‘A Mochica Painting at Panamarea, Peru Duccio Bonavia American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Apr., 1961), 540-543, Stable URL hitp:/flinks.jstor-org/sicisici=0002-73 16% 28196104%2926%3A4%3C540%3A AMPAPP% 3E2,0.CO%3B2-A American Antiquity is currently published by Society for American Archaeology Your use of the ISTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at hup:/www,jstororglabout/terms.hml. ISTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. 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Certainly a family clasifcation can he arcived at fom very litle in the way of foot material ‘The pectoral and pelvic gitdles are usualy abit other than complete by the time they are encountered in the ‘quaery oF ste, bur, as in the case of the limb bones much information can be gained from very hile i the way of arscular suefaces or muscle scars Actual size and shape ‘of the innominate will nartow down the groups to be compared, and usually a family or genezic level can be arrived at with incomplete peli holds tue forthe scapula of many animale but with this tlement it i possble to find ferures that wall indicate more of the animal's habits then is possible from the pelvic gtdle, For example, the postscapular fossa of the fcapula. will separate ut this bone from similarsized ‘capulae as belonging to bear. The comparative measie- rents of width and lengch of the scapular Made of the Bison will epacate it from that of domestic eat. Since the form of the bony elements of the shoulder girdle permanently record the function that they served dusing the life of the animal, itis possible with litle eft to fstablish if the animal was. digger o¢ a runner and hhence, with many of the maller mammals which groups to turn to for comparative material. Many forms have specialized seapulae which will enable a generic or even 2 specific dentfication from the scapala. alone. Vertebene other than the caudate can be assigned to x family in the matorty of instances. This is du in pat 20 the same reasons given for the scapula of mammals. The back muscles determine the animal's actions and these muscles in turn leave a record of their actions on the ‘arious processes of the vertebrae to which they were seached. A cat verteben will indicate the lithe springing Action of this animal, while the Tnrge neural spines pres: tnt in the buffalo will indicate the heavy, powerful, low hanging head of this familar animal (Caudal vertebrae and fasmentay sibs ae last on the lise of material tobe salvaged from an archaeological ste Tn many instances i is dificult even to assign these bones to 4 family of with sb fragments to do more than state that an animal the sze of = horse or tape was present. “The seltive importance ofthese various fragmentary mammalian bones are illustrated and listed numerically in Figure 1. I is eafe to say that representative elements fof the fics sx listed categories should always be Kept However, the numero fraement of shafts of limb bones having no articular surfaces or seulpuring should be dis ‘carded om the site. The same is tue for broken vertebrae for ibe which cannot be assembled into more complete Teis far better to ative ata general identification on the family level when this Weneifcation is made from poor of scanty material than fo attach a label listing a ecifc determination when this species was “guesed at. tateral. The same Feonos Grotooteat Sune Tallahassee, Fla August, 1960 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY Vou. 26, No.4, 1961 Fo. 1 [Bowavial. General view of the mins of Panamarce, Per, A MOCHICA PAINTING AT PANAMARCA, PERU* Duccto Bowavia Aastuct A polychrome mural ip the upper portion of the temple pyramid at Pahamarca in the Nepefia valley depicts te Tigious procession before a sacrifice. The main figures are 1 priest Tollowed by two asians, three prisoners, and 4 guard. The mural containe several mosfs new to Mo: Chica painting: Ie is assigned co Larco's fourth phase of Mochica cultore, but some elements suggest the post bility of » somewhat later placement ‘THE TEMPLE PYRAMID of Pafamarca (Fig. 1) sses majestically above its surrundings in the Nepedia valley, A few kilometers from the coast and to the south of ‘Chimbote. It sone of the southernmost Machi sites of fancient Pert. Althoush this imporane archaeological center js famous for its uneivaled mural paintings, the fcientife data about stare extremely scanty. Excepe for the work of Richard Schaedel (1951), there are only some incidental or scattered notes which are of lle ai. Pethaps the most important of these is the drawing of scence apesge way ander the Spanish by David Fa, 2. [Boxewie], Drawing showing the architectural sinuation in which the moral at PaBamarea was discov {reds and the numbers assigned tothe Bgures in the pro-FACTS AND COMMENTS sn Fo. 3 [Bowavia], Extended color reproduction of the Panamarca muta by the staf of the Museo de Arqueole- tia, Universidad de San Marcos, Lima, Photo Guillen the assemblage in Squier’s monumental work (Squier 1877), but it serves only for comparative purpotes. Tn 1950 when Schaedel made his investitions, the number of paintings which had chen been discovered was ready considerable, ut the majority of these are today destroyed or in process of destruction and it is for this reavon thatthe dats of the North American archaeoloist re of such great importance. Ie 1958, Hans Hoekheimer was informed that « new Mochice mr had been dhe: Covered in these same ruins, He and { were able to ad- mire this find in the sume year by accompanying Eek Reed on a trp to the ste undertaken for UNESCO. Fo, 4 [BowAvial. Detil ofthe original mural painting at Pa ‘Thanks to the sid of the Museum of Archaeology of the National University of San Marcos and of the UNESCO mission in Peru, we were able o complete a study of this new mural during the same yess, and to have Felix Gaycho, draftsman of the Museum, prepare a copy of it. Unpublished notices of the results of this work have been writen for the UNESCO mission in Pera (Bonavin MSS 1958, 1959), and two accounts have been published (Bonavia 1959s, 19596), “The new painting i located nese the representation of the sea anail with some feline characteristics which was studied by Schaedel. However, the Schaedel painting is practically at ground level, whereas the present one is fupported on the remains of an ancient floor which is very high in relation to the actual floor of the construc ‘ion, and which must have been part of one of the high ‘est spots in Paflamarca. Because of lack of time, we com ‘entrated exclusively on the new painting, ignoring come pletely the remainder of the seracture, which had already been studied in detail by Schaedel "This painting, lke all Mockien paintings so far known, was laid out by incising the figures in the feesh plaster ‘with a sherppointed instrument, and then painted by filling in the enclosed areas with various colors. As is ‘usual in Mochica art all the figures are represented in profile, and in various sizes, ist, because perspective was unknown, and second, inorder to show the hierarchy of persons by diferences in size. marca showing a snake creature (No 2 in Fig 2) richly attired acoisee or attendant (No. in Fig 2), and a prisoner witha cond around his neck (No 5 in Fig. 2)5a ‘The scene shows a procession moving from right to left (Figs 2, 3). The frst person (Fig. 2, No. 1) is of Tange size and richly ated. He cartes in his hand what seems #0 be some sort of container, and is almost ce tainly a priest. He is followed by 2 very small creature (ig. 2, No.2) which is apparenly a snail with a serpent head. Next are two welldressed personaues (Fig. 2, Nos 3,4), one above the other, who appear to be acaytes or sistants of the high priest They also carry objects in ‘hei hands, the upper one a cup and the lower one an enigmatic implement. Then come three prisoners (Fi. 2, Nos. 5, 6,8) represented in the classic Mochiea manner, snaked’ and with cords around their necks. They are guarded by another person (Fg. 2, No. 10), who holds in hig hand something which seems to be a whip. Below these last figures, there are another enigmatic element (ig 2, No, 9) and a great serpent (Fig. 2, No. 2) with a forked tongue and a forlike head. The frieze ends with @ large insignia (Fig, 2, No. 11) composed of a Mochica club and shield. Everything seems to indicate that the scene represents a religious procesion before sacrifice “The upper pact of the entire mural is bounded by a ‘motif which, following Sawyer (1954), we have called Fi. § [Bowavis], Deri of the original mural painting st Pafamarca showing a prisoner (No. 8 in Fig. 2), the druard with a whip in hs hand (No, 10 in Fig. 2), 38 > Tnown object (No. 9 in Fig. 2), and portions of other figues AMERICAN ANTIQUITY Vou. 26, No.4, 1961, “step and wave." The lower border of the mural consists of an iregular succession of wavelike scrolls. ‘This frieze was painted on a white background in two shades of white, wo shades of light blue, « blue-black, two shades of orange, and various shades of red. The paints were prepared from minerals on a calcite base; the Aigerent shades of red were achieved through the use of various ion oxides ‘The mural is dated in the chronology of Latco Hoyle (1948) Ie belongs tothe fourth phate of Mochica culture, 5 do the friezes studied by Schaede! (1951), Some ofthe clements suggest the slight possibilty that i Belongs to 8 fomewhat later period. “The principal importance of this mural consist in the presence of eerain new motifs, which have not appeared {nthe previously known Mochica murals. The discoveries fn the Huaea de la Luna in Moche, so well described by Kroeber (1930), are very different in their overall aspects, se ace those in the Lambayeque zone studied by James A. Ford in 1959, but which remain unpublished. From all the indications which we hae, itis clear that Paflamarca was a religious center of great importance, ‘expecially if we consider that ehis center seems to be the Southenmost Mochica architectural complex now known from the Peruvian coast. In order co have had such splendor, this temple pyramid should have had great ‘enters of population nearby, for ies absurd to imagine 2 Teligious construction ‘isolated from the populace. At present, we can only suppose that this srene population ‘was in the Santa valley. This position is corzoborated by Bmesto Tabio, who has encountered sumerous Mo- chica cemeteries and buildings in his latest explorations in the Santa In PaBamarca, there is sill much to do. On all sides, there are indications of addtional paintings, throush ‘which we could learn much, not only ofthe art, but also ‘ofthe lfe of this group of warriors and artists who have Tefe sich an indelible impeession. New studies of these ruins could cast much light, not only on the pictrial aspects of the euins but also on their chronology, for Schaedel (1951) ha reported Tinhuanacoid remains in cemeteries adjacent to the complex. The Mochice-Tiar hhuanacoid tanstional stage i sil not clear and perhaps it would be posible co obtnin important evidence here for this time period. On the other hand, we can now be slmostcertsin that there are architecural remains inthis same assemblage which are much older than Mochicoma Guronological conclusion reached intuitively by Tello “These earlier ermins have not been studied, but Jorge Muelle has tentatively accepted the pre-Mochica age of tome of these ruins, “The pancrama of Perusian mural painting is still most unknown. We know that paintings are present in the Playa Grande period (Stamer 1954), aswell as inthe Mochica, Tiahuanacoid, Chim, and nea periods all slong the Peruvian cous. However, to date Mochiea perio sites have produced he largest numberof mural. ‘The new mural painting of Pafiamarea isa further ad-FACTS AND COMMENTS vance in the constant search for reconstructing the cul- ture of the people of ancient Peru owt, Dee Wi Une guns pints mural Patumatca. Supemento ‘tad Bf Cotta taut, Nor 3B. 1990,"Una ping mga de Patamazn, Valle de Nepete. "hogan Neosat de lvcnuntnes Antoes TH Auch Eelonong aT, I The Nan ‘Cost “Fi Mag af Nora Hino, Ancol Seat Vas NR coe ‘osceren Anern date da Perk. Sued sera, AR 1 “a Nan Gumminas Caen, ‘te of Chicten, Chcaee fcoaee Are ian TP, Mochi Moral Pama, Arcane, Vo No ‘Suen E 6. HiT Pea, Imes of Tal and Elation in the Land ‘nat Hare nd Brahe New Yo “ WM ae Es, Pat fe Mechel Val Noe Fe Bt Cota ‘Uxwvestoap Nacionat, Mavon De SAN Mancos Lima, Peru Cetober, 1960 AGE OF THE SKELETON FROM THE LAGOW SAND PIT, TEXAS K.P. Oaxtey ano W. W. Howers Ansreact Measurements of the fuotine, uranium, and nitrogen content of 2 representative series of bones from Lagow fd neighboring terrain show that while the human Skeleton from the Lagow Sand Pit is not modern, i can- ‘not be assigned an antiquity equivalent to chat of the Lewisville Pleistocene fauna athe ste. PARTS of a human skeleton came to light in the Lagow Sand Pit, on the outskirts of Dallas Texas, in October, 1920, in association with bones of various extinct mam” mals. These were reported on by Ellis Shuler (1923). Be- fore he visited the site the human bones had been taken from the deposit, but workmen present all agreed that they lay about 5 feet below the land sueface at the spot, land that there was no sign of a grave or any disturbance In the overlying stif clays. The bones lay in a zone of fine sandy yellow clay, which contsned mammoth, camel, 8 large Bison, antelope (Tetameryx) and deer (Crook and Harris 1957: 73). The ischium of young mam- ‘oth and a carapace fragment ofa turtle have apparently slays been kept with the human bones (Crook and Harris, Fi. 10). 563 ‘The content, as now known, has heen fully presented by Crook and Haris (1957, 1958). The deposit involved is che Pemberton Hill-Lewisville terrace (T-2) of the Trinity River sytem, at about 70 fet above steam bed. ‘This terrace consists of four subformations from above down: Richards alluvium, Upper Shuler yellow sandy clays, Lower Shuler laminated yellow sands, and basal Hill gravels. The general fauna appears tobe late Pesto- cane, and includes mammoth, eamel, horse, Glyptodon and Smiladon; Geochelone (Testude), and a terapin, both locally extinct, are abundant. At Lewisville, the Upper Shuler formation contains hearths, which ave vielded several acifacts including a Clovissype point, and {hearth with a radiocarbon age of “more than 37,000 years” (O* 235, O* 248). For purposes ofthis report, we mus ignore the still unsesolved dilemma ofthis asscia- tion, of an apparently reliable date by a reputable labor tory with = projectile point in tradition which all other evidence indicates was not established for atleast 20,000 years after the radiocarbon date. We are concerned only ‘wich the correcness of associating the hurnan bones with the fauna and the terace in which they ly. “The Lagow bones are referred to the Upper Shuler formation. Crook and Harris examined residual exposures at the Lagow Pi and satisied themselves thatthe forma tions there are identical with their counterparts lee where; and they, at well as Shules, noted that materia adhering o the human bones confimed theit derivation from the Upper Shuler zone. All observers noted the apparent foslization of the bones, and Shuler (1923) re ported the following chemical analysis comparing a hur ‘man sample with a camel bone from the pit PO, cw Hanan = Sah §28 Comet S138 Ast ‘Actually, as we now know, neither the lime content nor the phosphate content necessarily changes in course of time. However, from all the supericial signs, the bones appear to be true fossils of the terace, whose fauna indicates a Late Pleistocene date, and whose geological position would place it in a temperate phase prior to the Inst glacial event of the Pleistocene Ta his report, Shuler commented that ifthe Lagow bones had not been human, no question of their Piste ‘ene association would be raised. However, the find seem to have been ignored entirely. It was reported only & few years before the Folsom discovery, roward the end of the long period during which Hrligka had success- fully put a quietus to all claims to Pleistocene age for ‘American Indian skeletons, The Lagow individval did rot emerge again into the literature until Sellards (1952) mapped and recarded the occurrence. Then Crook and Harris (1952, 1958) drew attention to the find in con- nection with the Lewisville evidence. ‘They pointed to addtional sites where the same terrace has furnished indications of human occupation. Accordingly, it has seemed worthwhile to investigate the Lagow skeleton further, with a view to establishing its nature and relative date