Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AT
PRESENTED TO
JUNE, 2016.
i
CERTIFICATION
Authority Channel 5, Behind Old parade ground Area 10 Garki Abuja, from
DR. Tyona M. D
ii
DEDICATION
my academic pursuit.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With gratitude, I want to acknowledge the Almighty God (most superior) for
Abuja especially Engr. Ifedayo, Engr. Saka, Engr. Emeka for their moral
I also acknowledge you my friends Prince Matthew Obam and course mates
Aja Fidelis, Icheme Samuel (SammySure), James Abechi (Jamal) and host
Barnabas Achakpa Ikyo for taking his time to supervise this work. I am
grateful.
And to all Department of Engineer NTA Channel 5 Abuja, I say thank you
for the opportunity and the privilege of meeting you that was well used.
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ABSTRACT
Unity Station) Abuja. The nature of this report spans the duration and
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CONTENTS PAGE
Section……………………………………………………………………Page Number
Certification………………………………………………………………..…….i
Dedication……………………………………………………………………….ii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..iii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..iv
Contents Page…………………………………………………………………….v
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………....….….1
CHAPTER TWO
vi
CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FIVE
5.2 Recommendations…………………………………………………..……..……….33
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viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report has been written due to the Industrial Training (IT) program
undergone. It examines the activities carried out during the program as
regard to the duties and responsibilities that I was subjected to including
News production and the organization’s tasks.
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Corporation (BPTV) was established in Jos. It was the first television station
to lunch regular/permanent colour broadcast in Africa. the colour test
transmission commenced October 1975 while BPTV was later rebranded as
NTv-Jos. From May 1977 all the state television broadcasters named above
were merged and rebranded Nigerian Television Authority (NTA).
COVERAGE
THE VISION
MISSION
“To provide excellent Television Services Worldwide and to project the true
African Perspective.
The goals and objectives of NTA Channel 5 are to educate, entertain and
enlightened the viewing audience by providing and effective coverage of
Nigeria and to broadcast the internationally acceptable programmes.
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Some of the prime goals of NTA Channel 5 include;
The Station is headed by the General Manager Oganya L. Simon (Mrs) and
Assisted by six Heads of Department of News, Programmes, Engineering,
Administration, Marketing and Accounts as follows:
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
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ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FINANCE DEPARTMENT
MARKETING DEPARTMENT
The Department is responsible for the daily News current Affairs and sport
events.
PROGRAMMES DEPARTMENT
ACHIEVEMENT
AWARDS.
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B. Merit award as a Television station of the year by Centre for
prevention of HIV/AID and Community Health 2004.
C. Award of Excellence: In recognition of successful coverage of FCT
activities by Radio, Television, Theatre and Arts workers Union
(RATTAWU) FCT Council.
D. Award for a brilliant coverage of Bakar Kunama exercise (field
training exercise) 18thJune, 2008 at Keffi Nasarawa State by Nigerian
Army.
E. Merit award in recognition of our understanding service to humanity
by Rotary Club of Apo FCT.
F. Merit Award in recognition of our support to soroptimist International
Club Abuja.
G. TV STATION OF THE YEAR by capital Territory Advancement
Award (CTAA) both in 2012 and 2013
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WORKING CONDITIONS
6
ORGANOGRAM OF NTA CHANNEL 5 ABUJA
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CHAPTER TWO
The first two weeks I was made to know the sources of Power Generation
and Electricity Distribution, Basis of Connectivity, Networking and Signal
Transfer, Equipment used and their Functions.
I put ON the studio lights and the camera men adjust their visual to acquire
clear shot, I set up newscaster microphone and made sure that there is no
interference of any incoming signal from another source to the amplifier and
if it does, I will then go to the audio mixer and fade out all other incoming
audio signal and slightly fade in only the newscaster’s microphone. I also
check for communications from the deck of the Technical Directors to all
the camera men and to the Duty Engineer. These is repeated daily before
news.
This is the program responsible for the scroll display news that everyone
reads at the task bar of a television screen.
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The type of news that the News Editor wants us to display is first of all hand
written and send to me from the News Department and upon receipt, I key it
in along with the logo using “Scala Info Channel Designer” as the software
that allow such program to run. As soon as I finished typing it, I will allow it
to run. This program work alongside with the display time of the system
therefore the system time and date must be set correctly.
POWER GENERATION
The Nigeria Television Channel 5 Abuja has a 200KVA, its uses diesel as
source of power generation. It is able to supply power to every departments
in the station, including all electric appliances.
I learnt that before I start the generator, I check for the water in the radiator,
and when the generator is in use I goes back to check for the temperature
and if the temperature is above 750 Celsius, I will then cool the environment
by connecting pipe from tap water and pure it on the floor close to the
generator. I will then go to every office and put off their Air conditioner. I
will also go to the recording studio to turn off the studio lights off if there is
no recording done at that particular moment.
At the engineering department, I write down the time that I put on/off the
generator in the log book of the organization. This is done at every hour
repeatedly.
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2.3 COMPUTER/INTERNET NETWORKING
NETWORKING
While wireless is also possible, most computer networks today still utilize
cables. In computer networking, the media over which data or massage are
transferred are called network media. The medium affects nearly every
aspect of communication. For instance, different types of cables have
different capacity for carrying data and also transfer the data from one point
to another at different speed.
The power and data cables are in various forms and are often standardized.
For instance, a data cable can be recognize as a printer cable and another as
a monitor cable.
NETWORK CABLES:
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I will be talking about Twisted – pair cable, because that is the networking
cable that I was taught how to use during networking.
TWISTED-PAIR CABLES
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(i) SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE (STP)
This is similar to UTP, but it has a braided metal shielded and a foil wrap
between and around the twisted pairs to reduce noise and crosstalk.
Bellow is the image of Shielded Twisted – Pair Cable.
The two types of twisted pair cables (UTP and STP) have a metal
conducting core (copper); therefore they transmit data in form of
electrical signals.
CONNECTORS
The connectors are either male (containing one or more expose pins) or
female (contain holes in which the male connector can be inserted).
Most connectors generally have a male end with pins protruding from it.
This plug is meant to be inserted into a female part (also called socket),
which includes holes for accommodating the pins.
However, there are “hermaphroditic” plugs which can act as either male or
female plugs, and can be inserted into either one.
I will be talking about Rj45 and Rj11 connectors, because they are the
connectors I was taught about.
RJ-45 CONNECTOR
Short stand for Registered Jack – 45, an eight – wire connector used
commonly to connect computers onto a Local – Area Network (LAN),
especially Ethernet. Rj45 connectors feature eight pins to which cables
interface electrically. The common type of cable used is the twisted – pair
cable. Rj45 connector look similar to the ubiquitous Rj11 connectors used
for connecting telephone equipment, but they are somewhat wide.
RJ-11 CONNECTOR
Short for Registered Jack – 11, a four or six – wire connector used primarily
to connect telephone equipment using the telephone cable.
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Fig: RJ11 connector.
Bellow is the color code configuration of both Cross – Over Color Code
Configuration and Straight Color Code Configuration. It shows us how the
both end of a Twisted – Pair cable is to be arrange before connecting the
connectors.
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Cross – Over Color Code Configuration are use when connecting like
terms, such as, System to System, Router to Router and Switch to
Switch etc.
Straight Color Code Configuration are use when connecting unlike
terms such as, System to Switch, Switch to Router and System to
Router etc.
Used for telephone systems and network cabling especially LANs such as
Ethernet and star topology, and also for Pair to Pair connection between one
system to another system.
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CHAPTER THREE
A television transmission comprises of Audio and Visual signal with the use
of multiple devices and equipment.
a. An ATEM Switcher
b. Open Gear
c. IQ Modular
d. Mixing Console
e. Logo Inserter
f. Transmitter
3.1.1 ATEM
OUTPUT
The output of ATEM program include down converted program outputs plus
auxiliary outputs allowing clean feeds, perfect for connecting to giant
outdoor LED screens, projectors, etc. The multi view outputs are in HD so
you can use any TV or monitor.
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OPEN GEAR
These inputs can either be analog bit or digital audio. OpenGear Converters
support the standard channel audio rear modules, so they can be used with
other brand.
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IQ MODULAR
The best High Definition TV broadcasts combine great picture quality with
high resolution audio in order to bring those pictures to life. To this end,
providing tools for repurposing content to maximize it’s future value and
potential is a key focus of the IQ range of video and audio processing
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Lowpass filtering passes only the desired baseband signal at receiver.
RF MODULATION
The aerial connector is standard on all TV sets, even very old ones. Since
later TV designs include composite, s-video and component video jacks,
which skip the modulation and demodulation steps.
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Modulators are no longer included as standard equipment and RF
modulators are now largely a third-party product, purchase primarily to run
newer equipment such as DVD players with an old TV set.
News production starts with stories, events or ideas in the society gathered
by the News crews. Reporters are assigned to the venue of the events to
gather information which becomes news. The information gathered is
written down as a story by the reporter, edited by the news editor and
submitted to the News Producer who compiles all the stories that would run
as news. The news caster goes through all the stories for familiarization and
pronouncement of words while the news Director with the help of the
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Engineer on duty arranges the stories according to preference and order. At
news time, the Engineer on duty collect the news via an Ethernet network
cable between network computers from the Editing studio to MCR, the Duty
Engineer arrange the story according to program log. In this same manner,
the written story is also been typed on the teleprompter machine and export
to the Main recording Camera through the output of the teleprompting
machine. Studio lights are turned on, and a chromo display background, is
arranged. All audio sounds are checked and tested, visual effect is checked.
The news production is done with the help of Technical Director who is in
charge of all communication to the camera men and Duty Engineer on what
story to display. It is the same Technical Director that control the video
mixer by selecting on the desire camera view.
TELEPROMPTING DEVICE
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transparent glass looks as if it is erect to 900 when view from a distance, and
it is placed in between the lens and the second display monitor of the
teleprompting device and the main camera lens.
TYPES OF LINKS
Point to point
Broad cast
Multipath
Point to multipath
UPLINK
An uplink is a portion of
communication link used to
transmission of signal from an earth
signal to a satellite or air borne
platform.
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DOWNLINK
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SHF 3 – 30GHz 10 – 1cm
(Super High Frequency ) (3,000,000,000–30,000,000,000 Hz)
EHF 30–300GHz 10–1 mm
(Extremely High Frequency) (30,000,000,000–300,000,000,000 Hz)
THF 0.3–3 THz 1–0.1 mm
(Tremendously High frequency) (300,000,000,000 –3,000,000,000,000 Hz)
TRANSMITTER
TELEVISION TRANSMITTER
A transmitter modulates both picture and sound into one signal then sends
this transmission over a wide range for a receiver (TV set) to receive.
SIGNAL TRANSFER
The signal passes through buffer stages and it is then applied to a modulator
where it modulates an “intermediate frequency” carrier (IF). This
modulation technique is usually frequency modulation (FM) with a typical
maximum deviation of 50 kHz.
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The video (VF) input is a composite video signal (i.e video information with
sync) of maximum 1 volt on 75 Ω impedance. However, the modulator is
followed by a special filter known as Vestigal sideband (VSB) filter. This
filter is used to suppress a portion of one side band, thus bandwidth is
reduced. This suppression doesn't cause a loss in information. Although the
suppression causes phase delay problems the VSB stage also includes
correction circuits to equalize the phase.
OUTPUT STAGES
RECEIVER
A receiver (TV set) receives the transmitted signals (TV programs) and turns
radio waves, which include audio and video signals, into useful signals that
can be processed into an image and sound.
DISPLAY DEVICE
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TELEVISION INTERFERENCE
A local signal may travel by more than one path from the transmitter to
receiving antenna “multipath” reception is visible as multiple impressions of
the same image, slightly shifted along the width of the screen due to the
varying transmission to road vehicles or air craft passing.
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STATIC ELECTRICITY AND SPARKS
MIXING CONSOLE
In the NTA CH5, the Video and Audio Mixer is able to control analog or
digital signals, depending on the type of signal its receives. The modified
signals (voltages or digital samples) are summed to produce the combined
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output signals, which are then broadcast and amplified through a sound
reinforcement system.
Mixing consoles are used in many applications, in NTA CH5 including the
recording studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems,
broadcasting, television, pre-program and News production . A typical,
simple application combines signals from two microphones (each used by
news caster, and guest during live program,) into an amplifier that drives
one set of speakers simultaneously. In live performances, the signal from the
mixer usually goes directly to an amplifier but NTA CH5 mixer has a built
in power amplifier and it is connected to powered speakers.
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CHAPTER FOUR
The program was requiring more than usually expected, especially great
patience effort and skill. Among others are:
Also, at some particular period, I was the only IT student in the Engineering
Department and the work was too cumbersome on me that I began to close
late at times even without pay.
Most of the Duty Engineer cannot really explain the basis behind their job,
they were only thought on how to operate the equipment and they do not
require IT Students to go into the MCR when not required unless they are
fully aware that an individual is given a task to undergo. For this reason, I
could not comprehensively grasp the use of swing applications in Avid
Liquid and Info Channel software.
The other challenge was finance; Owing to the fact that the organization
does not give me any grant or financial support, transportation became a
major source of expenditure. It was not an easy task to undergo, only God
in Heaven saw me through.
Problems Encountered
The course of action was: Practice from previous idea and knowledge base
on what was thought to me by such Engineer.
Limitations
Potentials
4.3 CONFIRMATORY
Address: Behind Old Parade Ground, Opposite Radio house, Area 10 Garki
I was also introduce to “Avid Liquid” a software that enable and engineer to
play programs such as news, jingles, advertisement for news production. I
also learnt how to network computers, how to make two or more computer
belong to a member of a domain using Ethernet cable. I also learnt how to
repair some electrical appliances.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
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REFERENCES
TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter signals!
www.internationalstudent.com/study-broadcasting/study-television-
broadcasting/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)
MODULATION
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
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