ‘momentum balance and power balance, EQNS. 14 and 17. The tem CE /umay correspond to an increase (or decrease) Jongitudinal eleetrodynamie momentum in EQN. 17 along the direction of motion, with a concomitant deerease (ine ‘rease) in electrical power per EQN. 14, This sign change maybe important because longitudinal electrodynamic 2 power loss (or gain) may drive a corresponding kineticenersy ain (oss) inthe physically massive object that i emitting these waves. Consequently, the MCE theory may predict propulsion mechanism without the use of propel mass ‘which is a sovere constraint on all transportation systems. > This mechanism may dependon adequate encrpy to create the SLW. The potential applications include all transportation des on land, sea ai, and space for propellan-less propul- (MCE theory may predict a new tenn, CJ, in EQN. 17 [Emission of the SLW fom a physically massive object may have a leat two components: the longitudinal electric feld (B)and the scalar field (C). The electric eld may induce an ‘eleccial current density (I) in any (distant) conductive object, ints path, according to -oE. The concomitant presence of the scalar field (C) may interact with his curent to prodet a force (C1) on the distant object. By use of a phased array of SLW emites, the relative of phase of F (and ths J) may be shifted relativeto the phase of C. The resultant foree, I. may be adjusted to havea postive (repulsive) force or a negative (attractive) force, commonly called a “tractor beam.” Poten- tial applications may range from the nano fo macro~seales on any conductive object (eg. sub-atomic particles, molecules Tiving cells, people, animals, vehicles, comets, asteroids, planets, stars. galaxies) ‘A mathematical theorem states that nonlinear quantum systems can be used to solve the hardest, non-deterinistc polynomial-time (NP-hard) problems in deterministic poly- ‘nomial time. The Hamiltonian in EQN. 16 may be inherently nonlinear, and therefore may provide path to constroct such a computer, which would then enable the solution of grand- challenge class problems in a very finite time (minutes t0 hours, instead of years or more) ‘igh-temperature superconcctivity was (FITS) discov- ‘ered in 1986, The highest ertcal temperature for HITS is, 150K. Hlossever, the physical mechanism for HTS is one of the major unsolved problems in theoretical condensed matter physies, in part because the materials are very complex, multi-layered crystals. Moreover, this theoretic effort uses ‘classical electrodynamic interactions in condensed! mater, While the MCE theory may provide an explanation on the basis of gradientcriven eurtents between (or among) the ‘egystl ayers. The well-known London model of speroon= ‘ductivity is not gauge invariant. Specifically, the London model works only for the Coulomb gauge, WAO, Recent ‘experiments show evidence for a Higaslike mode in f0= ‘dimensional supercondctrs, namely excess absorption of 18 THz radiation. However the Higasike mode may not be an aciul pts, but a collective quantum made, The ness amitonian of EQN. 16 may include the SEW due wo grai- catdrven currents sniong the rytalline layers, as a expe fuon of HTS. Many commercial and military aplicatons cst, including sensitive magnetometers based on SQUIDS, fiat digit circuits, rapid single-ox quantum technology, ‘aglevtrins, MRI imaging, magnetic confinement fasion, ‘magnetics in panicle accelerators, meow fers, high Sensitivity particle detectors, nanowire single-photon detc- tor, railaus and evlguns, electric motors and generators, faulteareat limiters, and cecrcl power storage and tans. ‘Revent esearch has ivestgated a connoction etween the SLW, high-temperature sopercondctors and gravity Init ‘work placed a small, non-conducting, non-magnetic mass (6.48 g) over a levialng. rotating, superconducting disk at 77 ; tho mass weighed 0.05-0 3% less, depending onthe 1 MV with topped magnetic ik of at 1) The retltan focused bear propagated without noticeable attenuation through diffrent materials and exerted shor repulsive free on small movable objects in proportion their mas, independent ofthe sample's com postion, More recent work wsod a superconducting cathode 5130-70 K and a copper anode to ereate discharges (10 amps ft22 MV)inlow presse gases. The dschargechange fa 4 spark 1o a Bat glowing plasma that originated fom the Superconducting cathode at >500 kV. collimated, non-sic- feomanctic“adiation pulse” propagated from the cathode, tovardand beyond the anods, apparently without attention. Recent work use this doviee to measro the seattering of Jase light whose attenuation lasted 34-48 ns and increased with discharge olage up 10 7%6at2 MV: The radation-pulse propagation speed was measured by 060 piszaeletie cry lalsover 1211 mwitha time dele of 632s, eoresponding to 64 tines the spood of ght, Difleenttagets (liste rendolums photoms, pieroelectric ental) are afectad di {erently by the radiation pulse, possibly reacting to bean components at diferent speeds. This approach may be the basis fora SLW laser. Spectrum allocation of the SEW may be important for arcater data rates ver les bandwidth, Examples for higher data rates nay be applied tothe SLW, such as frequency hoppinate-se, spreo-spcctrum technology, polarization, coil division, anor other examples. Ihe SLW may be nde pendent of TEM spectrum, elfectvey doubling the preset feansmission/seeeption capacity. Although the present technology has been deseibed jn etl forthe parposeotilluseation based on whatiseurently considered 0 be the mos practical and prefered implemen- tations, i tobe understood hat such deta is solely fr that purposeand tht the technology sno inited tothe dielosed Jplementatons, bt, onthe contrary, i intended 1 cover ‘modifications and equivalent arangementsthatare within the Spin nd scope ofthe oppeaded claims For example, tito $eundersond thatthe present technology contemplates that, toibeextent posible, ene or more eis oF ay implemen. tation can becombined US 9,306,527 BI 19 ‘What is claimed is 1. An apparites configured to transmit or receive seaare Jongitudinal waves, the apparatus comprising ‘Tinea first conductor configured to operate as a Tinea ‘monopole antenna ata fist operating frequency’ ‘tubular second conductor coaxially aligned with the ist, ceanductor such that the first conductor extends out in 2 first direction from within the second conductor; and ‘an annular skitt balun disposed at an end of the second ‘conductor from which the fist conductor extends, the ‘balun having larger diameter than the sevond conduc- {or and extending in asscond direction opposite the fist direction, the balun being configured to cancel most or all eturn current on an outer surface ofthe second con= doctor ding operation such ht th fst conductor receives scalar-ongitudinal waves: wren Salonga! waves east bythe fist ‘conductor propagate though conductive medium with substantially lower attenuation relative 10 a classical skin-deptb atenvation. 2. Theapparatusof claim 1, wherein the length ofthe bain ‘extending i the second directions approximately one fourth fof a wavelength coresponding to the fist operating f= quency. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein during operation an ‘eleccical cuerent wave on the balua is approximately 180, ‘degrees out of phase relative to an eleetrial curent wave on, the outer surface of the second conductor adjacent to the balun thereby cancelling most or all ofthe return current on the outer surface ofthe second conductor. ‘4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein attenuation of scalar- Jongitudinal waves transmitted by the frst conductor is inversely proportional to the square of a distance from & ‘center ofthe first conductor i fee spc. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conductive ‘medium inchides a solid-copper Faraday box ‘6. The apparatus of claim 1, farther comprising a solid ‘copper Faraday box enclosing the first condetor, the second ‘conductor, an thehalun, the araday box being configured to block most or all transverse electromagnetic waves imping- ing onthe Faraday box "7 The apparatis of claim 1, wherein the frst conductor extends from a core ofa coaxial cable ‘and the second conductor extends fom an outer conductor of the coaxial cable, 8. The apparatus of claim 1, furter comprising a wbalae electri coaxially disposed between the frst conductor and the second conductor, the tubular dielectric extending out in the frst direction from within the second conductor at least part way up te fist conductor 9. An apparatus configured to transmit or receive scalar longitudinal waves, the apparatus comprising: 1 bifilar col formed in an alternating fashion of a first, ccnaductor anda second conductor such that a given tim ‘ofthe coil that is made ofthe ist conductor i adjacent fn either side to tims of the coil made ofthe second ceanductor, the first conductor and the second conductor being conduetvely coupled sueh that an electrical eur- ‘eat inthe coil will propagate in opposite directions in adjacent turns of the coil thereby cancelling say mag ‘ate field go that dating operation the eol transmits oF receives scala-longtudial waves; ‘wherein seala-longitidnal waves transmitted bythe coil propagate through a conductive medium with substan- filly lower atennation relative toa elassicalskin-depth attensaton, 0 o 20 10, The apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the first conductor and the second conductor are conduc tively coupled proximate to the center of the coil or the first conductor and the second eonductor are conduc tivity coupled proximate to an outer edge a the eo 11, The appamtus of claim 9, wherein the irs conductor and te second conductor are tightly wound together to form thecal 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the col is substantially planar; or the col s formed in a volumetic shape. 13, The apparatus of claim 9, wherein there is zero oF approximately zero inductance associated with the coil as a ‘etl of magnetic-ield cancellation by counter going elec- {rial curens in adjacent tums ofthe col 14. The apparatus of clsim 9, wherein there is zero or approximately zero capacitance associated with the coi a a result of adjacent tims of te coil having the sume or appoxi- ‘mately the same electrical charge density 18. The appuratusof claim 9, wherein te col is confgured to oreate a gradient driven current 16, The apparatus of claim 9, wherein an electrical resis tance of the coil approximately matches a source impedance or maximal transmission of scaar-longitudinal waves, 17. Theapparatus of claim9, wherein atienation of scalr- Jongitudinal waves transmitted by the coil i inversely pro- portional to the square ofa distance from the center ofthe coil in fee space. 18, The apparatus of claim 9, whersin the conductive medium includes a stid-copper Faraday box, 19. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a solid copper Faraday box enclosing the coil the Faraday box being ‘configured to block most of all transverse electromagnetic ‘waves impinging on the Faraday box. 20. A method lor uilizing sealar-longitudinal waves, the method comprising: ‘transmitting or receiving sealar-longtatnel waves using first apparatus or a second apparatus in axle to achieve ‘technical result, ‘wherein scalar-longiadinal waves transmitted by the frst ‘paras of the second apparatus propagate tirowgh a ‘conductive medium with substantially Tower attenuation ‘elatve to a classical skin-depth attenuation; ‘wherein the first apparatus comprises ‘linea fist conductor configured to operate as linear monopole antenna ata first operating frequency: ‘tubular second conductor coaxially aligned with the first conductor such thatthe first conductor extends ‘out ina first dreeton fom within the second condne- tor, and ‘an annular sket balun disposed at an end of the second ‘conductor om which thefts conductor extends, the bala having larger diameter than the second con- ‘ductor and extending in a second direction opposite the frst dieeton, the balun being configured 0 can- ‘cel most orall return eurrenton an outer surface ofthe second conductor during operation sueh thatthe first ‘conductor transmits or receives sealarlongitxinal waves: and ‘wherein the second apparatus comprises: ‘bifilar coil formed in an altematng Tashion ofa fist ‘conductor and second conductor sch tht a given tur ofthe eol that is made of the frst conductor is adjacent on ether side to tims ofthe cil made ofthe ‘second conductor, the first condvctor aad the second ‘conductor being conclictively coupled stich that an ‘leccial current inthe coil will propagate in opposite US 9,306,527 BI 2

    You might also like