2520 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 158. JANUARY 11, 1879.

. in the huaca of Toledo there were two treasures, known

steam is produced, but of a higher pressure than formerly you zigzag up the mountain side 7,000 feet, then descend that
The construction is very simple and durable, as the wear, 2,000, to arrive at Cajamarca, or Coxamalca of Pizarro's as the. great and little fish. The smaller only has been
. of the past. found
and tear does not amount to anything, and repairs are hardly I time Here and there all the way you find relicsthe center of Between Huacho and Supe, the latter being one hundred
ever necessary. The saving in the cost of fuel will more' In a yard off one of the main streets, andfamous near
than compensate for the cost of the ?ondenser." I
the CIty, is still standing t�e house ma�e as .tbe pri- and twenty miles north of Callao, near a point called Ata-
The value of this apparatus can, of course, only be deter- , son of Atahualpa, and whIch he promIsed to li?erty; fill WIth gold huanqui, there are two enormous mounds, resembling the
mined by actual experience and careful ?omparison of the' as hig� as he could reach in excbang� for h�s Like Campana and San Miguel of the Huatica valley, soon to be
results with the effects produced otherWIse. We take our all theIr stone work, the walls are slIghtly mclIned mward, described.
uncemented, built of irregular stones, eacb exactly faced to About five miles from Patavilca (south and near Supe) is
illustration from Del' Maschinenconstl'ucteur'.
fit the next. Tbe floor and porch are cut out of the solid a place called"Paramonga," or the fortress. The ruins of
stone, two and three feet deep, as the still intact remnants a fortress of great extent are here visible; the walls are of
PERUVIAN ANTIQUITIES. of stone pillars of the same rock sbow. The hill from which tempered clay, about six feet thick. The principal building
.
By E. R. ,HEATH, M.D., Wyandotte, Kansas. i the stone for the walls was taken is near by On its top a stood on an eminence, but the walls were continued to the
. .
' : large stone in the shape of a chair bears the name of "In- foot of it, like regular circumvallations, the ascent winding
ON the PeruvIan coast m anCIent tImes, as n<?w, ne�rly I ca's chair," and the Indians say it was the king's custom to round the hill like a labyrinth, having many angles, which
every ,structure was, made of adobes .01' sun dned brICk, sit here every morning and salute the sun as it rose above probably served as outworks ttl defend the place. In this
w�Ile m the moun�ams stone was use� mstead. . The adobe the horizon. The two large places excavated out of the rock neighborhood much treasure has been excavated, all of which
�ums present no!hmg ?f . beauty: archltecturally The sub- on the hillside, and now used as reservoirs for the city, were must have heen concealed by the pre-historic Indian, as we
Ject for won�er IS tbelr ImmensIty and num?er. �o w�ere of ancient make. have no evidence of the Incas ever having occupied this part
you WIll, relIcs of the past meet your ey� eIther III rumed Three miles distant, and across the valley, are the hot of Peru after they had subdued it.
walls,
. water courses, terraces, or extensIve lands covered " prings, where the Inca was encamped when Pizarro took .
' 0f pottery.
IMMENSE BURYING GROUNDS.
WIth t he debns possession of Cajamal'ca. Part of tbe wall IS of unknown
0

orth along th� coast the. Ancon and .Chan.cay

•

lf rom � Ima I?'

REMARKABLE RUINS AND WALLS. make (that incloses the baths). Cemented' the cement is RaIlroad IS bUIlt. Ancon, elgbteen mIles from LIma, IS a
harder than the st one I�elf. .
Take, for example, the Jequetepeque valley. In 7 24 . favorite summer seaside resort. Just before reacbing An-
•
o I

At qhocofan, nme mIles from Paca�mayo, on the l!ne <!f

south latitude you will find on recent maps t�e port of Pa con, the railroad runs through an immense burying ground
casmayo. Four miles north, separat�d �rom It by a .barren the . raIlroad, a barren, rocky ID<?untam, 1,200 feet hlg�, IS or "huaca. " Make a circuit of six to eight miles, and on
encIrcled fou�hundred fee� from Its top �y a stone.wall eIght
waste, the river Jequetepeque emptIes mto the sea , T�e. SIde, runnmg nearly Ii'e,'ery
side you see skulls, legs, arms, and the whole skeleton
bottom lands of the river aye from two to three mIles m . or ten feet .hlgh. From !ts northern the of the Incas. of the human body lying about in the sand. Legs attached
width, �ith a southern slop�ng bank, an? the n01:thern northwest, IS � bout. fiye mIles of ?oast road pelvis, and bent up, still with mummified skin on them;
walled on both to
a I
perpendICular one. nearlf e!ghty feet h!gh, . BeSIde the �erfect1y straIght, It IS t:venty feet wI.de, and of three and four! swathes arms in the same state; relics of plaited straw, forming coffin
southern shore, as It emptIes mto the sea, IS an elevated plat SIdes by round stones pIled to a heIght ' pieces of net of cloth and many other such ac­
at the top, unce- I companiments of funer�l accesso;ies.
one-fourth of a mile squar� and forty . fee� high, all of feet, three feet wide at the base and two
adobe�. A wall fifty feet WIde connect.s It WIth a!!otber a mented. . . I Some water crafts of very superior quality bave been ob­
few hundred yards east and south that IS 150 feet hIgh, 2�0 At Chepen, a st�tlOn n�ar the terll!mu� of tbe b�anch of • tained from these graves. Of these there are tbree different
_feet ac!oss tb.� t$>P, and. {jOO at the base, nearly square. ThIS the Pacasmayo RaIlr<!ad, IS a mount�m "';Ith a wall m ll!any ! forms in laces separated a short distance from each otber,
'bnse;�s1l!:-t-eeb aHne-t.Op; -utla.ca:mnIT'hg'1n 1j>,!'jL 'llglHe l}U,l.1� pl�-?fl._�:ve12ty, !eet hljSh: �!Hl , ���� �� �l
rooms w�re af�erward filled WIth adobes, then plastered on tenslVe"huacas," and from which , p t e \
I el alm�st entIrel� but each tyle llaving its _defined outline of ?o.ca. leo As t? tbe
�
some 01fJ]; ��� �_ shape <Yf- +In:;,-gmvcs;tfierc are some of an mY-£>l'tcd cylmder
thfJ outsIde WIth mud and washed in colors. All of this tery and ornaments have been taken. 1''' i1()rm� 11klJ that of a lime-kiln, the insjd.eB'01 which are lined
saDle class of mounds-temples to worship the sun, or for- with masonry work. In these.the oOdy is placed in the up-
tresses, as they may be-have on the north side !In incline ' . THE WONDE RFUL HUACAS.
, I right position. There is also the ordinary longitudinai grave,
for a.n entra!lce or means of access. Treasure seekers have FIfty mIles south o� Pac�smay?, bet:veen the seaport of I in which tbe corpse is right in contact with the earth; like-
cut mto tIllS one ab<,>ut half way, and it is said $ 150,000 HU�,nchaco and }'ruxilIo, pme . mIles dlstan�, are t�e ruins, wise the grav� cut sq�ar� to a deptb of six to eight feet, at
worth of gold and SlIver ornaments were found. In the of . Chan Chan, the capItal CIty of the Chlmoa kmgdom, the top of WhICh, or wlthm one or two feet of the surface
san�, banked up behind the wall and mound, many were WhICh extended, wben conquered by the Incas, from Supe : of the grottnd, is a rooffing or covering of mat work, placed
)!
buned, as the thousands of skulls and bones now exposed' to Tumbez, or over near the northern half of t�e coast of I on.woo�en r�fters. In one of these Dr. Hutchinson, Her
prove, thrown out by the hunter of huacos, as the pottery modern Peru. TJ;Ie roa from the port to the CIty crosses i Bntanmc MaJesty's Consul at Callao, found three bodies, all
I
IS called, huaca being the name given to these cemeteries. ' these ruins, entermg .by a causeway about four feet . from wrapped up together-being a man, woman, and cbild-their
Each body has buried with it a vessel or water craft and a the ground, and lea?lIl.g from one great mass of rums to I faces being swathed with llama wool instead of cotton as
po� w:ith grains of corn o� wheat,. and it is supposed the another; bene�th thIS IS a tun��l. Be �bey , forts, castles, is usu�lIy seen in .ordinary ones. He also turned out rehcs
drmklng vessel was filled WIth" chICha," a fermented drink p,alaces,?,r bunal mounds call�d huacas, all bear the name I of fisbmg nets, WIth some needles for making tbem, varie­
•

made from corn or. peanuts. Beside these were many or- � uaca : Hours o f wande ; mg on horseback among these i tie� of cloth, tapestrr, and work-bags re8embling ladies'
naments of gold, SlIver, copper, coral and shell beads, and rums gIve only � confused Idea of tbem, nor can old ex- retICules. Not a vestIge of vegetation about, nor �ign of
cloths. plorers there pomt out what were palaces and what were relic of the terraces mentioned by Prescott. Whence came
On the north side of the river, on the top of the bluff not. . , these hundreds and thousands of people who are buried at
are the exten�iv� ruins ,of a walled city, two miles wide by To, the nght,� the"Huaca of Tol!'do;" to the left, ," Bi- A!Icon? H�w did t�ey make out a liying while on the earth?
SIX long. Wltbm the mclosure are the relics of two large sho s Huaca. The large square mclosures, shut III by TIme and tIme agam the archroologlst finds himself face to
£
reservoirs for fresh water. The clay from which these w:e ge·shaped walls of ad obe, tw�nty to twenty-five feet face with such questions, to which he can omy shrug_his
adobes were made was found at least SIX miles distant. hIgh, have nothing of an entrance mto them that would be shoulders and say with the natives, ".Quien Sabe?" Who
.
Follow the river to the mountains. All along you pass defined as a pa!ace gat� . . A half dozen of these at least are knows?
ruin after ruin and buaca after huaca. At Tolon, a town at amon� the rums: Wlthm some of them ar� large square At Passamayo, fourteen miles further "down north,"
the base of the mountains, the valley is crossed by walls' of moun s or �urY'mg ch;';mbers, many of WhICh have been and on the sea shore, is another great burying ground.
boulders.and cobble stones, ten, eight, and six feet high one opene� .and nfled of thmr contents. These are plastered at Thousands of skeletons lie about, thrown out by the trea­
foot to elghte.en in�hes wi.de at the �op and two to thre� feet the ce!lmgs. ,, '
�ure seekers. It has more than a h.alf mile of cutting through
at the base, mclosmg rums of a Clt v one-fourth of a mile ' BeSIde the so-called . huacas " already mentIOned, there It for the Ancon and Chancay RaIlroad. It extends up tbe
:vid� and more than a mile long. The upper wall has pro- '!SA:tno��er on the" left SIde of the road, cal�ed by the Span- face of the hpl from the sea shore to the heigbt of about 800
Jectmg parts at the entrances, with port-holes, evidently serv- lards the Mass. On many of tbe walls IS. some exc�lle!!t feet, and bemg from a half to three-fourths ef a mile in
mg as sentry boxes. ' �tucpo work-excelleI�t as regards th� matenal of WbICh It breadth, some idea may be formed of its extent.
At this point the Pacasmayo Railroad enters the Jequete- IS ! made, �ore thaI! WIth �eference �o It� style of art. There Dr. Butehinson, in two days, from these J,mrial grounds,

I
S

peque valley. For eight miles back it crosses a barren sand r<?und not a smgle gram of dlSmtegratIOn m t�e ,Parts that . sur- gather�d 384 skulls, whicb, with specimens of pottery, he
plam of more than fifteen miles in length, covered with hIg the walls of . the chamber" alth�ugl� I� IS half an mch p,re,serited to Professor Agassiz, and he to the Cambridge
ruined walls, water courses, dead algaroba and espino trees, , h abo�e th� ordm�ry. pl�ster II?- WhIC� It IS done, nor tbe Umversity, near Boston. •

with fragments of pottery and sea shells even to nine feet s�Ig�test ImpaIrment III Its mtegnty durmg the ma,ny centu- Between the teeth he found pieces of copper, as if for the

have, in good st.ate of preservation, many thousand feet of

an old water course, while their sides to the perpendicular tow
I
in depth, mixed with the sand. The base of the mountains nes It has stood exposed to. the elemen�s. Tbe h�ghest in- Charon obulus, and one or two had plates of co pper on their
closures-those of ado� bnck, up to thlr�y feet, WIth a base heads.
. of fifteen fee�, on tbe nght hand of the CIty as you advance Crossing the brow of the hill, entering Chancay, and
parts are lined with terraces. This water course took its aca �-must rd TrUXIllo, between t?at town and tbe"Toledo hu- stretching toward the sea, are the remains of a six feet adobe
have cost an Immense am<?llnt of. labor, !l;nd w:;tll. On the face of this bill, pointing to tbe line of the
•

head from a r!1vine now dry, and, even beyond the memory needed a large
of the oldest mhabitant, except in one or two cases�l never ome of them, beSIdes nu�ber of hands for theIr erectIOn. InSIde raIlway from Ancon, are two stone ditches, perfectly paral·
carried water. It can be traced as far as Ascope, forty.five- � the � q :e mounds, are narrow pas- lei and symmetrical, about 100 yards apart, and running
ua
miles south. " ,sages, ,not mo�e. than a yard m WIdth. I,n others are squares, from bottom to top to a height of about 300 yards. Be-
l'�ive miles from Tolon, up the river, there is an isolated wherem are VISIble, thoug� no:" filled WIth clar, tJIe outli!!es tween these are other lines of stone displaced. perhaps the
boulder of granite, four and six feet in its diameters cov� of water tracks. . On t�Is SIde are the prmClpal bunal ruins of some old terraces. All about this place, at the base
ered with hieroglyphics. Fourteen miles further a point of mounds, some havmg stall'S of adobe. of the hill, looking toward Chancay, as well as on the side
mountain at the junction ?f two r!tvines is cover�d to a hei�ht THE GOLD ACCOUNTS OF TRUXILLO, in front of the sea, i� full. of . grav�s; some a�e built up with
of more than fifty feet WIth the same class of hIeroglyphICS: In the city of Truxillo there exists in the records of the sto�e walls, others, hned mSIde WIth mud brICks, of no for-
birds, fishes, snakes, ?ats, .m�mkeys, men, sun, moon, and municipal�ty a copy of tbe accounts that are found in' the, matlOn more thaI?' a �eap of clay and water .m0ulde� up in
many odd an� now. �nmtelhglble forms. The rock on which book of FIfths of the Treasury, in the years 1577 and 1578, i the hands.a!ld dned m the sun. Oyer the hIlls o� Chancay
these ar� cut Is a sllIcated sandstone, and many of the lines referring to tbe "Huaca of Toledo." The following is a I are quantItIes of small stones of dIfferent geologICal forma·
are an eIghth of an inch deep. In one large stone there are condensed inventorx: tIOn, from the r�k there.
Luna, tbe capI�al of .Peru. is situated seven miles inland
I

three holes, tw:e,nty to thirty inches deep, six inches in dia- 'FrnsT. -In TrUXIllo, Peru, on tbe 22d of July, 1577, Don I
�eter at the onfl�e and two at the apex, and although pol- , Garcia Gutierrez de Toledo presented himself at the royal, from. Callao. �me mIles on the sea shore "up south," is
Ished as porcel�ln, . these �arkings extend even to toe bot- treasury to give into the royal cbest a fifth. He brougbt a I the CIty of 9hofll�os, the Long ��anch of �eru. . A railway
tom. The lm.:ahty IS of no Importance; the stones as nature bar of gold nineteen carats ley and weighing two thousand connects LIma WIth these two. CItIes, formmg WIth the coast
placed them; why, then, was so mucb labor and time ex- four hundr�d Spanish dollars, of which the fifth, being seven i nearly a right-angle.d triangle Tb
. is triangu�ar g�ound is
pended up<!n them? , ' " hundred and eight dollars, together with one and a half per known as the HuatICa Valley, and IS al?' exte'!lsive rum. Be-
.
At Anchl. on the Rlmac nver, upon the face of a perpen- cent. to the chief assayer were deposited in the royal box 'tween Callao and Magdalena, four mIles dIstant, there are
dicular wall two hundred feet above the river bed, there are SECOND.-On the 12tb �f December he presented himse'lf' seventeen mounds called "huacas, although they present
"
two hieroglyphics, repres enting an imperfect B and a per- with five bars of gold fifteen and nineteen carats ley weigh- , more the form of fortresses, residences, or castles, than bury­
fect D. In a crevice below them, near the river, were found inK eight thousand �e hundred and eighteen dolla�s : ing grounds. 'Tis difficult to make out anything but frag­
buried twenty-five thousand dollars worth of gold. and sil- TmRD.-On the 7th of January, 1578, he came with his I ments of walls, .as the g;round is mostly under cu�tivation.
ver. 'Yhen the Inc.as learned of the murder of t,hell' chief, fifth of large bars and gold, one hundred and fifteen in num- However, at varIOu.s POI!!ts, one can see that a tnple , wall
I
what dId they do WIth the gold they were l,Jringmg for his ber, fifteen to twenty carats ley weiO'hing one bundred and surrounded the anCIent CIty. These walls are respectIvely
ra�som? Rumor says they buried it, and many places are fifty.three thousand two hundr�d and eighty dollars. one yard, two yards, a!Id three yards in thickness, being; in
l .
pomted out and thousands of dollars spent i!! useless search FOURTH.-On the 8th of March he brought sixteen bars I some parts of then �elIcs from fifteen to twenty feet hIgh
for the los.t tre�sure. May not these markmgs at Yeman, of gold, fourteen to twenty-one carats ley, weighing twenty- To the east of these IS the e,normous .mound called Huaca of
tell sOll!ethmg, smce they are on the road and near to the one thousand one hundred and eighteen. dollars. P�nd.o ; and !o the west, WIth th� dIstance of about half a
Incal CIty? . FIFTH.-On the 5tb of April he brought different orna. �lle mtervenmg, are the great rums of fortresses"whichna.
Eleven mIles beyond Yonan: on a ridge of mountains ments of gold, being little bells of gold and patterns of corn. hves entItle ;S:�aca of the ,Bell. La Campana, the huacas of
seven hundred feet above the rIver, are the walls of a city heads and other tbings of fourteen carats ley weigbing six .Pando, conslstmg of a senes of large and small mounds, and
of 2,000 inhabitants. A perilous ascent on hands and knees thousand two hundred' and seventy-two dollar� ' extending over a stretch of ground incalculable without be­
i� now the o�ly way to. re!,!ch it; however, on the opposite. SIXTH. -On the 20th of April he brought th�ee small bars ing measured, form .a colossal accumulatio�. The principal
I
SIde of the flver are SImIlar rums, but -easy of access. A of l!'old twenty carats ley weighing four thousand one hun.. large ones are three m number ; that holdmg the name of
remnant of a stone wal.!, ten and twelve feet high, built of drea and seventy dollars. ' the" Bell" i� calcula�ed to be 108 to 110 feet in �eight. At
small flat s�ones and �Ithout mOl:tar, probably at one time SEVENTH.-On the 12th of July he came with forty.seven tbe weste�n SIde, 100kI�g towards Callao, there IS a square
s�rved as rive; protectl?� and agamst the tribe on;the other bars, fourteen to twenty-one carats ley, weighing seventy- plateau WIth an elevatIOn of about twenty-two to twenty­
SIde, there bemg a tradItIOn thB.: two powerful chIefs occu- seven thousand three hundred and twelve dollars four feet, 95 to 96 yards north and south, east and west. At
p.ied �hese cities and ,,:ere ever at war. The dead were bu. EIGHTH.-On the same day he came back with anotber the summit it is 276 t� 278 yards .long, and �5 , to 96 across.
ned m sepul?h.ers, usmg large boulder� as the top, while portion of gold, and ornaments of corn-heads and pieces of On tbe top there are eIght gra�atlon� of declIVIty, !,ach. fro�
st.one walls dlVld,ed the space beneat� mto compartments. effigies of animals, weighing four thousand seven hundred one .to two yard� lower than ItS neI�hbor; countmg m di'
SIX and twelve mIles further are extenSIve walls and terraces. and four dollars. rectIOn lengthWIse, the 1st plateau IS 96 to 97 yards; 2d
Tl.lree miles. north of the latter place are the rich silver The sum of these eight bringing'S amounted to 278 174 plateau, 96 to 26 yards; 3d plateau, 23 to 24 yards; 4th
mmes o! ChIlete, formerly worked by the Indians, who· left gold dollars or Spanish ounces. Multiplied by sixteen, gives plateau, 11 to 24 12 yards; 5th plateau, 11 to 25 yards; 6th
yards; 7th plateau, 35 to 36 yards; 8th
excavatIOns two !lnd three hundred feet deep, and must have I $4,450,784 silver dollars. Deducting the royal fifth, $985 plateau,23 to
' plateau, 35 to 37 yards; makmg the �otal o! about 2?8 yards.
_

tak�n out quantlti�s. of .silver. A c?mpany with a paid-up' I 953.75, left $3,464,830.25 as Toledo's portion.
capItal of half a mIllIon IS now workmg them.
,
'\
gold
,
Even after this great hanl, effigies of different animals, of For
' were found
. from time to time . Mantles also , adorned
these measurements of tbe HuatICa rums I am m�ebted
to the notes of J. B. Steere, Professor of Natural HIstory
i and Curat or 0f the Museum at A nn AI'bor, M'lChIgan ' ,
I WIth squa�e pIeces of gold, as well as robes made with fea-
PIZARRO S PRISON. �

, "
Leavmg the valley at seventy-eIght mIles from the coast, I thers of dIvers colors, were dug up. There is a tradition i (To be Oontinued,)

© 1879 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.