668 Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

668 Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates
5. 2 sin ()) œ 2 sin ) Á r and 2 sin (1 ))

œ 2 sin ) Á r Ê not symmetric about the x-axis;
2 sin (1 )) œ 2 sin ) œ r Ê symmetric about the
y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin
6. 1 2 sin ()) œ 1 2 sin ) Á r and 1 2 sin (1 ))

œ 1 2 sin ) Á r Ê not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 2 sin (1 )) œ 1 2 sin ) œ r Ê symmetric about the
y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin
7. sin ˆ #) ‰ œ sin ˆ #) ‰ œ r Ê symmetric about the y-axis;

sin ˆ 21#) ‰ œ sin ˆ 2) ‰ , so the graph is symmetric about the
x-axis, and hence the origin.
8. cos ˆ #) ‰ œ cos ˆ #) ‰ œ r Ê symmetric about the x-axis;

cos ˆ 21#) ‰ œ cos ˆ 2) ‰ , so the graph is symmetric about the
y-axis, and hence the origin.
9. cos ()) œ cos ) œ r# Ê (rß )) and (rß )) are on the
graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric about the
x-axis and the y-axis; therefore symmetric about the origin
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 669
10. sin (1 )) œ sin ) œ r# Ê (rß 1 )) and (rß 1 )) are on

the graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric about
the y-axis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about the
origin
11. sin (1 )) œ sin ) œ r# Ê (rß 1 )) and (rß 1 ))

are on the graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric
about the y-axis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about
the origin
12. cos ()) œ cos ) œ r# Ê (rß )) and (rß )) are on
the graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric about
the x-axis and the y-axis; therefore symmetric about the
origin
13. Since a „ rß )b are on the graph when (rß )) is on the graph
â „ rb# œ 4 cos 2( )) Ê r# œ 4 cos 2)‰ , the graph is
symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis Ê the graph is
symmetric about the origin
14. Since (rß )) on the graph Ê (rß )) is on the graph

â „ rb# œ 4 sin 2) Ê r# œ 4 sin 2)‰ , the graph is
symmetric about the origin. But 4 sin 2()) œ 4 sin 2)
Á r# and 4 sin 2(1 )) œ 4 sin (21 2)) œ 4 sin (2))
œ 4 sin 2) Á r# Ê the graph is not symmetric about
the x-axis; therefore the graph is not symmetric about
the y-axis
15. Since (rß )) on the graph Ê (rß )) is on the graph

â „ rb# œ sin 2) Ê r# œ sin 2)‰ , the graph is
symmetric about the origin. But sin 2()) œ ( sin 2))
sin 2) Á r# and sin 2(1 )) œ sin (21 2))
œ sin (2)) œ ( sin 2)) œ sin 2) Á r# Ê the graph
is not symmetric about the x-axis; therefore the graph is
not symmetric about the y-axis

16. Sincea „ rß )b are on the graph when (rß )) is on the

graph â „ rb# œ cos 2()) Ê r# œ cos 2)‰, the
graph is symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis Ê the
graph is symmetric about the origin.
1
17. ) œ Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ1ß 1# ‰ , and ) œ 1# Ê r œ 1
#
w
Ê ˆ1ß 1# ‰ ; rw œ ddr) œ sin ); Slope œ rrw sin )r cos )
cos )r sin )
sin# )r cos )
œ sin ) cos )r sin ) Ê Slope at ˆ1ß 1# ‰ is
sin# ˆ 1# ‰(1) cos 1#
sin 1# cos 1# (1) sin 1#
œ 1; Slope at ˆ1ß 1# ‰ is
sin# ˆ 1# ‰(1) cos ˆ 1# ‰
sin ˆ 1# ‰ cos ˆ 1# ‰(1) sin ˆ 1# ‰
œ1
18. ) œ 0 Ê r œ 1 Ê ("ß 0), and ) œ 1 Ê r œ 1

Ê ("ß 1); rw œ d)
dr
œ cos );
rw sin )r cos ) cos ) sin )r cos )
Slope œ rw cos )r sin ) œ cos ) cos )r sin )
cos ) sin )r cos ) 0 sin 0(1) cos 0
œ cos# )r sin ) Ê Slope at ("ß 0) is coscos # 0(1) sin 0
cos 1 sin 1(1) cos 1

œ 1; Slope at ("ß 1) is cos# 1(1) sin 1 œ 1
1
19. ) œ Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ"ß 14 ‰ ; ) œ 14 Ê r œ 1
4
Ê ˆ1ß 14 ‰ ; ) œ 341 Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ"ß 341 ‰ ;
) œ 341 Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ1ß 341 ‰ ;
rw œ dr
d) œ 2 cos 2);
r sin )r cos ) 2 cos 2) sin )r cos )
Slope œ œ
w
r cos )r sin )

w
2 cos 2) cos )r sin )
2 cos ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 14 ‰(1) cos ˆ 14 ‰
Ê Slope at ˆ1ß 14 ‰ is 2 cos ˆ 1 ‰ cos ˆ 1 ‰(1) sin ˆ 1 ‰
œ 1;
# 4 4
2 cos ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 14 ‰(1) cos ˆ 14 ‰

Slope at ˆ1ß 14 ‰ is 2 cos ˆ 1# ‰ cos ˆ 14 ‰(1) sin ˆ 14 ‰
œ 1;
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ sin Š 341 ‹(1) cos Š 341 ‹
Slope at ˆ1ß 341 ‰ is œ 1;
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ cos Š 341 ‹(1) sin Š 341 ‹
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ sin Š 341 ‹(1) cos Š 341 ‹

Slope at ˆ1ß 341 ‰ is œ 1
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ cos Š 341 ‹(1) sin Š 341 ‹

20. ) œ 0 Ê r œ 1 Ê (1ß 0); ) œ 12 Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ1ß 12 ‰ ;

) œ 1# Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ"ß 12 ‰ ; ) œ 1 Ê r œ 1
Ê (1ß 1); rw œ d) œ 2 sin 2);
dr
)r cos ) 2 sin 2) sin )r cos )

Slope œ rr sin
cos )r sin ) œ 2 sin 2) cos )r sin )
w
Ê Slope at (1ß 0) is 2 sin 0 sin 0cos 0

2 sin 0 cos 0sin 0 , which is undefined;
2 sin 2 ˆ 1 ‰ sin ˆ 1 ‰(1) cos ˆ 1 ‰
Slope at ˆ1ß 12 ‰ is 2 sin 2 ˆ 12 ‰ cos ˆ21 ‰(1) sin ˆ 21 ‰ œ 0;
2 2 2
2 sin 2 ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 1# ‰(1) cos ˆ 1# ‰

Slope at ˆ1ß 12 ‰ is 2 sin 2 ˆ 1 ‰ cos ˆ 1 ‰(1) sin ˆ 1 ‰
œ 0;
# # #
2 sin 21 sin 1cos 1
Slope at ("ß 1) is 2 sin 21 cos 1sin 1 , which is undefined
21. (a) (b)
22. (a) (b)
23. (a) (b)
24. (a) (b)

25.
26. r œ 2 sec ) Ê r œ 2
cos ) Ê r cos ) œ 2 Ê x œ 2
27. 28.
29. Note that (rß )) and (rß ) 1) describe the same point in the plane. Then r œ 1 cos ) Í 1 cos () 1)
œ 1 (cos ) cos 1 sin ) sin 1) œ 1 cos ) œ (1 cos )) œ r; therefore (rß )) is on the graph of
r œ 1 cos ) Í (rß ) 1) is on the graph of r œ 1 cos ) Ê the answer is (a).

30. Note that (rß )) and (rß ) 1) describe the same point in the plane. Then r œ cos 2) Í sin ˆ2() 1)) 1# ‰
œ sin ˆ2) 5#1 ‰ œ sin (2)) cos ˆ 5#1 ‰ cos (2)) sin ˆ 5#1 ‰ œ cos 2) œ r; therefore (rß )) is on the graph of
r œ sin ˆ2) 1# ‰ Ê the answer is (a).
31. 32.
33. (a) (b) (c) (d)
34. (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)
11.5 AREA AND LENGTHS IN POLAR COORDINATES
1. A œ '0 "# )# d) œ 16 )3 ‘ ! œ
1 1 13
6
2. A œ '1Î4 "# a2 sin )b# d) œ 2'1Î4 sin2 ) d) œ 2'1Î4 d) œ '1Î4 a1 cos 2)bd) œ ) 21 sin 2)‘1Î4
1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1 Î2
1 cos 2)
2
œ ˆ 12 0‰ ˆ 14 12 ‰ œ 1
4 1
2
3. A œ '0 (4 2 cos ))# d) œ '0 a16 16 cos ) 4 cos# )b d) œ '0 8 8 cos ) 2 ˆ 1 cos
21 21 21
" " 2 ) ‰‘
# # # d)
œ '0 (9 8 cos ) cos 2)) d) œ 9) 8 sin )

21 #1
"
2 sin 2)‘ ! œ 181
4. A œ '0 œ '0 '021 ˆ1 2 cos ) 1 cos

21 21
" # " " 2) ‰
# [a(1 cos ))] d) # a# a1 2 cos ) cos# )b d) œ # a# # d)
œ "
# a# ' 0
21
ˆ #3 2 cos ) "# cos 2)‰ d) œ "
# a# 3# ) 2 sin ) "
4 sin 2)‘ ! œ
#1 3
# 1a#
5. A œ 2 '0 cos# 2) d) œ '0

1 Î4 1 Î4
" 1 cos 4) " sin 4) ‘ 1Î% 1
# # d) œ #
) 4 !
œ 8
6. A œ '1Î6 ' 11ÎÎ66 '11ÎÎ66 '11ÎÎ66

1 Î6
" " " 1 cos 6) "
# acos 3)b2 d) œ # cos2 3) d) œ # 2 d) œ 4 a1 cos 6)b d)
œ 4" ) ‘ 1Î6
6 sin 6) 1Î6
1
œ 4" ˆ 16 0‰ 4" ˆ 16 0‰ œ 1
12
7. A œ '0 (4 sin 2)) d) œ '0

1Î2 1Î2
" 1Î#
# 2 sin 2) d) œ c cos 2)d ! œ2
8. A œ (6)(2)'0 (2 sin 3)) d) œ 12 '0 sin 3) d) œ 12 cos3 3) ‘ !

1Î6 1Î6 1Î'
"
# œ4
9. r œ 2 cos ) and r œ 2 sin ) Ê 2 cos ) œ 2 sin )

Ê cos ) œ sin ) Ê ) œ 14 ; therefore
A œ 2 '0 (2 sin ))# d) œ '0
1Î4 1Î4
"
# 4 sin# ) d)
œ '0 d) œ '0
1Î4 1Î4
4 ˆ 1 cos
#
2) ‰
(2 2 cos 2)) d)
1Î% 1
œ c2) sin 2) d ! œ # 1

Section 11.5 Area and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 675
"
10. r œ 1 and r œ 2 sin ) Ê 2 sin ) œ 1 Ê sin ) œ #
1 51
Ê )œ 6 or 6 ; therefore
A œ 1(1)# '1Î6
51Î6
"
# c(2 sin ))# 1# d d)
œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ2 sin# ) "# ‰ d)

51Î6
œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ1 cos 2) "# ‰ d)

51Î6
œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ "# cos 2)‰ d) œ 1 2" )

51Î6
sin 2) ‘ &1Î'
# 1Î'
41 3È 3
œ 1 ˆ 511# "
# sin 51 ‰
3
1
ˆ 12 "
# sin 13 ‰ œ 6
11. r œ 2 and r œ 2(1 cos )) Ê 2 œ 2(1 cos ))

Ê cos ) œ 0 Ê ) œ „ 1# ; therefore
A œ 2 '0
1Î2
"
# [2(1 cos ))]# d) "# area of the circle
œ '0
1Î2
4 a1 2 cos ) cos# )b d) ˆ "# 1‰ (2)#
œ '0
1Î2
1 cos 2) ‰
4 ˆ1 2 cos ) # d) 2 1
œ '0
1Î2
(4 8 cos ) 2 2 cos 2)) d) 21
1Î#
œ c6) 8 sin ) sin 2)d ! 21 œ 51 8
12. r œ 2(1 cos )) and r œ 2(1 cos )) Ê 1 cos )

œ 1 cos ) Ê cos ) œ 0 Ê ) œ 1# or 3#1 ; the graph also
gives the point of intersection (0ß 0); therefore
A œ 2 '0 [2(1 cos ))]# d) 2 '1Î2 "# [2(1 cos ))]# d)
1Î2 1
"
#
œ '0 4a1 2cos ) cos# )bd)

1Î2
'1Î2 4 a1 2 cos ) cos# )bd)

1
œ '0 d) '1Î2 4 ˆ1 2 cos )

1Î2 1
1 cos 2) ‰ 1 cos 2) ‰
4 ˆ1 2 cos ) # # d)
œ '0 (6 8 cos ) 2 cos 2)) d) '1Î2 (6 8 cos ) 2 cos 2)) d)

1Î2 1
1Î#
œ c6) 8 sin ) sin 2)d ! c6) 8 sin ) sin 2)d 11Î# œ 61 16
"
13. r œ È3 and r# œ 6 cos 2) Ê 3 œ 6 cos 2) Ê cos 2) œ #
1
Ê )œ 6 (in the 1st quadrant); we use symmetry of the
graph to find the area, so
A œ 4 '0 ” "# (6 cos 2)) "# ŠÈ3‹ • d)

1Î6 #
œ 2 '0 (6 cos 2) 3) d) œ 2 c3 sin 2) 3)d !

1Î6
1Î'
œ 3È3 1

14. r œ 3a cos ) and r œ a(1 cos )) Ê 3a cos ) œ a(1 cos ))

Ê 3 cos ) œ 1 cos ) Ê cos ) œ "# Ê ) œ 13 or 13 ;
the graph also gives the point of intersection (0ß 0); therefore
A œ 2 '0
1Î3
"
# c(3a cos ))# a# (1 cos ))# d d)
œ '0 a9a# cos# ) a# 2a# cos ) a# cos# )b d)

1Î3
œ '0
1Î3
a8a# cos# ) 2a# cos ) a# b d)
œ '0 c4a# (1 cos 2)) 2a# cos ) a# d d)

1Î3
œ '0 a3a# 4a# cos 2) 2a# cos )b d)

1Î3
1Î$ È3
œ c3a# ) 2a# sin 2) 2a# sin )d ! œ 1a# 2a# ˆ "# ‰ 2a# Š # ‹ œ a# Š1 1 È3‹
15. r œ 1 and r œ 2 cos ) Ê 1 œ 2 cos ) Ê cos ) œ "#

21
Ê )œ 3 in quadrant II; therefore
A œ 2' c(2 cos ))# 1# d d) œ '21Î3 a4 cos# ) 1b d)
1 1
"
21Î3 #
œ '21Î3 [2(1 cos 2)) 1] d) œ '21Î3 (1 2 cos 2)) d)

1 1
È3
œ c) sin 2)d 1#1Î$ œ 1
3 #
"
16. r œ 6 and r œ 3 csc ) Ê 6 sin ) œ 3 Ê sin ) œ #
; therefore A œ '1Î6
51Î6
1 51 "
Ê )œ 6 or 6 # a6# 9 csc# )b d)
œ '1Î6 ˆ18
51Î6 &1Î'
9
# csc# )‰ d) œ 18) 9
# cot )‘ 1Î'
œ Š151 9# È3‹ Š31 9# È3‹ œ 121 9È3
17. r œ sec ) and r œ 4 cos ) Ê 4 cos ) œ sec ) Ê cos2 ) œ 1

4
Ê ) œ 13 , 231 , 431 , or 531 ; therefore
'
1Î3
A œ 2 0 "# a16 cos# ) sec# )b d)
'
1Î3
œ 0 a8 8 cos 2) sec# )b d)
1Î3
œ c8) 4 sin 2) tan )d0
œ Š 831 2È3 È3‹ a0 0 0b œ 81
3 È3

Section 11.5 Area and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 677
18. r œ 3 csc ) and r œ 4 sin ) Ê 4 sin ) œ 3 csc ) Ê sin2 ) œ 3

4
Ê ) œ 13 , 21 41 51
3 , 3 , or 3 ; therefore
A œ 41 2 '
1 Î2
"
1 Î3 #
a16 sin# ) 9 csc# )b d)
œ 41 '1Î3 a8 8 cos 2) 9 csc# )b d)

1 Î2
1 Î2
œ 41 c8) 4 sin 2) 9 cot )d1Î3
œ 41 ’a41 0 0b Š 831 2È3 3È3‹“

81
œ 3 È3
È2 È2
19. (a) r œ tan ) and r œ Š # ‹ csc ) Ê tan ) œ Š # ‹ csc )
È2 È2
Ê sin# ) œ Š # ‹ cos ) Ê 1 cos# ) œ Š # ‹ cos )
È2
Ê cos# ) Š # ‹cos ) 1 œ 0 Ê cos ) œ È2 or
È2 1
# (use the quadratic formula) Ê ) œ 4 (the solution
in the first quadrant); therefore the area of R" is
A" œ '0 '01Î4 asec# ) 1b d) œ "# ctan ) )d !1Î% œ "# ˆtan 14 14 ‰ œ "# 18 ; AO œ Š È#2 ‹ csc 1#
1Î4
" "
# tan# ) d) œ #
È2 È2 1 È2 # È2 " È2 È2 "
œ # and OB œ Š # ‹ csc 4 œ 1 Ê AB œ Ê1# Š # ‹ œ # Ê the area of R# is A# œ # Š # ‹Š # ‹ œ 4 ;
therefore the area of the region shaded in the text is 2 ˆ "# 1

8 4" ‰ œ 3
# 1
4 . Note: The area must be found this way
1
since no common interval generates the region. For example, the interval 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 4 generates the arc OB of r œ tan )
È2
but does not generate the segment AB of the liner œ # csc ). Instead the interval generates the half-line from B to
È2
_ on the line r œ # csc ).
(b) lim tan ) œ _ and the line x œ 1 is r œ sec ) in polar coordinates; then lim (tan ) sec ))
) Ä 1 Î2 ) Ä 1 Î2 c
sin ) " ‰ ˆ sincos) ) 1 ‰ œ ) ‰
œ lim ˆ cos ) œ lim lim sin ) œ 0 Ê r œ tan ) approaches
ˆ cos
) Ä 1 Î2 c cos ) ) Ä 1 Î2 c ) Ä 1 Î2 c
1c
r œ sec ) as ) Ä # Ê r œ sec ) (or x œ 1) is a vertical asymptote of r œ tan ). Similarly, r œ sec ) (or x œ 1)
is a vertical asymptote of r œ tan ).
20. It is not because the circle is generated twice from ) œ 0 to 21. The area of the cardioid is
A œ 2 '0 (cos ) 1)# d) œ '0 acos# ) 2 cos ) 1b d) œ '0 ˆ 1 cos
1 1 1
"
# #
2)
2 cos ) 1‰ d)
1 #
œ 32) sin 2)
4 2 sin )‘ ! œ 31
# . The area of the circle is A œ 1 ˆ "# ‰ œ 1
4 Ê the area requested is actually 3#1 1
4 œ 51
4
È5 È5
21. r œ )# , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ È5 Ê dr
d) œ 2); therefore Length œ '0 Éa)# b# (2))# d) œ '
0
È ) % 4) # d)
È5 È5
œ '0 k)k È)# 4 d) œ (since ) 0) '0 ) È ) # 4 d ) ; u œ ) # 4 Ê "
# du œ ) d); ) œ 0 Ê u œ 4,
) œ È5 Ê u œ 9“ Ä '4 " 2 $Î# ‘ *

9
" Èu du œ
# # 3 u %
œ 19
3
; therefore Length œ '0 ÊŠ Èe 2 ‹ Š Èe 2 ‹ d) œ '0 Ê2 Š e# ‹ d)

1 # # 1
e) e) ) ) 2)
22. r œ È2 ,0Ÿ)Ÿ1 Ê dr
d) œ È2
œ '0 e) d) œ e) ‘ ! œ e1 1
1 1

œ sin ); therefore Length œ '0 È(1 cos ))# ( sin ))# d)

21
23. r œ 1 cos ) Ê dr
d)
œ 2 '0 È2 2 cos ) d) œ 2'0 É 4(1 #cos )) d) œ 4 '0 É 1 #cos ) d) œ 4 '0 cos ˆ #) ‰ d) œ 4 2 sin 2) ‘ ! œ 8
1 1 1 1 1
; therefore Length œ '0 Éâ sin# #) ‰ â sin

# 1 #
) ) ) )
24. r œ a sin# # , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1, a 0 Ê dr
d) œ a sin # cos # # cos #) ‰ d)
1
œ '0 Éa# sin% d) œ '0 a ¸sin #) ¸ Ésin#
1 1
) ) ) ) )
# a# sin# # cos# # # cos# # d) œ (since 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1) a ' sin ˆ #) ‰ d)
0
1
œ 2a cos 2) ‘ ! œ 2a
; therefore Length œ '0

1Î2 # #
1 6 sin ) 6 sin )
25. r œ 6
1 cos ) ,0Ÿ)Ÿ # Ê dr
d) œ (1 cos ))# Êˆ 1 6cos ) ‰ Š (1 cos ))# ‹ d)
œ '0 d) œ 6 '0
1Î2 1Î2
36 sin# ) " sin# )
cos ))#
É (1 36 ) É1 d)
¸ 1cos ¸ (1 cos ))#
a1 cos )b%
0 on 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1# ‰ 6 '0 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É 1 2 cos(1)cos

1Î2
" cos# ) sin# )
œ ˆsince 1 cos ) ) )# d)
œ 6 '0 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É (12 2cos È ' œ 6È2 '0 œ 3'0

1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
cos ) d) d) ¸sec$ #) ¸ d)
) )# d) œ 6 2 0 (1 cos ))$Î# ˆ2 cos# #) ‰$Î#
œ 3'0 sec$ d) œ 6'0 '01Î4

1Î2 1Î4 1Î%
) "
# sec$ u du œ (use tables) 6 Œ sec u2tan u ‘ ! # sec u du
1Î%
œ 6 Š È"2 2" ln ksec u tan uk‘ ! ‹ œ 3 ’È2 ln Š1 È2‹“
; therefore Length œ '1Î2 Êˆ 1 2cos ) ‰ Š (12cos

1 # #
1 2 sin ) sin )
26. r œ 2
1 cos ) , # Ÿ)Ÿ1 Ê dr
d) œ (1 cos ))# ))# ‹ d)
œ '1Î2 Ê (1 cos d) œ '1Î2 ¸ 1 2cos ) ¸ É (1 (1cos )cos

1 1 # #
sin# ) ) sin )
) ) # Š1 d)
4
a1 cos )b#
‹ ) )#
Ÿ ) Ÿ 1‰ 2 '1Î2 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É 1 2 cos(1)cos

1 # #
1 cos ) sin )
œ ˆsince 1 cos ) 0 on # ) )# d)
œ 2 '1Î2 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É (12 2cos È ' È ' œ '1Î2 ¸csc$ #) ¸ d)

1 1 1 1
cos ) d) d)
))# d) œ 2 2 1Î2 (1 cos ))$Î# œ 2 2 1Î2 ˆ2 sin# )# ‰$Î#
œ '1Î2 csc$ ˆ #) ‰ d) œ ˆsince csc Ÿ ) Ÿ 1‰ 2 '1Î4 csc$ u du œ (use tables)

1 1Î2
) 1
# 0 on #
2Œ csc u2cot u ‘ 1Î%

1Î# "
#
'11ÎÎ42 csc u du œ 2 Š È"2 2" ln kcsc u cot uk‘ 1Î% ‹ œ 2 ’ È"2
1Î# "
# ln ŠÈ2 1‹“
œ È2 ln Š1 È2‹
; therefore Length œ '0

1Î4
27. r œ cos$ )
3 Ê dr
d) œ sin )
3 cos# )
3
Éˆcos$ 3) ‰# ˆ sin )
3
#
cos# 3) ‰ d)
œ '0 Écos' ˆ 3) ‰ sin# ˆ 3) ‰ cos% ˆ 3) ‰ d) œ '0 ˆcos# 3) ‰ Écos# ˆ 3) ‰ sin# ˆ 3) ‰ d) œ '

1Î4 1Î4 1Î4
0
cos# ˆ 3) ‰ d)
œ '0
1Î4 1cos ˆ 2) ‰
" 2) ‘ 1Î% 1
3
# d) œ #
) 3
2 sin 3 ! œ 8 3
8
"
28. r œ È1 sin 2) , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1È2 Ê dr
d) œ # (1 sin 2))"Î# (2 cos 2)) œ (cos 2))(1 sin 2))"Î# ; therefore
È È
Length œ '0 d) œ '0
1 2 1 2
cos# 2) # #
É(1 sin 2)) (1 sin 2))
É 1 2 sin 2)1 sin 2) cos
sin 2)
2)
d)
È È 1È#
œ '0 '
1 2 1 2
É 212sin
sin 2)
2) d) œ 0
È2 d) œ ’È2 )“ œ 21
!

Section 11.6 Conic Sections 679
29. Let r œ f()). Then x œ f()) cos ) Ê dx

d) œ f w ()) cos ) f()) sin ) Ê ˆ dx
d)
‰# œ cf w ()) cos ) f()) sin )d#
œ cf w ())d# cos# ) 2f w ()) f()) sin ) cos ) [f())]# sin# ); y œ f()) sin ) Ê dy
d) œ f w ()) sin ) f()) cos )
#
w # w # # w # #
Ê Š dy
d) ‹ œ cf ()) sin ) f()) cos )d œ cf ())d sin ) 2f ())f()) sin ) cos ) [f())] cos ). Therefore
#
ˆ dx
d)
‰# Š dy w # # # # # # w # # # ˆ dr ‰#
d) ‹ œ cf ())d acos ) sin )b [f())] acos ) sin )b œ cf ())d [f())] œ r d) .
Thus, L œ '! Êˆ dx ' Ér# ˆ ddr) ‰# d).

" # "
d)
‰# Š dy
d) ‹ d) œ !
œ 0; Length œ '0 Èa# 0# d) œ '0 kak d) œ ca)d #!1 œ 21a

21 21
30. (a) r œ a Ê dr
d)
œ a sin ); Length œ '0 È(a cos ))# (a sin ))# d) œ '0 Èa# acos# ) sin# )b d)
1 1
(b) r œ a cos ) Ê dr
d)
œ '0 kak d) œ ca)d 1! œ 1a

1
œ a cos ); Length œ '0 È(a cos ))# (a sin ))# d) œ '0 Èa# acos# ) sin# )b d)
1 1
(c) r œ a sin ) Ê dr
d)
œ '0 kak d) œ ca)d 1! œ 1a

1
31. (a) rav œ '021 a(1 cos )) d) œ 2a1 c) sin )d #!1 œ a

"
2 1 0
rav œ 21"0 '0 a d) œ #"1 ca)d #!1 œ a

21
(b)
rav œ ˆ 1 ‰"ˆ 1 ‰ 'c1Î2 a cos ) d) œ 1" ca sin )d 1Î# œ 2a

1Î2
1Î#
(c) 1
# #
œ 2f w ()) Ê r# ˆ ddr) ‰ œ [2f())]# c2f w ())d# Ê Length œ '! É4[f())]# 4 cf w ())d# d)

# "
32. r œ 2f()), ! Ÿ ) Ÿ " Ê dr
d)
œ 2 '! É[f())]# cf w ())d# d) which is twice the length of the curve r œ f()) for ! Ÿ ) Ÿ " .
"
11.6 CONIC SECTIONS
y#
1. x œ 8 Ê 4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2; focus is (2ß 0), directrix is x œ 2
#
2. x œ y4 Ê 4p œ 4 Ê p œ 1; focus is (1ß 0), directrix is x œ 1
#
3. y œ x6 Ê 4p œ 6 Ê p œ 3
# ; focus is ˆ!ß 3# ‰ , directrix is y œ 3
#
x#
4. y œ 2 Ê 4p œ 2 Ê p œ 1
# ; focus is ˆ!ß 1# ‰ , directrix is y œ 1#
x# y#
5. 4 9 œ 1 Ê c œ È4 9 œ È13 Ê foci are Š „ È13ß !‹ ; vertices are a „ 2ß 0b ; asymptotes are y œ „ 3# x
x# y#
6. 4 9 œ 1 Ê c œ È9 4 œ È5 Ê foci are Š0ß „ È5‹ ; vertices are a0ß „ 3b
x#
7. 2 y# œ 1 Ê c œ È2 1 œ 1 Ê foci are a „ 1ß 0b ; vertices are Š „ È2ß !‹
y#
8. 4 x# œ 1 Ê c œ È4 1 œ È5 Ê foci are Š0ß „ È5‹ ; vertices are a!ß „ 2b ; asymptotes are y œ „ 2x

y# #
9. y# œ 12x Ê x œ 1# Ê 4p œ 12 Ê p œ 3; 10. x# œ 6y Ê y œ x6 Ê 4p œ 6 Ê p œ 3
# ;
focus is ($ß !), directrix is x œ 3 focus is ˆ!ß 3# ‰ , directrix is y œ 3#
#
x# "
11. x# œ 8y Ê y œ 8 Ê 4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2; 12. y# œ 2x Ê x œ # y
Ê 4p œ 2 Ê p œ # ;
focus is (!ß 2), directrix is y œ 2 focus is # ß ! , directrix is x œ "#
ˆ " ‰
x# " " #
" "
13. y œ 4x# Ê y œ ˆ "4 ‰ Ê 4p œ 4 Ê pœ 16 ; 14. y œ 8x# Ê y œ ˆx" ‰ Ê 4p œ 8 Ê pœ 32 ;
8
" ‰ " " ‰ "
focus is ˆ!ß 16 , directrix is y œ 16 focus is ˆ!ß 32 , directrix is y œ 3#
#
" " y# " "
15. x œ 3y# Ê x œ ˆy" ‰ Ê 4p œ 3 Ê pœ 1# ; 16. x œ 2y# Ê x œ ˆ "# ‰ Ê 4p œ # Ê pœ 8 ;
3
" " ˆ 8" ß !‰ , "
focus is ˆ 1# ß ! ,
‰ directrix is x œ 1# focus is directrix is x œ 8

Section 11.6 Conic Sections 681
# # # #
17. 16x# 25y# œ 400 Ê #x5 16
y
œ1 18. 7x# 16y# œ 112 Ê 16
x
y7 œ 1
Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È25 16 œ 3 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È16 7 œ 3
# # #
19. 2x# y# œ 2 Ê x# y# œ 1 20. 2x# y# œ 4 Ê x# y4 œ 1
Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È2 1 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È4 2 œ È2
# # # #
21. 3x# 2y# œ 6 Ê x# y3 œ 1 22. 9x# 10y# œ 90 Ê 10
x
y9 œ 1
Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È3 2 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È10 9 œ 1

668 Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

668 Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

668 Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

5. 2 sin ()) œ 2 sin ) Á r and 2 sin (1 ))

6. 1 2 sin ()) œ 1 2 sin ) Á r and 1 2 sin (1 ))

7. sin ˆ #) ‰ œ sin ˆ #) ‰ œ r Ê symmetric about the y-axis;

8. cos ˆ #) ‰ œ cos ˆ #) ‰ œ r Ê symmetric about the x-axis;

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

10. sin (1 )) œ sin ) œ r# Ê (rß 1 )) and (rß 1 )) are on

11. sin (1 )) œ sin ) œ r# Ê (rß 1 )) and (rß 1 ))

14. Since (rß )) on the graph Ê (rß )) is on the graph

15. Since (rß )) on the graph Ê (rß )) is on the graph

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

16. Sincea „ rß )b are on the graph when (rß )) is on the

18. ) œ 0 Ê r œ 1 Ê ("ß 0), and ) œ 1 Ê r œ 1

cos 1 sin 1(1) cos 1

r cos )r sin )

2 cos ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 14 ‰(1) cos ˆ 14 ‰

2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ sin Š 341 ‹(1) cos Š 341 ‹

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

20. ) œ 0 Ê r œ 1 Ê (1ß 0); ) œ 12 Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ1ß 12 ‰ ;

)r cos ) 2 sin 2) sin )r cos )

Ê Slope at (1ß 0) is 2 sin 0 sin 0cos 0

2 sin 2 ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 1# ‰(1) cos ˆ 1# ‰

21. (a) (b)

22. (a) (b)

23. (a) (b)

24. (a) (b)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

33. (a) (b) (c) (d)

34. (a) (b) (c)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

11.5 AREA AND LENGTHS IN POLAR COORDINATES

œ '0 (9 8 cos ) cos 2)) d) œ 9) 8 sin )

4. A œ '0 œ '0 '021 ˆ1 2 cos ) 1 cos

5. A œ 2 '0 cos# 2) d) œ '0

6. A œ '1Î6 ' 11ÎÎ66 '11ÎÎ66 '11ÎÎ66

7. A œ '0 (4 sin 2)) d) œ '0

8. A œ (6)(2)'0 (2 sin 3)) d) œ 12 '0 sin 3) d) œ 12 cos3 3) ‘ !

9. r œ 2 cos ) and r œ 2 sin ) Ê 2 cos ) œ 2 sin )

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ2 sin# ) "# ‰ d)

œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ1 cos 2) "# ‰ d)

œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ "# cos 2)‰ d) œ 1 2" )

11. r œ 2 and r œ 2(1 cos )) Ê 2 œ 2(1 cos ))

12. r œ 2(1 cos )) and r œ 2(1 cos )) Ê 1 cos )

œ '0 4a1 2cos ) cos# )bd)

'1Î2 4 a1 2 cos ) cos# )bd)

œ '0 d) '1Î2 4 ˆ1 2 cos )

œ '0 (6 8 cos ) 2 cos 2)) d) '1Î2 (6 8 cos ) 2 cos 2)) d)

A œ 4 '0 ” "# (6 cos 2)) "# ŠÈ3‹ • d)

œ 2 '0 (6 cos 2) 3) d) œ 2 c3 sin 2) 3)d !

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

14. r œ 3a cos ) and r œ a(1 cos )) Ê 3a cos ) œ a(1 cos ))

œ '0 a9a# cos# ) a# 2a# cos ) a# cos# )b d)

œ '0 c4a# (1 cos 2)) 2a# cos ) a# d d)

œ '0 a3a# 4a# cos 2) 2a# cos )b d)

15. r œ 1 and r œ 2 cos ) Ê 1 œ 2 cos ) Ê cos ) œ "#

œ '21Î3 [2(1 cos 2)) 1] d) œ '21Î3 (1 2 cos 2)) d)

œ Š151 9# È3‹ Š31 9# È3‹ œ 121 9È3

17. r œ sec ) and r œ 4 cos ) Ê 4 cos ) œ sec ) Ê cos2 ) œ 1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

18. r œ 3 csc ) and r œ 4 sin ) Ê 4 sin ) œ 3 csc ) Ê sin2 ) œ 3

œ 41 '1Î3 a8 8 cos 2) 9 csc# )b d)