Introduction to Remote Sensing

Integrated applications of RS and GIS in groundwater studies

Dr. Arun K. Saraf,
Professor
Department of Earth Sciences

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth
http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/02/3-maps-explain-india%E2%80%99s-growing-water-risks
http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/02/3-maps-explain-india%E2%80%99s-growing-water-
risks
Average rainfall over India is about 1120
mm / year

‘storing only 1% of the total rainfall in

India is enough to meet the country’s
domestic requirement of water’.
Source: http://wwfenvis.nic.in/pdf/rain.pdf
Total average annual precipitation over
India = 4000 km3
Groundwater recharge = 433 km3

Surface runoff = 1870 km3

Source: Wikipedia / CGWB/ NIH

 77° 40' 77° 50'
N

R.
AN
TH
KE
NEW DELHI

STUDY AREA

BHOPAL
24° 10'
MADHYA
PRADESH

SIRONJ SIRONJ
POND

LEGEND
CANAL

ROAD

DRAINAGE
IR

RESERVOIR
O
RV
RE REN
SE
NA

NAREN RIVER

0 4 Km

Location map of the study area showing part of Kethan and Naren river basins, drainage network and locations of various reservoirs.
N

0 4 km

Naren Reservoir, Sironj, Guna, M.P.

Location map showing drainage network and geology of the study area
 N

0 4 km

Drainage network superimposed over DEM

 N

Sironj

Naren

Three dimensional Perspective view of Sironj and Naren Reservoir area

 N

LEGEND

Good
Moderate
Poor
Very poor

0 4 km

Groundwater Prospective Zones (after Saraf and Choudhury, 1998)

 N

LEGEND

Most suitable

Moderately
suitable
Poorly
suitable

Not suitable

0 4 km

Potential zones for future reservoir sites (Saraf and Choudhury, 1998)
IRS-1C-LISS-III-FCC (bands 3,2,1 in RGB) of part of the study area of 1st March 2000
 N
N

0 2 km

0 2 km Jakhaura Reservoir

Jhaloni and Burera Reservoir

N

0 2 km
0 4 km
Kharkhari Reservoir Govind Sagar Reservoir
Reservoir is
bigger than
Lalitpur
About 50 km
SW of
Allahabad
 WATERSHED
BOUNDARY

SUBMERGED AREA

BENEFITED AREA

RESERVOIR

Schematic representation of the concept of benefited /submerged areas ratio

(after Saraf et. al., 2001)
 Name of the Reservoir Benefited area Submerged area Benefited / Submerged
(km2) (km2) area ratio
Chanderi Reservoir 15.78 0.56 28.18
Jakhaura Reservoir 8.4 0.3 28.00
Padma Sagar Reservoir 19.89 0.76 26.17
Kharkhari Reservoir 19.5 0.8 24.3
Naya Tal Reservoir 2.67 0.15 17.80
Gwal Sagar Reservoir 2.87 0.17 16.88
Phutiwar Talab Reservoir 13.78 1.07 12.88
Ghisauli Tal Reservoir 2.53 0.21 12.05
Dargain Kalan Reservoir 2.62 0.23 11.39 Benefited area,
Sironj Reservoir 31.7 2.8 11.32
Bikrampur Reservoir 3.68 0.35 10.51 submerged area and the
Nanaura Tal Reservoir 3.04 0.29 10.48 ratio between benefited
Sidh Sagar Reservoir 4.41 0.46 9.59
Naren Reservoir 41.2 5.3 7.77 and submerged area of
Pawa Tal Reservoir
Govind Sagar Reservoir
4.32
147.28
0.65
22.63
6.63
6.51
the reservoirs
Nagda Tal Reservoir 15.27 2.41 6.34
Pulwara Reservoir 6.49 1.04 6.24
Ramnagar Reservoir 3.8 0.71 5.35
Nandanwara Tal Reservoir 53.04 10.08 5.26
Nagda Sagar Reservoir 27.95 6.44 4.34
Barana Tal Reservoir 25.48 6.38 3.99
Kharkhari Reservoir 6.53 2.03 3.22
Burera / Jhaloni Tal Reservoir 4.60 1.59 2.89
Jamalpur Reservoir 13.92 20.96 0.66
 IMPACT OF
2001 2002
RAJGHAT
RESERVOIR
AS SEEN BY
MODIS

2003 2004
17 Dec 2002 17 Dec 2004

IMPACT OF
RAJGHAT
RESERVOIR
17 Dec 2005 17 Dec 2013 AS SEEN BY
MODIS
Landsat MSS 1990 Image Landsat ETM 2002 Image
The joy of
water!
 Problem statement

High run-off zone due

to topographic
gradients and
geological setup

Acute scarcity of water

in Bundelkhand region
despite having immense
potential to utilise the
natural water resources

Location map of the study area

 Mapping of quartz reefs

Rose diagram of the quartz reefs

prepared in RockWorks 16. Scale on
the circles shows the percentage
length of the total length of the
lineaments.
Quartz reefs in the study area
 solution envisaged
Reservoir Stream flow

level

Quartz reef

Schematic of a proposed reservoir across a

quartz reef.

Field photograph showing quartz reefs in an area near

Shivpuri district exhibiting linearity and discontinuity

Google map showing Budhna river crossing a quartz reef

 SRTM DEM
showing
quartz
reefs with
sharp
positive
relief over
the
surroundin
g plain.

Map showing drainage

FCC of Landsat (ETM + bands
network of the area
7:4:2::R:G:B) image showing
delineated using SRTM
prominently visible quartz
reefs with their characteristic DEM in ArcMap.
whitish tone and existing
natural reservoirs along reefs.
Identified dam locations
IKONOS imagery showing
quartz reefs (white) and marked
feasible dam locations (red ).
 Dam simulation

Profile along dam axis of the potential dam

with the water level up to 335m amsl estimated
in ArcView.

SRTM DEM shows the inundation area of a potential

dam near Nayagaon village in Shivpuri district estimated
in ArcView.
Field photo taken from the quartz reef
on the left bank of the Budhna river.
SOME INSIGHTS INTO DAM SIMULATION

Estimation of inundation
area based on the
contours of the area.
Dam parameters calculation and Landuse mapping
Dam axis Perimeter Waterlevel Dam height Dam parameters calculated in ArcGIS
(m) ( km) (m amsl) (m) and ArcView. A dam of height 10-12 m
with the storage potential of around
725 MCM can be made in the area.
195 4.4 24 335 10-12 725

IKONOS imagery
showing the land
use pattern of the
area covered by the
inundation area of
the dam mapped in
ArcGIS.
 Possibilites

 Identification of suitable sites for water harvesting

made easy using Geoinformatics

 Preliminary assessment of impacts of reservoir

before construction of such projects

 Simple solutions with local people and local materials

THANKS