A wide area network that allows transmission of data
over greater geographical distances. A WAN is slower
than a LAN. An Internet connection is an example of a
WAN.
A local computer network that covers a relatively small
area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or
group of buildings.
Home Network - A small LAN that normally has only
one router to connect to the Internet.
Business Network - A larger LAN that can have multiple
routers to connect to different networks.
Protocols - In a network, computers communicate
through protocols, which are sets of predefined rules
that describe how things should be, the order in
which they should happen, and what to do in case of
errors.
Just as a house has a street number (unique and non-
transferable), on the Internet and in networks,
IP (Internet Protocol) is the protocol used to give
computers an address. A computer has a numerical
address called “IP address”.
An IP address consists of four numbers separated
by dots, each of which may vary from 0 to 255.
For example, 23.37.224.170.
Bit - It means binary digit, which is the smallest unit of
information that can be stored or transmitted. The
computer communicates through a binary system, which
will be explained further below.
A bit can only have two values, 0 or 1.
1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte (KB or Kbyte) = 1024 bytes
1 megabyte (MB or Mbytes) = 1024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte (GB or Gbyte) = 1024 megabytes
1 terabyte (TB or Tbytes) = 1024 gigabytes
On the Internet, the network breaks an email message,for
example, into parts that are called “packets”. Each of these
packets receives a source IP address and a destination, and it is
then sent over the network.
Each of these packages can be compared to a letter that has the
both the recipient's and the sender’s addresses, and it is sent by
the Post Office, which is responsible for transporting it to its
destination.
In networks, routers play the role of the Post Office, and are
responsible for forwarding packets through the network until
they reach their destination.
The amount of bytes defines the size of data travelling to the
network. Typically, the information be transmitted has several
bytes, and therefore must be divided into what we call
“packets”.
The router is a device used to connect different computers to
each other.
Home router - It bridges the gap between a home
network and the Internet, and provides connectivity,
usually to computers, TVs and mobile devices, such as
tablets and smartphones.
Firewall - An application or piece of equipment, which
is usually between the LAN and the WAN.
It checks and filters the data stream, controlling
communications passing over the network, either
allowing or blocking them.
Corporate router - A more sophisticated, and therefore
more expensive, piece of equipment dedicated to
forwarding packets and finding the best path between
networks (networks that are larger than domestic
networks), located both within and outside of the
company.
Switch - A piece of equipment that connects computers
within the same network. In order to reduce costs and
popularize the technology, home routers have a switch
module built in. On the other hand, corporate models use
equipment dedicated to the function of the switch.
Website - Also known as a site, this is a set of web
pages.
Hypertext - An electronic document that contains
hyperlinks. Hypertext is organized to promote non-linear
navigation, where the users create their own reading
choices, unlike a book, where it's usually necessary to
read the first chapter in order to understand chapter 2,
and so on.
Homepage - The homepage of a site.
Hyperlink - A hyperlink is a location in the hypertext,
which the user clicks to open another page. Typically,
hyperlinks are underlined.
URL - A web address. For
example, http://www.cisco.com.
To access these services, the user establishes a client-server
type Internet connection, where the user's computer is the
client and the services are installed on servers. That's why you
can access the services from anywhere in the world.
Dial-up connection - also known as dial-up connection. With
this type of Internet access, a person uses a modem and a
standard telephone line.
DSL Connection - This type of access is provided through the
conventional telephone network, but it is different from dial-
up, since even if the user is logged on and surfing the Internet,
the phone line will be released and may be used anytime for
voice calls.
This is a type of broadband connection, offering speeds faster
than dial-up.
A cable connection uses the same infrastructure as cable TV
service, where both the TV service and the Internet data pass
through the same connection at the same time.
This is also a type of broadband connection.
Other ways to connect to the Internet:
 Satellite connection
 Radio connection
 Connection via mobile phone (3G, 4G)
Encryption: A set of rules that put information into
code so that only the sender and the receiver are able to
understand it.
Morse Code: a binary representation of numbers, letters,
and graphical signals, which uses short and long sounds,
and dots and dashes to communicate messages. It was
developed in 1835 by the painter and inventor, Samuel
Finley Breese Morse.
The Internet is changing the way we deal with things on a
daily basis. We are increasingly dependent on major
networks to do things, be it a simple, or a more complex,
task.
A good example is the digitization of collections that were
previously only on paper, and therefore access to their
content was restricted to a few people. Now, with
digitization they can be accessed by anyone, anywhere.
THE LAN IS FREE:
 Bluetooth
 WiFi
 ethernet cable
WiFi - The term, ”WiFi”, loosely translated, means wireless,
or a connection to transmit information without the use of
wires or cables.
WiFi is a wireless technology used to connect devices on a
local network.
Bluetooth
This is the name given to a piece of wireless technology for
wireless communication, which enables the transmission of
data quickly and securely via mobile devices, notebooks,
keyboards, mice and headphones.
The range of Bluetooth is only a few meters.
Ethernet cable
Ethernet cables use twisted pairs of copper wires and
connectors, similar to telephones.
They are commonly used for connecting networked computers
in businesses.
THE WAN IS NOT FREE:
 optical fiber
 DSL
 cable
 3G and 4G
 Satellite
Satellite Internet
This is used in places where conventional Internet is not
available.
Its area of coverage is global, since the satellites are in space
and have an extended reach.
Optical fiber
An extremely thin fiber optic cable, comparable to the
thickness of a hair.
Unlike twisted pair cable, optical fiber does not conduct
electricity, instead transmitting the data through light. Optical
fiber reaches great distances, even overseas.
3G and 4G
3G technology is very common today with regard to mobile
phones and Internet. It is an acronym that represents the third
generation of mobile phone standards and technology,
replacing 2G.
With this technology, voice transmission and data is enhanced,
offering greater connection speeds, among other features, such
as broadcast television signals, voice calls, three-dimensional
games, and faster downloading of music and videos, etc.
4G technology is represented by technologies that provide
Internet connections with very high speeds. Therefore, 4G
mobile networks achieve speeds close to those of cable or
DSL modem connections.
4G allows access to multimedia content, such as HD videos
much faster, as well as video-conferencing and music directly
from the Internet, etc.
DSL
An always-on service, which does not require you to dial each
time you need to connect to the Internet. It uses existing
copper phone lines to provide digital communication of high
speed data between end users and telephone companies. Voice
signals and data are transmitted on different frequencies
through copper telephone wires.
Cable
An Internet connection though cable that does not use phone
lines. A cable connection uses coaxial cable lines, originally
developed for transporting television images via cable. A
cable modem connects your computer to the ISP, and as a
DSL network, cable offers high speeds and an always
available service, which means that even when the connection
is not in use, the Internet connection is still available.

To connect equipment to the Internet securely, install
a firewall and pay attention to the event logs it generates.
Additionally, you must install and maintain a good anti-virus
program!
POP and IMAP: Communication protocols that retrieve
messages from an email server and pass them to an email
client.
SMTP: Communication protocol to send messages from the
email client to the email server. It is also a communication
protocol between email servers.
Email-address:
User Name - This is the login name chosen by the user when
creating an email account. For example, my username is
Switch.
at [@] (@) - This is the symbol that separates the user name
from the domain.
Domain - This is the name registered by the company that
offers the email service. For example, gmail.com.
Components of mailbox:
Inbox: stores messages that are received
Outbox: stores messages that have not been sent
Sent Emails: stores messages that were sent
Draft: stores messages that you have not finished writing
Trash: stores deleted messages
Netiquette is a set of manners that are part of general
agreements for full communication in virtual
environments (emails, chatsand forums), which means
etiquette in the virtual network.
 Avoid writing EXCLUSIVELY WITH CAPITAL
LETTERS, and with exaggerated emphasis. Besides
being extremely tiresome to read, it means that the
author is "screaming", which may offend the
recipient.
 Do not resend advertisements, chain letters, or other
similar messages.
 When asking a question, never be arrogant or rude.
 Do not avoid a subject, even when it is unpleasant. In
cases like this, the conversation should be completed
to show that the message was read.
 Where offense is caused, do not retaliate.
 Avoid abbreviations of words, e.g. “y”, “u”, “2”,
“lt8r”, etc.
 Avoid long messages, as this makes for tiring
reading. If a longer message is needed, leave a blank
line between some text phrases, dividing it into
paragraphs. This way, the text will be more organized
and easier to read.
See what’s cool, and what you should therefore always do!
 Sources of papers used as references should be cited.
If you wish to make the full text available, please
indicate the website or the bibliography, in the case
of printed books and chapters.
 The text should always be clear and consistent.
 When replying to a message, put the recipient's name
at the beginning of the sentence.
 Attention to language rules is essential, so use
spellcheck. Reading text without punctuation,
particularly when it is long, is awkward, and more
importantly, the chances of it being misinterpreted
are increased.
 Try to express yourself clearly, and try to maintain
the context of the discussion.
 Give respect in order to be respected, and treat others
as you wish to be treated.
Spam - This refers to unsolicited emails, which are
usually sent to a large number of people.
Phishing - This is a form of electronic fraud,
characterized by attempts to acquire personal data of
various kinds, e.g. passwords, financial data, etc. The
consists of a scammer impersonating a person or trusted
company by sending official electronic communication.
This occurs in several ways, ma
Virus - program, usually malicious, that spreads by inserting
copies of itself, and becoming part of other programs and files.
The virus depends on the execution of the host program or file
so it can become active and continue the infection process.
Check the table for some file extensions that may indicate
danger. In these cases, you should not click (run) the files that
are included as an attachment in a message.
Extension File Type
.exe Executable program
.com MS-DOS program
.bat Batch file
.scr Screen saver file
Virtual community is the name given to the virtual spaces YouTube
that bring people together on the Internet through values or Allows users to upload and share video in digital format via a
common interests. Generally, these environments have tools Gmail login and password. YouTube is becoming a new form
such as chat, forums, publication of texts and images. of disseminating information and searching for information on
the Internet. It makes it possible to access different types of
Their goal is to facilitate the exchange of knowledge among content, such as a recipe and how to follow it.
participants and debates on certain issues.
Contacts
Enables the organization of all the contacts you have for
As an example, we can look at Wikipedia, which is a people in your social circle. It works like an old address book
collaborative and multilingual encyclopedia project, whose that is kept near the phone, with phone numbers and addresses.
goal is to provide free, reusable content that everyone can edit If you don't use it anymore, you probably know someone who
and improve. does.
Go and check it out at: www.wikipedia.org. Calendar
Another example of a virtual community is a social network, Space to record appointments, but also with some special
such as LinkedIn or Facebook. features, such as automatic reminders. For example, this tool
can be configured to remind you to take a medication for ten
As for forums, chats, games and blogs, search the Internet, or days.
talk to your friends for topics that interest you to find the best
options for your needs. Drive
A virtual disk, i.e. a space in the cloud where you can store,
IT jobs: edit and create documents that can be accessed from
anywhere.
 Database Management
Google Maps
 Network Administration A free service for searching and viewing maps and satellite
 Information Architecture images of Earth, developed and provided by Google. Visit
 E-Commerce the website www.maps.google.com, type the desired address,
 Data Processing and then click Search.
 Programming
 Software Quality Google Books
 Information Security Google Books makes it possible to search books worldwide. If
 Systems the book is not protected by copyright or if the publisher
grants permission, you can view an excerpt, and in some
 Technical Support
cases, even the entire text. If the book is in the public domain,
you can download a PDF copy. Access the
IT professional: website http://books.google.com, type a subject you are
interested in, and then click Search books.
 Database administrator
 Project manager Hangout
An instant messaging and video conferencing service offered
 System analysis/development
by Google.
 Business analyst on the web
 Systems manager Computer
 Network administrator Computer will not turn on - check the surge protector or no-
 Information architect break, check the power outlets, check the power cord.
 Support analyst
Computer turns on, but no image appears on screen -
check the monitor cable or VGA cable.
Facebook is a social network used to keep people in contact
with one another, and to share photos, links, videos and Computer restarting on its own - check the internal
information. temperature of the enclosure, scan for viruses, spyware among
others, check for dirt on contacts, check the electrical
LinkedIn is a social network aimed at the professional installations.
market, where you can post your resume, information about Computer turns on, but the screen goes black and beeps -
your career, and your work portfolio. check if the video card and other cards are firmly placed in the
slots.
The most popular tools are:
The operating system clock is slow - check the battery and
replace it.
 Webmail
 Virtual drives The computer is slow or crashes - check if the processor is
 Map services heating up, scan for viruses, spyware among others, check if
 Online document editors
the boards are firmly secured, check if the hard drive is too
full, check if the power grid has problems.
The surge protector or no-break does not turn on - check
for power problems, check fuse or internal capacitor.
Webcam
Webcam does not work - check the connection to the
computer, verify the configuration, verify that the installation
program has been properly installed.
Virus
Computer viruses, spyware, etc. - see if an anti-virus
program exists and that it is up to date, check if there is an
anti-spyware program, update it and run it on the machine,
check for other programs to combat threats.
Printer
Printer does not print - check the connections to the
computer, verify configuration, verify that the installation
program was properly installed, check if there is paper in the
input tray, check if the paper is jammed.
The Internet is not working - verify that the modem is
connected, make sure the cables are securely attached,
restart the computer, restart the modem.
Slow Internet - check the browser's configuration, check
your equipment and your Internet connection, scan for
viruses, spyware, etc.
WiFi does not work - check if the WiFi equipment is
connected, restart the computer, restart the router (to
properly restart the router, unplug it from the outlet, wait 30
seconds and plug it again), change the location of the
router.
Web Tools
Flash videos will not run - install or update plug-ins.
The movie in Windows Media Player has no picture or
sound - install a codec (software that encodes and decodes
media files, favoring compression for storage and
decompression for playback. When you use any media file,
you are using a codec without even knowing it).
PDF file will not open - install Adobe Reader. PDF format
means, ”portable document format” , and is commonly used
in the market for compression (size). Virtually all equipment
can read this file type.

LinkedIn is a social network aimed at the

professional market, where you can post your